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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_sub-cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_sub-cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification of sub-cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_sub-cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ritual performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_theyyam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_theyyam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types of theyyam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_theyyam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of theyyam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_theyyam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kathivanur_Veeran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kathivanur_Veeran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kathivanur Veeran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kathivanur_Veeran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muchilot_Bhagavathi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muchilot_Bhagavathi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Muchilot Bhagavathi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muchilot_Bhagavathi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vishnumoorthi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vishnumoorthi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Vishnumoorthi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vishnumoorthi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muthappan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muthappan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Muthappan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muthappan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Padikutti_Amma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Padikutti_Amma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Padikutti Amma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Padikutti_Amma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Gulikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Padamadakki_Bhagavathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Padamadakki_Bhagavathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Padamadakki Bhagavathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Padamadakki_Bhagavathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manakkott_Amma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manakkott_Amma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Manakkott Amma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manakkott_Amma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuttichathan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuttichathan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Kuttichathan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuttichathan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Chamundi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madayil_Chamundi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madayil_Chamundi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Madayil Chamundi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madayil_Chamundi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puthiyaramban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puthiyaramban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Puthiyaramban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puthiyaramban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recent development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyyam" title="Teyyam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teyyam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تیام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Theyyam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="तेय्यम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेय्यम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theyyam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82" title="ತೆಯ್ಯಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೆಯ್ಯಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="തെയ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെയ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="तेय्यम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तेय्यम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱛᱷᱮᱭᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱷᱮᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தெய்யம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெய்யம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82" title="ತೆಯ್ಯಂ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತೆಯ್ಯಂ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1639582#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ritual Of North Kerala</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Theyyam</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg/220px-Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg/330px-Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg/440px-Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1227" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Muchilot Bhagavathi Theyyam</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category">Ritual Art Form</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu </a>‚ <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a>, Kerala, India</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theyyam</b> Is A Hindu Religious Ritual Practiced In Northern Kerala. Theyyam Consists Of Traditions, Rituals, And Customs Associated With Temples And Sacred Groves Of Malabar.[1] The People Of The Region Consider Theyyam Itself As A Channel To A God, And They Thus Seek Blessings From Theyyam. </p><p>In Kerala, Theyyam is Performed Predominantly In The <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> Region Comprising Presently <a href="/wiki/Kannur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannur District">Kannur</a> And <a href="/wiki/Kasargod_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasargod District">Kasargod</a> </p><p>A Similar Custom Known As Bhuta Kola Is Followed In The Tulunadu Area Of The Neighbouring Karnataka. </p><p>Theyyam Season Starts From The Tenth Day Of The Malayalam Month Of Thulam ( Which Usually Falls During October And Is Known As Paththaam-Udayam ) And Lasts For Up To Seven Months Until The Middle Of The Edavam Month ( Typically Late May Or June ). The Last Kaliyaattam For The Season Is Performed At Madayi Kavu And Kalarivathukkal Bhagavathy Temple, Both Of Which Are Family Shrines Of The Kolathiri Royal Family. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 456 types of Theyyams documented. Theyyam is mainly performed by males, except the <i><a href="/wiki/Devakkoothu" title="Devakkoothu">Devakkoothu theyyam</a></i>; the <i>Devakkoothu</i> is the only Theyyam ritual performed by women.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devakoothu is performed only in the Thekkumbad Kulom temple.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theyyam is typically performed by people from castes and tribes like Pulayar, Vannan, Malayan, Anhoottan, Munnoottan, Mavilan, Koppalan, Velan, Chingathan, Kalanaadi, Paravan, Nalikeyavar, etc. Of these, Kalanaadi people perform only in Wayanad district, while Parava, Pambada, Paanaara and Nalikeyavar perform in places north of Kerala, Mangalapuram(Mangalore) and Udupi districts. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a> districts, this ritual art is mainly performed in the <a href="/wiki/Kavu" title="Kavu">kavus</a> (temples) or ancestral houses of <a href="/wiki/Tiyyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiyyar">Thiyyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nambiar_(Nair_subcaste)" title="Nambiar (Nair subcaste)">Nambiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakkala_Nair" title="Chakkala Nair">Vaniyar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maniyani_(caste)" title="Maniyani (caste)">Maniyani</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm/220px--Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="263" data-mwtitle="Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm/Theyyam_video_-_Wikimania_2022.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video documentary on Theyyam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_theyyam,_Payyannur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bali_theyyam%2C_Payyannur.jpg/220px-Bali_theyyam%2C_Payyannur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bali_theyyam%2C_Payyannur.jpg/330px-Bali_theyyam%2C_Payyannur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bali_theyyam%2C_Payyannur.jpg/440px-Bali_theyyam%2C_Payyannur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><i>Bali Theyyam</i> at <a href="/wiki/Andalurkavu" title="Andalurkavu">Andalurkavu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Theyyam has a long history. "There can be no doubt", say Bridget and Raymond Alchin, "that a very large part of this modern folk religion is extremely ancient and contains traits which originated during the earliest periods of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> settlement and expression."