CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Home economics - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"59c40e24-e52c-4035-adef-01ccb6a08bd1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Home_economics","wgTitle":"Home economics","wgCurRevisionId":1272901900,"wgRevisionId":1272901900,"wgArticleId":50649,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021", "Articles containing Indonesian-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021","Home economics","Applied sciences","Domestic life","Euthenics","Family economics","Home","Life skills"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Home_economics","wgRelevantArticleId":50649,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q425694","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"} ;RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Home_ec_mary_norris_seattle.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1543"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Home_ec_mary_norris_seattle.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1029"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="823"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Home economics - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_economics"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_economics"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Home_economics rootpage-Home_economics skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Home+economics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Home+economics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Home+economics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Home+economics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.1</span> <span>Nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.2</span> <span>Twentieth century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.3</span> <span>Twenty-first century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Home economics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اقتصاد منزلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد منزلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_dom%C3%A8stica" title="Economia domèstica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia domèstica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economeg_y_cartref" title="Economeg y cartref – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Economeg y cartref" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjemkundskab" title="Hjemkundskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjemkundskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haushaltswissenschaft" title="Haushaltswissenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haushaltswissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodundus" title="Kodundus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kodundus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_dom%C3%A9stica" title="Economía doméstica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía doméstica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejma_ekonomio" title="Hejma ekonomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hejma ekonomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etxeko_ekonomia" title="Etxeko ekonomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etxeko ekonomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="اقتصاد خانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد خانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_m%C3%A9nagers" title="Arts ménagers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arts ménagers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%A0%95%ED%95%99" title="가정학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가정학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տնային տնտեսագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տնային տնտեսագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="गृह विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गृह विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_rumah_tangga" title="Ekonomi rumah tangga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekonomi rumah tangga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_domestica" title="Economia domestica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia domestica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כלכלת בית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלת בית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಗೃಹವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೃಹವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_domestega" title="Economia domestega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Economia domestega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huishoudkunde" title="Huishoudkunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huishoudkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="家政学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="家政学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_og_helse" title="Mat og helse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mat og helse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_og_helse" title="Mat og helse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mat og helse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گھریلو معاشیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گھریلو معاشیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_dom%C3%A9stica" title="Economia doméstica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia doméstica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huushollenge" title="Huushollenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Huushollenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Home economics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotitalous_(oppiaine)" title="Kotitalous (oppiaine) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kotitalous (oppiaine)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hem-_och_konsumentkunskap_i_Sverige" title="Hem- och konsumentkunskap i Sverige – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hem- och konsumentkunskap i Sverige" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamilya_at_agham_pangkonsumo" title="Pamilya at agham pangkonsumo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamilya at agham pangkonsumo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மனையியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Житлова економіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Житлова економіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="گھریلو معاشیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گھریلو معاشیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syensya_han_pamilya_ngan_tagkonsumo" title="Syensya han pamilya ngan tagkonsumo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syensya han pamilya ngan tagkonsumo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%B8" title="家政學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="家政學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="家政学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="家政学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q425694#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Home_economics" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Home_economics"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Home_economics"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Home_economics" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Home_economics" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&oldid=1272901900" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Home_economics&id=1272901900&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHome_economics"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHome_economics"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Home_economics&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Family_and_consumer_science" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q425694" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of household management</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Home_Economics_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Home Economics (disambiguation)">Home Economics (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_ec_mary_norris_seattle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Home_ec_mary_norris_seattle.gif/220px-Home_ec_mary_norris_seattle.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Home_ec_mary_norris_seattle.