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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Traditional sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cheraman_Perumals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheraman_Perumals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Cheraman Perumals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheraman_Perumals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre-history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ancient period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_Kozhikode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_Kozhikode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The rise of Kozhikode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_Kozhikode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagara_Conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagara_Conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Vijayanagara Conquests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagara_Conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kingdoms_of_Travancore_and_Cochin,_and_British_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kingdoms_of_Travancore_and_Cochin,_and_British_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 The Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin, and British influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kingdoms_of_Travancore_and_Cochin,_and_British_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_state_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_state_of_the_Republic_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 As a state of the Republic of India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_state_of_the_Republic_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions,_districts_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions,_districts_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Divisions, districts and cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions,_districts_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Fisheries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Kerala State Road Transport Corporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kochi_Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kochi_Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Kochi Metro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kochi_Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Water transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kochi_water_metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kochi_water_metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Kochi water metro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kochi_water_metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 LGBT rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Development_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Development_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Human Development Index </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_Development_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elephants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elephants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Elephants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elephants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kerala</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" > 131 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%A8%E1%88%88" title="ኬረለ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬረለ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7" title="كيرلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيرلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF)" title="কেৰেলা (ৰাজ্য) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কেৰেলা (ৰাজ্য)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کرالا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کرالا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2" title="কেরল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেরল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀེ་ར་ལཱ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀེ་ར་ལཱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Kerala" title="State of Kerala – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Kerala" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9rala" title="Kérala – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kérala" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%A7" title="ކެރެލާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެރެލާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Κεράλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεράλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralo" title="Keralo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Keralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کرالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B3" title="કેરળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેરળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B3" title="केरळ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="केरळ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%9E%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="케랄라주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케랄라주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Կերալա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կերալա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কেরালা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কেরালা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Кералæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кералæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קרלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3" title="ಕೇರಳ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೇರಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კერალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კერალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیرَلا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیرَلا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabaria" title="Malabaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malabaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="കേരളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കേരളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B3" title="केरळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केरळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კერალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კერალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="كيرالا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيرالا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کرالا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کرالا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯀꯦꯔꯂꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯦꯔꯂꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကေရလပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကေရလပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="केरल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="केरल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="ケララ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケララ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B3" title="କେରଳ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କେରଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2" title="ਕੇਰਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇਰਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیرلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیرلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کيرالا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيرالا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querala" title="Querala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Querala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke-la-la-pang" title="Ke-la-la-pang – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ke-la-la-pang" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="केरळराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केरळराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱮᱨᱟᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%BA" title="කේරළය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කේරළය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڪيرالا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيرالا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9rala" title="Kérala – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kérala" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کێرالا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێرالا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கேரளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேரளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B3" title="కేరళ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కేరళ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0" title="รัฐเกรละ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเกรละ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3" title="ಕೇರಳ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕೇರಳ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Керала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Керала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیرلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیرلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kerala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kerala&params=10.0_N_76.3_E_region:IN-KL_type:city(34630192)">10°00′N 76°18′E / 10.0°N 76.3°E / 10.0; 76.3</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala,_India&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala, India">Kerala, India</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in southwestern India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indian state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kerala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kerala (disambiguation)">Kerala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Kerala">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kerala" title="Talk:Kerala">talk page</a>. 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(September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kerala" title="Talk:Kerala">talk page</a>. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in South India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kerala</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Kerala</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style=";height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG/268px-Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG/402px-Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG/536px-Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2498" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style=";height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Athirapally_Waterfalls_after_the_Monsoons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Athirapally_Waterfalls_after_the_Monsoons.jpg/127px-Athirapally_Waterfalls_after_the_Monsoons.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Athirapally_Waterfalls_after_the_Monsoons.jpg/191px-Athirapally_Waterfalls_after_the_Monsoons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Athirapally_Waterfalls_after_the_Monsoons.jpg/254px-Athirapally_Waterfalls_after_the_Monsoons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style=";height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Munnar_hillstation_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Munnar_hillstation_kerala.jpg/137px-Munnar_hillstation_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Munnar_hillstation_kerala.jpg/206px-Munnar_hillstation_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Munnar_hillstation_kerala.jpg/274px-Munnar_hillstation_kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="771" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style=";height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jatayu_adventure_centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jatayu_adventure_centre.jpg/151px-Jatayu_adventure_centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jatayu_adventure_centre.jpg/227px-Jatayu_adventure_centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jatayu_adventure_centre.jpg/302px-Jatayu_adventure_centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jatayu_Earth%27s_Center_Nature_Park" title="Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park">Jatayu Earth's Center</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div style=";height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram,_kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/113px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/170px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg/226px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style=";height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Government_Secretariat,_Thiruvananthapuram,_Kerala,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/132px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/198px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/264px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat%2C_Thiruvananthapuram%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Government_Secretariat" title="Kerala Government Secretariat">Kerala Government Secretariat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style=";height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FORT_KOCHI_BEACH_SUNSET,KERALA_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/FORT_KOCHI_BEACH_SUNSET%2CKERALA_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/132px-FORT_KOCHI_BEACH_SUNSET%2CKERALA_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/FORT_KOCHI_BEACH_SUNSET%2CKERALA_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/198px-FORT_KOCHI_BEACH_SUNSET%2CKERALA_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/FORT_KOCHI_BEACH_SUNSET%2CKERALA_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/264px-FORT_KOCHI_BEACH_SUNSET%2CKERALA_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fishing_nets" title="Chinese fishing nets">Chinese fishing nets</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style=";height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochi_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kochi_Skyline.jpg/268px-Kochi_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kochi_Skyline.jpg/402px-Kochi_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kochi_Skyline.jpg/536px-Kochi_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Marine_Drive,_Kochi" title="Marine Drive, Kochi">Marine Drive, Kochi</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Kerala"><img alt="Official emblem of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/125px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/188px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/250px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="471" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kerala" title="Emblem of Kerala">Emblem of Kerala</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: Land of '<a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>' or Land of coconut trees</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"God's own country"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-KL.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kerala in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IN-KL.svg/300px-IN-KL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IN-KL.svg/450px-IN-KL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IN-KL.svg/600px-IN-KL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Kerala in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kerala&params=10.0_N_76.3_E_region:IN-KL_type:city(34630192)">10°00′N 76°18′E / 10.0°N 76.3°E / 10.0; 76.3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a> <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a></td></tr><tr class="[[Travancore–Cochin]] [[Malabar District]] [[South Canara]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1956</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">and largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">Largest metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">14</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Kerala" title="List of governors of Kerala">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arif_Mohammad_Khan" title="Arif Mohammad Khan">Arif Mohammad Khan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Kerala" title="List of chief ministers of Kerala">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sharada Muraleedharan, IAS</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unicameral</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">140 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Kerala" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">9 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Kerala" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">20 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">Kerala High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">21st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">560 km (350 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">70 km (40 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">900 m (3,000 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,695 m (8,842 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−2.7 m (−8.9 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,630,192</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">13th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">890/km2 (2,300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">47.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">52.3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keralite" class="mw-redirect" title="Keralite">Keralite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayali</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a><a href="#cite_note-langoff-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-GSDP-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSDP-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023–24)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>11.46 trillion (US$140 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>281,001 (US$3,400) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-KL</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">KL</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 0.814 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>High<a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 96.2%<a href="#cite_note-Literacy_survey_2018-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">1084<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><a href="#cite_note-pc-census2011-12">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerala.gov.in">kerala.gov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Kerala</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/80px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/120px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg/160px-Government_of_Kerala_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="471" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kerala" title="Emblem of Kerala">Emblem of Kerala</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Foundation day</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1_November" class="mw-redirect" title="1 November">1 November</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a><a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Butterfly</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Green_chromide" title="Green chromide">Green chromide</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden shower tree</a><a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a><a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a> Tree<a href="#cite_note-ENVIS-13">[13]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway mark</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-KL.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SH_IN-KL.png/90px-SH_IN-KL.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SH_IN-KL.png/135px-SH_IN-KL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SH_IN-KL.png/180px-SH_IN-KL.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Kerala <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Kerala" title="List of state highways in Kerala">SH KL1 – SH KL79</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Malayāḷi, Kēraḷīyaṉ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Malayāḷikaḷ, Kēraḷīyaṟ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Malayāḷam</td></tr></tbody></table> Kerala (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɛrələ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2d\/Kerala_%28English_Pronunciation%29.ogg\/Kerala_%28English_Pronunciation%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Kerala (English Pronunciation).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Kerala_%28English_Pronunciation%29.ogg/Kerala_%28English_Pronunciation%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_(English_Pronunciation).ogg" title="File:Kerala (English Pronunciation).ogg">ⓘ</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KERR-ə-lə</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Malayalam: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[keːɾɐɭɐm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f9\/Ml-Keralam.ogg\/Ml-Keralam.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ml-Keralam.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Ml-Keralam.ogg/Ml-Keralam.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ml-Keralam.ogg" title="File:Ml-Keralam.ogg">ⓘ</a>), is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of India.<a href="#cite_note-mlb-16">[16]</a> It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a>, by combining <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kerala-18">[18]</a> Spread over 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi), Kerala is the 21st <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">largest Indian state by area</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> to the north and northeast, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> to the east and south, and the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Lakshadweep Sea</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, Kerala is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_India_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states of India by population">13th-largest Indian state by population</a>. It is divided into 14 <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">districts</a> with the capital being <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a> was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala. The <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ay kingdom</a> in the deep south and the <a href="/wiki/Mushika_dynasty" title="Mushika dynasty">Ezhimala kingdom</a> in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE). The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spiceHindu-21">[21]</a> The region's prominence in trade was noted in the works of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny the elder">Pliny</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus</a> around 100 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> attracted <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> traders to Kerala, and paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonisation</a> of India. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> in the early 20th century, there were two major <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> in Kerala: <a href="/wiki/Travancore_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore State">Travancore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>. They united to form the state of <a href="/wiki/Thiru-Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiru-Kochi">Thiru-Kochi</a> in 1949. The <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar region</a>, in the northern part of Kerala, had been a part of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras province">Madras province</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, which later became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> post-independence. After the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</a>, the modern-day state of Kerala was formed by merging the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar district">Malabar district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Gudalur_taluk" title="Gudalur taluk">Gudalur taluk</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Nilgiris_District" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nilgiris District">Nilgiris district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> Islands, <a href="/wiki/Topslip" class="mw-redirect" title="Topslip">Topslip</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Forest east of Anakatti), the taluk of <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod District">Kasaragod District</a>) in <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>, and the erstwhile state of Thiru-Kochi (excluding four southern taluks of <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari district</a>, and Shenkottai taluks).<a href="#cite_note-Kerala-18">[18]</a> Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India, 3.44%; the highest <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI), 0.784 in 2018 (0.712 in 2015); the highest <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate, 96.2% in the 2018 literacy survey conducted by the National Statistical Office, India;<a href="#cite_note-Literacy_survey_2018-11">[11]</a> the highest life expectancy, 77.3 years; and the highest <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a>, 1,084 women per 1,000 men. Kerala is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate">least impoverished state</a> in India according to <a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a>'s Sustainable Development Goals dashboard and <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>'s Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Kerala is the <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation in India">second-most urbanised major state</a> in the country with <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kerala_by_urban_area_growth" title="List of cities in Kerala by urban area growth">47.7% urban population</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ubn-24">[24]</a> The state topped in the country to achieve the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> according to the annual report of <a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a> published in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The state has the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_media_exposure" title="Indian states ranking by media exposure">highest media exposure in India</a> with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kerala" title="Hinduism in Kerala">Hinduism</a> is practised by more than half of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kerala" title="Islam in Kerala">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Christianity</a>. In 2019–20, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">economy of Kerala</a> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">8th-largest</a> in India with ₹8.55 trillion (US$100 billion) in gross state domestic product (GSDP) and a per capita net state domestic product of ₹222,000 (US$2,700).<a href="#cite_note-MOSPI-26">[26]</a> In 2019–20, the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a> contributed around 65% to state's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GSVA</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a> contributed only 8%.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a> The state has witnessed significant emigration, especially to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora#The_Gulf_Boom" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">Gulf Boom</a> of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a> from a large <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> expatriate community. The production of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a> and spices are important. The state is situated between <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> mountain ranges to the east. The state's coastline extends for 595 kilometres (370 mi), and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry, which contributes 3% to the state's income. Named as one of the ten paradises of the world by <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Traveler" title="National Geographic Traveler">National Geographic Traveler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Kerala is one of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">tourist destinations</a> of India, with <a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_Kerala" title="Beaches in Kerala">coconut-lined sandy beaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">backwaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> greenery as its major attractions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word Kerala is first recorded as Keralaputo ('son of <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> [s]') in a 3rd-century-BCE rock inscription left by the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya empire">Maurya emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (274–237 BCE), one of <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">his edicts</a> pertaining to welfare.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> At that time, one of three states in the region was called <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheralam</a> in Classical Tamil: Chera and Kera are variants of the same word.<a href="#cite_note-Sainz1972-30">[30]</a> The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a> word for 'lake'.<a href="#cite_note-Marr1985-31">[31]</a> Keralam may stem from the Classical <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> cherive-alam 'declivity of a hill or a mountain slope'<a href="#cite_note-AlexDeborah2014-32">[32]</a> or chera alam 'land of the Cheras'. One <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> derives Kerala from the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> word kera 'coconut tree' and alam 'land'; thus, 'land of coconuts',<a href="#cite_note-Sadasivan2000-33">[33]</a> which is a nickname for the state used by locals due to the abundance of coconut trees.<a href="#cite_note-PreedyWatson2011-34">[34]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text to mention Kerala as Cherapadha is the late Vedic text <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Aranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Aitareya Aranyaka">Aitareya Aranyaka</a>. Kerala is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, the two Hindu epics.<a href="#cite_note-Menon3-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> mentions the ecclesiastical office of the <a href="/wiki/Thachudaya_Kaimal" title="Thachudaya Kaimal">Thachudaya Kaimal</a> who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the <a href="/wiki/Koodalmanikyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodalmanikyam">Koodalmanikyam</a> temple.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> trade map <a href="/wiki/Periplus_Maris_Erythraei" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplus Maris Erythraei">Periplus Maris Erythraei</a> refers to Kerala as Celobotra.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell1998-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malabar">Malabar</h3></div> Kerala was alternatively called <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">foreign trade circles</a>. Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a> which lie contiguous to Kerala on the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The people of Malabar were known as <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabars</a>. Until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, the term Malabar was used as a general name for Kerala, along with the term Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> From the time of <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> (6th century CE) itself, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> sailors used to call Kerala as Male. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the Topography written by <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>. This mentions a pepper emporium called Male, which clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name Male is thought to come from the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> word Mala ('hill').<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (973–1048 CE) is the first known writer to call this country Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> mention Malabar ports in their works.<a href="#cite_note-KMMohammad-43">[43]</a> The Arab writers had called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-44">[44]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/William_Logan_(author)" title="William Logan (author)">William Logan</a>, the word Malabar comes from a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> word Mala (hill) and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word Barr (country/continent).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History of Kerala</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_sources">Traditional sources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parashurama_with_axe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Parashurama_with_axe.jpg/180px-Parashurama_with_axe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Parashurama_with_axe.jpg/270px-Parashurama_with_axe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Parashurama_with_axe.jpg/360px-Parashurama_with_axe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a> by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> relating to <a href="/wiki/Keralolpathi" title="Keralolpathi">Keralolpathi</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the Sangam classic <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> king <a href="/wiki/Senguttuvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senguttuvan">Senkuttuvan</a> conquered the lands between <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</a> Lacking worthy enemies, he besieged the sea by throwing his spear into it.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> According to the 17th-century Hindu mythology work <a href="/wiki/Keralolpathi" title="Keralolpathi">Keralolpathi</a>, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, the sixth <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9B%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Daśāvatāra">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> (hence, Kerala is also called Parashurama Kshetram 'The Land of Parashurama' in Hindu mythology).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Parashurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to the legendary account, this new area of land extended from <a href="/wiki/Gokarna,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokarna, India">Gokarna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the Snake King <a href="/wiki/Vasuki" title="Vasuki">Vasuki</a>, who spat holy poison and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. <a href="/wiki/P._T._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar">P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar</a> theorised, that <a href="/wiki/Senguttuvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senguttuvan">Senguttuvan</a> may have been inspired by the Parashurama legendary account, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Another much earlier <a href="/wiki/Puranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic">Puranic</a> character associated with Kerala is <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a> and a prototypical just king, who ruled the earth from Kerala. He won the war against the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a>, driving them into exile. The Devas pleaded before Lord Vishnu, who took his fifth incarnation as <a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a> and pushed Mahabali down to <a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">netherworld</a> to placate the Devas. There is a belief that, once a year during the <a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> festival, Mahabali returns to Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-Rinehart2004-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a>, among the oldest of the 18 <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Malaya_Mountains" title="Malaya Mountains">Malaya Mountains</a> as the setting for the story of <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">incarnation</a> of Vishnu, and <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>, the first man and the king of the region.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a> is often identified with biblical <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a> region, known for its wealth.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cheraman_Perumals">Cheraman Perumals</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Legend of Cheraman Perumals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chera_King%27s_Sword_given_to_the_Zamorin_of_Calicut.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chera_King%27s_Sword_given_to_the_Zamorin_of_Calicut.png/290px-Chera_King%27s_Sword_given_to_the_Zamorin_of_Calicut.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chera_King%27s_Sword_given_to_the_Zamorin_of_Calicut.png/435px-Chera_King%27s_Sword_given_to_the_Zamorin_of_Calicut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chera_King%27s_Sword_given_to_the_Zamorin_of_Calicut.png/580px-Chera_King%27s_Sword_given_to_the_Zamorin_of_Calicut.png 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the sword of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorins of Kozhikode</a>, relating to the legend of Cheraman Perumal.</figcaption></figure> The legend of Cheraman Perumals is the medieval tradition associated with the Cheraman Perumals (literally the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera kings</a>) of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-a-57">[57]</a> The validity of the legend as a source of history once generated much debate among South Indian historians.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The legend was used by Kerala chiefdoms for the legitimation of their rule (most of the major chiefly houses in medieval Kerala traced its origin back to the legendary allocation by the Perumal).<a href="#cite_note-b-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-c-60">[60]</a> According to the legend, Rayar, the overlord of the Cheraman Perumal in a country east of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Ghats</a>, invaded Kerala during the rule of the last Perumal. To drive back the invading forces the Perumal summoned the militia of his chieftains (like Udaya Varman Kolathiri, Manichchan, and Vikkiran of <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>). The Cheraman Perumal was assured by the Eradis (chief of Eranad) that they would take a fort established by the Rayar.<a href="#cite_note-d-61">[61]</a> The battle lasted for three days and the Rayar eventually evacuated his fort (and it was seized by the Perumal's troops).<a href="#cite_note-d-61">[61]</a> Then the last Cheraman Perumal divided Kerala or Chera kingdom among his chieftains and disappeared mysteriously. The Kerala people never more heard any tidings of him.<a href="#cite_note-a-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-b-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-c-60">[60]</a> The Eradis of <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a>, who later came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorins of Kozhikode</a>, who were left out in cold during allocation of the land, was granted the Cheraman Perumal's sword (with the permission to "die, and kill, and seize").<a href="#cite_note-c-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-d-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history">Pre-history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MarayoorDolmen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MarayoorDolmen.JPG/142px-MarayoorDolmen.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MarayoorDolmen.JPG/213px-MarayoorDolmen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MarayoorDolmen.JPG/284px-MarayoorDolmen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a> erected by Neolithic people in <a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayur</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Edakkal_Stone_Age_Carving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Edakkal_Stone_Age_Carving.jpg/142px-Edakkal_Stone_Age_Carving.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Edakkal_Stone_Age_Carving.jpg/213px-Edakkal_Stone_Age_Carving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Edakkal_Stone_Age_Carving.jpg/284px-Edakkal_Stone_Age_Carving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (6,000 BCE) writings of <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a></div></div></div></div></div> A substantial portion of Kerala including the western coastal lowlands and the plains of the midland may have been under the sea in ancient times. Marine fossils have been found in an area near <a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a>, thus supporting the hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Menon2007-62">[62]</a> Pre-historical archaeological findings include <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era in the <a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayur</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a>, which lie on the eastern highland made by <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (<a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Index_of_religious_honorifics_and_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of religious honorifics and titles">sage</a>) and ara (dolmen).<a href="#cite_note-Unlocking_the_secrets_of_history-63">[63]</a> Rock engravings in the <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal Caves</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> date back to the Neolithic era around 6000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Kapoor2002-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Archaeological studies have identified <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, Neolithic and <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">Megalithic</a> sites in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-AroraSingh116-66">[66]</a> The studies point to the development of ancient Kerala society and its culture beginning from the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> Age, through the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Megalithic Ages.<a href="#cite_note-google-67">[67]</a> Foreign cultural contacts have assisted this cultural formation;<a href="#cite_note-AroraSingh1999-68">[68]</a> historians suggest a possible relationship with <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/220px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/330px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/440px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/220px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/330px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/440px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Names, routes and locations of the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> (1st century CE)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezhimala_beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ezhimala_beach.JPG/220px-Ezhimala_beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ezhimala_beach.JPG/330px-Ezhimala_beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ezhimala_beach.JPG/440px-Ezhimala_beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ezhimala_(hill,_Kannur)" title="Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)">Ezhimala</a>, the early historic headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Mushika_dynasty" title="Mushika dynasty">Mushika dynasty</a>, which was succeeded by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kannur</a> later.</figcaption></figure> Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> records and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChattopadhyayFranke2006-71">[71]</a>: 79  Kerala's spices attracted ancient <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> established trade with Kerala during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Menon57-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> were the first to enter Malabar Coast to trade <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Menon57-72">[72]</a> The Arabs on the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">eastern countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Menon57-72">[72]</a> They must have brought the <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a> of Kerala to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Menon57-72">[72]</a> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolized by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians.<a href="#cite_note-Menon57-72">[72]</a> It is noted in Sangam literature that the Chera king <a href="/wiki/Uthiyan_Cheralathan" title="Uthiyan Cheralathan">Uthiyan Cheralathan</a> ruled most of modern Kerala from his capital in <a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-sen2-74">[74]</a> and controlled the port of <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>, but its southern tip was in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008385-75">[75]</a> which had a trading port sometimes identified in ancient Western sources as <a href="/wiki/Nelcynda" title="Nelcynda">Nelcynda</a> (or Neacyndi) in <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Books.google.co.in-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> was a major centre of trade, next only to <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>, between the Cheras and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The lesser known <a href="/wiki/Ay_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ay kingdom">Ays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala kingdom">Mushikas</a> kingdoms lay to the south and north of the Chera regions, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Shashi1996-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramunny1993-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1st century CE) states that the port of <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos.<a href="#cite_note-:2-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> region, which lies north of the port at <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>, was ruled by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> The port at <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> which was on the northern side of <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>, as mentioned in Greco-Roman writings, was somewhere around <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> Its exact location is a matter of dispute.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> The suggested locations are <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Kadalundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-google2-81">[81]</a> The Israeli (Jewish) connection with Kerala started in 573 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Orpa_Slapak-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hillel1832-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, starting before the 4th century BCE, as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (484–413 BCE) noted that goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Israelis [Hebrew Jews] at Eden.<a href="#cite_note-Kusuman-85">[85]</a> In the 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a> or Southist Christians also migrated from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and lived alongside the early <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Syriac Christian</a> community known as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> in the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-Erwin_Fahlbusch-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_period">Early medieval period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_(9th_century_AD).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg/180px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg/270px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg/360px-Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates" title="Quilon Syrian copper plates">Quilon Syrian copper plates</a> granted to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> by <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Sthanu_Ravi_Varma" title="Sthanu Ravi Varma">Sthanu Ravi Varma</a>, testified about merchant guilds and trade corporations in medieval Kerala. The 6th plate contains witness signatures in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cereti-88">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> A second <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a> (c. 800–1102), also known as <a href="/wiki/Kulasekhara_dynasty_(Venad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekhara dynasty (Venad)">Kulasekhara dynasty</a> of Mahodayapuram (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a>), was established by <a href="/wiki/Kulashekhara_Alwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulashekhara Alwar">Kulasekhara Varman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> which ruled over a territory comprising the whole of modern Kerala and a smaller part of modern Tamil Nadu. During the early part of the Kulasekara period, the southern region from <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a> was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Ays_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ays (Kerala)">Ay kings</a>, who lost their power in the 10th century, making the region a part of the Kulasekara empire.<a href="#cite_note-Balachand-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Under Kulasekhara rule, Kerala witnessed a developing period of art, literature, trade and the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> of Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-Sreedhar123-92">[92]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Keralite</a> identity, distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a>, became linguistically separate during this period around the seventh century.<a href="#cite_note-Asher2013-93">[93]</a> The origin of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a> dates back to year 825 CE.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> For local administration, the empire was divided into provinces under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Naduvazhi" title="Naduvazhi">Naduvazhis</a>, with each province comprising a number of Desams under the control of chieftains, called as Desavazhis.<a href="#cite_note-Sreedhar123-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a>, which was the largest native festival, was held at <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a>, on the bank of river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>, the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvanchery Thamprakkal</a>, who were also considered as the supreme religious chief of the <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> of Kerala, is also located near Tirunavaya.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sthanu_Ravi_Varma" title="Sthanu Ravi Varma">Sthanu Ravi Varma</a> (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> at that time, based at the port of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population in the coastal towns. Arab writers such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (896–956 CE), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> (1100–1165 CE), <a href="/wiki/Abulfeda" title="Abulfeda">Abulfeda</a> (1273–1331 CE), and <a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a> (1256–1327 CE) mention the Muslim communities in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Some historians assume that the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a> can be considered as the first native, settled Muslim community in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kupferschmidt1987-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kulakarṇī1996-100">[100]</a> The known earliest mention about <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> of Kerala is in the <a href="/wiki/Quilon_Syrian_copper_plates" title="Quilon Syrian copper plates">Quilon Syrian copper plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cereti-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calicut_1572_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Calicut_1572_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Calicut_1572_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Calicut_1572_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Calicut_1572_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Calicut_1572_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Calicut_1572_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>A panorama of port <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior (<a href="/wiki/Georg_Braun" title="Georg Braun">Georg Braun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hogenberg" title="Frans Hogenberg">Frans Hogenberg</a>'s atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, 1572)</figcaption></figure> The inhibitions, caused by a series of Chera-Chola wars in the 11th century, resulted in the decline of foreign trade in Kerala ports. In addition, Portuguese invasions in the 15th century caused two major religions, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, to disappear from the land. It is known that the Menons in the Malabar region of Kerala were originally strong believers of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The social system became fractured with divisions on <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in kerala">caste</a> lines.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Finally, the Kulasekhara dynasty was subjugated in 1102 by the combined attack of <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Later Pandyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">Later Cholas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Balachand-90">[90]</a> However, in the 14th century, Ravi Varma Kulashekhara (1299–1314) of the southern <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad</a> kingdom was able to establish a short-lived supremacy over southern India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rise_of_Kozhikode">The rise of Kozhikode</h3></div> After his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state was divided into 30 small warring principalities; the most powerful of them were the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Kozhikode</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Kollam</a> in the far-south, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kochi</a> in the south, and <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kannur</a> in the far north. The port at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> held the superior economic and political position in Kerala, while <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> (Quilon), <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> (Cannanore) were commercially confined to secondary roles.<a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-103">[103]</a> The Zamorin of Calicut was originally the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>, which was a minor principality located in the northern parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> The Zamorin allied with Arab and Chinese merchants and used most of the wealth from Kozhikode to develop his military power. Kozhikode became the most powerful kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> speaking region during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Age">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Varier-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/220px-Uru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/330px-Uru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/440px-Uru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a>, a type of ship that was historically used for maritime trade, built at <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>, Kozhikode</figcaption></figure> At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>) in the south to Panthalayini Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>) in the north.<a href="#cite_note-Varier-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> (1342–1347), who visited the city of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> (1403 AD), the Chinese sailor part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho (<a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>)<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> states the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Razzaq_(traveller)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdur Razzaq (traveller)">Abdur Razzak</a> (1442–43), <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a> (1445), <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin" title="Afanasy Nikitin">Afanasy Nikitin</a> (1468–74), <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> (1503–1508), and <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> where traders from different parts of the world could be seen.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijayanagara_Conquests">Vijayanagara Conquests</h3></div> The king <a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a> (1424–1446) of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> conquered the entirety of present-day state of Kerala in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> He defeated the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Kozhikode, as well as the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> around 1443.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Nunes" title="Fernão Nunes">Fernão Nunes</a> says that the Zamorin had to pay tribute to the king of Vijayanagara Empire.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> Later Kozhikode and Venad seem to have rebelled against their Vijayanagara overlords, but Deva Raya II quelled the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> As the Vijayanagara power diminished over the next fifty years, the Zamorin of Kozhikode again rose to prominence in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> He built a fort at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> in 1498.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/220px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/330px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/440px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The path <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> took to reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498, which was also the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">discovery of a sea route</a> from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to India, and eventually paved way for the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolgatty_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bolgatty_Palace.jpg/220px-Bolgatty_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bolgatty_Palace.jpg/330px-Bolgatty_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bolgatty_Palace.jpg/440px-Bolgatty_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bolgatty_Palace" title="Bolgatty Palace">Bolgatty Palace</a>, built in 1744 by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a>, also acted as the <a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">British Residency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></figcaption></figure> The maritime <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> monopoly in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> stayed with the Arabs during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. However, the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco Da Gama">Vasco Da Gama</a>'s arrival in <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a> in 1498, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> began to dominate eastern shipping, and the spice-trade in particular.<a href="#cite_note-111">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curtin1984-114">[113]</a> Following the discovery of sea route from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> in 1498, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a> and the Malabar Coast and south to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> They established a trading centre at <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> during 1502 as per the invitation of the then Queen of Quilon to start spices trade from there.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bekal_Fort_Kasargod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bekal_Fort_Kasargod.jpg/220px-Bekal_Fort_Kasargod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bekal_Fort_Kasargod.jpg/330px-Bekal_Fort_Kasargod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bekal_Fort_Kasargod.jpg/440px-Bekal_Fort_Kasargod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bekal_Fort" title="Bekal Fort">Bekal Fort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod</a> built in 1650 CE, the largest fort in Kerala</figcaption></figure> The ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>, who was a vassal to the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Vettathunadu</a>) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. However, the <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cochin_(1504)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cochin (1504)">Battle of Cochin (1504)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-44">[44]</a> However, the allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a> merchants in <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> region still stayed under the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Makhdoom-118">[117]</a> The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. When <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> was appointed as Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, his headquarters was established at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">Fort Emmanuel</a>) rather than in Kozhikode. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses on the Malabar Coast.<a href="#cite_note-Mehta2005-119">[118]</a> However, the Portuguese suffered setbacks from attacks by Zamorin forces in <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>; especially from naval attacks under the leadership of Kozhikode admirals known as <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar" title="Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkars</a>, which compelled them to seek a treaty. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organising the first naval defence of the Indian coast.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>, who is considered as the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a>, was born at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a>) during Portuguese period.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur#Battles_at_Chaliyam_Fort" title="Kingdom of Tanur">battle at Chaliyam Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> An insurrection at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Quilon">Port of Quilon</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> led to the end of the Portuguese era in <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>. The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, who were the vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Kolathiri" title="Kolathiri">Kolathiri</a>, ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-MorseStephens1897-122">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bekal_Fort" title="Bekal Fort">Bekal Fort</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod</a>, which is also largest fort in the state, was built in 1650 by <a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bekal-123">[122]</a> The Portuguese were ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, who during the conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Saamoothiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saamoothiri">Kozhikode</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kochi</a>, gained control of the trade.<a href="#cite_note-South_Asia_2006-124">[123]</a> The arrival of <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British</a> on <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> can be traced back to the year 1615, when a group under the leadership of Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Keeling" title="William Keeling">William Keeling</a> arrived at Kozhikode, using three ships.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> It was in these ships that Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roe" title="Thomas Roe">Thomas Roe</a> went to visit <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal emperor</a>, as <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British envoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> In 1664, the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a>, making it the first municipality in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-d_1664-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kingdoms_of_Travancore_and_Cochin,_and_British_influences">The Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin, and British influences</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> in turn were weakened by constant battles with <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore Royal Family">Travancore Royal Family</a>, and were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Colachel</a> in 1741.<a href="#cite_note-google3-126">[125]</a> An agreement, known as "Treaty of Mavelikkara", was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, according to which the Dutch were compelled to detach from all political involvement in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2010-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iyer1995-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lannoy1997-129">[128]</a> In the 18th Century, Travancore King Sree <a href="/wiki/Anizham_Thirunal_Marthanda_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma">Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma</a> annexed all the kingdoms up to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> through military conquests, resulting in the rise of Travancore to pre-eminence in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The Kochi ruler sued for peace with Anizham Thirunal and the northern and north-central parts of Kerala (<a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a>), along with <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> in southern Kerala, came under direct <a href="/wiki/British_raj" class="mw-redirect" title="British raj">British rule</a> until <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">India became independent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Travancore became the dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Purakkad" title="Purakkad">Purakkad</a> in 1755.<a href="#cite_note-AHoT_162-133">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanakakkunnu_Palace_DSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kanakakkunnu_Palace_DSW.jpg/220px-Kanakakkunnu_Palace_DSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kanakakkunnu_Palace_DSW.jpg/330px-Kanakakkunnu_Palace_DSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kanakakkunnu_Palace_DSW.jpg/440px-Kanakakkunnu_Palace_DSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanakakkunnu_Palace" title="Kanakakkunnu Palace">Kanakakkunnu Palace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>. Thiruvananthapuram became a major city on <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> after the ruler <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a> annexed all minor kingdoms up to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> in the 18th century CE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/220px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/330px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/440px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Kerala in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India (1909)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, were the major cities of the state at that time as indicated in the map</figcaption></figure> In 1761, the British captured <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a>, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kadathanadu" title="Kadathanadu">Kadathanadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-134">[133]</a> The British restored <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-134">[133]</a> In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-134">[133]</a> In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> was handed over to the French in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-134">[133]</a> In 1757, to resist the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Kozhikode</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> Raja sought the help of the <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> In 1766, Hyder Ali defeated the Zamorin of Kozhikode – an <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> ally at the time – and absorbed Kozhikode into his state.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-104">[104]</a> The smaller princely states in northern and north-central parts of Kerala (<a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar region</a>) including <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadathanadu" title="Kadathanadu">Kadathanadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> were unified under the rulers of Mysore and were made a part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rai-135">[134]</a> His son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Kerala#Invasions_by_Tipu_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorean invasion of Kerala">launched campaigns</a> against the expanding <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, resulting in two of the four <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MuseumDallapiccola2010-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThorpeEdgar-137">[136]</a> Tipu ultimately ceded the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kanara" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kanara">South Kanara</a> to the company in the 1790s as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">Treaty of Seringapatam</a>; both were annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> (which had also included other regions in the western coast of India) of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in the years 1792 and 1799, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Edinburgh_Gazetteer:_Or,_Geographical_Dictionary:_Containing_a_Description_of_the_Various_Countries,_Kingdoms,_States,_Cities,_Towns,_Mountains,_&c._of_the_World;_an_Account_of_the_Government,_Customs,_and_Religion_of_the_Inhabitants;_the_Boundaries_and_Natural_Productions_of_Each_Country,_&c._&c._Forming_a_Complete_Body_of_Geography,_Physical,_Political,_Statistical,_and_Commercial_with_Addenda,_Containing_the_Present_State_of_the_New_Governments_in_South_America..._138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Edinburgh_Gazetteer:_Or,_Geographical_Dictionary:_Containing_a_Description_of_the_Various_Countries,_Kingdoms,_States,_Cities,_Towns,_Mountains,_&c._of_the_World;_an_Account_of_the_Government,_Customs,_and_Religion_of_the_Inhabitants;_the_Boundaries_and_Natural_Productions_of_Each_Country,_&c._&c._Forming_a_Complete_Body_of_Geography,_Physical,_Political,_Statistical,_and_Commercial_with_Addenda,_Containing_the_Present_State_of_the_New_Governments_in_South_America...-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar1965-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ittaman2003-140">[139]</a> By the end of the 18th century, the whole of Kerala fell under the control of the British, either administered directly or under <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RajTharakan1981-141">[140]</a> Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja" title="Pazhassi Raja">Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja</a>, who had popular support in <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ref1-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-c1881-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.co.in-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-frowde-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_state_of_the_Republic_of_India">As a state of the Republic of India</h3></div> After India was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> in 1947 into <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Union of India</a> were merged on 1 July 1949 to form <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal2007-146">[145]</a> On 1 November 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluk">taluk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod District">Kasargod</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Kanara_District_(Madras_Presidency)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kanara District (Madras Presidency)">South Kanara district</a> of Madras, the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar district">Malabar district</a> of Madras (excluding the islands of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>), and Travancore-Cochin, without four southern taluks and <a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Sengottai</a> taluk (which joined Tamil Nadu), merged to form the state of Kerala under the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kerala-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghKarafin2009-148">[147]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a>-led government under <a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a> resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in <a href="/wiki/1957_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">1957</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SinghKarafin2009-148">[147]</a> It was one of the earliest elected Communist governments anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Desai2006-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChitkaraŚarmā1997-151">[150]</a> His government implemented <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Kerala" title="Land reform in Kerala">land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Education_Act_1958_(Act_6_of_1959)" title="Kerala Education Act 1958 (Act 6 of 1959)">educational reforms</a> which in turn, reduced <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography of Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg/220px-AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg/330px-AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg/440px-AnaimudiPeak_DSC_4834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a>, the highest peak in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:DR0071DSC_9245.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DR0071DSC_9245.jpg/220px-DR0071DSC_9245.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DR0071DSC_9245.jpg/330px-DR0071DSC_9245.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/DR0071DSC_9245.jpg/440px-DR0071DSC_9245.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> are produced in the hilly terrains of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumarkom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kumarkom.jpg/220px-Kumarkom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kumarkom.jpg/330px-Kumarkom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kumarkom.jpg/440px-Kumarkom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad</a>, a portion of <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a>, is the longest lake in India.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg/220px-Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg/330px-Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg/440px-Light_house_in_Ponnani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="1348" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_Lighthouse" title="Ponnani Lighthouse">Ponnani Lighthouse</a> beach</div></div></div></div></div> The state is wedged between the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshadweep Sea">Lakshadweep Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>. Lying between northern latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and eastern longitudes 74°52' and 77°22',<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Kerala experiences humid <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> with some cyclones. The state has a coast of 590 km (370 mi)<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121 kilometres (7 and 75 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Nair1994-155">[154]</a> Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands; rugged and cool mountainous terrain, the central mid-lands; rolling hills, and the western lowlands; coastal plains.<a href="#cite_note-ChattopadhyayFranke2006-71">[71]</a>: 110  <a href="/wiki/Pre-Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Cambrian">Pre-Cambrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala's terrain.<a href="#cite_note-Geological_Survey_Water-supply_Paper-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-SharmaKumari2008-157">[156]</a> A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history; it also created a natural harbour for spice transport.<a href="#cite_note-LimitedKitchen2010-158">[157]</a> The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChattopadhyayFranke2006-71">[71]</a>: 110  41 of Kerala's west-flowing rivers,<a href="#cite_note-Sadasivan2003-159">[158]</a> and 3 of its east-flowing ones originate in this region.<a href="#cite_note-Darpan2006-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-India2008-161">[160]</a> The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>; hence also known Palghat, where the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> breaks.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The Western Ghats rise on average to 1,500 metres (4,900 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">feet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Biju2006-163">[162]</a> while the highest peaks reach around 2,500 metres (8,200 feet).<a href="#cite_note-Hussain-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a> district is the highest peak in south India, is at an elevation of 2,695 m (8,842 ft).<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The Western Ghats mountain chain is recognised as one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity and is listed among <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-166">[165]</a> The chain's forests are considered to be older than the Himalaya mountains.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-166">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a>, which is situated on the background of Western Ghat mountain ranges, is also known as The <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara</a> of India.<a href="#cite_note-Athirappilly-167">[166]</a> It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Chalakudy_River" title="Chalakudy River">Chalakudy River</a> and is the largest waterfall in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Athirappilly-167">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> is the sole <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a> in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The eastern regions in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> valley at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Valley), which together form parts of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a> and a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Plateau">Mysore Plateau</a>, are known for natural <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> fields, along with the adjoining districts of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Minerals including <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">Ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">Monazite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a>, are found in the coastal belt of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018343-170">[169]</a> Kerala's coastal belt of <a href="/wiki/Karunagappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagappally">Karunagappally</a> is known for high background radiation from <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)#Effect_on_the_body" title="Gray (unit)">mGy/yr</a> and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topography_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Topography_of_Kerala.png/220px-Topography_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Topography_of_Kerala.png/330px-Topography_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Topography_of_Kerala.png/440px-Topography_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Kerala</figcaption></figure> Kerala's western coastal belt is relatively flat compared to the eastern region,<a href="#cite_note-ChattopadhyayFranke2006-71">[71]</a>: 33  and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> canals, lakes, <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Moss2010-172">[171]</a> and rivers known as the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Kerala Backwaters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thorpe2012-173">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a>, also known as The Rice Bowl of Kerala, has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India#Altitudes" title="List of extreme points of India">lowest altitude in India</a>, and is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The country's longest lake <a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad</a>, dominates the backwaters; it lies between <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> and is about 200 km2 (77 sq mi) in area.<a href="#cite_note-Husain-176">[175]</a> Around eight percent of India's waterways are found in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-IWAI_2005-177">[176]</a> Kerala's <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Kerala">44 rivers</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Periyar_River" title="Periyar River">Periyar</a>; 244 kilometres (152 mi), <a href="/wiki/Bharathapuzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharathapuzha">Bharathapuzha</a>; 209 kilometres (130 mi), <a href="/wiki/Pamba_River" title="Pamba River">Pamba</a>; 176 kilometres (109 mi), <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaliyar River">Chaliyar</a>; 169 kilometres (105 mi), <a href="/wiki/Kadalundipuzha_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadalundipuzha River">Kadalundipuzha</a>; 130 kilometres (81 mi), <a href="/wiki/Chalakudy_River" title="Chalakudy River">Chalakudipuzha</a>; 130 kilometres (81 mi), <a href="/wiki/Valapattanam_River" title="Valapattanam River">Valapattanam</a>; 129 kilometres (80 mi) and the <a href="/wiki/Achankovil_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Achankovil River">Achankovil River</a>; 128 kilometres (80 mi). The average length of the rivers is 64 kilometres (40 mi). Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rain.<a href="#cite_note-riverreport-178">[177]</a> As Kerala's rivers are small and lacking in <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>, they are more prone to environmental effects. The rivers face problems such as sand mining and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-Padmalal-179">[178]</a> The state experiences several natural hazards like landslides, floods and droughts. The state was also affected by the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jha2010-180">[179]</a> and in 2018 received <a href="/wiki/2018_Kerala_floods" title="2018 Kerala floods">the worst flooding</a> in nearly a century.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> In 2024, Kerala experienced its worst <a href="/wiki/2024_Wayanad_landslides" title="2024 Wayanad landslides">landslides</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> With around 120–140 rainy days per year,<a href="#cite_note-Chacko_2002-183">[182]</a>: 80  Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest monsoon">southwest summer monsoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast monsoon">northeast winter monsoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Devrep-184">[183]</a> Around 65% of the rainfall occurs from June to August corresponding to the Southwest monsoon, and the rest from September to December corresponding to Northeast monsoon.<a href="#cite_note-Devrep-184">[183]</a> The moisture-laden winds of the Southwest monsoon, on reaching the southernmost point of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Peninsula">Indian Peninsula</a>, because of its topography, divides into two branches; the "Arabian Sea Branch" and the "Bay of Bengal Branch".<a href="#cite_note-Jain-185">[184]</a> The "Arabian Sea Branch" of the Southwest monsoon first hits the Western Ghats,<a href="#cite_note-Together_with_Social_Science_Term_II-186">[185]</a> making Kerala the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest monsoon.<a href="#cite_note-google6-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aggarwal-188">[187]</a> The distribution of pressure patterns is reversed in the Northeast monsoon, during this season the cold winds from North India pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and precipitate it on the east coast of peninsular India.<a href="#cite_note-google7-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-190">[189]</a> In Kerala, the influence of the Northeast monsoon is seen in southern districts only.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> Kerala's rainfall averages 2,923 mm (115 in) annually.<a href="#cite_note-IMD-192">[191]</a> Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm (49 in); the mountains of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a> receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)#Orographic_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">orographic precipitation</a>: the highest in the state. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. During the summer, the state is prone to gale-force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Brenkert_Malone_2003-193">[192]</a>: 26, 46, 52  The mean daily temperature ranges from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C.<a href="#cite_note-moef-194">[193]</a> Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0 to 27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.<a href="#cite_note-Brenkert_Malone_2003-193">[192]</a>: 65  <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kerala </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 (88) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (90) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (93) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (93) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (84) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (84) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (84) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (86) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 (88) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34 (93) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (72) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (77) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (77) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (72) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22 (72) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (0.34) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (0.58) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (1.20) </td> <td style="background: #56FF56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">109.5 (4.31) </td> <td style="background: #009800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">239.8 (9.44) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">649.8 (25.58) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">726.1 (28.59) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">419.5 (16.52) </td> <td style="background: #008500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">244.2 (9.61) </td> <td style="background: #004A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">292.3 (11.51) </td> <td style="background: #16FF16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">150.9 (5.94) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (1.48) </td> <td style="background: #008C00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,923.4 (115.1) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-IMD-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-moef-194">[193]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna of Kerala">Flora and fauna of Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyaetus_ichthyaetus_Kadalundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ichthyaetus_ichthyaetus_Kadalundi.jpg/220px-Ichthyaetus_ichthyaetus_Kadalundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ichthyaetus_ichthyaetus_Kadalundi.jpg/330px-Ichthyaetus_ichthyaetus_Kadalundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ichthyaetus_ichthyaetus_Kadalundi.jpg/440px-Ichthyaetus_ichthyaetus_Kadalundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A migratory <a href="/wiki/Ichthyaetus" title="Ichthyaetus">Ichthyaetus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg/220px-Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg/330px-Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg/440px-Highland_Grassland_Shola_of_Silent_Valley_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4301" data-file-height="1415" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Munnarhills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Munnarhills.jpg/220px-Munnarhills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Munnarhills.jpg/330px-Munnarhills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Munnarhills.jpg/440px-Munnarhills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a> are notable for <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a></div></div></div></div></div> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> is concentrated and protected in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>. Three-quarters of the land area of Kerala was under thick forest up to the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-History-195">[194]</a> As of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 25% of India's 15,000 plant species are in Kerala. Out of the 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> species; 1,272 of which are <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> to Kerala, 900 are <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">medicinal</a>, and 159 are <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sreedharan_2004-196">[195]</a>: 11  Its 9,400 km2 of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations—3,470 km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations—4,100 km2 and 100 km2, respectively), and montane subtropical and <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> (shola) forests (highest elevations—100 km2). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested.<a href="#cite_note-Sreedharan_2004-196">[195]</a>: 12  Four of the world's <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> listed <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>—<a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasthamkotta Lake">Lake Sasthamkotta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrissur-Ponnani_Kole_Wetlands" title="Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands">Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands</a>, and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands—are in Kerala,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018342-197">[196]</a> as well as 1455.4 km2 of the vast <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a> and 1828 km2 of the <a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018347-198">[197]</a> Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-Jayarajan_2004-199">[198]</a>: 6–7  much of the remaining forest cover is now protected from <a href="/wiki/Clearfelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearfelling">clearfelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2008-200">[199]</a> Eastern Kerala's windward mountains shelter <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical moist forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">tropical dry forests</a>, which are common in the Western Ghats.<a href="#cite_note-google8-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geer2008-202">[201]</a> The world's oldest teak plantation 'Conolly's Plot' is in <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: it includes 118 species of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (1 endemic), <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Kerala" title="List of birds of Kerala">500 species of birds</a>, 189 species of freshwater fish, 173 species of reptiles (10 of them endemic), and 151 species of <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (36 endemic).<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salinisation</a>, and resource extraction. In the forests, sonokeling, <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia" title="Dalbergia">Dalbergia</a> latifolia, anjili, mullumurikku, <a href="/wiki/Erythrina" title="Erythrina">Erythrina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_aromaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum aromaticum">Cassia</a> number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Other plants include <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, wild black pepper, wild <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calamus_(palm)" title="Calamus (palm)">calamus</a> <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> palm, and aromatic vetiver grass, Vetiveria zizanioides.<a href="#cite_note-Sreedharan_2004-196">[195]</a>: 12  <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_palm_civet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common palm civet">common palm civet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grizzled_giant_squirrel" title="Grizzled giant squirrel">grizzled giant squirrels</a> are also found in the forests.<a href="#cite_note-Sreedharan_2004-196">[195]</a>: 12, 174–75  Reptiles include the <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">viper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">python</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">mugger crocodile</a>. Kerala's birds include the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_trogon" title="Malabar trogon">Malabar trogon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">great hornbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_laughingthrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala laughingthrush">Kerala laughingthrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darter" title="Darter">darter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_hill_myna" title="Southern hill myna">southern hill myna</a>. In the lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as <a href="/wiki/Heteropneustes_fossilis" title="Heteropneustes fossilis">Kadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_Torpedo_Barb" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Line Torpedo Barb">Red Line Torpedo Barb</a> and choottachi; <a href="/wiki/Orange_chromide" title="Orange chromide">orange chromide</a>—Etroplus maculatus are found.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sreedharan_2004-196">[195]</a>: 163–65  Recently, a newly described tardigrade (water bears) species collected from Vadakara coast of Kerala named after Kerala State; <a href="/wiki/Stygarctus_keralensis" title="Stygarctus keralensis">Stygarctus keralensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions,_districts_and_cities">Divisions, districts and cities</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Divisions_of_Kerala_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Administrative_Divisions_of_Kerala_%282020%29.svg/230px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Kerala_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Administrative_Divisions_of_Kerala_%282020%29.svg/345px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Kerala_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Administrative_Divisions_of_Kerala_%282020%29.svg/460px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Kerala_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Administrative subdivisions</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">Districts of Kerala</a>; <a href="/wiki/Corporations,_municipalities_and_taluks_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala">Corporations, municipalities and taluks of Kerala</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kerala" title="List of cities and towns in Kerala">List of cities and towns in Kerala</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Local_governance_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local governance in Kerala">Local governance in Kerala</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">State administrative divisions </th></tr> <tr> <th>Administrative structure </th> <th>Numbers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Kerala" title="List of revenue divisions of Kerala">Revenue Divisions</a> </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a> </td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Village" title="Revenue Village">Revenue Villages</a> </td> <td>1453 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Local-Self Governments<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> </th> <th>Numbers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="District Panchayat">District Panchayats</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Kerala" title="Local government in Kerala">Block Panchayats</a> </td> <td>152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Kerala" title="Local government in Kerala">Grama Panchayats</a> </td> <td>941 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal Corporations</a> </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a> </td> <td>87 </td></tr> </tbody></table> The state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">14 districts</a> are distributed among six regions: <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> (far-north Kerala), <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> (north-central Kerala), <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> (central Kerala), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Travancore">Northern Travancore</a> (south-central Kerala), <a href="/wiki/Central_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Travancore">Central Travancore</a> (southern Kerala) and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Travancore">Southern Travancore</a> (far-south Kerala). The districts which serve as administrative regions for taxation purposes are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Divisions_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue Divisions of Kerala">27 revenue subdivisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_talukas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of talukas of Kerala">77 taluks</a>, which have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records. Kerala's taluks are further sub-divided into 1,674 revenue villages.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution of India</a>, the local government institutions function as the third tier of government, which constitutes 14 <a href="/wiki/District_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="District Panchayat">District Panchayats</a>, 152 <a href="/wiki/Block_panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Block panchayat">Block panchayats</a>, 941 <a href="/wiki/Gram_panchayat" title="Gram panchayat">Grama Panchayats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">87 Municipalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">six Municipal Corporations</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a>, a part of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> though 647 kilometres (402 mi) away from it,<a href="#cite_note-ShiraAssociates.2012-212">[211]</a> is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches. The Kannur District surrounds Mahé on three sides with the Kozhikode District on the fourth.<a href="#cite_note-Menon2002-213">[212]</a> In 1664, the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a>, making it the first municipality in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-d_1664-125">[124]</a> The municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, were founded on 1 November 1866<a href="#cite_note-Ref1-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-c1881-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.co.in-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-frowde-145">[144]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>, making them the first modern municipalities in the state of Kerala. The Municipality of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> came into existence in 1920. After two decades, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sree_Chithira_Thirunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Chithira Thirunal">Sree Chithira Thirunal</a>, Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940, making it the oldest Municipal Corporation of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The first Municipal Corporation founded after the independence of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as well as the second-oldest Municipal Corporation of the state is at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a> in the year 1962.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> There are six <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in India">Municipal corporations</a> in Kerala that govern <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation</a> is the largest corporation in Kerala while Kochi metropolitan area named <a href="/wiki/Kochi_UA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi UA">Kochi UA</a> is the largest urban agglomeration.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> According to a survey by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2007, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a> are among the "best cities in India to live"; the survey used parameters such as health, education, environment, safety, public facilities and entertainment to rank the cities.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administration">Government and administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Legislature">Kerala Legislature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kerala" title="Politics of Kerala">Politics of Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Kerala" title="Political parties in Kerala">Political parties in Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Court_of_Kerala_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/High_Court_of_Kerala_Building.jpg/220px-High_Court_of_Kerala_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/High_Court_of_Kerala_Building.jpg/330px-High_Court_of_Kerala_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/High_Court_of_Kerala_Building.jpg/440px-High_Court_of_Kerala_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="1643" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Kerala High Court complex in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Government_Secretariat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kerala_Government_Secretariat.jpg/220px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kerala_Government_Secretariat.jpg/330px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kerala_Government_Secretariat.jpg/440px-Kerala_Government_Secretariat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Kerala Secretariat in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> – seat of executive administration of Kerala, and formerly of the legislative assembly</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Niyamasabha_Mandiram.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Niyamasabha_Mandiram.JPG/220px-Niyamasabha_Mandiram.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Niyamasabha_Mandiram.JPG/330px-Niyamasabha_Mandiram.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Niyamasabha_Mandiram.JPG/440px-Niyamasabha_Mandiram.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> Building in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></div></div></div></div></div> The state is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. Kerala has a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> legislature. The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Kerala Legislative Assembly</a> also known as Niyamasabha, consists of 140 members who are elected for five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The state elects 20 members to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, and 9 members to the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, the upper house.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratically</a> elected body in India with the <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors of Kerala">governor</a> as its constitutional head and is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> for a five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-govern-221">[220]</a> The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Kerala" title="List of chief ministers of Kerala">chief minister</a> by the governor, and the council of ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister.<a href="#cite_note-govern-221">[220]</a> The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The council of ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Government_Secretariat" title="Kerala Government Secretariat">Chief Secretary</a> assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an <a href="/wiki/Additional_Chief_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Chief Secretary (India)">Additional Chief Secretary</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Secretary (India)">Principal Secretary</a>, who is usually an officer of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serve as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the <a href="/wiki/Additional_Chief_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Chief Secretary (India)">Additional Chief Secretary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Secretary (India)">Principal Secretary</a> Each district has a district administrator appointed by government called <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">District collector</a> for executive administration. Auxiliary authorities known as <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">panchayats</a>, for which <a href="/wiki/Local_Body_Election_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Body Election in Kerala">local body elections</a> are regularly held, govern local affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Chaudhary2009-222">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">Kerala High Court</a> and a system of lower courts.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The High Court, located in Kochi,<a href="#cite_note-Congress_(US)2010-224">[223]</a> has a Chief Justice along with 35 permanent and twelve additional <a href="/wiki/Pro_tempore" title="Pro tempore">pro tempore</a> justices as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The high court also hears cases from the Union Territory of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banerjea2002-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-SharmaB.k.2007-227">[226]</a> In Kerala, local government bodies such as Panchayats, Municipalities, and Corporations have existed since 1959. However, a significant decentralization initiative began in 1993, aligning with constitutional amendments by the central government.<a href="#cite_note-Capdeck-228">[227]</a> The Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act were enacted in 1994, establishing a 3-tier system for local governance.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> This system includes Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, and District Panchayat.<a href="#cite_note-TandonMohanty2006-230">[229]</a> The Acts define clear powers for these institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Capdeck-228">[227]</a> For urban areas, the Kerala Municipality Act follows a single-tier system, equivalent to Gram Panchayat.These bodies receive substantial administrative, legal, and financial powers to ensure effective decentralization.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Currently, the state government allocates around 40% of the state plan outlay to local governments.<a href="#cite_note-IsaacFranke2002-232">[231]</a> Kerala was declared the first digital state of India in 2016 and, according to the India Corruption Survey 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>, is considered the least corrupt state in India.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> The Public Affairs Index-2020 designated Kerala as the best-governed state in India.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Democratic Front (India)">United Democratic Front</a> (UDF), led by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Democratic Front (Kerala)">Left Democratic Front</a> (LDF), led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> (CPI(M)). As of<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election">2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election</a>, the LDF is the ruling coalition; <a href="/wiki/Pinarayi_Vijayan" title="Pinarayi Vijayan">Pinarayi Vijayan</a> of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) is the Chief Minister, while <a href="/wiki/V._D._Satheesan" title="V. D. Satheesan">V. D. Satheesan</a> of the Indian National Congress is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, Kerala has a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> is granted to residents.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy of Kerala</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:847px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city of Kochi is the largest financial, commercial, and industrial hub in Kerala, with the highest GDP as well as the highest GDP per capita in the state."><img alt="Marine Drive, Kochi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg/839px-Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="839" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg/1259px-Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg/1678px-Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="834" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Drive_Kochi_Night_View_DSW.jpg" title="File:Marine Drive Kochi Night View DSW.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The city of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> is the largest financial, commercial, and industrial hub in Kerala, with the highest <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> as well as the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_cities_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala cities by GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></div></div></div></div> After independence, the state was managed as a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Welfare_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare economy">welfare economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> The "Kerala phenomenon" or "<a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a> of development" of very high human development and in comparison low economic development has resulted from a strong service sector.<a href="#cite_note-Brenkert_Malone_2003-193">[192]</a>: 48 <a href="#cite_note-Tharamangalam_2005-240">[239]</a>: 1  In 2019–20, the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a> contributed around 63% of the state's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GSVA</a>, compared to 28% by <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a>, and 8% by <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a> In the period between 1960 and 2020, Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based one.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Technopark_Trivandum_Ganga_and_Yamuna_Buildings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Technopark_Trivandum_Ganga_and_Yamuna_Buildings.jpg/220px-Technopark_Trivandum_Ganga_and_Yamuna_Buildings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Technopark_Trivandum_Ganga_and_Yamuna_Buildings.jpg/330px-Technopark_Trivandum_Ganga_and_Yamuna_Buildings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Technopark_Trivandum_Ganga_and_Yamuna_Buildings.jpg/440px-Technopark_Trivandum_Ganga_and_Yamuna_Buildings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="430" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Technopark,_Trivandrum" title="Technopark, Trivandrum">Technopark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, the first and largest <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) park in India</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_terminal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Container_terminal.JPG/220px-Container_terminal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Container_terminal.JPG/330px-Container_terminal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Container_terminal.JPG/440px-Container_terminal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="498" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/International_Container_Transshipment_Terminal,_Kochi" title="International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi">Vallarpadam Terminal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Container_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Container terminal">transshipment terminal</a> in India</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Focus_mall_calicut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Focus_mall_calicut.jpg/220px-Focus_mall_calicut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Focus_mall_calicut.jpg/330px-Focus_mall_calicut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Focus_mall_calicut.jpg/440px-Focus_mall_calicut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="673" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappila_bay.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mappila_bay.JPG/220px-Mappila_bay.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mappila_bay.JPG/330px-Mappila_bay.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mappila_bay.JPG/440px-Mappila_bay.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Mappila Bay</a> harbour at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></div></div></div></div></div> The state's <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a> which accounts for around 63% of its revenue is mainly based upon <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> and medical services, pilgrimage, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala">transportation</a>, financial sector, and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-241">[240]</a> Major initiatives under the industrial sector include <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Shipyard" title="Cochin Shipyard">Cochin Shipyard</a>, shipbuilding, oil refinery, software industry, coastal mineral industries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018343-170">[169]</a> food processing, marine products processing, and Rubber based products. The primary sector of the state is mainly based upon <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018409-242">[241]</a> Kerala produces a significant amount of national output of the cash crops such as <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabar_pepper" title="Malabar pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018409-242">[241]</a> The cultivation of food crops began to reduce since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018409-242">[241]</a> Kerala's economy depends significantly on <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">emigrants working in foreign countries</a>, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a> annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP.<a href="#cite_note-rem1-243">[242]</a> The state witnessed significant emigration during the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Gulf_diaspora#The_Gulf_Boom" title="Kerala Gulf diaspora">Gulf Boom</a> of the 1970s and early 1980s. In 2012, Kerala still received the highest remittances of all states: US$11.3 billion, which was nearly 16% of the US$71 billion remittances to the country.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> In 2015, NRI deposits in Kerala have soared to over ₹1 lakh crore (US$12 billion), amounting to one-sixth of all the money deposited in NRI accounts, which comes to about ₹7 lakh crore (US$84 billion).<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a> has the highest proportion of emigrant households in state.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a> A study commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Planning_Board" title="Kerala State Planning Board">Kerala State Planning Board</a>, suggested that the state look for other reliable sources of income, instead of relying on remittances to finance its expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-Commission2008b-246">[245]</a> As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches: each branch served 10,000 people, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.<a href="#cite_note-RBI_2002-247">[246]</a> On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have at least one banking facility in every village.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Kerala" title="Unemployment in Kerala">Unemployment in 2007</a> was estimated at 9.4%;<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> chronic issues are <a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">underemployment</a>, low employability of youth, and a low female <a href="/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour participation rate</a> of only 13.5%,<a href="#cite_note-Nair_2004-250">[249]</a>: 5, 13  as was the practice of <a href="/wiki/Nokku_kooli" title="Nokku kooli">Nokku kooli</a>, "wages for looking on".<a href="#cite_note-Outlook-2008-251">[250]</a> By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-princeton6-252">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/220px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/330px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/440px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Coconuts are an important regional cash crop.</figcaption></figure> The state's budget of 2020–2021 was ₹1.15 lakh crore (US$14 billion).<a href="#cite_note-Budget-253">[252]</a> The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to ₹674 billion (US$8.1 billion) in 2020–21; up from ₹557 billion (US$6.7 billion) in 2019–20. Its <a href="/wiki/Non-tax_revenue" title="Non-tax revenue">non-tax revenues</a> (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala reached ₹146 billion (US$1.7 billion) in 2020–2021.<a href="#cite_note-Budget-253">[252]</a> However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to GSDP has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, which have impacted social services.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> A record total of 223 <a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">hartals</a> were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over ₹20 billion (US$240 million).<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Kerala's 10% rise in GDP is 3% more than the national GDP. In 2013, capital expenditure rose 30% compared to the national average of 5%, owners of two-wheelers rose by 35% compared to the national rate of 15%, and the teacher-pupil ratio rose 50% from 2:100 to 4:100.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Infrastructure_Investment_Fund_Board" title="Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board">Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board</a> is a government owned <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> in the state to mobilise funds for infrastructure development from outside the state revenue, aiming at overall infrastructure development of the state.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> In November 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Urban_Affairs" title="Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs">Ministry of Urban Development</a> selected seven cities of Kerala for a <a href="/wiki/List_of_government_schemes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government schemes in India">comprehensive development program</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Atal_Mission_for_Rejuvenation_and_Urban_Transformation" title="Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation">Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation</a> (AMRUT).<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> A package of ₹2.5 million (US$30,000) was declared for each of the cities to develop service level improvement plan (SLIP), a plan for better functioning of the local urban bodies in the cities of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, Kochi, Thrissur, Kozhikode, and Palakkad.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Kerala_Shopping_Festival" title="Grand Kerala Shopping Festival">Grand Kerala Shopping Festival</a> (GKSF) was started in 2007, covering more than 3000 outlets across the nine cities of Kerala with huge tax discounts, VAT refunds and huge array of prizes.<a href="#cite_note-GKSF_begins-261">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lulu_Mall,_Thiruvananthapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu Mall, Thiruvananthapuram">Lulu International Mall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Shopping_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping Mall">shopping mall</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> Despite many achievements, Kerala faces many challenges like high levels of unemployment that disproportionately impact educated women, a high degree of global exposure and a very fragile environment.<a href="#cite_note-Hindu2021-263">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industries">Industries</h3></div> Traditional industries manufacturing items; <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Handloom">handlooms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a> employ around one million people.<a href="#cite_note-KumarKerala2007-264">[263]</a> Kerala supplies 60% of the total global produce of white coir fibre. India's first coir factory was set up in <a href="/wiki/Alleppey" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleppey">Alleppey</a> in 1859–60.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> The Central Coir Research Institute was established there in 1959. As per the 2006–2007 census by <a href="/wiki/SIDBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SIDBI">SIDBI</a>, there are 1,468,104 <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises#India" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium enterprises">micro, small and medium enterprises</a> in Kerala employing 3,031,272 people.<a href="#cite_note-SIDBI_Report_2010-266">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/KSIDC" class="mw-redirect" title="KSIDC">KSIDC</a> has promoted more than 650 medium and large manufacturing firms in Kerala, creating employment for 72,500 people.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> A mining sector of 0.3% of GSDP involves extraction of <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sillimanite" title="Sillimanite">sillimanite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GOK_2005c-269">[268]</a> Other major sectors are <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">tourism</a>, medical sector, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">educational sector</a>, banking, <a href="/wiki/Cochin_shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin shipyard">ship building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Refineries" title="Kochi Refineries">oil refinery</a>, infrastructure, manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Residential_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential garden">home gardens</a>, animal husbandry and <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing" title="Business process outsourcing">business process outsourcing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripe_jackfruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ripe_jackfruit.jpg/220px-Ripe_jackfruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ripe_jackfruit.jpg/330px-Ripe_jackfruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ripe_jackfruit.jpg/440px-Ripe_jackfruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruits</a> are the state fruit, and are a cultural icon of Kerala. The "Jack" in Jackfruit itself is from the Malayalam word "chakka", through Portuguese "jaca".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemmara-paddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/220px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/330px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/440px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>A paddy field at <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a>, also known as The Granary of Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Pepper_(Piper_nigrum)_fruits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Black_Pepper_%28Piper_nigrum%29_fruits.jpg/220px-Black_Pepper_%28Piper_nigrum%29_fruits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Black_Pepper_%28Piper_nigrum%29_fruits.jpg/330px-Black_Pepper_%28Piper_nigrum%29_fruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Black_Pepper_%28Piper_nigrum%29_fruits.jpg/440px-Black_Pepper_%28Piper_nigrum%29_fruits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a> is an important cash crop in Kerala, which leads the country in production.</figcaption></figure> The major change in agriculture in Kerala occurred in the 1970s when production of rice fell due to increased availability of rice all over India and decreased availability of labour.<a href="#cite_note-Sinha2003-270">[269]</a> Consequently, investment in rice production decreased and a major portion of the land shifted to the cultivation of perennial tree crops and seasonal crops.<a href="#cite_note-Remesh2010-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Commission2008-272">[271]</a> Profitability of crops fell due to a shortage of farm labour, the high price of land, and the uneconomic size of operational holdings.<a href="#cite_note-google9-273">[272]</a> Only 27.3% of the families in Kerala depend upon agriculture for their livelihood, which is also the least curresponding rate in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018406-274">[273]</a> Kerala produces 97% of the national output of black pepper<a href="#cite_note-Limca_Book_of_Records-275">[274]</a> and accounts for 85% of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-google10-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economic_Affairs-277">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, and spices—including cardamom, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> are the main agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-ChattopadhyayFranke2006-71">[71]</a>: 74 <a href="#cite_note-Newton-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-B.L.MarkoseMarkose2007-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pradhan2009-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-PradeepkumarPradeep2008-281">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-OsellaOsella2000-282">[281]</a> Around 80% of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s export quality cashew kernels are prepared in <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> The key cash crop is <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and Kerala ranks first in the area of coconut cultivation in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018407-284">[283]</a> Around 90% of the total <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> produced in India is from Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a> India is the second-largest producer of Cardamom in world.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a> About 20% of the total <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> produced in India are from Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018409-242">[241]</a> The key agricultural staple is rice, with varieties grown in extensive paddy fields.<a href="#cite_note-VarshneyRzóska1976-285">[284]</a> Home gardens made up a significant portion of the agricultural sector.<a href="#cite_note-Dobbie2006-286">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisheries">Fisheries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Fishing_Nets_with_Blue_Cloudy_Sky_in_Background_at_Fort_Kochi,_Kerala,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chinese_Fishing_Nets_with_Blue_Cloudy_Sky_in_Background_at_Fort_Kochi%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/220px-Chinese_Fishing_Nets_with_Blue_Cloudy_Sky_in_Background_at_Fort_Kochi%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chinese_Fishing_Nets_with_Blue_Cloudy_Sky_in_Background_at_Fort_Kochi%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/330px-Chinese_Fishing_Nets_with_Blue_Cloudy_Sky_in_Background_at_Fort_Kochi%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chinese_Fishing_Nets_with_Blue_Cloudy_Sky_in_Background_at_Fort_Kochi%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg/440px-Chinese_Fishing_Nets_with_Blue_Cloudy_Sky_in_Background_at_Fort_Kochi%2C_Kerala%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheena_vala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheena vala">Cheena vala</a> (Chinese fishing net)</figcaption></figure> With 590 kilometres (370 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>) of coastal belt,<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> 400,000 hectares of inland water resources<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> and approximately 220,000 active fishermen,<a href="#cite_note-Commission1961-289">[288]</a> Kerala is one of the leading producers of fish in India.<a href="#cite_note-google13-290">[289]</a> According to 2003–04 reports, about 11 lakh(1.1 million) people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 6,08,000 tons in 2003–04.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, around 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook-292">[291]</a> During the southwest monsoon, a suspended mud bank develops along the shore, which in turn leads to calm ocean water, peaking the output of the fishing industry. This phenomenon is locally called <a href="/wiki/Chakara" title="Chakara">chakara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gulati1984-293">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Journal_of_Kerala_Studies-294">[293]</a> The waters provide a large variety of fish: <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic species</a>; 59%, <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal species</a>; 23%, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a> and others for 18%.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook-292">[291]</a> Around 1050,000(1.050 million) fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes as of a 1999–2000 estimate; 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590-kilometre (370-mile) coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala">Roads in Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrissur_sixlane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Thrissur_sixlane.jpg/240px-Thrissur_sixlane.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Thrissur_sixlane.jpg/360px-Thrissur_sixlane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Thrissur_sixlane.jpg/480px-Thrissur_sixlane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="473" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_544_(India)" title="National Highway 544 (India)">NH 544</a> Six lane <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/240px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/360px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/480px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2125" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery_Churam" title="Thamarassery Churam">Thamarassery Churam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">Mountain pass</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> Kerala has 331,904 kilometres (206,236 mi) of roads, which accounts for 5.6% of India's total.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-road-295">[294]</a> This translates to about 9.94 kilometres (6.18 mi) of road per thousand people, compared to an average of 4.87 kilometres (3.03 mi) in the country.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-road-295">[294]</a> Roads in Kerala include 1,812 kilometres (1,126 mi) of national highway; 1.6% of the nation's total, 4,342 kilometres (2,698 mi) of state highway; 2.5% of the nation's total, 27,470 kilometres (17,070 mi) of district roads; 4.7% of the nation's total, 33,201 kilometres (20,630 mi) of urban (municipal) roads; 6.3% of the nation's total, and 158,775 kilometres (98,658 mi) of rural roads; 3.8% of the nation's total.<a href="#cite_note-:16-17-296">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam</a> has the maximum length of roads among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">districts of Kerala</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> accounts for minimum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018422-297">[296]</a> Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">NH 66</a> (previously NH 17 and 47); and the eastern side is accessible through state highways.<a href="#cite_note-Kerala_PWD-298">[297]</a> New projects for hill and coastal highways were recently announced under <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Infrastructure_Investment_Fund_Board" title="Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board">KIIFB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> National Highway 66, with the longest stretch of road (1,622 kilometres (1,008 mi)) connects <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>; it enters Kerala via <a href="/wiki/Talapady" class="mw-redirect" title="Talapady">Talapady</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kasargod" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasargod">Kasargod</a> and passes through <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> before entering <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kerala_PWD-298">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a> is generally referred to as the Gateway of Kerala, due to the presence of the Palakkad Gap in the Western Ghats, through which the northern (<a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar</a>) and southern (Travancore) parts of Kerala are connected to the rest of India via road and rail. The state's largest checkpoint, <a href="/wiki/Walayar" title="Walayar">Walayar</a>, is on <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_544_(India)" title="National Highway 544 (India)">NH 544</a>, in the border town between Kerala and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, through which a large amount of public and commercial transportation reaches the northern and central districts of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyttila_Mobility_Hub_BNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vyttila_Mobility_Hub_BNC.jpg/700px-Vyttila_Mobility_Hub_BNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vyttila_Mobility_Hub_BNC.jpg/1050px-Vyttila_Mobility_Hub_BNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Vyttila_Mobility_Hub_BNC.jpg/1400px-Vyttila_Mobility_Hub_BNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>A panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Vyttila_Mobility_Hub" title="Vyttila Mobility Hub">Vyttila Mobility Hub</a> integrated transit terminal in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Public Works (Kerala)">Department of Public Works</a> is responsible for maintaining and expanding the <a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Highways_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State Highways in Kerala">state highways system</a> and major district roads.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> The Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a>-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways in Kerala. It also oversees a few major district roads.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Traffic density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. The accidents are mainly the result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> National Highways in Kerala are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption that allows narrow national highways. In Kerala, highways are 45 metres (148 feet) wide. In other states, national highways are grade separated, 60 metres (200 feet) wide with a minimum of four lanes, as well as 6 or 8-lane access-controlled expressways.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has threatened the Kerala state government that it will give higher priority to other states in highway development since political commitment to better highways in Kerala has been lacking.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kerala had the highest road accident rate in the country, with most fatal accidents taking place along the state's national highways.