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are approximately 400 types of Theyyam, including <a href="/wiki/Kathivanoor_Veeran" title="Kathivanoor Veeran">Kathivanoor Veeran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnumoorthy_Theyyam" title="Vishnumoorthy Theyyam">Vishnumoorthy Theyyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vettakkorumakan" title="Vettakkorumakan">Vettakkorumakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muthappan" title="Muthappan">Sree Muthappan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theyyam may have its origins from <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestor worship</a>. It has been observed that a vast majority of the Theyyam deities have their origin from <a href="/wiki/Thiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyya">Thiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> castes. The ancestor worship ritual was later evolved into the elaborate dance ritual that is seen nowadays. Incorporating many other local beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_sub-cults">Classification of sub-cults</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification of sub-cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theyyam_of_Kerala_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Theyyam_of_Kerala_3.jpg/220px-Theyyam_of_Kerala_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Theyyam_of_Kerala_3.jpg/330px-Theyyam_of_Kerala_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Theyyam_of_Kerala_3.jpg/440px-Theyyam_of_Kerala_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4984" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption>Theyyam at <a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/K._K._N._Kurup" title="K. K. N. Kurup">K. K. N. Kurup</a>, it can be said that all the prominent characteristics of primitive, tribal, religious worship had widened the stream of Theyyam, where "even the followers of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> are associated with the cult in its functional aspect"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made it a deep-rooted <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> of millions. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavati" title="Bhagavati">Bhagavathi</a>, the mother goddesses had and still have an important place in Theyyam. Besides this, the practices like <a href="/wiki/Spirit_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit worship">spirit worship</a>, ancestor-worship, hero-worship, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masathi (page does not exist)">masathi</a>-worship, <a href="/wiki/Tree_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree worship">tree worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">animal worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpent_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent worship">serpent worship</a>, the worship of the goddesses of disease and the worship of Gramadevata (Village-Deity) are included in the mainstream of the Theyyam. Along with these gods and goddesses there exist innumerable folk gods and goddesses. Most of these goddesses are known as <a href="/wiki/Bhagavathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavathy">Bhagavathy</a>. </p><p>Different branches of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu religion</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> now dominate Theyyam. However, the forms of propitiation and other rituals are continuations of a very ancient tradition. In several cult-centres, blood offering is seen, which is forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. In such centres, separate places outside the precincts of the shrine are selected for blood offerings and for the preparation of the traditional Kalam (square made for this sacrifice occasion) known as <span title="Malayalam-language romanization"><i lang="ml-Latn">Vadakkan Vathil</i></span>. The Theyyam deities propitiated through <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cock</a>-sacrifice will not enter such shrines. This religious cockfight over blood sacrifice, which does also include the <a href="/wiki/Cockfight_(Sacred)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight (Sacred)">cockfight</a> as a blood sacrifice, is a prime example of "cultural synthesis of 'little' and 'great' cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On account of the late revival of the Vaishnavism movement in Kerala, it does not have a deep impact on Theyyam . Only a few deities are available under this category. Two major Theyyam deities of Vaishnavism are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnumoorthi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnumoorthi (page does not exist)">Vishnumoorthi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daivathar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daivathar (page does not exist)">Daivathar</a>. Vaishnavism was very popular in the <a href="/wiki/Tuluva" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluva">Tuluva</a> region in the 13th century when it came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysala</a> dynasty. He was a great champion of Vaishnavism. Most probably he was initially deified as Vishnumoorthi and incorporated into the Bhoota cult of the <a href="/wiki/Tuluvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuluvas">Tuluvas</a> and then further incorporated as a prominent folk deity into the Theyyam as well. To some, the legend of Vishnumoorthi is symbolizes the god's migration from <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>. </p><p>All other categories of Theyyam deities can be classified under <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>. Even spirits, ancestors, heroes, and animals are deified and included in those categories. Briefly, Theyyam provides a good example for the religious evolution of, and the subsequent different stages in modern <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, with the overall understanding that within Hindu syncretism lay propitiation as ancient practices and rituals of ancient worship intended for the blessings of the supernatural not unlike, "in <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley</a> and other ancient civilizations, mother goddess had been invoked for fertility and prosperity".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronage">Patronage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of devotion, ruling clans established their own shrines and Kavus for Theyyam deities where non-sattvic rituals and customs are observed. The goddesses like Rakteshwari, Chamundi, Someshwari, Kurathi, and the gods like Vishnumoorthi are propitiated in these household shrines. There, the Theyyam dancers appear during the annual festivals of gods and goddesses. The rituals in such shrines are different from those of the Brahmanical temples. This fusion in the later stage is an indication of the gradual introduction of civilization into Southern India with increasing <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Aryan influence</a> and assimilation of local cultures into the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Vedic Religion">large Vedic religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual_performance">Ritual performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ritual performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_(41).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_%2841%29.jpg/220px-Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_%2841%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_%2841%29.jpg/330px-Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_%2841%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_%2841%29.jpg/440px-Theyyam_of_Kerala_by_Shagil_Kannur_%2841%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5116" data-file-height="3412" /></a><figcaption>Face art of Theyyam is one of the best examples of folk painting in Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thee_chamundi_Theyyam_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thee_chamundi_Theyyam_02.jpg/220px-Thee_chamundi_Theyyam_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thee_chamundi_Theyyam_02.jpg/330px-Thee_chamundi_Theyyam_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thee_chamundi_Theyyam_02.jpg/440px-Thee_chamundi_Theyyam_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><i>Kandanar Kelan</i> Theyyam performing on bonfire</figcaption></figure> <p>The dance or invocation is generally performed in front of the village <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a>. It is also performed in the houses as <a href="/wiki/Ancestor-worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor-worship">ancestor-worship</a> with elaborate rites and rituals. </p><p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Stage_(theatre)" title="Stage (theatre)">stage</a> or curtain or other such arrangements for the performance. The devotees would be standing or some of them would be sitting on a sacred tree in front of the shrine. In short, it is