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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish priest and writer (1844–1916)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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.hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A1_y_Salvany" class="extiw" title="es:Félix Sardá y Salvany">the corresponding article</a> in Spanish</b>.  <i><small>(June 2014)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FF%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A1_y_Salvany&sl=es&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Félix Sardá y Salvany]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|es|Félix Sardá y Salvany}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Talk:Félix Sardà y Salvany">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A1_Salvany.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A1_Salvany.png/220px-F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A1_Salvany.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Israeli/Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias" class="mw-redirect" title="Josias">Josias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin 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href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Félix Sardà y Salvany</b> (Catalan Feliu or Fèlix Sardà i Salvany; May 21, 1844 – January 2, 1916) was a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> priest and writer born in <a href="/wiki/Sabadell" title="Sabadell">Sabadell</a>. He exercised an <a href="/wiki/Apostolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolates">apostolate</a> of charity and of the written word.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Mattei" title="Roberto de Mattei">Roberto de Mattei</a> reports that Salvany "was a popular priest in Spain at the end of the century and was considered exemplary for the firmness of his principles and the clarity of his apostolate."<sup id="cite_ref-Mattei_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattei-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revista_popular">Revista popular</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Revista popular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For over forty years, he was the editor of the journal <i>La Revista Popular</i>, a weekly publication where all the current issues were discussed in light of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>. From 1907 and until 1914, he published a series of twelve volumes entitled Progaganda católica: it is a vast collection of short books, <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a>, articles and conferences. Sardà made use of his journal to publish a tirade of nine <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> pieces, <i>La judiada</i> ("the jewry"),<sup id="cite_ref-achillida_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achillida-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing Jews as "a moth gnawing at the log of Christian people" coming out openly to destroy Christianism by using a plan based on <i>masonismo</i>; in the view of Sardà, the understanding of <i>masonismo</i> should not be restricted to Freemasonry proper, but to liberalism in general.<sup id="cite_ref-achillida_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-achillida-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish bibliography of reference, Encyclopedia of Orientation bibliografica, says that Don Sardà exercised an "apostolate of immense efficiency and resonance". He is also the author of a book on the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a>, which was a great success and was reprinted until the late 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrism">Integrism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Integrism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feliu_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Feliu_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany.jpg/220px-Feliu_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Feliu_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany.jpg/330px-Feliu_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Feliu_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany.jpg/440px-Feliu_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption>Félix Sardà y Salvany</figcaption></figure> <p>Salvany is most famous for his works against Liberalism (the ideas of personal autonomy and the separation of Church and State advocated by the Enlightenment). Salvany was among those that held liberals were not Catholic, and was called by his detractors as one of the "rigid ideologues" in this era of Spanish history.<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He condemned secularism and liberalism "as a sin and a poisonous sect for espousing 'the absolute sovereignty of the individual completely independent of God and of His authority; sovereignty of society absolutely independent of anything beyond itself; ...freedom of thought with no limitation whatsoever politically, morally, or religiously. ...[a condition that denied] the need for divine revelation.' ...[and resulted in a state] worse 'than being a blasphemer, thief, adulterer or murderer.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salvany held that Liberalism was a grave sin that needed to be combated, developing the thought of Pope Pius IX he wrote "It must be said that liberalism in the idea is the absolute error, and in facts the absolute disorder. As a consequence, in both cases, it is a grave sin through its own nature <i>ex genere suo</i>, and extremely grave sin, a mortal sin."<sup id="cite_ref-Mattei_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattei-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salvany's writing against Liberalism rose to notability after the liberal <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Revolution of 1868</a> had led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a> with its promise and disappointments. This republican form of government in turn had fallen to a military coup led by <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón</a> that returned the Spanish monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Bourbon Restoration of 1874</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGHH.18.91.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/TGHH.18.91.JPG/200px-TGHH.18.91.