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a></div> Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) is a state-owned road transport corporation. It is one of the country's oldest state-run public bus transport services. Its origins can be traced back to Travancore State Road Transport Department, when the Travancore government headed by Sri. Chithra Thirunnal decided to set up a public road transportation system in 1937. The corporation is divided into three zones (North, Central and South), with the headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> (Kerala's capital city). Daily scheduled service has increased from 1,200,000 kilometres (750,000 mi) to 1,422,546 kilometres (883,929 mi),<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> using 6,241 buses on 6,389 routes. At present the corporation has 5373 buses running on 4795 schedules.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Urban_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation">Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation</a> (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018422-297">[296]</a> It was inaugurated on 12 April 2015 at <a href="/wiki/Thevara" title="Thevara">Thevara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018423-312">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Railway_Stations_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Railway Stations in Kerala">List of Railway Stations in Kerala</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a> zone of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> operates all railway lines in the state connecting most major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> The railway network in the state is controlled by two out of six divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Railway_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Railway division">Thiruvananthapuram Railway division</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Railway_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad Railway Division">Palakkad Railway Division</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central">Thiruvananthapuram Central</a> (TVC) is the busiest railway station in the state.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> Kerala's major railway stations are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 19em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram Central">Thiruvananthapuram Central</a> (TVC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_Junction_railway_station" title="Ernakulam Junction railway station">Ernakulam Junction (South)</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (CLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Junction_railway_station" title="Kollam Junction railway station">Kollam Junction</a> (QLN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_railway_station" title="Thrissur railway station">Thrissur</a> (TCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad Junction">Palakkad Junction</a> (PGT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> (CAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shornur_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Shornur Junction">Shoranur Junction</a> (SRR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernakulam Town">Ernakulam Town</a> (North) (ERN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a> (KTYM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur_railway_station" title="Chengannur railway station">Chengannur</a> (CNGR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_railway_station" title="Alappuzha railway station">Alappuzha</a> (ALLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochuveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochuveli">Kochuveli</a> (KCVL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a> Junction (KYJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a> (TIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_railway_station" title="Kasaragod railway station">Kasaragod</a> (KGQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva_railway_station" title="Aluva railway station">Aluva</a> (AWY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> (TLY)</li></ul></div> The first railway line in the state was laid from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>), with the oldest Railway Station at <a href="/wiki/Tirur_railway_station" title="Tirur railway station">Tirur</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Kadalundi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trr-317">[316]</a> The railway was extended from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a> through <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Trr-317">[316]</a> It was again extended from <a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a> through <a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a> in 1862, resulting in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Shoranur_Junction_railway_station" title="Shoranur Junction railway station">Shoranur Junction railway station</a>, which is also the largest railway junction in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Trr-317">[316]</a> Major railway transport between <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> began on 12 March 1861,<a href="#cite_note-Trr-317">[316]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a> in 1862,<a href="#cite_note-Trr-317">[316]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shoranur%E2%80%93Cochin_Harbour_section" title="Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section">Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section</a> in 1902, from <a href="/wiki/Kollam%E2%80%93Sengottai_branch_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam–Sengottai branch line">Kollam–Sengottai</a> on 1 July 1904, <a href="/wiki/Kollam%E2%80%93Thiruvananthapuram_trunk_line" title="Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line">Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram</a> on 4 January 1918, from Nilambur-<a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a> in 1927, from <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a>–Kottayam in 1956, from Kottayam–Kollam in 1958, from Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari in 1979 and from the <a href="/wiki/Thrissur-Guruvayur_Section" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrissur-Guruvayur Section">Thrissur-Guruvayur Section</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nilambur%E2%80%93Shoranur_line" title="Nilambur–Shoranur line">Nilambur–Shoranur line</a> is one of the shortest <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> railway lines in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbr-319">[318]</a> It was established in the British era for the transportation of <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> teaks and <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram_Laterite" title="Angadipuram Laterite">Angadipuram Laterite</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> through the port at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbr-319">[318]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> on <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> makes the <a href="/wiki/Shoranur_Junction_railway_station" title="Shoranur Junction railway station">Shoranur Junction railway station</a> important as it connects the southwestern coast of India (<a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>) with the southeastern coast (<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Trade-320">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kochi_Metro">Kochi Metro</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Metro" title="Kochi Metro">Kochi Metro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom,_Aug_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg/220px-Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg/330px-Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg/440px-Kochi_Metro_train_at_Palarivattom%2C_Aug_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Metro" title="Kochi Metro">Kochi Metro</a> train at <a href="/wiki/Palarivattom" title="Palarivattom">Palarivattom</a> Metro station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Metro" title="Kochi Metro">Kochi Metro</a> is the metro rail system in the city of Kochi. It is the only metro rail system in Kerala. Construction began in 2012, with the first phase being set up at an estimated cost of ₹51.81 billion (US$620 million).<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> The Kochi Metro uses 65-metre long <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Metropolis" title="Alstom Metropolis">Metropolis</a> train sets built and designed by <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-325">[324]</a> It is the first metro system in India to use a <a href="/wiki/Communication-based_train_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication-based train control">communication-based train control</a> (CBTC) system for signalling and telecommunication.<a href="#cite_note-:3-326">[325]</a> In October 2017, Kochi Metro was named the "Best Urban Mobility Project" in India by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Urban_Affairs" title="Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs">Urban Development Ministry</a>, as part of the Urban Mobility India (UMI) International Conference hosted by the ministry every year.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Kerala_state" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports in Kerala state">List of airports in Kerala state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg/220px-Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg/330px-Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg/440px-Cochin_International_Airport_Limited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a>, the first airport in the world to be fully powered by solar energy</figcaption></figure> Kerala has four international airports: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;min-width: min(25em, 100%);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_International_Airport" title="Thiruvananthapuram International Airport">Thiruvananthapuram International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport" title="Cochin International Airport">Cochin International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_International_Airport" title="Kannur International Airport">Kannur International Airport</a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Airport">Kollam Airport</a>, established under the Madras Presidency, but since closed, was the first airport in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> had an airstrip used for commercial aviation as early as 1935 when <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata</a> airlines operated weekly flights between <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and Thiruvananthapuram – stopping at <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and Kannur.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> Trivandrum International Airport, managed by the <a href="/wiki/Airport_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Airport Authority of India">Airport Authority of India</a>, is among the oldest existing airports in South India. <a href="/wiki/Calicut_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut International Airport">Calicut International Airport</a>, which was opened in 1988, is the second-oldest existing airport in Kerala and the oldest in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> Cochin International Airport is the busiest in the state and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the busiest airports in India">seventh busiest</a> in the country. It is also the first airport in the world to be fully powered by <a href="/wiki/CIAL_Solar_Power_Project" title="CIAL Solar Power Project">solar energy</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-331">[330]</a> and has won the coveted <a href="/wiki/Champions_of_the_Earth" title="Champions of the Earth">Champion of the Earth</a> award, the highest environmental honour instituted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN-332">[331]</a> Cochin International Airport is also the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public limited company</a>; it was funded by nearly 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">non-resident Indians</a> from 30 countries.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> Other than civilian airports, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> has a naval airport named <a href="/wiki/INS_Garuda" title="INS Garuda">INS Garuda</a>. Thiruvananthapuram airport shares civilian facilities with the Southern Air Command of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>. These facilities are used mostly by central government VIPs visiting Kerala. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala">Ports in Kerala</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochin_Ship_Yard_Cranes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cochin_Ship_Yard_Cranes.JPG/230px-Cochin_Ship_Yard_Cranes.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cochin_Ship_Yard_Cranes.JPG/345px-Cochin_Ship_Yard_Cranes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cochin_Ship_Yard_Cranes.JPG/460px-Cochin_Ship_Yard_Cranes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Cranes at the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Shipyard" title="Cochin Shipyard">Cochin Shipyard</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Kollam,_Mar_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Port_of_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg/230px-Port_of_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Port_of_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg/345px-Port_of_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Port_of_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg/460px-Port_of_Kollam%2C_Mar_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Kollam Port</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a></figcaption></figure> Kerala has <a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala">two major ports, four intermediate ports, and 13 minor ports</a>, 4 of which have immigration check point facilities.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> The major port in the state is at <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port" title="Cochin Port">Kochi</a>, which has an area of 8.27 km2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018424-336">[335]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam_International_Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport">Vizhinjam International Seaport</a>, which is currently classified as an major port, they only completed Phase I others are under construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018424-336">[335]</a> Other intermediate ports include <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azheekal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018424-336">[335]</a> The remaining ports are classified as minor which include <a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjeshwaram">Manjeshwaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakara">Vadakara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munambam" title="Munambam">Munambam</a>, Manakodam, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valiyathura" class="mw-redirect" title="Valiyathura">Valiyathura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018424-336">[335]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Maritime_Institute" title="Kerala Maritime Institute">Kerala Maritime Institute</a> is headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a>, which has an additional subcentre at <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018424-336">[335]</a> The state has numerous <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">backwaters</a>, which are used for commercial <a href="/wiki/Inland_navigation" title="Inland navigation">inland navigation</a>. Transport services are mainly provided by country craft and passenger vessels. There are 67 navigable rivers in the state while the total length of inland waterways is 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi).<a href="#cite_note-google14-337">[336]</a> The main constraints to the expansion of inland navigation are; lack of depth in waterways caused by silting, lack of maintenance of navigation systems and bank protection, accelerated growth of the <a href="/wiki/Water_hyacinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hyacinth">water hyacinth</a>, lack of modern inland craft terminals, and lack of a cargo handling system. The 616 kilometres (383 mi) long West-Coast Canal is the longest waterway in state connecting <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> to <a href="/wiki/Poovar" title="Poovar">Poovar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018423-312">[311]</a> It is divided into five sections: 41 kilometres (25 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a> reach, 188 kilometres (117 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> reach, 160 kilometres (99 mi) <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kottappuram,_Thrissur" title="Kottappuram, Thrissur">Kottapuram</a> reach, 168 kilometres (104 mi) long <a href="/wiki/National_Waterway_3" title="National Waterway 3">National Waterway 3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kottappuram,_Thrissur" title="Kottappuram, Thrissur">Kottapuram</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> reach), and 74 kilometres (46 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vizhinjam" title="Vizhinjam">Vizhinjam</a> reach.<a href="#cite_note-eco-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conolly_Canal" title="Conolly Canal">Conolly Canal</a>, which is a part of West-Coast Canal, connects the city of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> through <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, passing through the districts of <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a>. It begins at <a href="/wiki/Vadakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakara">Vadakara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hindu_jan08-338">[337]</a> It was constructed in the year 1848 under the orders of then <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">District collector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a>, H. V. Conolly, initially to facilitate movement of goods to <a href="/wiki/Kallayi" title="Kallayi">Kallayi</a> Port from hinter lands of Malabar through <a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korapuzha" title="Korapuzha">Korapuzha</a> river systems.<a href="#cite_note-hindu_jan08-338">[337]</a> It was the main waterway for the cargo movement between Kozhikode and Kochi through <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, for more than a century.<a href="#cite_note-hindu_jan08-338">[337]</a> Other important waterways in Kerala include the <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a> Canal, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>-<a href="/wiki/Athirampuzha" title="Athirampuzha">Athirampuzha</a> Canal, and <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a> Canal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018424-336">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kochi_water_metro">Kochi water metro</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KWM_Boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KWM_Boat.jpg/230px-KWM_Boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KWM_Boat.jpg/345px-KWM_Boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KWM_Boat.jpg/460px-KWM_Boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2762" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Water_Metro" title="Kochi Water Metro">Kochi Water Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Water_Metro" title="Kochi Water Metro">Kochi Water Metro</a></div> Kochi Water Metro (KWM) is an integrated <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> transport system serving the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cochin" title="Greater Cochin">Greater Kochi</a> region in Kerala, India. It is the first water metro system in India and the first integrated water transport system of this size in Asia, which connects <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>'s 10 island communities with the <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">mainland</a> through a fleet of 78 battery-operated <a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">electric hybrid boats</a> plying along 38 terminals and 16 routes spanning 76 kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> It is integrated with the <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Metro" title="Kochi Metro">Kochi Metro</a> and serves as a feeder service to the suburbs along the rivers where transport accessibility is limited.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics of Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kerala" title="Ethnic groups in Kerala">Ethnic groups in Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kerala" title="List of people from Kerala">List of people from Kerala</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,396,262</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,147,673</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,802,127</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,507,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">11,031,541</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+16.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,549,118</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,903,715</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,347,375</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,453,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">29,098,518</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,841,374</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">33,406,061</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Population_Pyramid_in_5-year_age_groups_(2011_census).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kerala_Population_Pyramid_in_5-year_age_groups_%282011_census%29.png/220px-Kerala_Population_Pyramid_in_5-year_age_groups_%282011_census%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kerala_Population_Pyramid_in_5-year_age_groups_%282011_census%29.png/330px-Kerala_Population_Pyramid_in_5-year_age_groups_%282011_census%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kerala_Population_Pyramid_in_5-year_age_groups_%282011_census%29.png/440px-Kerala_Population_Pyramid_in_5-year_age_groups_%282011_census%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a> of Kerala</figcaption></figure> Kerala is home to 2.8% of India's population; with a density of 859 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the national average of 370 persons per km2.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-342">[341]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>, Thiruvananthapuram is the most populous city in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-Census2011cities-343">[342]</a> In the state, the rate of population growth is India's lowest, and the decadal growth of 4.9% in 2011 is less than one third of the all-India average of 17.6%.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-342">[341]</a> Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991; the population stood at 33.3 million by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-342">[341]</a> Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> Kerala is the <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation in India">second-most urbanised major state</a> in the country with <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kerala_by_urban_area_growth" title="List of cities in Kerala by urban area growth">47.7% urban population</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ubn-24">[24]</a> Around 31.8 million Keralites are predominantly Malayali.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011-342">[341]</a> The state's 321,000 indigenous tribal <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a>, 1.1% of the population, are concentrated in the east.<a href="#cite_note-Kalathil_2004-345">[344]</a>: 10–12  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_cities_in_Kerala" title="Template:Major cities in Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_cities_in_Kerala" title="Template talk:Major cities in Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_cities_in_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major cities in Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Kerala <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2011 Census of India<a href="#cite_note-Census2011cities-343">[342]</a> As per the population within their respective Municipal Corporation/Municipality limits</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kerala_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Kerala by population">Rank</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kerala_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Kerala by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivandrum_Pattam_skykline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thiruvananthapuram"><img alt="Thiruvananthapuram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trivandrum_Pattam_skykline.jpg/120px-Trivandrum_Pattam_skykline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trivandrum_Pattam_skykline.jpg/180px-Trivandrum_Pattam_skykline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trivandrum_Pattam_skykline.jpg/240px-Trivandrum_Pattam_skykline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kozhikode"><img alt="Kozhikode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg/120px-HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg/180px-HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg/240px-HiLITE_City_-_Mixed_Use_Development_Project_in_Calicut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1575" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">968,990 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Cityscape_view_from_Kakkanad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kochi"><img alt="Kochi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cityscape_view_from_Kakkanad.jpg/120px-Cityscape_view_from_Kakkanad.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cityscape_view_from_Kakkanad.jpg/180px-Cityscape_view_from_Kakkanad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cityscape_view_from_Kakkanad.jpg/240px-Cityscape_view_from_Kakkanad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="648" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:RP_Mall,_Kollam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kollam"><img alt="Kollam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg/120px-RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg/180px-RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg/240px-RP_Mall%2C_Kollam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">609,224 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">602,046 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">388,288 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">315,957 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">232,486 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">180,856 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,283 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">131,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,102 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3></div> There is a tradition of matrilineal inheritance in Kerala, where the mother is the head of the household.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> As a result, women in Kerala have had a much higher standing and influence in the society. This was common among certain influential castes and is a factor in the value placed on daughters. Christian missionaries also influenced Malayali women in that they started schools for girls from poor families.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> Opportunities for women such as education and gainful employment often translate into a lower birth rate,<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> which in turn, make education and employment more likely to be accessible and more beneficial for women. This creates an upward spiral for both the women and children of the community that is passed on to future generations. According to the Human Development Report of 1996, Kerala's <a href="/wiki/Gender_Development_Index" title="Gender Development Index">Gender Development Index</a> was 597; higher than any other state of India. Factors, such as high rates of female literacy, education, work participation and life expectancy, along with favourable <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a>, contributed to it.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph-349">[348]</a> Kerala's sex ratio of 1.084 (females to males) is higher than that of the rest of India; it is the only state where women outnumber men.<a href="#cite_note-Tharamangalam_2005-240">[239]</a>: 2  While having the opportunities that education affords them, such as political participation, keeping up to date with current events, reading religious texts etc., these tools have still not translated into full, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">equal rights</a> for the women of Kerala. There is a general attitude that women must be restricted for their own benefit. In the state, despite the social progress, gender still influences <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kerala" title="LGBT rights in Kerala">LGBT rights in Kerala</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_Pride_March_2018_IMG_20181007_162532.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kerala_Pride_March_2018_IMG_20181007_162532.jpg/200px-Kerala_Pride_March_2018_IMG_20181007_162532.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kerala_Pride_March_2018_IMG_20181007_162532.jpg/300px-Kerala_Pride_March_2018_IMG_20181007_162532.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Kerala_Pride_March_2018_IMG_20181007_162532.jpg/400px-Kerala_Pride_March_2018_IMG_20181007_162532.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Participants at a <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">pride parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a> in October 2018</figcaption></figure> Kerala has been at the forefront of LGBT issues in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> Kerala is one of the first <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states in India</a> to form a welfare policy for the transgender community. In 2016, the Kerala government introduced free <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> through government hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Queerala" title="Queerala">Queerala</a> is one of the major LGBT organisations in Kerala. It campaigns for increased awareness of LGBT people and sensitisation concerning healthcare services, workplace policies and educational curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> Since 2010, Kerala Queer Pride has been held annually across various cities in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> In June 2019, the Kerala government passed a new order that members of the transgender community should not be referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a>" or "other gender" in government communications. Instead, the term "transgender" should be used. Previously, the gender preferences provided in government forms and documents included male, female, and other/third gender.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> In the 2021 Mathrubhumi Youth Manifesto Survey conducted on people aged between 15 and 35, majority (74.3%) of the respondents supported legislation for same-sex marriage while 25.7% opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Development_Index">Human Development Index</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Model">Kerala Model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states,_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg/220px-2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg/330px-2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg/440px-2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> map for Indian states in 2006, as calculated by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a></figcaption></figure> Under a democratic communist local government, Kerala has achieved a record of social development much more advanced than the Indian average.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kerala has a <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) of 0.770, which is in the "high" category, ranking it first in the country.<a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-10">[10]</a> It was 0.790 in 2007–08<a href="#cite_note-IDHR_2011-364">[363]</a> and it had a consumption-based HDI of 0.920, which is better than that of many developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-IDHR_2011-364">[363]</a> Comparatively higher spending by the government on <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary level education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> and the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">poverty</a> from the 19th century onwards has helped the state maintain an exceptionally high HDI;<a href="#cite_note-UNDP2005-365">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNDP20054-366">[365]</a> the report was prepared by the central government's <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Applied_Manpower_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Applied Manpower Research">Institute of Applied Manpower Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hdi_kerala_chart-367">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-hdi_kerala-368">[367]</a> However, the Human Development Report 2005, prepared by Centre for Development Studies envisages a virtuous phase of inclusive development for the state since the advancement in human development had already started aiding the economic development of the state.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP2005-365">[364]</a> Kerala is also widely regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Public_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Public hygiene">cleanest</a> and healthiest state in India.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a> According to the 2011 census, Kerala has the highest <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> (94%) among Indian states. In 2018, the literacy rate was calculated to be 96%. In the <a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam district</a>, the literacy rate was 97%.<a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-pc-census2011-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBNLiteracy2013-371">[370]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in Kerala is 74 years, among the highest in India as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 59% (1973–1974) to 12% (1999–2010); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 47% between the 1970s and 2000s against the 29% fall in overall poverty rate in India.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-princeton6-252">[251]</a> The 2013 Tendulkar Committee Report on poverty estimated that the percentages of the population living below the poverty line in rural and urban Kerala are 9.1% and 5.0%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare.<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.<a href="#cite_note-Brenkert_Malone_2003-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varma_2005-377">[376]</a>: 48  Kerala has undergone a "<a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a>" characteristic of such <a href="/wiki/Developed_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nation">developed nations</a> as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tharamangalam_2005-240">[239]</a>: 1  In 2005, 11.2% of people were over the age of 60.<a href="#cite_note-Varma_2005-377">[376]</a> In 2023, the BBC reported on the problems and benefits which have arisen from migration away from Kerala, focussing on the village of Kumbanad.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> In 2004, the birthrate was low at 18 per 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-Kutty_2004_6-379">[378]</a> According to the 2011 census, Kerala had a total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.6. All district except Malappuram district had fertility rate below 2. Fertility rate is highest in <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a> (2.2) and lowest in <a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta district</a> (1.3).<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> In 2001, Muslims had the TFR of 2.6 as against 1.5 for Hindus and 1.7 for Christians.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> The state also is regarded as the "least corrupt Indian state" according to the surveys conducted by CMS Indian Corruption Study (CMS-ICS)<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> Transparency International (2005)<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> and India Today (1997).<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> Kerala has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> rate among Indian states, with 1.1 per 100,000 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ncrb-385">[384]</a> In respect of female empowerment, some negative factors such as higher <a href="/wiki/Suicide_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide rate">suicide rate</a>, lower share of <a href="/wiki/Earned_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Earned income">earned income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> complaints of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> and limited freedom are reported.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph-349">[348]</a> The child marriage is lower in Kerala. The Malappuram district has the highest number of child marriage and the number of such cases are increasing in Malappuram. The child marriages are particularly <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_among_Muslims_in_Kerala" title="Child marriage among Muslims in Kerala">higher among the Muslim community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> In 2019, Kerala recorded the highest child sex abuse complaints in India.<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> In 2015, Kerala had the highest conviction rate of any state, over 77%.<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> Kerala has the lowest proportion of homeless people in rural India, <0.1%,<a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a> and the state is attempting to reach the goal of becoming the first "Zero Homeless State", in addition to its acclaimed "Zero landless project", with private organisations and the expatriate Malayali community funding projects for building homes for the homeless.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> The state was also among the lowest in the <a href="/wiki/India_State_Hunger_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="India State Hunger Index">India State Hunger Index</a> next only to <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>. In 2015 Kerala became the first "complete digital state" by implementing e-governance initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Cancer_Centre,_Trivandrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Regional_Cancer_Centre%2C_Trivandrum.jpg/220px-Regional_Cancer_Centre%2C_Trivandrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Regional_Cancer_Centre%2C_Trivandrum.jpg/330px-Regional_Cancer_Centre%2C_Trivandrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Regional_Cancer_Centre%2C_Trivandrum.jpg/440px-Regional_Cancer_Centre%2C_Trivandrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Cancer_Centre,_Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum">Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg/220px-Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg/330px-Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg/440px-Kottakkal_Arya_Vaidya_Sala_OP_Block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></div></div></div></div></div> Kerala is a pioneer in implementing the <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">sub-replacement fertility</a> level and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> are lower compared to those of other states, estimated from 12<a href="#cite_note-Brenkert_Malone_2003-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kutty_2004_6-379">[378]</a>: 49  to 14<a href="#cite_note-Krishnaswami_2004-395">[394]</a>: 5  deaths per 1,000 live births; as per the National Family Health Survey 2015–16, it has dropped to 6.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> According to a study commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Lien_Ying_Chow" title="Lien Ying Chow">Lien</a> Foundation, a <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>-based philanthropic organisation, Kerala is considered to be the best place to die in India based on the state's provision of palliative care for patients with serious illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> However, Kerala's <a href="/wiki/Morbidity_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity rate">morbidity rate</a> is higher than that of any other Indian state—118 (rural) and 88 (urban) per 1,000 people. The corresponding figures for all India were 55 and 54 per 1,000, respectively as of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krishnaswami_2004-395">[394]</a>: 5  Kerala's 13.3% <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a> is higher than that of many <a href="/wiki/First_world" class="mw-redirect" title="First world">first world</a> nations.<a href="#cite_note-Kutty_2004_6-379">[378]</a> Outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Water-borne_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-borne disease">water-borne diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> among the more than 50% of people who rely on 3 million <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">water wells</a> is an issue worsened by the lack of <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roy_2004-398">[397]</a>: 5–7  As of 2017, the state has the highest number of diabetes patients and also the highest prevalence rate of the disease in India.<a href="#cite_note-399">[398]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Children's Fund">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> designated Kerala the world's first "<a href="/wiki/Baby_Friendly_Hospital_Initiative" title="Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative">baby-friendly</a> state" because of its effective promotion of breast-feeding over formulas.<a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a> Over 95% of Keralite births are hospital delivered and the state also has the lowest infant mortality rate in the country. The third National Family Health Survey ranks Kerala first in "Institutional Delivery" with 100% births in medical facilities.<a href="#cite_note-NFHS3-402">[401]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Unnikrishnan_2004-403">[402]</a>: 13  <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddha</a>, and endangered and endemic modes of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, including kalari, marmachikitsa and vishavaidyam, are practised. Some occupational communities such as <a href="/wiki/Kaniyar" title="Kaniyar">Kaniyar</a> were known as native medicine men in relation to the practice of such streams of medical systems, apart from their traditional vocation.<a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a> These propagate via <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">gurukula</a> discipleship,<a href="#cite_note-Unnikrishnan_2004-403">[402]</a>: 5–6  and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and alternative treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Unnikrishnan_2004-403">[402]</a>: 15  The <a href="/wiki/Arya_Vaidya_Sala" title="Arya Vaidya Sala">Arya Vaidya Sala</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Vaidyaratnam_P._S._Warrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier">Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> (about 10 km from <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>) in 1902, is the largest Ayurvedic medicinal network and health centre in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Warrier-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arya_Vaidya_Sala_Kottakkal_–_Part_1-406">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-mal-407">[406]</a> It is also one of the largest Ayurvedic medicinal brands in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Warrier-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arya_Vaidya_Sala_Kottakkal_–_Part_1-406">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-mal-407">[406]</a> In 2014, Kerala became the first state in India to offer free cancer treatment to the poor, via a program called Sukrutham.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> People in Kerala experience elevated incidence of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney</a> diseases.<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a> In April 2016, the Economic Times reported that 250,000 residents undergo treatment for cancer. It also reported that approximately 150 to 200 liver transplants are conducted in the region's hospitals annually. Approximately 42,000 cancer cases are reported in the region annually. This is believed to be an underestimate as private hospitals may not be reporting their figures. Long waiting lists for kidney donations has stimulated illegal trade in human kidneys, and prompted the establishment of the Kidney Federation of India which aims to support financially disadvantaged patients.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> As of 2017–18, there are 6,691 modern medicine institutions under the department of health services, of which the total bed strength is 37,843; 15,780 in rural areas and 22,063 in urban.<a href="#cite_note-dhs-411">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1065.03150684px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 527.82105662663px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of Kerala (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-412">[411]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (97.