an <a href="/wiki/Open_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Open theatre">open theatre</a>. Performance of a particular <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> according to its significance and hierarchy in the shrine continues for 12 to 24 hours with intervals. The chief dancer who propitiates the central deity of the shrine has to reside in the rituals. Further, after the sun sets, this particular dancer would not eat anything for the remainder of that day. His make-up is done by specialists and other dancers. The first part of the performance is usually known as <a href="/wiki/Vellattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellattam">Vellattam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thottam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thottam">Thottam</a>. It is performed without proper make-up or any decorative <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costume</a>. Only a small, red <a href="/wiki/Headdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdress">headdress</a> is worn on this occasion. </p><p>The dancer along with the <a href="/wiki/Drummers" class="mw-redirect" title="Drummers">drummers</a> recites the particular <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> song, which describes the myths and legends, of the deity of the shrine or the <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk</a> deity to be propitiated. This is accompanied by the playing of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk musical</a> instruments. After finishing this primary ritualistic part of the invocation, the dancer returns to the <a href="/wiki/Green_room" title="Green room">green room</a>. Again after a short interval, he appears with proper make-up and costumes. There are different patterns of <a href="/wiki/Face_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Face painting">face painting</a>. Some of these patterns are called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vairadelam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vairadelam (page does not exist)">vairadelam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kattaram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kattaram (page does not exist)">kattaram</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozhipuspam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozhipuspam (page does not exist)">kozhipuspam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kottumpurikam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kottumpurikam (page does not exist)">kottumpurikam</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prakkezhuthu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prakkezhuthu (page does not exist)">prakkezhuthu</a>. Mostly primary and secondary colours are applied with contrast for face painting. It helps in effecting certain stylization in the dances. Then the dancer comes in front of the shrine and gradually "metamorphoses" into the particular deity of the shrine. The performance signifies the transitional inversion, reversal, and elevation of status denoting the anti-structural homogeneity of Theyyam.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He, after observation of certain rituals places the head-dress on his head and starts dancing. In the background, folk musical instruments like <a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">chenda</a>, tudi, kuzhal and veekni are played in a certain rhythm. All the dancers take a shield and kadthala (<a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>) in their hands as continuation of the weapons. Then the dancer <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulates</a> the shrine, runs in the courtyard and continues dancing there. The Theyyam dance has different steps known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalaasams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalaasams (page does not exist)">Kalaasams</a>. Each Kalaasam is repeated systematically from the first to the eighth step of footwork. A performance is a combination of playing of musical instruments, vocal recitations, dance, and peculiar makeup (usually predominantly orange) and costumes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_theyyam">Types of theyyam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of theyyam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 456 types of theyyam (theyyakkolams), among which 112 are famous. Some of the famous theyyams are:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kathivanur_Veeran">Kathivanur Veeran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kathivanur Veeran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kathivanoor_Veeran" title="Kathivanoor Veeran">Kathivanoor Veeran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathivanoor_Veeran_Theyyam_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kathivanoor_Veeran_Theyyam_8.jpg/220px-Kathivanoor_Veeran_Theyyam_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kathivanoor_Veeran_Theyyam_8.jpg/330px-Kathivanoor_Veeran_Theyyam_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Kathivanoor_Veeran_Theyyam_8.jpg/440px-Kathivanoor_Veeran_Theyyam_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Kathivanoor Veeran Theyyam</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kathivanur Veeran theyyam is performed in the memory of the great <a href="/wiki/Tiyyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiyyar">Thiyya</a> community warrior Mandhappan Chekavar.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muchilot_Bhagavathi">Muchilot Bhagavathi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Muchilot Bhagavathi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muchilot_Bhagavathi" title="Muchilot Bhagavathi">Muchilot Bhagavathi</a> is a virgin goddess and the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaniyas</a> of North Malabar. According to local legend, she was a Brahmin woman born in the <a href="/wiki/Illam" title="Illam"><i>mana</i></a> called <i>Maniyottu</i> in the village of Peringellur, near <a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elevated to the status of a deity. According to a holy manuscript (Pattola), Muchilot Bhagavathi is the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> avatar of the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta Yuga</a>, Maya of the <a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a>, and Gayatri, who appeared before <a href="/wiki/Maharishi" title="Maharishi">Sage</a> <a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a>. While travelling on Earth, she is believed to have rested at the home of Muchilot Pada Nair, who was a soldier belonging to the Muchilot clan among <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">vāṇiyas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_muchilot_Bhagavathi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_muchilot_Bhagavathi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg/220px-Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg/330px-Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg/440px-Muchilot_Bhagavathy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Muchilot Bhagavathi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vishnumoorthi">Vishnumoorthi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vishnumoorthi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vishnumoorthy_Theyyam" title="Vishnumoorthy Theyyam">Vishnumoorthy Theyyam</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnumoorthi_Theyyam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vishnumoorthi_Theyyam.jpg/161px-Vishnumoorthi_Theyyam.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vishnumoorthi_Theyyam.jpg/242px-Vishnumoorthi_Theyyam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vishnumoorthi_Theyyam.jpg/323px-Vishnumoorthi_Theyyam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Vishnumoorthy Theyyam</figcaption></figure> <p>It is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> Theyyam. This theyyam narrates and performs the story of <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>'s death by <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in his avatar of <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>. Because of this, Vishnumoorthi is also called Narasimhamoorthi.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muthappan">Muthappan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Muthappan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muthapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthapan">Muthapan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muthappan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Muthappan.jpg/172px-Muthappan.