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/TGHH.18.91.JPG/300px-TGHH.18.91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/TGHH.18.91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Sardà y Salvany, 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic Church during the interregnum of 1868-1874 had many of its privileges removed along with its status as the official religion of Spain. The movement to disestablish Catholicism from a place of governmental privilege was especially intense during 1873 when the Spanish Republic embraced the concept of separation between Church and State and moved to have a secular state. With the return of the Bourbons, Catholicism was returned to its previous status of having governmental endorsement and its accompanying privileges over all other faiths and creeds. Article 11 of the Constitution of 1876 reaffirmed Catholicism as the official religion of the state, extending toleration to other creeds as long as all their speech and activities was done solely in private. (The move towards secularism would not begin again until the Second Republic in the early 1930s.)<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the civilian radicals who had supported the Revolution of 1868 were not just anticlerical but anti-religious which historian Noel Valis points to as "a sign of a growing alienation from the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valis also points to the work of amateur sociologist Hugh James Rose, who was a Protestant chaplain to English, French and German mining companies in the Spanish mining city of <a href="/wiki/Linares,_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Linares, Jaén">Linares, Jaén</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose collected anecdotes from the Spanish population on their views of religion which he included in the chapter "Decay of Faith in Spain" in his 1875 book <i>Untrodden Spain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose concluded that "The Church of Spain... is an institution which has lost its hold on the masses, both educated and uneducated."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose also stated that he observed in the Spanish a "sense of spiritual drift, of having come unanchored from their religious moorings."<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recorded an increase of not only atheists and free thinkers but also a rise in the religiously indifferent and a decline of attendance at Catholic religious services. One literary man told Rose that he no longer believed in "the ceremonies or the rites of my Church; I pray to God at home"<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_1875,_p._235_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose_1875,_p._235-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that he has not publicly "renounced that credo; it is more convenient not to have an open rupture".<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_1875,_p._235_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose_1875,_p._235-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888 another observer found similar things as Rose stating that the educated classes "have lost their old belief, and have not found a new one."<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church itself had been calling for a spiritual revival in Spain since the 1700s feeling that there was a presence of "spiritual decay".<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Spanish society was still religious, the question of what it meant to be Catholic in Spain, or who was a Catholic were being raised by the population and this led to a sense that the Church's authority and the foundations of its faith were being undermined. </p><p>Salvany, following the line of thought of Pius IX's 1864 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus of Errors</a></i> was among those who denounced secularism and blasted the liberals, maintaining that they were not Catholics. Those like Salvany who wanted a closer relationship between the Church and State were termed <a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrists</a> and held that liberalism denied "the need for divine revelation."<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though vocal the Integrists remained a distinct minority within the Spanish Church. The Integrists opposed the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Antonio Cánovas del Castillo</a> despite him having been a conservative who had opposed freedom of religion and letting the lower classes have a vote or voice in government. It was Canovas attempts to find a middle way (a "conservative liberalism") that upset the Integrists.<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canovas had been the principal author of the 1876 Constitution and the Integrists took particular exception to its much-debated article 11 that granted toleration to religious minorities. Other figures opposed by the Integrists also tried to find a middle-path between conservatives and liberalism these include Alejandro Pidal, Manuel Durán y Bas, Josep Coll i Vehí, and Juan Mane y Flaquer.<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Integrists, motivated by a desire to prevent the introduction of temporal things into the spiritual, also found opposition within the Spanish Catholic clergy on "how to reconcile faith with historical change, with modernity."<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_Page_of_El_liberalismo_es_pecado,_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Title_Page_of_El_liberalismo_es_pecado%2C_1887.jpg/200px-Title_Page_of_El_liberalismo_es_pecado%2C_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Title_Page_of_El_liberalismo_es_pecado%2C_1887.jpg/300px-Title_Page_of_El_liberalismo_es_pecado%2C_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Title_Page_of_El_liberalismo_es_pecado%2C_1887.jpg/400px-Title_Page_of_El_liberalismo_es_pecado%2C_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption>Title Page of the sixth edition of <i>El liberalismo es pecado</i>, 1887.</figcaption></figure> <p>The critics of the Integrists and Salvany's journals and printed editorials questioned their use of mass-marketing techniques and the new freedom of the press and speech to spread their message (rather than relying on authority and traditional methods of communication) – this was seen as participating "in the very modernity they found so objectionable."<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salvany also opted to try and combat liberalism in 1884 by calling for the founding of a Catholic political party (which again seemed to participate in the thing he was fighting against). He presented the call for a Catholic political party "as part of a national crusade, referring to Spain as 'the land of the eternal crusade.