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (1.49%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (1.49%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is the official language of Kerala and one of the six <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Classical languages of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> There is a significant <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> population throughout Kerala mainly in <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a> in which it accounts for 17.48% and 4.8% respectively of the two districts' populations.<a href="#cite_note-lg-414">[413]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> are spoken mainly in the northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod district</a>, each of which account for 8.77% and 4.23% of total population in the district, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-lg-414">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kerala" title="Religion in Kerala">Religion in Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_temple,_Wayanad_IMG_3494_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jain_temple%2C_Wayanad_IMG_3494_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/158px-Jain_temple%2C_Wayanad_IMG_3494_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jain_temple%2C_Wayanad_IMG_3494_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/237px-Jain_temple%2C_Wayanad_IMG_3494_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jain_temple%2C_Wayanad_IMG_3494_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg/316px-Jain_temple%2C_Wayanad_IMG_3494_by_Joseph_Lazer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Jain_Temple,_Kidanganad" title="Jain Temple, Kidanganad">Jain Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirunavaya_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thirunavaya_%285%29.jpg/158px-Thirunavaya_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thirunavaya_%285%29.jpg/237px-Thirunavaya_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Thirunavaya_%285%29.jpg/316px-Thirunavaya_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Thirunavaya_Navamukunda_Temple" title="Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple">Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg/158px-Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg/237px-Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg/316px-Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="744" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Model of original <a href="/wiki/Cheraman_Juma_Mosque" title="Cheraman Juma Mosque">Cheraman Juma Mosque</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Palayoor_St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Palayoor_St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church.jpg/158px-Palayoor_St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Palayoor_St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church.jpg/237px-Palayoor_St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Palayoor_St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church.jpg/316px-Palayoor_St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4976" data-file-height="3317" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Syro-Malabar_Church,_Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor">St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_Jewish_Synagogue,_Fort_Kochi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Clock_Tower_Jewish_Synagogue%2C_Fort_Kochi.jpg/158px-Clock_Tower_Jewish_Synagogue%2C_Fort_Kochi.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Clock_Tower_Jewish_Synagogue%2C_Fort_Kochi.jpg/237px-Clock_Tower_Jewish_Synagogue%2C_Fort_Kochi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Clock_Tower_Jewish_Synagogue%2C_Fort_Kochi.jpg/316px-Clock_Tower_Jewish_Synagogue%2C_Fort_Kochi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4822.185893197px; border-left-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 41.716112087305px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:29.283900845805px 95.616176200751px 0 0; border-top-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Kerala (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census_2016_religion-416">[415]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kerala" title="Hinduism in Kerala">Hinduism</a> (54.73%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kerala" title="Islam in Kerala">Islam</a> (26.56%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kerala" title="Christianity in Kerala">Christianity</a> (18.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other or none (0.32%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_religions_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kerala_religions_2011.png/220px-Kerala_religions_2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kerala_religions_2011.png/330px-Kerala_religions_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kerala_religions_2011.png/440px-Kerala_religions_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="4045" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of the most popular religion in each Taluk of Kerala</figcaption></figure> Kerala is very religiously diverse with <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> having a significant population throughout the state, Kerala is often regarded as one of the most diverse states in all of India.<a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[417]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the most widely professed faith in Kerala, with significant <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> minorities. In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a> figures, 54.7% of Kerala's residents are Hindus, 26.6% are Muslims, 18.4% are Christians, and the remaining 0.3% follow another religion or have no religious affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-censusindia2011religion-420">[419]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> represent the biggest religious group in all districts except <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a>, where they are outnumbered by Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-thehindu1-421">[420]</a> Kerala has the largest population of Christians in India.<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> As of 2016, Hindus, Muslims, Christians and others account for 41.9%, 42.6%, 15.4% and 0.2% of the total child births in the state, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> Islam arrived in Kerala, a part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim, via spice and silk traders from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Historians do not rule out the possibility of Islam being introduced to Kerala as early as the seventh century CE.<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes3-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20002-425">[424]</a> Notable has been the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Cheraman Perumal Tajuddin</a>, the mythical Hindu king who moved to <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> to meet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> Kerala Muslims are generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a>. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that forms the Muslim population of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-KunhaliV2-429">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-Divakaruni20112-430">[429]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Legend of Cheraman Perumals</a>, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 CE at <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 570–632).<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonKresse2008-432">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kupferschmidt1987-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raṇṭattāṇi2007-433">[432]</a> Ancient Christian tradition says that Christianity reached the shores of Kerala in 52 CE with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> Christ.<a href="#cite_note-Erwin_Fahlbusch-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-435">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-Menachery-436">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> include <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ponnumuthan1996-437">[436]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Williams1996-438">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AndersonTang2005-439">[438]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Russell2010-441">[440]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Anglicans" title="Saint Thomas Anglicans">Syrian Anglicans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">CSI</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians">Pentecostal Saint Thomas Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> The origin of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Catholic</a> Christians in Kerala is the result of the missionary endeavours of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a> in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-444">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-RakRaj2008-445">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian2009-446">[445]</a> As a consequence of centuries of mixing with colonial immigrants, beginning with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, British and other Europeans, there is a community of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a> in Kerala of mixed European and Indian parentage or ancestry. Kerala has the highest population of Christians among all the states of India.<a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> reached Kerala in the 10th century BCE during the time of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-448">[447]</a> They are called <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a> or Malabar Jews and are the oldest group of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Jews in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Orpa_Slapak-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a> There was a significant Jewish community which existed in Kerala until the 20th century, when most of them <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">migrated to Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roland1998-450">[449]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> is the oldest synagogue in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Nations">Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Jainism</a> has a considerable following in the <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LockieCarpenter2012-452">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-MathewBaviskar2009-453">[452]</a> Buddhism was popular in the time of Ashoka<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> but vanished by the 12th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Ram1999-455">[454]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education in Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/University_of_Kerala.jpg/225px-University_of_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/University_of_Kerala.jpg/338px-University_of_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/University_of_Kerala.jpg/450px-University_of_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kerala" title="University of Kerala">University of Kerala</a> at Thiruvananthapuram</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/225px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/338px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg/450px-IIM_Kozhikode_Aerial_View_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Kozhikode" title="Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode">Indian Institute of Management</a> at Kozhikode</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nalanda_complex.jpg/225px-Nalanda_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nalanda_complex.jpg/338px-Nalanda_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nalanda_complex.jpg/450px-Nalanda_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1650" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Academy" title="Indian Naval Academy">Indian Naval Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IIT_Palakkad_main_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/IIT_Palakkad_main_Entrance.jpg/225px-IIT_Palakkad_main_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/IIT_Palakkad_main_Entrance.jpg/338px-IIT_Palakkad_main_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/IIT_Palakkad_main_Entrance.jpg/450px-IIT_Palakkad_main_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/IIT_Palakkad" title="IIT Palakkad">Indian Institute of Technology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including <a href="/wiki/Series_expansion" title="Series expansion">series expansion</a> for trigonometric functions.<a href="#cite_note-roy-456">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> In the early decades of the 19th century, the modern educational transformation of Kerala was triggered by the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> missionaries to promote mass education.<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> Following the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_despatch" title="Wood's despatch">Wood's despatch</a> of 1854, the princely states of Travancore and Cochin launched mass education drives mainly based on castes and communities, and introduced a system of <a href="/wiki/Grant-in-aid" title="Grant-in-aid">grant-in-aid</a> to attract more private initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-Devrep53-58-463">[462]</a> The efforts by leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Vaikunda Swami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" title="Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a> in aiding the socially discriminated castes in the state—with the help of community-based organisations like <a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Trust">SNDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Educational_Society" title="Muslim Educational Society">Muslim Educational Society</a>, Muslim Mahajana Sabha, Yoga Kshema Sabha (of Nambudiris) and congregations of Christian churches—led to the further development of mass education in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-Devrep53-58-463">[462]</a> In 1991, Kerala became the first state in India to be recognised as completely literate, although the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90%.<a href="#cite_note-Soundarapandian2000-464">[463]</a> In 2006–2007, the state topped the Education Development Index (EDI) of the 21 major states in India.<a href="#cite_note-465">[464]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala&action=edit">[update]</a>, enrolment in elementary education was almost 100%; and, unlike other states in India, educational opportunity was almost equally distributed among sexes, social groups, and regions.<a href="#cite_note-Devrep255-258-466">[465]</a> According to the 2011 census, Kerala has a 93.9% literacy, compared to the national literacy rate of 74.0%.<a href="#cite_note-IBNLiteracy2013-371">[370]</a> In January 2016, Kerala became the first Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its Athulyam literacy programme.<a href="#cite_note-467">[466]</a> The educational system prevailing in the state's schools specifies an initial 10-year course of study, which is divided into three stages: lower primary, upper primary, and secondary school—known as 4+3+3, which signifies the number of years for each stage.<a href="#cite_note-Devrep255-258-466">[465]</a> After the first 10 years of schooling, students typically enroll in <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Higher Secondary Schooling</a> in one of the three major streams—<a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>, commerce, or science.<a href="#cite_note-Edu_Ker-468">[467]</a> The majority of public schools are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Board_of_Public_Examination" title="Kerala Board of Public Examination">Kerala Board of Public Examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> Other educational boards are the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">Indian Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (ICSE), the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_for_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Board for Secondary Education">Central Board for Secondary Education</a> (CBSE), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS).<a href="#cite_note-Edu_Ker-468">[467]</a> <a href="/wiki/CMS_College" class="mw-redirect" title="CMS College">CMS College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a>, established in 1817, is the first western-style college, and one of the oldest colleges, in India. <a href="/wiki/Government_Brennen_College,_Thalassery" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Brennen College, Thalassery">Government Brennen College, Thalassery</a>, founded by philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brennen" title="Edward Brennen">Edward Brennen</a> in 1862, and <a href="/wiki/Government_Victoria_College,_Palakkad" title="Government Victoria College, Palakkad">Government Victoria College, Palakkad</a>, founded in 1866, are among the oldest educational institutions in India. The <a href="/wiki/KITE_Kerala" title="KITE Kerala">KITE Kerala</a> is a state owned <a href="/wiki/Special_purpose_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Special purpose company">special purpose company</a> under education department of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a> It was developed to support <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a> enabled education for schools in the state. The erstwhile IT@School Project was transformed into KITE for extending its scope of operations in August 2017.<a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> Kerala is the first Indian state to have ICT-enabled education with hi-tech classrooms in all public schools.<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> Kerala topped in the School Education Quality Index published by <a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Academy" title="Indian Naval Academy">Indian Naval Academy</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a>, is Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval academy.<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture of Kerala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Word_Malayalam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Malayalam in Malayalam script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Word_Malayalam.svg/220px-Word_Malayalam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Word_Malayalam.svg/330px-Word_Malayalam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Word_Malayalam.svg/440px-Word_Malayalam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="256" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Malayalam in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathakali_BNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kathakali Performance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kathakali_BNC.jpg/220px-Kathakali_BNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kathakali_BNC.jpg/330px-Kathakali_BNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kathakali_BNC.jpg/440px-Kathakali_BNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3925" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> artist</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchilottu_Bhagavathi_Theyyam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Theyyam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Muchilottu_Bhagavathi_Theyyam.jpg/220px-Muchilottu_Bhagavathi_Theyyam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Muchilottu_Bhagavathi_Theyyam.jpg/330px-Muchilottu_Bhagavathi_Theyyam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Muchilottu_Bhagavathi_Theyyam.jpg/440px-Muchilottu_Bhagavathi_Theyyam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="702" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a>, The ritual art of <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pookkalam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg/220px-5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg/330px-5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg/440px-5_image_collage_of_floral_arrangement_during_the_Hindu_festival_of_Onam_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3269" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">During <a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a>, Kerala's biggest celebration, Keralites create pookkalam (floral carpet) designs in front of their houses.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thrissur Pooram festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg/220px-ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg/330px-ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg/440px-ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1384" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a> festival</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohiniyattam_at_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2019_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mohiniattam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mohiniyattam_at_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2019_02.jpg/220px-Mohiniyattam_at_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2019_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mohiniyattam_at_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2019_02.jpg/330px-Mohiniyattam_at_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2019_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mohiniyattam_at_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2019_02.jpg/440px-Mohiniyattam_at_Kerala_School_Kalolsavam_2019_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3269" data-file-height="2185" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Mohiniattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohiniattam">mohiniattam</a> performance</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg/220px-THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg/330px-THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg/440px-THUNCHAN_MEMORIAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5165" data-file-height="2507" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Thunchath_Ezhuthachan_Malayalam_University" title="Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University">Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadhya_DSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sadhya_DSW.jpg/220px-Sadhya_DSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sadhya_DSW.jpg/330px-Sadhya_DSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sadhya_DSW.jpg/440px-Sadhya_DSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="813" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Onam <a href="/wiki/Sadya" title="Sadya">Sadya</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:O_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/O_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg/220px-O_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/O_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg/330px-O_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/O_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg/440px-O_by_N_A_Nazeer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kerala elephant</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_01.jpg/220px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_01.jpg/330px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_01.jpg/440px-Sree_Padmanabhaswamy_temple_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Padmanabhaswamy temple entrance</div></div></div></div></div> The culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it is an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Menon3-35">[35]</a> It is a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_culture" title="South Indian culture">Dravidian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European</a> cultures,<a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Menon1978a-480">[479]</a> It is defined by its antiquity and the organic continuity sustained by the <a href="/wiki/Malayali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali people">Malayali people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> It was elaborated through centuries of contact with neighbouring and overseas cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_29-482">[481]</a> However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has resulted in the development of a distinctive lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and social institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Menon3-35">[35]</a> Over 10,000 festivals are celebrated in the state every year.<a href="#cite_note-1000hrs-483">[482]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a>, a solar sidereal calendar started from 825 CE in Kerala,<a href="#cite_note-Devika2005-484">[483]</a> finds common usage in planning agricultural and religious activities.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2004-485">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, one of the classical languages in India, is Kerala's <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benedikter2009-486">[485]</a> Over a dozen other <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled and unscheduled languages</a> are also spoken.<a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-412">[411]</a> Kerala has the greatest consumption of alcohol in India.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Temple_Festivals_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Festivals of Kerala">Temple Festivals of Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></div> Many of the temples in Kerala hold festivals on specific days of the year.<a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a> A common characteristic of these festivals is the hoisting of a holy flag which is brought down on the final day of the festival after immersing the deity.<a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a> Some festivals include Poorams, the best known of these being the <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> "Elephants, firework displays and huge crowds" are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram.<a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a> Other known festivals are <a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ltd.2013b-492">[491]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinakkathoor_Pooram" title="Chinakkathoor Pooram">Chinakkathoor Pooram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attukal_Pongala" title="Attukal Pongala">Attukal Pongala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nenmara_Vallangi_Vela" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenmara Vallangi Vela">Nenmara Vallangi Vela</a><a href="#cite_note-Stott2014-493">[492]</a> Other than these, festivals locally known as <a href="/wiki/Utsavam" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsavam">utsavams</a> are conducted by many temples mostly on annual basis. Temples that can afford it will usually involve at least one richly caparisoned elephant as part of the festivities. The idol in the temple is taken out on a procession around the countryside atop this elephant. When the procession visits homes around the temple, people will usually present rice, coconuts, and other offerings to it.<a href="#cite_note-NarayananKurup1976-494">[493]</a> Processions often include traditional music such as <a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Killius2006-495">[494]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> are celebrated by the Muslim community of the state while the festivals like <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> are observed by the Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-17">[17]</a> Onam is a harvest festival celebrated by the people of Kerala and is reminiscent of the state's agrarian past.<a href="#cite_note-Choondal1980-496">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-Menon2007b-497">[496]</a> It is a local festival of Kerala<a href="#cite_note-Darpan2006b-498">[497]</a> consisting of a four-day public holidays; from Onam Eve (Uthradam) to the fourth Onam Day.<a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a> Onam falls in the Malayalam month of Chingam (August–September)<a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a> and marks the commemoration of the homecoming of King <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MythOnam-501">[500]</a> The total duration of Onam is 10 days and it is celebrated all across Kerala. It is one of the festivals celebrated with cultural elements such as <a href="/wiki/Vallam_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallam Kali">Vallam Kali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulikali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulikali">Pulikali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ltd.2013-503">[502]</a> Pookkalam,<a href="#cite_note-504">[503]</a> Thumbi Thullal<a href="#cite_note-Mohapatra2013-505">[504]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onavillu" title="Onavillu">Onavillu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-(Princess.)1998-506">[505]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts of Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music of Kerala</a></div> Kerala is home to a number of <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance arts</a>. These include five classical dance forms: <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koodiyattom" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodiyattom">Koodiyattom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottan_thullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottan thullal">Thullal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishnanattam" title="Krishnanattam">Krishnanattam</a>, which originated and developed in the temple theatres during the classical period under the patronage of royal houses.<a href="#cite_note-507">[506]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerala_natanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala natanam">Kerala natanam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-508">[507]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaliyattam" title="Kaliyattam">Kaliyattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a> are other dance forms associated with the temple culture of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Menon2008-509">[508]</a> Some traditional dance forms such as <a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a> were popular among the Muslims of the state,<a href="#cite_note-google19-510">[509]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parichamuttukali" title="Parichamuttukali">Parichamuttukali</a> are popular among the Syrian Christians and <a href="/wiki/Chavittu_nadakom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavittu nadakom">Chavittu nadakom</a> is popular among the Latin Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Nārāyaṇappaṇikkar1991-511">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kasbekar2006-512">[511]</a> The development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with the temple culture of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-Menon2-513">[512]</a> The development of the indigenous classical music form, <a href="/wiki/Sopana_Sangeetham" title="Sopana Sangeetham">Sopana Sangeetham</a>, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-Menon2-513">[512]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of <a href="/wiki/Swathi_Thirunal_Rama_Varma" title="Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma">Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma</a>'s popularisation of the genre in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bhagyalekshmy_2004d_29-482">[481]</a> Raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances.<a href="#cite_note-SchechnerAppel1990-514">[513]</a> Melam; including the paandi and panchari variants, is a more percussive style of music:<a href="#cite_note-BroughtonEllingham2000-515">[514]</a> it is performed at <a href="/wiki/Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandir">Kshetram</a>-centered festivals using the <a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">chenda</a>. Panchavadyam is a form of percussion ensemble, in which artists use five types of percussion instrument.<a href="#cite_note-BroughtonEllingham2000-515">[514]</a> Kerala's visual arts range from <a href="/wiki/Murals_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Murals of Kerala">traditional murals</a> to the works of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a>, the state's most renowned painter.<a href="#cite_note-Menon2-513">[512]</a> Most of the castes and communities in Kerala have rich collections of folk songs and ballads associated with a variety of themes; <a href="/wiki/Vadakkan_Pattukal" title="Vadakkan Pattukal">Vadakkan Pattukal</a> (Northern Ballads), Thekkan pattukal (Southern Ballads), Vanchi pattukal (Boat Songs), <a href="/wiki/Mappila_Pattukal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila Pattukal">Mappila Pattukal</a> (Muslim songs) and Pallipattukal (Church songs) are a few of them.<a href="#cite_note-516">[515]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam cinema</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam Cinema">Malayalam films</a> carved a niche for themselves in the Indian film industry with the presentation of social themes.<a href="#cite_note-Menon-517">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[517]</a> Directors from Kerala, like <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankada_Ravi_Varma" title="Mankada Ravi Varma">Mankada Ravi Varma</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Aravindan" title="G. Aravindan">G. Aravindan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharathan" title="Bharathan">Bharathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._Padmarajan" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Padmarajan">P. Padmarajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.T.Vasudevan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="M.T.Vasudevan Nair">M.T. Vasudevan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/K.G._George" class="mw-redirect" title="K.G. George">K.G. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priyadarshan" title="Priyadarshan">Priyadarshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Abraham_(director)" title="John Abraham (director)">John Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramu_Karyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramu Karyat">Ramu Karyat</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_S_Sethumadhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="K S Sethumadhavan">K S Sethumadhavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Vincent" title="A. Vincent">A. Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaji_N_Karun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaji N Karun">Shaji N Karun</a> have made a considerable contribution to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">parallel cinema</a>. Kerala has also given birth to numerous actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohanlal" title="Mohanlal">Mohanlal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammootty" title="Mammootty">Mammootty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyan">Satyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prem_Nazir" title="Prem Nazir">Prem Nazir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhu_(actor)" title="Madhu (actor)">Madhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheela" title="Sheela">Sheela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharada_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharada (actress)">Sharada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Kumari" title="Miss Kumari">Miss Kumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayan" title="Jayan">Jayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adoor_Bhasi" title="Adoor Bhasi">Adoor Bhasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seema_(actress)" title="Seema (actress)">Seema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharath_Gopi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharath Gopi">Bharath Gopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thilakan" title="Thilakan">Thilakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Raghavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaya Raghavan">Vijaya Raghavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalabhavan_Mani" title="Kalabhavan Mani">Kalabhavan Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indrans" title="Indrans">Indrans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shobana" title="Shobana">Shobana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nivin_Pauly" title="Nivin Pauly">Nivin Pauly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sreenivasan" title="Sreenivasan">Sreenivasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urvashi_(actress)" title="Urvashi (actress)">Urvashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manju_Warrier" title="Manju Warrier">Manju Warrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suresh_Gopi" title="Suresh Gopi">Suresh Gopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayaram" title="Jayaram">Jayaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murali_(Malayalam_actor)" title="Murali (Malayalam actor)">Murali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankaradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shankaradi">Shankaradi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavya_Madhavan" title="Kavya Madhavan">Kavya Madhavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavana Menon">Bhavana Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Sukumaran" title="Prithviraj Sukumaran">Prithviraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvathy_Thiruvothu" title="Parvathy Thiruvothu">Parvathy (actress)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayasurya" title="Jayasurya">Jayasurya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dulquer_Salmaan" title="Dulquer Salmaan">Dulquer Salmaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oduvil_Unnikrishnan" title="Oduvil Unnikrishnan">Oduvil Unnikrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagathy_Sreekumar" title="Jagathy Sreekumar">Jagathy Sreekumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedumudi_Venu" title="Nedumudi Venu">Nedumudi Venu</a>, <a href="/wiki/KPAC_Lalitha" class="mw-redirect" title="KPAC Lalitha">KPAC Lalitha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innocent_(actor)" title="Innocent (actor)">Innocent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fahad_Fazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahad Fazil">Fahad Fazil</a>. Late Malayalam actor Prem Nazir holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies.<a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> Since the 1980s, actors <a href="/wiki/Mohanlal" title="Mohanlal">Mohanlal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammootty" title="Mammootty">Mammootty</a> have dominated the movie industry; Mohanlal has won five National Film Awards (four for acting), while Mammootty has three National Film Awards for acting.<a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a> Malayalam Cinema has produced a few more notable personalities such as <a href="/wiki/K.J._Yesudas" class="mw-redirect" title="K.J. Yesudas">K.J. Yesudas</a>, <a href="/wiki/K.S._Chitra" class="mw-redirect" title="K.S. Chitra">K.S. Chitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._G._Sreekumar" title="M. G. Sreekumar">M.G. Sreekumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayalar_Rama_Varma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayalar Rama Varma">Vayalar Rama Varma</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._Madhusoodanan_Nair" title="V. Madhusoodanan Nair">V. Madhusoodanan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.T._Vasudevan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="M.T. Vasudevan Nair">M.T. Vasudevan Nair</a> and <a href="/wiki/O.N.V._Kurup" class="mw-redirect" title="O.N.V. Kurup">O.N.V. Kurup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-indiatimes2-521">[520]</a> the last two mentioned being recipients of <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnanpith award">Jnanpith award</a>, the highest literary award in India.<a href="#cite_note-upscguide-522">[521]</a> <a href="/wiki/Resul_Pookutty" title="Resul Pookutty">Resul Pookutty</a>, who is from Kerala, is only the second Indian to win an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing">academy award for sound design</a>, for the breakthrough film <a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a>. As of 2018, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam cinema</a> has got 14 awards for the best actor, 6 for the best actress, 11 for the best film, and 13 for the best film director in the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018358-361-523">[522]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam Literature">Malayalam Literature</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> can be considered as the ancient predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018450-524">[523]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a> starts from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a> period (9th–13th century CE) and includes such notable writers as the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Niranam_poets" title="Niranam poets">Niranam poets</a> (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar),<a href="#cite_note-Nair1967-525">[524]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laet1994-526">[525]</a> and the 16th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Ezhuthachan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>, whose works mark the dawn of both the modern Malayalam language and its poetry.<a href="#cite_note-George1998-527">[526]</a> For the first 600 years of <a href="/wiki/Kollam_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Kollam Era">Malayalam calendar</a>, the literature mainly consisted of the oral <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballads</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vadakkan_Pattukal" title="Vadakkan Pattukal">Vadakkan Pattukal</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> and Thekkan Pattukal in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Division_(Travancore)" title="Southern Division (Travancore)">Southern Travancore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandran2018453-528">[527]</a> Designated a "<a href="/wiki/Classical_Language_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Language in India">Classical Language in India</a>" in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-529">[528]</a> it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets <a href="/wiki/Cherusseri_Namboothiri" title="Cherusseri Namboothiri">Cherusseri Namboothiri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cherussery_(Krishnagadha)_malayalam_author_books-530">[529]</a><a href="#cite_note-mlm-531">[530]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mlm-531">[530]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mlm-531">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[531]</a> in the 15th and the 16th centuries of <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mlm-531">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-533">[532]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unnayi_Variyar" title="Unnayi Variyar">Unnayi Variyar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Attakatha_sahithyam-534">[533]</a> a probable poet of the 17th/18th century CE, and <a href="/wiki/Kunchan_Nambiar" title="Kunchan Nambiar">Kunchan Nambiar</a>, a poet of the 18th century CE, have also influenced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre-mature form.<a href="#cite_note-mlm-531">[530]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> river, also known as <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">River Ponnani</a>, and its tributaries, have played a major role in the development of modern Malayalam Literature.<a href="#cite_note-535">[534]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paremmakkal_Thoma_Kathanar" title="Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar">Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Varma_Valiakoi_Thampuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran">Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran</a> are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose.<a href="#cite_note-google24-536">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinhā2009-537">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vilanilam1987-538">[537]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_poets_of_modern_malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvirate poets of modern malayalam">triumvirate of poets</a>" (Kavithrayam): <a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Asan" title="Kumaran Asan">Kumaran Asan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallathol_Narayana_Menon" title="Vallathol Narayana Menon">Vallathol Narayana Menon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulloor_S._Parameswara_Iyer" title="Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer">Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer</a>, are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrical</a> mode.