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Muthappan.jpg/258px-Muthappan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Muthappan.jpg/344px-Muthappan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Thiruvappana or Valiya Muttapan (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) on left and the Vellatom or Cheriya Muttapan (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>) on right</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Muthapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthapan">Muthappan theyyam</a> consists of two divine figures is considered as the personification of two divine figures— the Thiruvappana or Valiya Muttapan (<a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) and the Vellatom or Cheriya Muttapan (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muthappan Theyyam is different from other theyyams as it is performed all around the year. Muthappan Anthithira is another theyyam dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Muthapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthapan">Muthapan</a>. The uniqueness of it is that it is performed only once in all the Muthapan temples.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Padikutti_Amma">Padikutti Amma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Padikutti Amma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Padikuttiyamma is believed to be the mother of <a href="/wiki/Muthapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthapan">Muthapan</a>. The Padikutti Amma Theyyam is performed in the Palaprath Temple in Kodallur near <a href="/wiki/Muthappan_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthappan temple">Parassini Kadavu</a> in the Meenam (a Malayalam month).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulikan">Gulikan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gulikan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gulikan represents <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, the Hindu god of death. The Benkanakavu (Venganakavu) in Nileshwar is the most famous temple dedicated to Gulikan.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Padamadakki_Bhagavathy">Padamadakki Bhagavathy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Padamadakki Bhagavathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is performed in the Koroth Temple. The legend behind the Padamadakki Bhagavathy theyyam is that the Nileswarr Raja prayed to the goddess for help from the invading army from Karnataka and Devi sent Padamadakki Bhagavathy for help. Upon seeing the Padamadakki Bhagavathy, the attacking army became unconscious and thus the war was averted.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manakkott_Amma">Manakkott Amma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Manakkott Amma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manakkott Amma Theyyam is performed in the Vairajathan Temple in Nileshwar. The Manakott was a woman born in a Nair family. She opposed the caste system that existed at that time. When she broke a caste rule, she was killed by the head of the family. She was pregnant at that time. Her murder caused a lot of problems in their family and was finally destroyed. She was posthumously deified, considered to be a goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuttichathan">Kuttichathan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kuttichathan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kuttichathan_Theyyam" title="Kuttichathan Theyyam">Kuttichathan Theyyam</a></div> <p>Kuttichathan is a famous theyyam.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theyyam is associated with the Brahmin Family of Kalakatt Illam situated in <a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyannur</a>. It is believed that <i>Kalakattachan,</i> angry on him being a threat to his respect in the society, tore Kuttichathan into 396 pieces. There emerged 396 Chathans from the torn pieces and set the <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a>'s house to fire, and burnt nearby Brahmin houses. It is claimed that Kuttichathan can grant any wish if the devotee prays to him with faith.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamundi">Chamundi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chamundi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamundi</a> theyyam is majorly of three types, namely Madayil Chamundi,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rakta Chamundi,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kundorra Chamundi.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madayil_Chamundi">Madayil Chamundi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Madayil Chamundi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chamundi is identified with <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, who slew the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a> <a href="/wiki/Chanda_and_Munda" title="Chanda and Munda">Chanda and Munda</a> and drank the blood of the asura <a href="/wiki/Raktab%C4%ABja" title="Raktabīja">Raktabija</a>, without letting a drop fall to the ground. Chamundi is also known as Rakta Chamundi (Blood Chamundi) and Rakteshvari (Goddess of blood) because she is immersed in blood. It is said that in the battle with the asuras, Kali followed them to the <a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">underworld</a> to resume the fight. This form is called Patalamurti and Madayil Chamundi because she travelled to the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Known as Kundora Chamundi, Kundadi Chamundi and Kundoor Chamundi, this goddess is the image of Kali who killed Darikasura. This theyyam was built by Velanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puthiyaramban">Puthiyaramban</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Puthiyaramban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Puthiyaramban is regarded to have been the greatest warrior of the region called Allada Swaroopam, possessing supernatural power as well as knowledge and skill in <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">kalari</a> (a regional martial art). After a great victory, he is believed to have been betrayed in Nanummel Kali (Kalari). He was posthumously deified. Puthiyaramban Theyyam is performed in Puthiyaramban Tharavadu, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Payyanur" title="Culture of Payyanur">Sree Kappattu Kazhagam</a>, Sree Kannamangalam Kazhagam and Udinoor kulom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_development">Recent development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recent development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></div> <p>A Theyyam museum is proposed to be built at Chanthappura in Kalliassery assembly constituency of <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur district</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pottan_Theyyam" title="Pottan Theyyam">Pottan Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathivanoor_Veeran" title="Kathivanoor Veeran">Kathivanoor Veeran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples of Kerala">Temples of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttama_Villain" title="Uttama Villain">Uttama Villain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neeliyar_Bhagavathi" title="Neeliyar Bhagavathi">Neeliyar Bhagavathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Theyyam" title="Mappila Theyyam">Mappila Theyyam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar"</a>. <i>Mathrubhumi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=%27Devakoothu%27%3B+the+lone+woman+Theyyam+in+North+Malabar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Fvideos%2Fnews%2Fnews-in-videos%2Fdevakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto12_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/This-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms">"Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face | Kozhikode News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Devakoothu%3A+This+year%2C+Devakoothu+gets+a+new+face+%26%23124%3B+Kozhikode+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2012-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2FThis-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face%2Farticleshow%2F17735370.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusuman1990" class="citation book cs1">Kusuman, K. K. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&dq=teyyam+tiyya&pg=PA130"><i>A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170992141" title="Special:BookSources/9788170992141"><bdi>9788170992141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Professor+A.+Sreedhara+Menon+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170992141&rft.aulast=Kusuman&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4JqgSUSXDsC%26dq%3Dteyyam%2Btiyya%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1998" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Gnana (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18MoAAAAYAAJ&q=teyyam+tiyya"><i>Religions of the Marginalised: Towards a Phenomenology and the Methodology of Study</i></a>. United Theological College, Bangalore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172144586" title="Special:BookSources/9788172144586"><bdi>9788172144586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Marginalised%3A+Towards+a+Phenomenology+and+the+Methodology+of+Study&rft.pub=United+Theological+College%2C+Bangalore&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788172144586&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Gnana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18MoAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dteyyam%2Btiyya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlchinAlchin1968" class="citation book cs1">Alchin, Bridget; Alchin, Raymond (1968). <i>The Birth of Indian Civilization</i>. p. 3039.