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Valis_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism_is_a_Sin"><i>Liberalism is a Sin</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liberalism is a Sin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salvany's most famous work was the 1884 book <i>El liberalismo es pecado</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">Liberalism is a Sin</a>"). The book has been reprinted multiple times; by 1960 a 20th edition came out in Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Centenario del Dr. Félix Sardá y Salvany, Barcelona, 1944</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattei-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattei_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_de_Mattei2004" class="citation book cs1">Roberto de Mattei (2004). <i>Pius IX</i>. Translated by John Laughland. Herefordsire, GB: Gracewing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pius+IX&rft.place=Herefordsire%2C+GB&rft.pub=Gracewing&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Roberto+de+Mattei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9lix+Sard%C3%A0+y+Salvany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-achillida-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-achillida_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-achillida_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez_Chillida2002" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez Chillida, Gonzalo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQ6DtgqAaDQC&pg=PA195"><i>El antisemitismo en España: la imagen del judío, 1812-2002</i></a>. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-95379-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-95379-44-9"><bdi>84-95379-44-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+antisemitismo+en+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+la+imagen+del+jud%C3%ADo%2C+1812-2002&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons+Historia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=84-95379-44-9&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez+Chillida&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQ6DtgqAaDQC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9lix+Sard%C3%A0+y+Salvany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valis_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel_Valis2010" class="citation book cs1">Noel Valis (2010). <i>Sacred Realism: Religion and the Imagination in Modern Spanish Narrative</i>. Ann Arbor, MI: Sheridan Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Realism%3A+Religion+and+the+Imagination+in+Modern+Spanish+Narrative&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pub=Sheridan+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Noel+Valis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9lix+Sard%C3%A0+y+Salvany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, Hugh James (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/untroddenspaina05rosegoog#page/n248/mode/2up">"Decay of Faith in Spain."</a> In: <i>Untrodden Spain</i>, Vol. 1. London: Samuel Tinsley, pp. 224–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose (1875), pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose_1875,_p._235-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_1875,_p._235_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_1875,_p._235_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose (1875), p. 235.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moliner Prada, Antonio (2000). <i>Fèlix Sardà i Salvany y el Integrismo en la Restauración</i>. Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.</li> <li>Schumacher, John N. (1962). "Integrism: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Spanish Politico-Religious Thought," <i>The Catholic Historical Review,</i> Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 343–364.</li> <li>Vila i Vicente, Santi (2001). "Félix Sardà y Salvany, Paradigma de una Iglesia Reaccionaria y a un Tiempo Innovadora," <i>Ayer,</i> No. 44, pp. 197–226.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:F%C3%A8lix_Sard%C3%A0_i_Salvany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fèlix Sardà i Salvany">Fèlix Sardà i Salvany</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisliberalis00pallgoog">What is liberalism?</a> translation by <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen" title="Condé Benoist Pallen">Condé Benoist Pallen</a> on <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberalismisasin.com">Liberalism is a sin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Salvany%2C%20Félix%20Sardà%20y%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Félix%20Sardà%20y%20Salvany%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Salvany%2C%20Félix%20Sardà%20y%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Félix%20Sardà%20y%20Salvany%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Salvany%2C%20F%2E%20S%2E%20y%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Félix%20Sardà%20y%20Salvany%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Félix%20Sardà%20y%20Salvany%22%20OR%20%28F%2Alix+Sard%2A+y+Salvany%29%29%20OR%20%28%221841-1916%22%20AND%20Salvany%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Félix Sardà y Salvany</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Sard%C3%A1%20y%20Salvany,%20F%C3%A9lix,%201844-1916.%22&type=author&inst=">Works by Félix Sardà y Salvany</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hathi_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathi Trust">Hathi Trust</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116311311">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44305108">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/38316/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqvXXRDgGb8KQt3RhCCwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122991613">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79071232">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923702m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923702m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sardá y Salvany, Félix"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV212910">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an56964239">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sardà y Salvany, Félix"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0302969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1268257">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/771143">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p089563220">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810702489305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/38873">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270948105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518438706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03659426?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/122991613">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027122778">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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