<a href="#cite_note-Al̲ikkōṭȧ1979-539">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indian_and_Foreign_Review-540">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tarakan1990-541">[540]</a> The poets like <a href="/wiki/Moyinkutty_Vaidyar" title="Moyinkutty Vaidyar">Moyinkutty Vaidyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulikkottil_Hyder" title="Pulikkottil Hyder">Pulikkottil Hyder</a> have made notable contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Mappila_songs" title="Mappila songs">Mappila songs</a>, which is a genre of the <a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-542">[541]</a><a href="#cite_note-543">[542]</a> The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam <a href="/wiki/Varthamanappusthakam" title="Varthamanappusthakam">Varthamanappusthakam</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Paremmakkal_Thoma_Kathanar" title="Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar">Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar</a> in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-544">[543]</a><a href="#cite_note-545">[544]</a> The prose literature, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_journalism" title="Malayalam journalism">Malayalam journalism</a>, and criticism began after the latter-half of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-legacy-544">[543]</a> Contemporary Malayalam literature deals with social, political, and economic life context. The tendency of the modern literature is often towards <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">political radicalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-546">[545]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam literature</a> has been presented with 6 <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanapith awards</a>, the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.<a href="#cite_note-547">[546]</a><a href="#cite_note-548">[547]</a> In the second half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnanpith">Jnanpith</a> winning poets and writers like <a href="/wiki/G._Sankara_Kurup" title="G. Sankara Kurup">G. Sankara Kurup</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._K._Pottekkatt" title="S. K. Pottekkatt">S. K. Pottekkatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakazhi_Sivasankara_Pillai" title="Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai">Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a>, had made valuable contributions to the modern Malayalam literature.<a href="#cite_note-google25-549">[548]</a><a href="#cite_note-Accessions_List,_South_Asia-550">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Writing_Today-551">[550]</a><a href="#cite_note-DattaAkademi1987-552">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malayalam_Literary_Survey-553">[552]</a> Later, writers like <a href="/wiki/O._V._Vijayan" title="O. V. Vijayan">O. V. Vijayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaladas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaladas">Kamaladas</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Mukundan" title="M. Mukundan">M. Mukundan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammed_Basheer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikom Muhammed Basheer">Vaikom Muhammed Basheer</a>, have gained international recognition.<a href="#cite_note-MukundanPillai2004-554">[553]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maheshwari2002-555">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri2008-556">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[556]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine of Kerala</a></div> Kerala cuisine includes a wide variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry, and meat. Culinary spices have been cultivated in Kerala for millennia and they are characteristic of its cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-google26-558">[557]</a> Rice is a dominant staple that is eaten at all times of day.<a href="#cite_note-Majumdar2010-559">[558]</a> A majority of the breakfast foods in Kerala are made out of rice, in one form or the other (<a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">idli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">dosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puttu" title="Puttu">puttu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">pathiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">appam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Idiyappam" title="Idiyappam">idiyappam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a> preparations, or pulse-based <a href="/wiki/Vada_(food)" title="Vada (food)">vada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muthachen1970-560">[559]</a> These may be accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">kadala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payasam" class="mw-redirect" title="Payasam">payasam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">payar</a> <a href="/wiki/Pappadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappadam">pappadam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appam" title="Appam">appam</a>, chicken curry, beef fry, egg masala and fish curry.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-278">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Porotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Porotta">Porotta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a> are also often found in restaurants in Kerala. Thalassery biryani is popular as an ethnic brand. Lunch dishes include <a href="/wiki/Rice_and_curry" title="Rice and curry">rice and curry</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Rasam_(dish)" title="Rasam (dish)">rasam</a>, pulisherry and <a href="/wiki/Sambar_(dish)" title="Sambar (dish)">sambar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google27-561">[560]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a> is a vegetarian meal, which is served on a banana leaf and followed with a cup of payasam.<a href="#cite_note-Kannampilly2003-562">[561]</a> Popular snacks include <a href="/wiki/Banana_chip" title="Banana chip">banana chips</a>, yam crisps, <a href="/wiki/Tapioca_chip" title="Tapioca chip">tapioca chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achappam" title="Achappam">Achappam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unni_appam" title="Unni appam">Unni appam</a> and kuzhalappam.<a href="#cite_note-Kerala_with_Lakshadweep-563">[562]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koilparampil1982-564">[563]</a><a href="#cite_note-(Swami.)2000-565">[564]</a> Seafood specialties include <a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">karimeen</a>, prawns, shrimp and other crustacean dishes.<a href="#cite_note-566">[565]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thalassery_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassery Cuisine">Thalassery Cuisine</a> is varied and is a blend of many influences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elephants">Elephants</h3></div> Elephants have been an integral part of the culture of the state. Almost all of the local festivals in Kerala include at least one richly caparisoned elephant. Kerala is home to the largest domesticated population of elephants in India—about 700 <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian elephants">Indian elephants</a>, owned by temples as well as individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Varghese2006-567">[566]</a> These elephants are mainly employed for the processions and displays associated with festivals celebrated all around the state. More than 10,000 festivals are celebrated in the state annually and some animal lovers have sometimes raised concerns regarding the overwork of domesticated elephants during them.<a href="#cite_note-1000hrs-483">[482]</a> In Malayalam literature, elephants are referred to as the "sons of the <a href="/wiki/Sahyadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahyadri">sahya</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Satchidanandan2001-568">[567]</a> The elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Profile-569">[568]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Kerala" title="Media in Kerala">Media in Kerala</a></div> The media, telecommunications, broadcasting and cable services are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</a> (TRAI).<a href="#cite_note-570">[569]</a> The National Family Health Survey – 4, conducted in 2015–16, ranked Kerala as the state with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_media_exposure" title="Indian states ranking by media exposure">highest media exposure in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-571">[570]</a> Dozens of newspapers are published in Kerala, in nine major languages,<a href="#cite_note-rniindia-572">[571]</a> but principally Malayalam and English.<a href="#cite_note-google28-573">[572]</a> Kerala has the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_media_exposure" title="Indian states ranking by media exposure">highest media exposure in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-574">[573]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[574]</a> The most widely circulated <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_language_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Malayalam language newspapers">Malayalam-language newspapers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi" title="Mathrubhumi">Mathrubhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deshabhimani" title="Deshabhimani">Deshabhimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhyamam" title="Madhyamam">Madhyamam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kaumudi" title="Kerala Kaumudi">Kerala Kaumudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Publications" title="Mangalam Publications">Mangalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_(Malayalam_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrika (Malayalam newspaper)">Chandrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepika_(newspaper)" title="Deepika (newspaper)">Deepika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janayugam" class="mw-redirect" title="Janayugam">Janayugam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janmabhumi" title="Janmabhumi">Janmabhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siraj_Daily" title="Siraj Daily">Siraj Daily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suprabhaatham_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprabhaatham Daily">Suprabhaatham</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Malayalam periodicals">Major Malayalam periodicals</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi_Azhchappathippu" title="Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu">Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanitha" title="Vanitha">Vanitha</a>, <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a> Malayalam, <a href="/wiki/Madhyamam_Weekly" title="Madhyamam Weekly">Madhyamam Weekly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grihalakshmi_(magazine)" title="Grihalakshmi (magazine)">Grihalakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanam_(business_magazine)" title="Dhanam (business magazine)">Dhanam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chithrabhumi" title="Chithrabhumi">Chithrabhumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashaposhini" title="Bhashaposhini">Bhashaposhini</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> is the most read English language newspaper in the state, followed by <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>.<a href="#cite_note-576">[575]</a> Other dailies include <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_%26_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News & Analysis">DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayala_Manorama_New_Press_in_Kollam-3,_Apr_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Malayala_Manorama_New_Press_in_Kollam-3%2C_Apr_2016.jpg/220px-Malayala_Manorama_New_Press_in_Kollam-3%2C_Apr_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Malayala_Manorama_New_Press_in_Kollam-3%2C_Apr_2016.jpg/330px-Malayala_Manorama_New_Press_in_Kollam-3%2C_Apr_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Malayala_Manorama_New_Press_in_Kollam-3%2C_Apr_2016.jpg/440px-Malayala_Manorama_New_Press_in_Kollam-3%2C_Apr_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malayala_Manorama" title="Malayala Manorama">Malayala Manorama</a> office in <a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/DD_Malayalam" title="DD Malayalam">DD Malayalam</a> is the state-owned television broadcaster. <a href="/wiki/Multi_system_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi system operator">Multi system operators</a> provide a mix of Malayalam, English, other Indian language and international channels. Some of the popular Malayalam television channels are <a href="/wiki/Asianet_(TV_channel)" title="Asianet (TV channel)">Asianet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asianet_News" title="Asianet News">Asianet News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asianet_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Asianet Plus">Asianet Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asianet_Movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asianet Movies">Asianet Movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya_TV" title="Surya TV">Surya TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya_Movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Surya Movies">Surya Movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazhavil_Manorama" title="Mazhavil Manorama">Mazhavil Manorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manorama_News" title="Manorama News">Manorama News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kairali_TV" title="Kairali TV">Kairali TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kairali_TV" title="Kairali TV">Kairali News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flowers_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers (TV channel)">Flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_One_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Media One TV">Media One TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathrubhumi_News" title="Mathrubhumi News">Mathrubhumi News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_TV" title="Kappa TV">Kappa TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amrita_TV" title="Amrita TV">Amrita TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reporter_TV" title="Reporter TV">Reporter TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaihind" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaihind">Jaihind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janam_TV" title="Janam TV">Janam TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeevan_TV" title="Jeevan TV">Jeevan TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaumudy_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumudy TV">Kaumudy TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shalom_(TV_channel)" title="Shalom (TV channel)">Shalom TV</a>. With the second-highest internet penetration rate in India,<a href="#cite_note-577">[576]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital medias</a> including <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social medias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-top media service in India">OTT services</a> are a main source of information and entertainment in the state. Malayalam version of <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a> was launched in September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-578">[577]</a> A sizeable <a href="/wiki/People%27s_science_movement" title="People's science movement">People's science movement</a> has taken root in the state, and such activities as writer's cooperatives are becoming increasingly common.<a href="#cite_note-Tharamangalam_2005-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ranjith_2004-579">[578]</a> <a href="/wiki/BSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="BSNL">BSNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Airtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Idea_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone Idea Limited">Vodafone Idea Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jio" title="Jio">Jio</a> are the major cell phone service providers.<a href="#cite_note-580">[579]</a> Broadband Internet services are widely available throughout the state; some of the major <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a> are <a href="/wiki/BSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="BSNL">BSNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asianet_Satellite_Communications" title="Asianet Satellite Communications">Asianet Satellite Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Communications" title="Reliance Communications">Reliance Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Airtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Idea_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone Idea Limited">Vodafone Idea Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTS_India" title="MTS India">MTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RailTel_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="RailTel Corporation of India">RailWire</a> and <a href="/wiki/VSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="VSNL">VSNL</a>. According to a TRAI report, as of June 2018 the total number of wireless phone subscribers in Kerala is about 43.1 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 1.9 million, accounting for the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_Density" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone Density">Telephone Density</a> of 124.15.<a href="#cite_note-581">[580]</a> Unlike in many other states, the urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration.<a href="#cite_note-582">[581]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports in Kerala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_boatrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerala_boatrace.jpg/220px-Kerala_boatrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerala_boatrace.jpg/330px-Kerala_boatrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerala_boatrace.jpg/440px-Kerala_boatrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/Vallam_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallam Kali">snake boat race</a> is performed during <a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pamba_River" title="Pamba River">Pamba River</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sports_Hub_Trivandrum_after_T20_IND_VS_NZL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Sports_Hub_Trivandrum_after_T20_IND_VS_NZL.jpg/220px-The_Sports_Hub_Trivandrum_after_T20_IND_VS_NZL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Sports_Hub_Trivandrum_after_T20_IND_VS_NZL.jpg/330px-The_Sports_Hub_Trivandrum_after_T20_IND_VS_NZL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Sports_Hub_Trivandrum_after_T20_IND_VS_NZL.jpg/440px-The_Sports_Hub_Trivandrum_after_T20_IND_VS_NZL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_International_Stadium" title="Greenfield International Stadium">Greenfield International Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>.</figcaption></figure> By the 21st century, almost all of the native sports and games from Kerala have either disappeared or become just an art form performed during local festivals; including <a href="/wiki/Poorakkali" title="Poorakkali">Poorakkali</a>, Padayani, Thalappandukali, Onathallu, Parichamuttukali, Velakali, and Kilithattukali.<a href="#cite_note-PRD-sports-583">[582]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a>, regarded as "the mother of all martial arts in the world", is an exception and is practised as the indigenous martial sport.<a href="#cite_note-584">[583]</a> Another traditional sport of Kerala is the boat race, especially the race of <a href="/wiki/Snake_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake boat">Snake boats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PRD-sports-583">[582]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_Kochi_ISL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jewaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_Kochi_ISL.jpg/220px-Jewaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_Kochi_ISL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jewaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_Kochi_ISL.jpg/330px-Jewaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_Kochi_ISL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jewaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_Kochi_ISL.jpg/440px-Jewaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_Kochi_ISL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Kochi)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> became popular in the state; both were introduced in Malabar during the British colonial period in the 19th century. Cricketers, like <a href="/wiki/Tinu_Yohannan" title="Tinu Yohannan">Tinu Yohannan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abey_Kuruvilla" title="Abey Kuruvilla">Abey Kuruvilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chundangapoyil_Rizwan" title="Chundangapoyil Rizwan">Chundangapoyil Rizwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sreesanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sreesanth">Sreesanth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanju_Samson" title="Sanju Samson">Sanju Samson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil_Thampi" title="Basil Thampi">Basil Thampi</a> found places in the national cricket team. A cricket franchise from Kerala, the <a href="/wiki/Kochi_Tuskers_Kerala" title="Kochi Tuskers Kerala">Kochi Tuskers</a>, played in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_Premier_League" title="2011 Indian Premier League">fourth season</a>. However, this team was disbanded after the season because of conflicts of interest among its franchises.<a href="#cite_note-India_Wins_World_Twenty20_Thriller-585">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindu_jul09-586">[585]</a> Kerala has only performed well recently in the <a href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji Trophy</a> cricket competition, in 2017–18 reaching the quarterfinals for the first time in history.<a href="#cite_note-PRD-sports-583">[582]</a><a href="#cite_note-587">[586]</a> Football is one of the most widely played and watched sports with huge in this state support for club and district level matches. Kochi hosts <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Blasters_FC" title="Kerala Blasters FC">Kerala Blasters FC</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a>. The Blasters are one of the most widely supported clubs in the country as well as the fifth most followed football club from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> in the social media.<a href="#cite_note-588">[587]</a><a href="#cite_note-589">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-590">[589]</a> Also, Kozhikode hosts <a href="/wiki/Gokulam_Kerala_FC" title="Gokulam Kerala FC">Gokulam Kerala FC</a> in the <a href="/wiki/I-League" title="I-League">I-League</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sait_Nagjee_Football_Tournament" title="Sait Nagjee Football Tournament">Sait Nagjee Football Tournament</a>. Kerala is one of the major footballing states in India along with West Bengal and Goa and has produced national players like <a href="/wiki/I._M._Vijayan" title="I. M. Vijayan">I. M. Vijayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._V._Pappachan" title="C. V. Pappachan">C. V. Pappachan</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._P._Sathyan" title="V. P. Sathyan">V. P. Sathyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/U._Sharaf_Ali" title="U. Sharaf Ali">U. Sharaf Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo_Paul_Ancheri" title="Jo Paul Ancheri">Jo Paul Ancheri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashique_Kuruniyan" title="Ashique Kuruniyan">Ashique Kuruniyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi_(footballer)" title="Mohammed Rafi (footballer)">Muhammad Rafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiju_Jacob" title="Jiju Jacob">Jiju Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashoor_Shereef" title="Mashoor Shereef">Mashoor Shereef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pappachen_Pradeep" title="Pappachen Pradeep">Pappachen Pradeep</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.K._Vineeth" class="mw-redirect" title="C.K. Vineeth">C.K. Vineeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anas_Edathodika" title="Anas Edathodika">Anas Edathodika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahal_Abdul_Samad" title="Sahal Abdul Samad">Sahal Abdul Samad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rino_Anto" title="Rino Anto">Rino Anto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-591">[590]</a><a href="#cite_note-592">[591]</a><a href="#cite_note-india-593">[592]</a><a href="#cite_note-594">[593]</a><a href="#cite_note-595">[594]</a> The Kerala state football team has won the <a href="/wiki/Santhosh_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhosh Trophy">Santhosh Trophy</a> seven times; in 1973, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2004, 2018, and 2022. They were also the runners-up eight times.<a href="#cite_note-596">[595]</a> Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state are <a href="/wiki/P._T._Usha" title="P. T. Usha">P. T. Usha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiny_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiny Wilson">Shiny Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/M.D._Valsamma" class="mw-redirect" title="M.D. Valsamma">M.D. Valsamma</a>, all three of whom are recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Arjuna_Award" title="Arjuna Award">Arjuna Award</a>, while <a href="/wiki/K._M._Beenamol" title="K. M. Beenamol">K. M. Beenamol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anju_Bobby_George" title="Anju Bobby George">Anju Bobby George</a> are <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Khel_Ratna" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna">Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna</a> and Arjuna Award winners. <a href="/wiki/T._C._Yohannan" title="T. C. Yohannan">T. C. Yohannan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suresh_Babu_(long_jumper)" title="Suresh Babu (long jumper)">Suresh Babu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinimol_Paulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinimol Paulose">Sinimol Paulose</a>, Angel Mary Joseph, <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Kuttan" title="Mercy Kuttan">Mercy Kuttan</a>, K. Saramma, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Kutty" title="Rosa Kutty">K. C. Rosakutty</a>, Padmini Selvan and Tintu Luka are the other Arjuna Award winners from Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-PRD-sports-583">[582]</a><a href="#cite_note-597">[596]</a> Volleyball is another popular sport and is often played on makeshift courts on sandy beaches along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-598">[597]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_George" title="Jimmy George">Jimmy George</a> was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players.<a href="#cite_note-599">[598]</a> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reddy2005-600">[599]</a> The Indian Hockey team captain <a href="/wiki/P._R._Shreejesh" class="mw-redirect" title="P. R. Shreejesh">P. R. Shreejesh</a>, ace goalkeeper hails from Kerala. International Walkers from the state include <a href="/wiki/K._T._Irfan" title="K. T. Irfan">K. T. Irfan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-601">[600]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup" title="2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup">2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Kochi)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)</a>, was chosen as one of the six venues where the game would be hosted in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-602">[601]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_International_Stadium" title="Greenfield International Stadium">Greenfield International Stadium</a> at located at Kariavattom in Thiruvananthapuram city, is India's first DBOT (design, build, operate and transfer) model outdoor stadium and it has hosted international cricket matches and international football matches including <a href="/wiki/2015_SAFF_Championship" title="2015 SAFF Championship">2015 SAFF Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SAFF_Cup_Dates-603">[602]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism in Kerala</a></div> Kerala's culture and traditions, coupled with its varied <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">demographics</a>, have made the state one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. In 2012, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Traveler" title="National Geographic Traveler">Traveller</a> magazine named Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"<a href="#cite_note-Kerala_Tourism-604">[603]</a><a href="#cite_note-605">[604]</a> and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".<a href="#cite_note-Kerala_India-606">[605]</a> <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Leisure" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel and Leisure">Travel and Leisure</a> also described Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".<a href="#cite_note-Kerala_Tourism-604">[603]</a><a href="#cite_note-607">[606]</a> In 2012, it overtook the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> to be the number one travel destination in Google's search trends for India.<a href="#cite_note-608">[607]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN_Travel" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Travel">CNN Travel</a> listed Kerala among its '19 best places to visit in 2019'.<a href="#cite_note-609">[608]</a> Kerala was named by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME magazine</a> in 2022 among the 50 extraordinary destinations to explore in its list of the World's Greatest Places.<a href="#cite_note-610">[609]</a> Kerala's beaches, backwaters, lakes, mountain ranges, waterfalls, ancient ports, palaces, religious institutions<a href="#cite_note-Ltd.2012-611">[610]</a> and wildlife sanctuaries are major attractions for both domestic and international tourists.<a href="#cite_note-Tripays-612">[611]</a> The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-keralatourism-613">[612]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tourism_Statistics-614">[613]</a> Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination compared to other states in the country.<a href="#cite_note-HinduTourism-615">[614]</a> In 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism an important industry and it was the first state in India to do so.<a href="#cite_note-616">[615]</a> Marketing campaigns launched by the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Tourism Development Corporation">Kerala Tourism Development Corporation</a>, the government agency that oversees the tourism prospects of the state, resulted in the growth of the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism-617">[616]</a> Many advertisements branded Kerala with the tagline <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country" title="God's Own Country">Kerala, God's Own Country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism-617">[616]</a> Kerala tourism is a global brand and regarded as one of the destinations with highest recall.<a href="#cite_note-Tourism-617">[616]</a> In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourists, an increase of 23.7% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing popular destinations in the world.<a href="#cite_note-618">[617]</a> In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark.<a href="#cite_note-bizstd-619">[618]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1083px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff"><img alt="A panoramic view of Varkala Beach Cliff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg/1075px-Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="1075" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg/1613px-Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg/2150px-Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_varkala_beach_cliff.jpg" title="File:Panoramic view of varkala beach cliff.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a> Beach <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></div></div></div> Ayurvedic tourism has become very popular since the 1990s, and private agencies have played a notable role in tandem with the initiatives of the Tourism Department.<a href="#cite_note-HinduTourism-615">[614]</a> Kerala is known for its <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> initiatives which include mountaineering, trekking and bird-watching programmes in the Western Ghats as the major activities.<a href="#cite_note-Devrep47-620">[619]</a> The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">state's economy</a>, growing at the rate of 13.3%.<a href="#cite_note-621">[620]</a> The revenue from tourism increased five-fold between 2001 and 2011 and crossed the ₹ 190 billion mark in 2011. According to the Economic Times<a href="#cite_note-622">[621]</a> Kerala netted a record revenue of INR 365280.1 million from the tourism sector in 2018, clocking an increase of Rs 28743.3 million from the previous year. Over 16.7 million tourists visited Kerala in 2018 as against 15.76 million the previous year, recording an increase of 5.9%. The industry provides employment to approximately 1.2 million people.<a href="#cite_note-bizstd-619">[618]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:529px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Western Ghats mountain ranges from Mangalam Dam Reservoir"><img alt="A panoramic view of Western Ghats mountain ranges from Mangalam Dam Reservoir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg/521px-View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg" decoding="async" width="521" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg/782px-View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg/1042px-View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="1843" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Mangalam_Dam_Reservoir.jpg" title="File:View from Mangalam Dam Reservoir.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> mountain ranges from <a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Dam" title="Mangalam Dam">Mangalam Dam</a> Reservoir</div></div></div> The state's only drive-in beach, <a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad</a> in Kannur, which stretches across five kilometres of sand, was chosen by the BBC as one of the top six drive-in beaches<a href="#cite_note-623">[622]</a> in the world in 2016. <a href="/wiki/Idukki_Dam" title="Idukki Dam">Idukki Dam</a>, the world's second arch dam, and Asia's first is at <a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a>. The major beaches are at <a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherai" title="Cherai">Cherai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Kadalundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payyambalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyambalam">Payyambalam</a>, Kappad, <a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a>. Popular <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill stations</a> are at <a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagamon" title="Vagamon">Vagamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramakkalmedu" title="Ramakkalmedu">Ramakkalmedu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paithalmala" title="Paithalmala">Paithalmala</a> of <a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Kannur</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Kodikuthimala" title="Kodikuthimala">Kodikuthimala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-624">[623]</a> Munnar is 4,500 feet above sea level and is known for tea plantations, and a variety of flora and fauna.<a href="#cite_note-FPJ-625">[624]</a> Kerala's ecotourism destinations include 12 wildlife sanctuaries and two national parks: <a href="/wiki/Periyar_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar Tiger Reserve">Periyar Tiger Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parambikulam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary">Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinnar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary">Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thattekad_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Thattekad Bird Sanctuary">Thattekad Bird Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary">Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary">Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muthanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthanga">Muthanga</a> Wildlife Sanctuary, <a href="/wiki/Aralam_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary">Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley National Park</a> are the most popular among them.<a href="#cite_note-626">[625]</a> The Kerala backwaters are an extensive network of interlocking rivers (41 west-flowing rivers), lakes, and canals that centre around Alleppey, <a href="/wiki/Kumarakom" title="Kumarakom">Kumarakom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punnamada" class="mw-redirect" title="Punnamada">Punnamada</a> (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August), <a href="/wiki/Pathiramanal" title="Pathiramanal">Pathiramanal</a> a small island in <a href="/wiki/Muhamma" title="Muhamma">Muhamma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram_Palace" title="Padmanabhapuram Palace">Padmanabhapuram Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mattancherry_Palace" title="Mattancherry Palace">Mattancherry Palace</a> are two nearby heritage sites.<a href="#cite_note-627">[626]</a><a href="#cite_note-628">[627]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kerala" title="Outline of Kerala">Outline of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidian people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kerala.me/geography">"Kerala Physiography | Geographical location | Kerala | Kerala"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324220056/https://kerala.me/geography">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. 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APH Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176481700" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176481700"><bdi>978-8176481700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+India&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8176481700&rft.au=S.+N.+Sadasivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe3PCvzf-BYC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PreedyWatson2011-34"><a href="#cite_ref-PreedyWatson2011_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_R._PreedyRonald_Ross_WatsonVinood_B._Patel2011" class="citation book cs1">Victor R. Preedy; Ronald Ross Watson; Vinood B. 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Academic Press. p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-375689-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-375689-3"><bdi>978-0-12-375689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuts+and+Seeds+in+Health+and+Disease+Prevention&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-12-375689-3&rft.au=Victor+R.+Preedy&rft.au=Ronald+Ross+Watson&rft.au=Vinood+B.+Patel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6lYoH8rwywC%26pg%3DPT400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon3-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menon3_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon3_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon3_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Sreedhara_Menon2008" class="citation book cs1">A. Sreedhara Menon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC">Cultural Heritage of Kerala</a>. D C Books. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126419036" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126419036"><bdi>978-8126419036</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage+of+Kerala&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=D+C+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8126419036&rft.au=A.+Sreedhara+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9RMxjdjUVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> See Sahyadri Kanda Chapter 7 in Skanda Purana. Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225">978-3447025225</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Who's Who in Madras 1934 </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell1998-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell1998_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Caldwell1998" class="citation book cs1">Robert Caldwell (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&pg=PA92">A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120601178" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120601178"><bdi>978-8120601178</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Dravidian+Or+South-Indian+Family+of+Languages&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8120601178&rft.au=Robert+Caldwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PPCYBApSnIC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Sturrock1894" class="citation web cs1">J. Sturrock (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up">"Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I)"</a>. Madras Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Manuals+%E2%80%93+South+Canara+%28Volume-I%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.au=J.+Sturrock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.csl.3200%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Nagam_Aiya1906" class="citation book cs1">V. Nagam Aiya (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up">The Travancore State Manual</a>. Travancore Government Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travancore+State+Manual&rft.pub=Travancore+Government+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.au=V.+Nagam+Aiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravancorestate00aiyagoog%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> C. A. Innes and F. B. Evans, Malabar and Anjengo, volume 1, Madras District Gazetteers (Madras: Government Press, 1915), p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> M. T. Narayanan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC">Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar</a> (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003), xvi–xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-KMMohammad-43"><a href="#cite_ref-KMMohammad_43-0">^</a> Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_44-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120604476" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120604476"><bdi>978-8120604476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-I%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=631-66&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8120604476&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1887" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/1/mode/1up">Malabar Manual, Vol. 1</a>. Servants of Knowledge. Superintendent, Government Press (Madras). p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0446-9"><bdi>978-81-206-0446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Superintendent%2C+Government+Press+%28Madras%29&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0446-9&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalabarmanual0000loga%2Fpage%2F1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1987" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (1987). Kerala History and its Makers. D C Books. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126421992" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126421992"><bdi>978-8126421992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala+History+and+its+Makers&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=D+C+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-8126421992&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=A.+Sreedhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Ancient Indian History By Madhavan Arjunan Pillai, p. 204 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (2006) "Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 14.", p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiya_VN1906" class="citation book cs1">Aiya VN (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC">The Travancore State Manual</a>. Travancore Government Press. pp. 210–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125190257/https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travancore+State+Manual&rft.pages=210-12&rft.pub=Travancore+Government+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Aiya+VN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdzaPW-kEvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivisa_Iyengar1929" class="citation book cs1">Srinivisa Iyengar, P. T. (1929). History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. Madras: Asian Educational Services. p. 515. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120601451" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120601451"><bdi>978-8120601451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Tamils%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+600+A.D.&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=978-8120601451&rft.aulast=Srinivisa+Iyengar&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rinehart2004-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Rinehart2004_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Rinehart2004" class="citation book cs1">Robin Rinehart (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA146">Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-905-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-905-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+Ritual%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-905-8&rft.au=Robin+Rinehart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMPYnfS_R90C%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Ellen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUhlxBozntoC&pg=PA20">The Lord who is Half Woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective</a>. SUNY Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5325-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5325-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-5325-4</bdi></a>. 