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Indian+Civilization&rft.pages=3039&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Alchin&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rft.au=Alchin%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/This-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms">"Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face | Kozhikode News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Devakoothu%3A+This+year%2C+Devakoothu+gets+a+new+face+%26%23124%3B+Kozhikode+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2012-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2FThis-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face%2Farticleshow%2F17735370.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto13_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/This-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms">"Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face | Kozhikode News - Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Devakoothu%3A+This+year%2C+Devakoothu+gets+a+new+face+%26%23124%3B+Kozhikode+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2012-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkozhikode%2FThis-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face%2Farticleshow%2F17735370.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurup1990" class="citation book cs1">Kurup, K. K. N. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA128">"Teyyam - A Vanishing Ritual Dance of Kerala"</a>. In Kusuman, K. K. (ed.). <i>A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume</i>. Mittal Publications. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170992141" title="Special:BookSources/9788170992141"><bdi>9788170992141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teyyam+-+A+Vanishing+Ritual+Dance+of+Kerala&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Professor+A.+Sreedhara+Menon+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170992141&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+K.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4JqgSUSXDsC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurup1990" class="citation book cs1">Kurup, K. K. N. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA127">"Theyyam - A Vanishing Ritual Dance of Kerala"</a>. In Kusuman, K. K. (ed.). <i>A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume</i>. Mittal Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170992141" title="Special:BookSources/9788170992141"><bdi>9788170992141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theyyam+-+A+Vanishing+Ritual+Dance+of+Kerala&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Professor+A.+Sreedhara+Menon+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170992141&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+K.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4JqgSUSXDsC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurup1990" class="citation book cs1">Kurup, K. K. N. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA130">"Teyyam - A Vanishing Ritual Dance of Kerala"</a>. In Kusuman, K. K. (ed.). <i>A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume</i>. Mittal Publications. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170992141" title="Special:BookSources/9788170992141"><bdi>9788170992141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teyyam+-+A+Vanishing+Ritual+Dance+of+Kerala&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+Indian+Culture%3A+Professor+A.+Sreedhara+Menon+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170992141&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=K.+K.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4JqgSUSXDsC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article Title - The Wonder That Was India URL- <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind00alba">http://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind00alba</a> Date accessed - June 20, 2024 Date published - 2024-06-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathew, Raisun and Pandya, Digvijay. "Carnivalesque, Liminality and Social Drama: Characterising the Anti-Structural Potential of Theyyam." <i>Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities</i>, vol. 13, no. 3, 2021, pp. 6-8, DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n3.28">https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n3.28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/essential-kerala/theyyams-kannur-kathivanoor-veeran.html">"For ethereal nights, walk with the Theyyams of Kannur"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+ethereal+nights%2C+walk+with+the+Theyyams+of+Kannur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.manoramaonline.com%2Ftravel%2Fessential-kerala%2Ftheyyams-kannur-kathivanoor-veeran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/theyyam-various-types.php">"Various forms of Theyyams"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Various+forms+of+Theyyams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fbekal%2Ftheyyam-various-types.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/theyyam-season-begins-in-northern-kerala-1.7993544">"Reviving tradition Theyyam season begins in northern Kerala"</a>. 27 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reviving+tradition+Theyyam+season+begins+in+northern+Kerala&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Fnews%2Fkerala%2Ftheyyam-season-begins-in-northern-kerala-1.7993544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042637/http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi">"Muchilot Bhagavathi Theyyam | THEYYAKKOLAM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi">the original</a> on 1 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muchilot+Bhagavathi+Theyyam+%26%23124%3B+THEYYAKKOLAM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyyamcalendar.com%2Fhistory%2Fmuchilot-bhagavathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_muchilot_Bhagavathi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_muchilot_Bhagavathi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Muchilotu Bhagavathi <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/karivellur_muchilottukavu.htm">http://www.thekeralatemples.com/templeinfo/bhagavathy/karivellur_muchilottukavu.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/campus-reporter/2019/01/09/sree-muthappan-theyyam-devotees-festival.html">"Muthappan devotees gather for festivities"</a>. City: Thiruvananthapuram. <i>Manorama News</i>. TNN. 9 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manorama+News&rft.atitle=Muthappan+devotees+gather+for+festivities&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.manoramaonline.com%2Fnews%2Fcampus-reporter%2F2019%2F01%2F09%2Fsree-muthappan-theyyam-devotees-festival.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/current-affairs/290819/kannur-sophisticated-theyyam-museum-coming-up.html">"Kannur: Sophisticated Theyyam museum coming up"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Kannur%3A+Sophisticated+Theyyam+museum+coming+up&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Famp%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F290819%2Fkannur-sophisticated-theyyam-museum-coming-up.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Theyyam-museum-sought-at-Chandappura/article14552659.ece/amp/">"Theyyam museum sought at Chandappura"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Theyyam+museum+sought+at+Chandappura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2FTheyyam-museum-sought-at-Chandappura%2Farticle14552659.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mathew, Raisun & Pandya, Digvijay. "Carnivalesque, Liminality and Social Drama: Characterising the Anti-Structural Potential of Theyyam." <i>Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities</i>, vol. 13, no. 3, 2021, pp. 1–11, DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n3.28">https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v13n3.28</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillius2006" class="citation book cs1">Killius, Rolf (2006). <i>Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala</i>. New Delhi: BR Rhythms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88827-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88827-07-7"><bdi>978-81-88827-07-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+Music+and+Hindu+Rituals+of+Kerala&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=BR+Rhythms&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-88827-07-7&rft.aulast=Killius&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurup1986" class="citation book cs1">Kurup, KKN (March 1986). <i>Theyyam – A Ritual Dance of Kerala</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>: Director of Public Relations, Government of Kerala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theyyam+%E2%80%93+A+Ritual+Dance+of+Kerala&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pub=Director+of+Public+Relations%2C+Government+of+Kerala&rft.date=1986-03&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=KKN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty2000" class="citation journal cs1">Daugherty, Diane (Autumn 2000). "Fifty Years on: Arts Funding in Kerala Today". <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fatj.2000.0013">10.1353/atj.2000.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124491">1124491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162293041">162293041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+on%3A+Arts+Funding+in+Kerala+Today&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162293041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1124491%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2000.0013&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1999" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, J. R. (May 1999). "Gods, Groves and the Culture of Nature in Kerala". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x99003261">10.1017/s0026749x99003261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313169">313169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145145703">145145703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Gods%2C+Groves+and+the+Culture+of+Nature+in+Kerala&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145145703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F313169%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x99003261&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nambiar, Balan (1981). "Gods and Ghosts – Theyyam and Bhuta rituals". Doshi, Saryu (ed) <i>The performing Arts</i>, Marg Volume 34, Issues 3–4, Bombay, 1981, pp 62–73</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1979" class="citation journal cs1">Ashley, Wayne (June 1979). "The Theyyam Kettu of Northern Kerala". <i>The Drama Review: TDR</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1145219">10.2307/1145219</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145219">1145219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drama+Review%3A+TDR&rft.atitle=The+Theyyam+Kettu+of+Northern+Kerala&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1979-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1145219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1145219%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi (ed) <i>THEYYAM (a symposium)</i>, Lumiere Printing Works, Trichur, 1978</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignca.nic.in/ethno_body.htm">"Ethnographic collection"</a>. <i>Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts</i>. IGNCA, Delhi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Ethnographic+collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fignca.nic.in%2Fethno_body.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span> New Delhi has a collection of 1800 slides with research notes by <a href="/wiki/Balan_Nambiar" title="Balan Nambiar">Balan Nambiar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theyyam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theyyam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theyyam">Theyyam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theyyakkolam.com/"><i>Theyyakkolam</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theyyakkolam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheyyakkolam.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span>: A complete theyyam website | Theyyam in Malabar</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/"><i>Theyyam calendar</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theyyam+calendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyyamcalendar.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheyyam" class="Z3988"></span>, including images.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q4ukY3vrp4">A Journey through theyyams</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lostwithpurpose.com/theyyam-in-kerala-india/"><i>A Complete Guide to Theyyam</i></a>, 20 December 2018</cite><span 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Malabar" title="Template:North Malabar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Malabar" title="Template talk:North Malabar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Malabar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North Malabar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Malabar_Region68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district"> Kozhikode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a> <a href="/wiki/Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluk">Taluks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district"> Wayanad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady Taluk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahe_district" title="Mahe district">Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district"> Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district"> Kasaragod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Towns and Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyannur">Payyannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliparamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaliparamba">Thaliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattannur">Mattannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiyadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuttiyadi">Kuttiyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peringome" title="Peringome">Peringome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyoli" title="Payyoli">Payyoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhiyur" title="Azhiyur">Azhiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramala" title="Eramala">Orkkateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppayur" title="Meppayur">Meppayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellikulangara" title="Vellikulangara">Vellikulangara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkad" title="Edakkad">Edakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mahe" title="New Mahe">New Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi" title="Pinarayi">Pinarayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambaram,_Kannur" title="Mambaram, Kannur">Mambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellamunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellamunda">Vellamunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirunelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirunelli">Thirunelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Edavaka">Edavaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavinjal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thavinjal">Thavinjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_(Malabar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottayam (Malabar)">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhayangadi" title="Pazhayangadi">Pazhayangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikarpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikarpur">Trikarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeswaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjeswaram">Manjeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannapuram" title="Kannapuram">Kannapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazha" title="Morazha">Morazha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroli" title="Aroli">Aroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattuvam" title="Pattuvam">Pattuvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherupuzha_(Kannur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherupuzha (Kannur)">Cherupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode,_Kannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Azhikode, Kannur">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattool" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattool">Mattool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_of_interest_in_North_Malabar39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Places_of_interest_in_North_Malabar" title="Template:Places of interest in North Malabar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Places_of_interest_in_North_Malabar" title="Template talk:Places of interest in North Malabar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Places_of_interest_in_North_Malabar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Places of interest in North Malabar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_of_interest_in_North_Malabar39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places of interest in <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Velliyamkallu: Associated with the valiant Kunhali Marakkar at <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li>Sand Banks: Where the Kotakal river reaches the sea at <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li>Silent Beach: South of Sand Banks is Silent Beach at <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li>Azhiyoor <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li>Palloor <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li>Panthakkal <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li>Poozhithala <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li>Mahe Beach <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li>Mayyazhi Puzhayoram <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li>Pakshi Pathalam Thirunelli <a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li>Pookkottu Thadakam (Lake) <a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li>Tellichery Fort <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li>Muzhappilangadu Drive-in Beach on <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> Road</li> <li>Payyambalam Beach <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li>St. Angelo Fort <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li>Meenkunnu Beach <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li>Valapattanam <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li>Pazhassi Dam <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li>The thuruths (small islands in the river) of <a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li>The small hills of <a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li>Azheekkal ferry and beach <a href="/wiki/Azhikode,_Kannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Azhikode, Kannur">Azhikode</a></li> <li>Ezhimala beach <a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyannur</a></li> <li>Kotti <a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyannur</a></li> <li>Ayyankunnu <a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li>Paithal Mala <a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Thaliparamba</a></li> <li>Snake Park <a href="/wiki/Parassinikkadavu" title="Parassinikkadavu">Parassinikkadavu</a></li> <li>Vismaya, the water theme park <a href="/wiki/Parassinikkadavu" title="Parassinikkadavu">Parassinikkadavu</a></li> <li>Valiyaparamba island <a href="/wiki/Trikarpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikarpur">Trikaripur</a></li> <li>Ranipuram <a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li>Bekal Fort <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod Town">Kasaragod</a></li> <li>Chandragiri Fort <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod Town">Kasaragod</a></li> <li>Ananthapuram Lake <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod Town">Kasaragod</a></li> <li>Kanwatheertha Beach Resort <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaragod Town">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchampeedika,_Kannur" title="Anchampeedika, Kannur">Anchampeedika, Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Kerala651" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Kerala" title="Template:Culture of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Culture of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Kerala651" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture of Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts Promotion Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Lalitakala_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala Lalitakala Academy">Kerala Lalitakala Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Sangeetha_Nataka_Akademi" title="Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi">Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Folklore_Academy" title="Kerala Folklore Academy">Kerala Folklore Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_Koothu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakyar Koothu">Chakyar Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Natanam" title="Kerala Natanam">Kerala Natanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangiar_Koothu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangiar Koothu">Nangiar Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottamthullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottamthullal">Ottamthullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parayan_thullal" class="mw-redirect" title="Parayan thullal">Parayan thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheethankan_Thullal" title="Sheethankan Thullal">Sheethankan Thullal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kshetram_vadyam" title="Kshetram vadyam">Kshetram vadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhal_Pattu" title="Kuzhal Pattu">Kuzhal Pattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila_Paattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila Paattu">Mappila Paattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchari_melam" title="Panchari melam">Panchari melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavadyam" title="Panchavadyam">Panchavadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandi_Melam" title="Pandi Melam">Pandi Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisha_Vadyam" title="Parisha Vadyam">Parisha Vadyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulluvan_Paattu" title="Pulluvan Paattu">Pulluvan Paattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopanam">Sopanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayambaka" title="Thayambaka">Thayambaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Aravana">Arabana muttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadupinnikkali" title="Charadupinnikkali">Charadupinnikkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavittu_Nadakam" title="Chavittu Nadakam">Chavittu Nadakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chozhikali" title="Chozhikali">Chozhikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Muttu" class="mw-redirect" title="Duff Muttu">Duff Muttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruthukali" title="Eruthukali">Eruthukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhika" title="Gadhika">Gadhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudan_Thookkam" title="Garudan Thookkam">Garudan Thookkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam_Thullal" title="Kolam Thullal">Kolam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkali" title="Kolkali">Kolkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothammuriyattam" title="Kothammuriyattam">Kothammuriyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummattikali" title="Kummattikali">Kummattikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthiyottam" title="Kuthiyottam">Kuthiyottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapulayattam" title="Malapulayattam">Malapulayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavazhiyattam" title="Malavazhiyattam">Malavazhiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayikuthu" title="Malayikuthu">Malayikuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalamkali" title="Mangalamkali">Mangalamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathukali" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathukali">Marathukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margam_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Margam Kali">Margam Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiyett" title="Mudiyett">Mudiyett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayadikali" title="Nayadikali">Nayadikali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parichamuttukali" title="Parichamuttukali">Parichamuttukali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poorakkali" title="Poorakkali">Poorakkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poothan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poothan">Poothan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poothamkali" title="Poothamkali">Poothamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpam_Thullal" title="Sarpam Thullal">Sarpam Thullal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slama_Carol" title="Slama Carol">Slamakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thacholikali" title="Thacholikali">Thacholikali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyannam" title="Theyyannam">Theyyannam</a></li> <li>Thiriyuzhichil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiyyattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyyattu">Thiyyattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholpavakoothu" title="Tholpavakoothu">Tholpavakoothu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fine arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_mural_painting" title="Kerala mural painting">Kerala mural painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aanayoottu" title="Aanayoottu">Aanayoottu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaraattu" title="Aaraattu">Aaraattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva_Sivarathri_festival" title="Aluva Sivarathri festival">Aluva Sivarathri festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arattupuzha_Pooram" title="Arattupuzha Pooram">Arattupuzha Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkunni_Uthram_Vilakku" title="Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku">Edakkunni Uthram Vilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharvanpattu" title="Gandharvanpattu">Gandharvanpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilanjithara_Melam" title="Ilanjithara Melam">Ilanjithara Melam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadavallur_Anyonyam" title="Kadavallur