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The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9652781796" title="Special:BookSources/978-9652781796">978-9652781796</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillel1832-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Hillel1832_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_D'Beth_Hillel1832" class="citation book cs1">David D'Beth Hillel (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j5NeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR9">The Travels of Rabbi David D'Beth Hillel: From Jerusalem, Through Arabia, Koordistan, Part of Persia, and Indudasam (India) to Madras</a>. author. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Rabbi+David+D%27Beth+Hillel%3A+From+Jerusalem%2C+Through+Arabia%2C+Koordistan%2C+Part+of+Persia%2C+and+Indudasam+%28India%29+to+Madras&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=author&rft.date=1832&rft.au=David+D%27Beth+Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj5NeAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w_v-nQEACAAJ">The Jews in India and the Far East</a>. 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Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing – 2008. p. 285. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802824172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802824172">978-0802824172</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChupungco2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anscar_Chupungco" title="Anscar Chupungco">Chupungco, Anscar J.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC">"Mission and Inculturation: East Asian and the Pacific"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wainwright" title="Geoffrey Wainwright">Wainwright, Geoffrey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karen_B._Westerfield_Tucker" title="Karen B. 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Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India%3A+Volume+One%3A+1707%E2%80%931813&rft.pages=324-27&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932705-54-6&rft.au=J.+L.+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1wUgKKzawoC%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html">"Give Indian Navy its due"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Age" title="The Asian Age">The Asian Age</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925000822/https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/110217/give-indian-navy-its-due.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Give+Indian+Navy+its+due&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F110217%2Fgive-indian-navy-its-due.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._K._N._Kurup1997" class="citation book cs1">K. K. N. Kurup (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51">India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars</a>. Northern Book Centre. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172110833" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172110833"><bdi>978-8172110833</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191234/https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Naval+Traditions%3A+The+Role+of+Kunhali+Marakkars&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8172110833&rft.au=K.+K.+N.+Kurup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKmXcBCKEcAC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorseStephens1897-122"><a href="#cite_ref-MorseStephens1897_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Morse_Stephens1897" class="citation book cs1">Henry Morse Stephens (1897). "Chapter 1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31226/31226-h/31226-h.htm">Albuquerque</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_India_series" title="Rulers of India series">Rulers of India series</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120615243" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120615243"><bdi>978-8120615243</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121221405/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31226/31226-h/31226-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021. 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The Hindu. 12 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420213932/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-portion-of-kasaragods-bekal-forts-observation-post-caves-in/article28993345.ece/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+Portion+of+Kasaragod%27s+Bekal+Forts+Observation+Post+Caves+in&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fa-portion-of-kasaragods-bekal-forts-observation-post-caves-in%2Farticle28993345.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Asia_2006-124"><a href="#cite_ref-South_Asia_2006_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YG8bAQAAMAAJ">South Asia 2006</a>. 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The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602230954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go/articleshow/60835311.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. 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Brill. pp. 22–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004168169" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004168169"><bdi>978-9004168169</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191247/https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. 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Leiden University. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9073782921" title="Special:BookSources/978-9073782921"><bdi>978-9073782921</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kulasekhara+Perumals+of+Travancore%3A+history+and+state+formation+in+Travancore+from+1671+to+1758&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Leiden+University&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9073782921&rft.au=Mark+de+Lannoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpKjZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Sreedhara_Menon1987" class="citation book cs1">A. 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The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4"><bdi>978-1-61530-202-4</bdi></a>. 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Europa. 2002. pp. 144–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531013158/http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/342157450.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Territories+and+States+of+India&rft.pages=144-46&rft.pub=Europa&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbv.de%2Fdms%2Fgoettingen%2F342157450.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHoT_162-133"><a href="#cite_ref-AHoT_162_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShungoony_Menon1878" class="citation book cs1">Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog">A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times</a> (pdf). Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212">162</a>–164. 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Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=FK+Publications&rft.isbn=978-8187139690&rft.au=Raghunath+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4-8Z0gqBkoC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuseumDallapiccola2010-136"><a href="#cite_ref-MuseumDallapiccola2010_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_MuseumAnna_Libera_Dallapiccola2010" class="citation book cs1">British Museum; Anna Libera Dallapiccola (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA12">South Indian Paintings: A Catalogue of the British Museum Collection</a>. Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd. pp. 12–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2424-7"><bdi>978-0-7141-2424-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191236/https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Paintings%3A+A+Catalogue+of+the+British+Museum+Collection&rft.pages=12-&rft.pub=Mapin+Publishing+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7&rft.au=British+Museum&rft.au=Anna+Libera+Dallapiccola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIzWapiacQcC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThorpeEdgar-137"><a href="#cite_ref-ThorpeEdgar_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_Thorpe,_Showick_ThorpeThorpe_Edgar" class="citation book cs1">Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe; Thorpe Edgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=RA1-PA99">The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131758304" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131758304"><bdi>978-8131758304</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191238/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=RA1-PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+CSAT+Manual+2011&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.isbn=978-8131758304&rft.au=Edgar+Thorpe%2C+Showick+Thorpe&rft.au=Thorpe+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuBFs6yFRwcC%26pg%3DRA1-PA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Edinburgh_Gazetteer:_Or,_Geographical_Dictionary:_Containing_a_Description_of_the_Various_Countries,_Kingdoms,_States,_Cities,_Towns,_Mountains,_&c._of_the_World;_an_Account_of_the_Government,_Customs,_and_Religion_of_the_Inhabitants;_the_Boundaries_and_Natural_Productions_of_Each_Country,_&c._&c._Forming_a_Complete_Body_of_Geography,_Physical,_Political,_Statistical,_and_Commercial_with_Addenda,_Containing_the_Present_State_of_the_New_Governments_in_South_America...-138"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Edinburgh_Gazetteer:_Or,_Geographical_Dictionary:_Containing_a_Description_of_the_Various_Countries,_Kingdoms,_States,_Cities,_Towns,_Mountains,_&c._of_the_World;_an_Account_of_the_Government,_Customs,_and_Religion_of_the_Inhabitants;_the_Boundaries_and_Natural_Productions_of_Each_Country,_&c._&c._Forming_a_Complete_Body_of_Geography,_Physical,_Political,_Statistical,_and_Commercial_with_Addenda,_Containing_the_Present_State_of_the_New_Governments_in_South_America..._138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xRIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63">The Edinburgh Gazetteer</a>. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1827. pp. 63–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191238/https://books.google.com/books?id=xRIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Gazetteer&rft.pages=63-&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+and+Green&rft.date=1827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxRIyAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar1965-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar1965_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharma_Kumar1965" class="citation book cs1">Dharma Kumar (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psw5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA87">Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labor in the Madras Presidency During the Nineteenth Century</a>. CUP Archive. pp. 87–. GGKEY:T72DPF9AZDK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191251/https://books.google.com/books?id=psw5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Caste+in+South+India%3A+Agricultural+Labor+in+the+Madras+Presidency+During+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=87-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Dharma+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpsw5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ittaman2003-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Ittaman2003_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.P._Ittaman2003" class="citation book cs1">K.P. Ittaman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ5lFywZAqYC&pg=PA30">History of Mughal Architecture Volume Ii</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170170341" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170170341"><bdi>978-8170170341</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191745/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ5lFywZAqYC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mughal+Architecture+Volume+Ii&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8170170341&rft.au=K.P.+Ittaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQ5lFywZAqYC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RajTharakan1981-141"><a href="#cite_ref-RajTharakan1981_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajTharakan1981" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">Raj, Kakkadan Nandanath</a>; <a href="/wiki/P._K._Michael_Tharakan" title="P. K. Michael Tharakan">Tharakan, Michael</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JF6FAAAAIAAJ">Agrarian reform in Kerala and its impact on the rural economy: a preliminary assessment, issue 49</a> (Report). World Employment Programme research working paper. Geneva: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="International Labour Office">International Labour Office</a>. pp. 2–3. 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Madras: The Superintendent, Government Press. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327063433/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers%2C+Statistical+Appendix+For+Malabar+District.&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=Vol.2&rft.pub=The+Superintendent%2C+Government+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Presidency&rft.aufirst=Madras+%28India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUEwnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frowde-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frowde_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frowde_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Frowde,_M.A.1908–1909" class="citation book cs1">Henry Frowde, M.A., Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908–1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/">Imperial Gazetteer of India</a> (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2008. 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Penguin Books India. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310274-8"><bdi>978-0-14-310274-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191801/https://books.google.com/books?id=LKySGJAGVEQC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Since+1947%3A+The+Independent+Years&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310274-8&rft.au=Gopa+Sabharwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKySGJAGVEQC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter1982" class="citation book cs1">Nossiter, Thomas Johnson (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&pg=PA12">Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation</a>. University of California Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04667-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04667-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04667-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191747/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CSQUxVjjWQC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+in+Kerala%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Adaptation&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04667-2&rft.aulast=Nossiter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CSQUxVjjWQC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghKarafin2009-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SinghKarafin2009_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SinghKarafin2009_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarina_SinghAmy_KarafinAnirban_Mahapatra2009" class="citation book cs1">Sarina Singh; Amy Karafin; Anirban Mahapatra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC">South India</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-155-6"><bdi>978-1-74179-155-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924112157/https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-155-6&rft.au=Sarina+Singh&rft.au=Amy+Karafin&rft.au=Anirban+Mahapatra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KnLFpjEHpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.G._Kumar2007" class="citation news cs1">K.G. Kumar (12 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/50-years-of-development/article1655056.ece?ref=archive">"50 years of development"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111636/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/50-years-of-development/article1655056.ece?ref=archive">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=50+years+of+development&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft.au=K.G.+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-others%2Ftp-states%2F50-years-of-development%2Farticle1655056.ece%3Fref%3Darchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai2006-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Desai2006_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManali_Desai2006" class="citation book cs1">Manali Desai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60m9znJQmmkC&pg=PA142">State Formation and Radical Democracy in India</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96774-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96774-4"><bdi>978-0-203-96774-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924112157/https://books.google.com/books?id=60m9znJQmmkC&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. 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APH Publishing. pp. 134–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170248361" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170248361"><bdi>978-8170248361</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125191803/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YrmNURVoroC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Republic%3A+Issues+and+Perspective&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8170248361&rft.au=Madan+Gopal+Chitkara&rft.au=Ba%E1%B9%83%C5%9B%C4%AB+R%C4%81ma+%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YrmNURVoroC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_152-0">^</a> "Kerala." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR096.pdf">"Physical and Anatomical Characteristic of Wood of Some Less-Known Tree Species of Kerala"</a> (PDF). Kerala Forest Research Institute. Government of Kerala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709150101/http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR096.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2013. 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Retrieved 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Modi+to+address+heads+of+civic+bodies+on+urban+revamp&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fmodi-to-address-heads-of-civic-bodies-on-urban-revamp%2Farticle7336851.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Ramabhadran" class="citation news cs1">R. Ramabhadran, Pillai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/amrut-to-roll-out-on-a-smaller-scale/article7868199.ece">"AMRUT to roll out on a smaller scale"</a>. The Hindu. 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Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=AMRUT+to+roll+out+on+a+smaller+scale&rft.issue=12+November+2015&rft.aulast=R.+Ramabhadran&rft.aufirst=Pillai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Famrut-to-roll-out-on-a-smaller-scale%2Farticle7868199.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GKSF_begins-261"><a href="#cite_ref-GKSF_begins_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/shopping-festival-begins/article1959420.ece">"Shopping festival begins"</a>. The Hindu. 2 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927054507/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/shopping-festival-begins/article1959420.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Shopping+festival+begins&rft.date=2007-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-kerala%2Fshopping-festival-begins%2Farticle1959420.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/local/lulu-group-going-places">"LuLu Group: Going places"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khaleej_Times" title="Khaleej Times">Khaleej Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426172244/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/local/lulu-group-going-places">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaleej+Times&rft.atitle=LuLu+Group%3A+Going+places&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Flocal%2Flulu-group-going-places&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu2021-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu2021_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellerTörnquist2021" class="citation journal cs1">Heller, Patrick; Törnquist, Olle (13 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214151547/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/making-sense-of-kerala/article37942860.ece">"Making sense of Kerala"</a>. The Hindu. 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Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inclusion+and+Exclusion+in+Local+Governance%3A+Field+Studies+from+Rural+India&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8178298603&rft.au=George+Mathew&rft.au=B+S+Baviskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDsDOrvROzPEC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5BkAAAAMAAJ">Malayalam Literary Survey</a>. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. 1984. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malayalam+Literary+Survey&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Kerala+Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5BkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ram1999-455"><a href="#cite_ref-Ram1999_455-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManakkadan_Manicoth_Anand_Ram1999" class="citation book cs1">Manakkadan Manicoth Anand Ram (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mj4wAQAAIAAJ">Influx: Crete to Kerala</a>. Keerthi Publishing House. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Influx%3A+Crete+to+Kerala&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Keerthi+Publishing+House&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Manakkadan+Manicoth+Anand+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmj4wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-456"><a href="#cite_ref-roy_456-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Ranjan (1990). "Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha". Mathematics Magazine. 63 (5): 291–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2690896">10.2307/2690896</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2690896">2690896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+Series+Formula+for+%CF%80+by+Leibniz%2C+Gregory%2C+and+Nilakantha&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=291-306&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2690896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2690896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPingree1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">Pingree, David</a> (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science", Isis, 83 (4): 554–63, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Isis...83..554P">1992Isis...83..554P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F356288">10.1086/356288</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/234257">234257</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:68570164">68570164</a>, <q>One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Hellenophilia+versus+the+History+of+Science&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=554-63&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F356288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A68570164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F234257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Isis...83..554P&rft.aulast=Pingree&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Missionaries-led-State-to-renaissance-Pinarayi/article16444369.ece">"Missionaries led State to renaissance: Pinarayi"</a>. The Hindu. 13 November 2016. <q>Inaugurating on Saturday the valedictory of the bicentenary celebration of the arrival of Church Mission Society (CMS) missionaries to the shores of Kerala, Mr. Vijayan said it was their pioneering work in the fields of education, literature, printing, publishing, women's education, education of the differently-abled and, in general, a new social approach through the inclusion of marginalised sections into the mainstream which brought the idea of 'equality' into the realm of public consciousness. This had raised the standard of public consciousness and paved the way for the emergence of the renaissance movements in the State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Missionaries+led+State+to+renaissance%3A+Pinarayi&rft.date=2016-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2FMissionaries-led-State-to-renaissance-Pinarayi%2Farticle16444369.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchmissionsociety.org/our-stories/kerala-celebrate-cms-mission">"Kerala to celebrate CMS mission"</a>. Church Mission Society. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2022. <q>Indian President Pranab Mukherjee, visited CMS College in Kerala, the oldest college in India, and laid the foundation stone of the bicentenary block. He said, 'CMS college is a pioneer of modern education in Kerala. It has been the source of strong currents of knowledge and critical inquiry that have moulded the scholastic and socio-cultural landscape of Kerala and propelled the State to the forefront of social development.' </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+Mission+Society&rft.atitle=Kerala+to+celebrate+CMS+mission&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchmissionsociety.org%2Four-stories%2Fkerala-celebrate-cms-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/journal/1999/39/special-articles/growth-literacy-kerala.html">"Growth of Literacy in Kerala"</a>. Economic and Political Weekly: 7–8. 5 June 2015 – via www.epw.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Growth+of+Literacy+in+Kerala&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fjournal%2F1999%2F39%2Fspecial-articles%2Fgrowth-literacy-kerala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319183020/https://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf">District Handbooks of Kerala</a> (PDF). Department of Information & Public Relations Government of Kerala. March 2003. pp. 19–20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/Kottayam.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Handbooks+of+Kerala&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Department+of+Information+%26+Public+Relations+Government+of+Kerala&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerala.gov.in%2Fdistrict_handbook%2FKottayam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1996" class="citation book cs1">Menon, Sreedhara (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824143707/https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history">A survey of Kerala History</a>. Madras: S.Viswanathan Printers and Publishers. pp. 339, 348–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126415786" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126415786"><bdi>978-8126415786</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history">the original</a> on 24 August 2019. 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Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala+Development+Report&rft.pages=53-58&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8171885947&rft.au=Planning+Commission%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUl-OkF5gUJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soundarapandian2000-464"><a href="#cite_ref-Soundarapandian2000_464-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookkiah_Soundarapandian2000" class="citation book cs1">Mookkiah Soundarapandian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVhHEC449yoC&pg=PA21">Literacy Campaign in India</a>. 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Biju Mathew. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8192128443" title="Special:BookSources/978-8192128443"><bdi>978-8192128443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+to+Temple+Heritage&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Biju+Mathew&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8192128443&rft.au=Infokerala+Communications+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAt8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f35VH7LrZ1IC&pg=PA90">A Biblical Approach to Indian Traditions and Beliefs</a>. 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Peter Lang. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906165-01-7"><bdi>978-1-906165-01-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clearing+a+Space%3A+Reflections+On+India%2C+Literature%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906165-01-7&rft.au=Amit+Chaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAQeN2PoAx2IC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-557"><a href="#cite_ref-557">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyall1997" class="citation news cs1">Lyall, Sarah (15 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260">"Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala+Development+Report&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8171885947&rft.au=Planning+Commission%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUl-OkF5gUJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-621"><a href="#cite_ref-621">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626195846/https://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TOURISTSTATISTICS2005.pdf">"Tourist Statistics – 2005 (Provisional)"</a> (PDF). Department of Tourism. Government of Kerala. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/php/media/data/tourismstatistics/TOURISTSTATISTICS2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Tourism&rft.atitle=Tourist+Statistics+%E2%80%93+2005+%28Provisional%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fphp%2Fmedia%2Fdata%2Ftourismstatistics%2FTOURISTSTATISTICS2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-622"><a href="#cite_ref-622">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/kerala-records-6-rise-in-tourist-arrivals-despite-floods-and-nipah-virus-scare/articleshow/67995390.cms">"Kerala records 6% rise in tourist arrivals despite floods and Nipah virus scare"</a>. The Economic Times. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Kerala+records+6%25+rise+in+tourist+arrivals+despite+floods+and+Nipah+virus+scare&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Findustry%2Fservices%2Ftravel%2Fkerala-records-6-rise-in-tourist-arrivals-despite-floods-and-nipah-virus-scare%2Farticleshow%2F67995390.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-623"><a href="#cite_ref-623">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2021" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, David K. (11 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/autos/story/20160617-the-worlds-best-beaches-for-driving">"The best beaches for driving"</a>. BBC Autos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Autos&rft.atitle=The+best+beaches+for+driving&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fautos%2Fstory%2F20160617-the-worlds-best-beaches-for-driving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-624"><a href="#cite_ref-624">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapan_K_Panda2007" class="citation book cs1">Tapan K Panda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4A0j6ZlJQfkC">Tourism Marketing</a>. ICFAI Books. pp. 173–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131404690" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131404690"><bdi>978-8131404690</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+Marketing&rft.pages=173-77&rft.pub=ICFAI+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8131404690&rft.au=Tapan+K+Panda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4A0j6ZlJQfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPJ-625"><a href="#cite_ref-FPJ_625-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/travel/kerala-spellbound-by-this-natural-beauty/636904">"Kerala: Spellbound by this natural beauty"</a>. The Free Press Journal. 2 August 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Press+Journal&rft.atitle=Kerala%3A+Spellbound+by+this+natural+beauty&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Ftravel%2Fkerala-spellbound-by-this-natural-beauty%2F636904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-626"><a href="#cite_ref-626">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.R._Biju2006" class="citation book cs1">M.R. Biju (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkAdvTbg0dEC">Sustainable Dimensions Of Tourism Management</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 151–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8183241298" title="Special:BookSources/978-8183241298"><bdi>978-8183241298</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Dimensions+Of+Tourism+Management&rft.pages=151-65&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8183241298&rft.au=M.R.+Biju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkAdvTbg0dEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-627"><a href="#cite_ref-627">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/padmanabhapuram-palace/244">"Padmanabhapuram Palace"</a>. Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Padmanabhapuram+Palace&rft.pub=Kerala+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fdestination%2Fpadmanabhapuram-palace%2F244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-628"><a href="#cite_ref-628">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/mattancherry-palace-kochi/178">"Mattancherry Palace"</a>. Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mattancherry+Palace&rft.pub=Kerala+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fdestination%2Fmattancherry-palace-kochi%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a> Vasco da Gama arrived in <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandran2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chandran, V. P., ed. (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019 (in Malayalam). <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>: Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.in/dp/8182676444">8182676444 </a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathrubhumi+Yearbook+Plus+%E2%80%93+2019&rft.place=Kozhikode&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi+Printing+%26+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala#Further_reading" title="History of Kerala">History of Kerala § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Bose, Satheese Chandra and Varughese, Shiju Sam (eds.) 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102071757/https://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=0&isbn=978-8125057222">Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition</a>. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChathukulamTharamangalam2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chathukulam, Jos; Tharamangalam, Joseph (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510531">"The Kerala model in the time of COVID19: Rethinking state, society and democracy"</a>. World Development. 137: 105207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2020.105207">10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510531">7510531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989341">32989341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=The+Kerala+model+in+the+time+of+COVID19%3A+Rethinking+state%2C+society+and+democracy&rft.volume=137&rft.pages=105207&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7510531%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32989341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2020.105207&rft.aulast=Chathukulam&rft.aufirst=Jos&rft.au=Tharamangalam%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7510531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevika2016" class="citation journal cs1">Devika, J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0971521516656077">"The 'Kudumbashree Woman' and the Kerala Model Woman: Women and Politics in Contemporary Kerala"</a>. Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 23 (3): 393–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971521516656077">10.1177/0971521516656077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151752480">151752480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Gender+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%27Kudumbashree+Woman%27+and+the+Kerala+Model+Woman%3A+Women+and+Politics+in+Contemporary+Kerala&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-414&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0971521516656077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151752480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Devika&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0971521516656077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffrey, Robin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/19062/2/01_Jeffrey_Legacies_of_Matriliny%3A__the_2005.pdf">"Legacies of Matriliny: The Place of Women and the "Kerala Model""</a> (PDF). Pacific Affairs. 77 (4): 647–664. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40023536">40023536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Legacies+of+Matriliny%3A+The+Place+of+Women+and+the+%22Kerala+Model%22&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=647-664&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40023536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F19062%2F2%2F01_Jeffrey_Legacies_of_Matriliny%253A__the_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffrey, Robin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keralamediaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Robin-Jeffery.pdf">"Testing Concepts about Print, Newspapers, and Politics: Kerala, India, 1800–2009"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Asian Studies. 68 (2): 465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911809000679">10.1017/S0021911809000679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146795894">146795894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Testing+Concepts+about+Print%2C+Newspapers%2C+and+Politics%3A+Kerala%2C+India%2C+1800%E2%80%932009&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=465&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911809000679&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146795894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeralamediaacademy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FRobin-Jeffery.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey2016" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey, Robin (27 July 2016). Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model'. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-12252-3"><bdi>978-1-349-12252-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Women+and+Well-Being%3A+How+Kerala+became+%27a+Model%27&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-12252-3&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanathaiyerMacPherson2018" class="citation book cs1">Ramanathaiyer, Sundar; MacPherson, Stewart (2018). Social Development in Kerala: Illusion or Reality? (2nd ed.). Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Development+in+Kerala%3A+Illusion+or+Reality%3F&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ramanathaiyer&rft.aufirst=Sundar&rft.au=MacPherson%2C+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKerala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Kerala at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kerala" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kerala">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kerala" class="extiw" title="c:Kerala">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kerala" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Kerala">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kerala" class="extiw" title="q:Kerala">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kerala" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kerala">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kerala" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kerala">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kerala" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kerala">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kerala" class="extiw" title="voy:Kerala">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kerala.gov.in/">The Official website</a> of the Government of Kerala</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/">The Official website</a> of Kerala Tourism</li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2018151">Kerala</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="background: #e1ece4; vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9cc1a5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala" title="Template:Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala" title="Template talk:Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Subdivisions">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kerala_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala_topics" title="Template:Kerala topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="Ariyannur Umbrellas">Ariyannur Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudakkallu_Parambu" title="Kudakkallu Parambu">Kudakkallu Parambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovvanur_burial_cave" title="Chovvanur burial cave">Chovvanur burial cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad">Venad Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kingdom of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colachel" title="Battle of Colachel">Battle of Kulachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quilon" title="Battle of Quilon">Battle of Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraham" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikom Satyagraham">Vaikom Satyagraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Perumpadapu Swaroopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Migration" title="Malabar Migration">Malabar Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Kerala" title="Category:Politics of Kerala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kerala_State_Government_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kerala State Government Organizations">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Kerala">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Kerala">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Legislative_Assembly" title="Kerala Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Body_Election_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Body Election in Kerala">Panchayat elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakakshi_Munnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptakakshi Munnani">Saptakakshi Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Front (Kerala)">Aikya Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Democratic_Front" title="Left Democratic Front">Left Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(Kerala)" title="United Democratic Front (Kerala)">United Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of politicians of Kerala">Politicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidents">Incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruman_railway_accident" title="Peruman railway accident">1988 Perumon tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_train_derailment" title="Kadalundi train derailment">2001 Kadalundi Train derailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttingal_temple_fire" title="Puttingal temple fire">2016 Paravur temple fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kerala_floods" title="2018 Kerala floods">2018 Kerala floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve">Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Kerala">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna of Kerala">Flora and fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Marayoor">Marayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliampathi" title="Nelliampathi">Nelliampathi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Kerala">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamcotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Vembanad Lake">Vembanad Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of Kerala">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namboothiri_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Namboothiri Brahmin">Namboothiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanta_Kshatriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanta Kshatriya">Samanthas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairs">Nairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li>Thiyyas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Iyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Iyers">Kerala Iyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhavas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Jainism in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulayar" title="Pulayar">Pulayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India#Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">Scheduled Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges in Kerala">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Kerala">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalarippayattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalarippayattu">Kalarippayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_poets_of_modern_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvirate poets of modern Malayalam">Triumvirate poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dance / Drama / Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Cinema of Kerala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam" title="Arabi Malayalam">Arabi Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriyani_Malayalam" title="Suriyani Malayalam">Suriyani Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irula_language" title="Irula language">Irula language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kerala" title="Music of Kerala">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Organisations/Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nair_Service_Society" title="Nair