Anyonyam">Kadavallur Anyonyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarkali" title="Kanyarkali">Kanyarkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karivela" title="Karivela">Karivela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keralotsavam" title="Keralotsavam">Keralotsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Pooram" title="Kollam Pooram">Kollam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_pooram" title="Kottakkal pooram">Kottakkal pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottankulangara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottankulangara Festival">Kottankulangara Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machad_Mamangam" title="Machad Mamangam">Machad Mamangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaravilakku" title="Makaravilakku">Makaravilakku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalukulangara_Pooram" title="Nalukulangara Pooram">Nalukulangara Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpathi_Ratholsavam" title="Kalpathi Ratholsavam">Kalpathi Ratholsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenmara_Vallanghy_Vela" title="Nenmara Vallanghy Vela">Nenmara Vallanghy Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onathallu_or_Avittathallu" class="mw-redirect" title="Onathallu or Avittathallu">Onathallu or Avittathallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam_Pooram" title="Peruvanam Pooram">Peruvanam Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattamangalam_Kuthira_Vela" title="Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela">Tattamangalam Kuthira Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumandhamkunnu_Pooram" title="Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram">Thirumandhamkunnu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvathira" title="Thiruvathira">Thiruvathira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthralikavu_Pooram" title="Uthralikavu Pooram">Uthralikavu Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velakali" title="Velakali">Velakali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenda" title="Chenda">Chenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idakka" title="Idakka">Idakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu_(instrument)" title="Kombu (instrument)">Kombu (instrument)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizhavu" title="Mizhavu">Mizhavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timila" title="Timila">Timila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarpa_Kavu" title="Sarpa Kavu">Sarpa Kavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharavad" title="Tharavad">Tharavad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance_in_India" title="Template talk:Dance in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance_in_India187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Dance in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perini_Sivatandavam" title="Perini Sivatandavam">Perini Sivatandavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai_Attam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parai Attam">Parai Attam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranatyam" title="Veeranatyam">Veeranatyam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deknni" title="Deknni">Deknni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divine forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasya" title="Lasya">Lasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">Folk</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baagh_Naach" class="mw-redirect" title="Baagh Naach">Baagh Naach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Chham" title="Bardo Chham">Bardo Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardwi_Sikhla" title="Bardwi Sikhla">Bardwi Sikhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedara_Vesha" title="Bedara Vesha">Bedara Vesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bommalattam" title="Bommalattam">Bommalattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_dance" title="Chang dance">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Lo" title="Chang Lo">Chang Lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraw_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheraw dance">Cheraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chheih_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chheih Lam">Chheih Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chholiya" title="Chholiya">Chholiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corridinho" title="Corridinho">Corridinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalo" title="Dhalo">Dhalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunuchi_Nritya" title="Dhunuchi Nritya">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollu_Kunitha" title="Dollu Kunitha">Dollu Kunitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domni" title="Domni">Domni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumhal" title="Dumhal">Dumhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugdi" title="Fugdi">Fugdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garadi" title="Garadi">Garadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">Garba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoomar" title="Ghoomar">Ghoomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumura_dance" title="Ghumura dance">Ghumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grida_dance" title="Grida dance">Grida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojagiri">Hojagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulivesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulivesha">Hulivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhijhiya" title="Jhijhiya">Jhijhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumar" title="Jhumar">Jhumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachchhi_Ghodi_dance" title="Kachchhi Ghodi dance">Kachhi Ghodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Naach" title="Karma Naach">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisabadi" title="Keisabadi">Keisabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khual_Lam" title="Khual Lam">Khual Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkli" title="Kikkli">Kikkli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolattam" title="Kolattam">Kolattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummi" title="Kummi">Kummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahasua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahasua">Lahasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezim" title="Lezim">Lezim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maach" title="Maach">Maach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_Giddha" title="Malwai Giddha">Malwai Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardana_Jhumair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardana Jhumair">Mardana Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matki_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Matki Dance">Matki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayilattam" title="Mayilattam">Mayilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoll" title="Mussoll">Mussoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacn%C4%AB" title="Nacnī">Nacnī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nati_(dance)" title="Nati (dance)">Nati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paampu_attam" title="Paampu attam">Paampattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavri_Nach" title="Pavri Nach">Pavri Nach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulpati_dance" title="Phulpati dance">Phulpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Poikkal Kuthiraiattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyattam" title="Puliyattam">Puliyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raut_Nacha" title="Raut Nacha">Raut Nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saang" title="Saang">Saang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhi_Chham" title="Singhi Chham">Singhi Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertali" title="Tertali">Tertali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thitambu_Nritham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thitambu Nritham">Thitambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippani" title="Tippani">Tippani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema#Song_and_dance" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema song and dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_dance_music" title="Hindi dance music">Hindi dance songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">Nautch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(dance)" title="List of mudras (dance)">Mudras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dances_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_forms_of_Odisha" title="Folk dance forms of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Tripura" title="Dances of Tripura">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a 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