Service Society">Nair Service Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1926%E2%80%931989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) (page does not exist)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Nadvathul_Mujahideen" title="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha#Commerce_and_tourism" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirappilly Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_Kerala" title="Beaches in Kerala">Beaches in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Backwaters">Kerala Backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam#Tourism.2C_Places_of_interest_and_historical_significance" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district#Places_of_Interest" title="Malappuram district">Places of Interest in Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_attractions_in_Kannur" title="Tourist attractions in Kannur">Tourist attractions in Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Kollam" title="Islands of Kollam">Islands of Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Tourist attractions of Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalam" title="Kovalam">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kasaragod" title="List of tourist attractions in Kasaragod">Tourism in Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad_Beach" title="Muzhappilangad Beach">Muzhappilangad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam" title="Peruvanam">Peruvanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Kozhikode" title="List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode">List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuaries_of_Paravur" title="Estuaries of Paravur">Estuaries of Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram">Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallam_kali" title="Vallam kali">Vallam kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" 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Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Kerala_Fire_And_Rescue_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Fire And Rescue Services">Kerala Fire And Rescue Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Lotteries" title="Kerala State Lotteries">Kerala State Lotteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Tourism Development Corporation">Kerala Tourism Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Tulu_Academy" title="Kerala Tulu Academy">Kerala Tulu Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Urban_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation">Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Water_Authority" title="Kerala Water Authority">Kerala Water Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_IT_Mission" title="Kerala State IT Mission">Kerala State IT Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Board_of_Intermediate_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Board of Intermediate Education (page does not exist)">Intermediate Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Board_of_Secondary_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Board of Secondary Education (page does not exist)">Secondary Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Housing_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Housing Board (page does not exist)">Housing Board</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Pollution_Control_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Pollution Control Board (page does not exist)">Pollution Control Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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State Industrial Enterprises Limited">Kerala State Industrial Enterprises Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Financial_Corporation" title="Kerala Financial Corporation">Kerala Financial Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Tourism Development Corporation">Kerala Tourism Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Urban_and_Rural_Development_Finance_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Urban and Rural Development Finance Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Urban and Rural Development Finance Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kerala_Land_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kerala Land Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">The Kerala Land Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Small_Industries_Development_Corporation_Limited" title="Kerala Small Industries Development Corporation Limited">Kerala Small Industries Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Film_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Film Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Film Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Warehousing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Warehousing Corporation (page does not exist)">Kerala State Warehousing Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Financial_Enterprises" title="Kerala State Financial Enterprises">Kerala State Financial Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Industrial_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation" title="Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation">Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_Resorts_(Kerala)" title="Tourist Resorts (Kerala)">Kerala Tourism Infrastructure Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekal_Resorts_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bekal Resorts Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Bekal Resorts Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Transport_Development_Finance_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Transport Development Finance Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Transport Development Finance Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Power_and_Infrastructure_Finance_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Power and Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Power and Infrastructure Finance Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Police_Housing_and_Construction_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Police Housing and Construction Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Police Housing and Construction Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roads_and_Bridges_Development_Corporation_of_Kerala_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala Limited (page does not exist)">Roads and Bridges Development Corporation of Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vizhinjam_International_Seaport_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vizhinjam International Seaport Limited (page does not exist)">Vizhinjam International Seaport Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_IT_Infrastructure_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State IT Infrastructure Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State IT Infrastructure Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Irrigation_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation_Limited" title="Kerala Irrigation Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited">Kerala Irrigation Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceramics / Refractories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Kerala_Ceramics_Limited" title="The Kerala Ceramics Limited">The Kerala Ceramics Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Clays_and_Ceramic_Products_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Clays and Ceramic Products Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Clays and Ceramic Products Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Minerals_and_Metals" title="Kerala Minerals and Metals">Kerala Minerals and Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Drugs_and_Pharmaceuticals_Limited" title="Kerala State Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited">Kerala State Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Cements_Limited" title="Malabar Cements Limited">Malabar Cements Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oushadhi" title="Oushadhi">The Pharmaceutical Corporation (IM) Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Travancore_Cements_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Travancore Cements Limited (page does not exist)">The Travancore Cements Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore_Cochin_Chemicals" title="Travancore Cochin Chemicals">Travancore Cochin Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore_Titanium_Products" title="Travancore Titanium Products">Travancore Titanium Products</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Mineral_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Mineral Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Mineral Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Travancore_Sugars_and_Chemicals_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Travancore Sugars and Chemicals Limited (page does not exist)">The Travancore Sugars and Chemicals Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_Distilleries_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malabar Distilleries Limited (page does not exist)">Malabar Distilleries Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Electrical_and_Allied_Engineering_Company" title="Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company">Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traco_Cable_Company_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traco Cable Company Limited (page does not exist)">Traco Cable Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformers_and_Electricals_Kerala_Limited" title="Transformers and Electricals Kerala Limited">Transformers and Electricals Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Electrical_Industries_Limited" title="United Electrical Industries Limited">United Electrical Industries Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronics Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KELTRON" class="mw-redirect" title="KELTRON">Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Electro_Ceramics_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Electro Ceramics Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Electro Ceramics Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Component_Complex_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Component Complex Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Component Complex Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering and Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Coir_Machinery_Manufacturing_Company_Limited_(KSCMMC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Coir Machinery Manufacturing Company Limited (KSCMMC) (page does not exist)">Kerala State Coir Machinery Manufacturing Company Limited (KSCMMC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Metal_Industries_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Metal Industries Limited (page does not exist)">The Metal Industries Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAIL-SCL_Kerala_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAIL-SCL Kerala Limited (page does not exist)">SAIL-SCL Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Agro_Machinery_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Agro Machinery Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Agro Machinery Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Industrials_Kerala_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Industrials Kerala Limited">Steel Industrials Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Construction_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Construction Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Construction Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Automobiles_Limited_(KAL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Automobiles Limited (KAL) (page does not exist)">Kerala Automobiles Limited (KAL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_and_Industrial_Forgings_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steel and Industrial Forgings Limited (page does not exist)">Steel and Industrial Forgings Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autokast_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autokast Limited (page does not exist)">Autokast Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Industries_(Travancore)_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Industries (Travancore) Limited (page does not exist)">Forest Industries (Travancore) Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plantation / Agro and Livestock based units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kerala_Agro_Industries_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kerala Agro Industries Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">The Kerala Agro Industries Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Forest_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Forest Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Forest Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Livestock_Development_Board_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Livestock Development Board Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Livestock Development Board Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_Products_of_India" title="Meat Products of India">Meat Products of India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_Palm_India_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil Palm India Limited (page does not exist)">Oil Palm India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Plantation_Corporation_of_Kerala_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Plantation Corporation of Kerala Limited (page does not exist)">The Plantation Corporation of Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rehabilitation_Plantations_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rehabilitation Plantations Limited (page does not exist)">Rehabilitation Plantations Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Farming_Corporation_of_Kerala_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Farming Corporation of Kerala Limited (page does not exist)">State Farming Corporation of Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Horticultural_Products_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Horticultural Products Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Horticultural Products Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Poultry_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Poultry Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Poultry Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Feeds_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Feeds Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Feeds Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aralam_Farming_Corporation_(Kerala)_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aralam Farming Corporation (Kerala) Limited (page does not exist)">Aralam Farming Corporation (Kerala) Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Textile_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Textile Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Textile Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Spinning_and_Weaving_Mills" title="Sitaram Spinning and Weaving Mills">Sitaram Textiles Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foam_Mattings_(India)_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foam Mattings (India) Limited (page does not exist)">Foam Mattings (India) Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Handicrafts_Development_Corporation_of_Kerala_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handicrafts Development Corporation of Kerala Limited (page does not exist)">Handicrafts Development Corporation of Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Bamboo_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Bamboo Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Bamboo Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Hand_loom_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Hand loom Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Hand loom Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kerala_State_Coir_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kerala State Coir Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">The Kerala State Coir Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Khadi_%26_Village_Industries_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Khadi & Village Industries Board">Kerala Khadi & Village Industries Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Cashew_Development_Corporation_Limited" title="Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited">Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Civil_Supplies_Corporation" title="Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation">Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Beverages_Corporation" title="Kerala State Beverages Corporation">Kerala State Beverages Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Medical_Services_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Medical Services Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Medical Services Corporation Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welfare agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Artisans_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Artisans Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Artisans Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_School_Teachers_and_Non_Teaching_Staff_Welfare_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala School Teachers and Non Teaching Staff Welfare Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala School Teachers and Non Teaching Staff Welfare Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Development_Corporation_for_Christian_Converts_from_Scheduled_Castes_and_the_Recommended_Communities" title="Kerala State Development Corporation for Christian Converts from Scheduled Castes and the Recommended Communities">Kerala State Development Corporation for Christian Converts from Scheduled Castes and the Recommended Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kerala_State_Development_Corporation_for_SC_%26_ST_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kerala State Development Corporation for SC & ST Limited (page does not exist)">The Kerala State Development Corporation for SC & ST Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kerala_State_Handicapped_Persons%27_Welfare_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kerala State Handicapped Persons' Welfare Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">The Kerala State Handicapped Persons' Welfare Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Palmyrah_Products_Dev._%26_Workers_Welfare_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Palmyrah Products Dev. & Workers Welfare Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Palmyrah Products Dev. & Workers Welfare Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Women%27s_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Women's Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Women's Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Backward_Classes_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Backward Classes Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Backward Classes Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Ex-servicemen_Development_and_Rehabilitation_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Ex-servicemen Development and Rehabilitation Corporation (page does not exist)">Kerala State Ex-servicemen Development and Rehabilitation Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NORKA_Roots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NORKA Roots (page does not exist)">NORKA Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Coastal_Area_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Coastal Area Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Coastal Area Development Corporation Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Maritime_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Maritime Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Maritime Development Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Shipping_and_Inland_Navigation_Corporation" title="Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation">Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Electricity_Board" title="Kerala State Electricity Board">Kerala State Electricity Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Kerala State Road Transport Corporation">Kerala State Road Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Water_Authority" title="Kerala Water Authority">Kerala Water Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Housing_Board" title="Kerala State Housing Board">Kerala State Housing Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overseas_Development_and_Employment_Promotion_Consultants_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overseas Development and Employment Promotion Consultants Limited (page does not exist)">Overseas Development and Employment Promotion Consultants Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Infrastructure_and_Construction" title="Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction">Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology_and_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management">Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Minorities_Development_Finance_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Minorities Development Finance Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Minorities Development Finance Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Welfare_Corporation_for_Forward_Communities_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Welfare Corporation for Forward Communities Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Welfare Corporation for Forward Communities Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazhakulam_Agro_and_Fruit_Processing_Company_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazhakulam Agro and Fruit Processing Company Limited (page does not exist)">Vazhakulam Agro and Fruit Processing Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Academy_for_Skills_Excellence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence (page does not exist)">Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vision_Varkala_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive / Closed / Merged Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Hitech_Industries_Limited" title="Kerala Hitech Industries Limited">Kerala Hitech Industries Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soaps" title="Kerala Soaps">Kerala Soaps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Industrial_Products_Trading_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Industrial Products Trading Corporation Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Industrial Products Trading Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Crystals_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Crystals Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Crystals Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Magnetics_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Magnetics Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Magnetics Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Resistors_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Resistors Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Resistors Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Power_Devices_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Power Devices Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Power Devices Limited</a></li> <li>Kerala Premo Pipe</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Rectifiers_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Rectifiers Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Rectifiers Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trivandrum_Spinning_Mills_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trivandrum Spinning Mills Limited (page does not exist)">Trivandrum Spinning Mills Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Salicylates_and_Chemicals_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Salicylates and Chemicals Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Salicylates and Chemicals Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Metropolitan_Engineering_Company_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Metropolitan Engineering Company Limited (page does not exist)">The Metropolitan Engineering Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltron_Counters_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltron Counters Limited (page does not exist)">Keltron Counters Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Construction_Components_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Construction Components Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Construction Components Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scooters_Kerala_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scooters Kerala Limited (page does not exist)">Scooters Kerala Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Rural_Development_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Rural Development Board (page does not exist)">Kerala State Rural Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Garments_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala Garments Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala Garments Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Wood_Industries_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Wood Industries Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Wood Industries Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Travancore_Plywood_Industries_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Travancore Plywood Industries Limited (page does not exist)">Travancore Plywood Industries Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Detergents_and_Chemicals_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerala State Detergents and Chemicals Limited (page does not exist)">Kerala State Detergents and Chemicals Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astral_Watches_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astral Watches Limited (page does not exist)">Astral Watches Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivandrum_Rubber_Works" title="Trivandrum Rubber Works">Trivandrum Rubber Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Information updated by <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Enterprises" title="Bureau of Public Enterprises">Bureau of Public Enterprises</a>, January 2016 and Published by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government of Kerala</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000087962130">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127828705">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205181/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRD8HQXJx7h9YxfmYwvB">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4030266-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055067">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949266b">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043419h">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11949266b">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12043419h">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35267524">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge117836&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453704">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97054646">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561806305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b93b3304-38fb-4615-8d7b-fda24616d825">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028639979">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFAmit_Chaudhuri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmmu_Joseph1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnjana_Singh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnaud_Van_Der_Veere2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArun_Narayanan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsha_Kasbekar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB.R._Sinha2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabu_P._Remesh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakshi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalaji2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattuta1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaynes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergunder2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinoy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenkertMalone2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_MuseumAnna_Libera_Dallapiccola2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroughton_Richmond1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC.K._VarshneyJ._Rzóska1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentre_for_Development_Studies_Thiruvananthapuram2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCereti2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChackoRenuka2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandran_Nair\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Corn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChathukulamTharamangalam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhuri2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChitra_Divakaruni2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristophe_Z_Guilmoto_and_Irudaya_Rajan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChummar_Choondal1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChupungco2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._Banerjea2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD_BanerjeaN._R._Madhava_Menon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD_Suresh_Kumar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanny_Moss2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta_Devashish2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatta1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_AbramNick_Edwards2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_D\u0026#039;Beth_Hillel1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Stott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeaton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevasia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevika2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDezan_ShiraAssociates.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDharma_Kumar1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._K._Ayyappa_Panicker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEd._Vinod_Kumar_Maheshwari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgar_Thorpe,_Showick_ThorpeThorpe_Edgar\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdgar_Thorpe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEducational_Britannica_Educational2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_SimpsonKai_Kresse2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEṃ_MukundanC._Gopinathan_Pillai2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilippo_OsellaCaroline_Osella2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGangadhar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Koilparampil1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_MathewB_S_Baviskar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGireesh_Chandra_Prasad2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopa_Sabharwal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGouri_Lakshmi_Bayi_(Princess.)1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_India_Planning_Commission2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Kerala2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Kerala2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunaseelan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellerTörnquist2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Frowde,_M.A.1908–1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Morse_Stephens1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain_Raṇṭattāṇi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia._Planning_Commission1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia._Planning_Commission2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInfokerala_Communications_Pvt._Ltd.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInfokerala_Communications_Pvt._Ltd.2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFInland_Waterways_Authority_of_India_(IWAI—Ministry_of_Shipping)2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrfan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengar_PTS2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Devika2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._L._Mehta2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Sturrock1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_Mohapatra2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Newton\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Oliver_Thomson1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_WrayUlf_Stabe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayarajan_M2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_DrezeAmartya_Sen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoan_G._Roland1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_R._Marr1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_V._Vilanilam1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Goldstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Evans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.G._Kumar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.P._Ittaman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.P._KannanK.S._Hari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Balachandran_Nayar1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._K._Kusuman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._K._N._Kurup1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._M._George1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFK._Satchidanandan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKala_Menon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalathil_MJ2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKe._Eṃ_Tarakan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemmerer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox,_Robert1681\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnut_A._Jacobsen,_Selva_J._RakSelva_J._Raj2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna_Kaimal1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnakumarSanandakumar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnaswami_P2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_KG2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_KG2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_Suresh_Singh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_VS2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_VS2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutty_VR2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutty_VR2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKāvālaṃ_Nārāyaṇappaṇikkar1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankinaTomila_V.Getachew,_Lullit2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeela_Gulati1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeelakrishnan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis_McIver1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM.K._Jha2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM.R._Biju2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFM._G._S._NarayananK._K._N._Kurup1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._T._Narayanan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_K_Sunil_Kumar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadan_Gopal_ChitkaraBaṃśī_Rāma_Śarmā1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhubālā_Sinhā2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajid_Husain2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManakkadan_Manicoth_Anand_Ram1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManali_Desai2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariamma_Sanu_George\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_de_Lannoy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookkiah_Soundarapandian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotilal_(UK)_Books_of_India2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurdoch_Books_Pty_LimitedMurdoch_Books_Test_Kitchen2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurkot_Ramunny1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFN.N._KherJaideep_Aggarwal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Rajeevan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaha2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNairRajanAkibaJayalekshmi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNair_NG\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicasio_Silverio_Sainz1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossiter1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.A._Reddy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._C._Alexander\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._K._Parameswaran_Nair1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPN_Ravindran2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPTI2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmalalMayaSreebhaSreeja2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParamatmananda_(Swami.)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_D._Curtin1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPingree1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanning_Commission,_India2007\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFPradeep_Kumar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradeep_SharmaY._Dharnai_KumariTirunagaram_Lakshmamma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratiyogita_Darpan2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPraveen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresidency1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress_Trust_of_India2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Leela_Devi1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._P._SinghZubairul_Islam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Quentin_GraftonRay_HilbornDale_Squires2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Ramabhadran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRK_Jain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR_Asher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR_RameshR_PurvajaA_Senthil_Vel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Muthachen1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadhakrishnan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghunath_Rai\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagozin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajTharakan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajan,_S._\u0026amp;_B.L.MarkoseBaby_Lissy_Markose2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajesh_TandonRanjita_Mohanty2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamanathaiyerMacPherson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanjith_KS2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond_Brady_Williams1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayson_K._AlexS._Susan_DeborahSachindev_P.S.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_SchechnerWilla_Appel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Caldwell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin_Rinehart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolf_Killius2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoshni2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_MKP2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.V._Jeevananda_Reddy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Bhagyalekshmy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Krishna_Iyer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._N._Sadasivan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._N._Sadasivan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Rajitha_KumarUniversity_of_Kerala2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._S._Shashi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS_M_Vijayanand2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSaju2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalikha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangeeta_Tanwar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanthanam_K2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarina_SinghAmy_KarafinAnirban_Mahapatra2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSelvister_Ponnumuthan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaSharma_B.k.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShungoony_Menon1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShyam_Nandan_Chaudhary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigfried_J._de_Laet1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_BroughtonMark_EllinghamRichard_Trillo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecial_currespondent2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSportstar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSreedhara_Menon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSreedharan_TP2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrikumar_ChattopadhyayRichard_W._Franke2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivisa_Iyengar1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_Reporter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Wing2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Neill2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart_LockieDavid_Carpenter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubburaj_V.V.K\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubodh_Kapoor2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuchitra2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudhakaran,_P2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukumār_Al̲ikkōṭȧ1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunil_ManiAnjini_Kochar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._M._Thomas_IsaacRichard_W._Franke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._PradeepkumarKumar,_Pradeep2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapan_K_Panda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharamangalam_J2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheresa_Varghese2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Arthur_Russell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Benedikter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU_S_CongressCongress_(U.S.)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdai_Prakash_AroraA._K._Singh1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFUnnikrishnan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUri_M._Kupferschmidt1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Balakrishnan_Nair1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._Nagam_Aiya1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarghese2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarma_MS2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor_R._PreedyRonald_Ross_WatsonVinood_B._Patel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVijayan_Kannampilly2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishnudattan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Logan1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFലേഖകൻ2021\"] = 1,\n [\"imp\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 13,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 9,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CE\"] = 3,\n [\"Cast listing\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 263,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 119,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 163,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Colour\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 36,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 4,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Duplicated citations\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:1468104\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:3031272\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical population\"] = 1,\n [\"Hsp\"] = 1,\n [\"INR\"] = 1,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 13,\n [\"IPA-ml\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 2,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Indian state or territory\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnonym\"] = 1,\n [\"Kerala\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 27,\n [\"Major cities in Kerala\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 3,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Public Sector Undertakings in Kerala\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 28,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"State agencies of Kerala\"] = 1,\n [\"States and union territories of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Topics related to Kerala\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 10,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","680","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","500","12.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","9.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","8.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","3.4"],["gsub","120","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","2.5"],["[others]","1300","31.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mz8kh","timestamp":"20241130013905","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kerala","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerala","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1186","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1186","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-31T05:54:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T07:54:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/Alappuzha_loves_Wikimedia_IMG_7698.JPG","headline":"Indian state"}</script> </body> </html>