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A Home Economics instructor giving a demonstration, Seattle, 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RSWittgensteinLehrk%C3%BCchev1985unbek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/RSWittgensteinLehrk%C3%BCchev1985unbek.jpg/220px-RSWittgensteinLehrk%C3%BCchev1985unbek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/RSWittgensteinLehrk%C3%BCchev1985unbek.jpg/330px-RSWittgensteinLehrk%C3%BCchev1985unbek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/RSWittgensteinLehrk%C3%BCchev1985unbek.jpg/440px-RSWittgensteinLehrk%C3%BCchev1985unbek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A training class 1985 at Wittgenstein <a href="/wiki/Reifenstein_schools" title="Reifenstein schools">Reifenstein schools</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Home economics</b>, also called <b>domestic science</b> or <b>family and consumer sciences</b> (often shortened to <b>FCS</b> or <b>FACS</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a subject concerning human development, personal and family finances, consumer issues, housing and interior design, nutrition and food preparation, as well as textiles and apparel.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although historically mostly taught in secondary school or high school, dedicated home economics courses are much less common today. </p><p>Home economics courses are offered around the world and across multiple educational levels. Historically, the purpose of these courses was to professionalize housework, to provide intellectual fulfillment for women, to emphasize the value of "women's work" in society, and to prepare them for the traditional roles of sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family and consumer sciences are taught as an elective or required course in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a> course in institutions, and at the <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> level.   </p><p>Beginning in Scotland in the 1850s, it was a woman-dominated course, teaching women to be homemakers with sewing being the lead skill. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Family_and_Consumer_Sciences" title="American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences">The American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences</a> at the beginning of the 20th century saw Americans desiring youth to learn vocational skills as well. Politics played a role in home economics education, and it wasn't until later in the century that the course shifted from being woman-dominated to now required for both sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>Now family and consumer science have been included in the broader subject of Career Technical Education, a program that teaches skilled trades, applied sciences, modern technologies, and career preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the widening of the subject matter over the past century, there has been a major decline in home economics courses offered by educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_High_School_students.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/State_High_School_students.jpg/220px-State_High_School_students.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/State_High_School_students.jpg/330px-State_High_School_students.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/State_High_School_students.jpg/440px-State_High_School_students.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A group of students studying home science theory at <a href="/wiki/Newmarket_State_High_School" title="Newmarket State High School">Newmarket State High School</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Family and consumer sciences were previously known in the United States as home economics, often abbreviated as "home ec" or "HE". In 1994, various organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Family_and_Consumer_Sciences" title="American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences">American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences</a>, adopted the new term "Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS)" to reflect the fact that the field covers aspects outside of home life and wellness.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FCS is taught worldwide, as an elective or a required course in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>, and in many tertiary and <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a> institutions. Sometimes it is also taught in <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>. International cooperation in the field is coordinated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_for_Home_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation for Home Economics (page does not exist)">International Federation for Home Economics</a>, established in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These programs have been called human sciences, home science, domestic economy, and the domestic arts, the domestic sciences, or the domestic arts and sciences, and may still be referred to as such depending on the academic institution.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home economics has a strong historic relationship to the field of <a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">human ecology</a>, and since the 1960s a number of university-level home economics programs have been renamed "human ecology" programs, including <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_College_of_Human_Ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University College of Human Ecology">Cornell University's program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internationally, Home Economics education is coordinated by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_for_Home_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation for Home Economics (page does not exist)">International Federation for Home Economics</a> (Fédération internationale pour l'économie familiale).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Canadian_home_economics_class_learning_cooking_skills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/A_Canadian_home_economics_class_learning_cooking_skills.jpg/220px-A_Canadian_home_economics_class_learning_cooking_skills.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/A_Canadian_home_economics_class_learning_cooking_skills.jpg/330px-A_Canadian_home_economics_class_learning_cooking_skills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/A_Canadian_home_economics_class_learning_cooking_skills.jpg/440px-A_Canadian_home_economics_class_learning_cooking_skills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5274" data-file-height="5322" /></a><figcaption>Home economics class in Ottawa, Canada, 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>In the majority of elementary (K-6) and public (K-8) schools in Canada, home economics is not taught. General health education is provided as part of a <a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">physical education</a> class. In high schools or secondary schools, there is no specific home economics course, but students may choose related courses to take, such as Family Studies, Food and Nutrition, or Health and Safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finland has a 110 year history in home economics teacher education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Household economics and nutrition have been taught at university level since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland has made home economics a required course for boys and girls. When at university, home economics courses fall under categories of the culture and education of nutrition and food, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">consumer education</a>, environmental education, and family education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finnish National Core Curriculum for Basic Education in 2014 also states to reach sustainable development, home economics must be one of the key elements throughout curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg/220px-RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg/330px-RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg/440px-RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Gardening in Ofleiden, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1880 and 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Reifenstein_schools" title="Reifenstein schools">Reifenstein schools</a> concept was initiated by Ida von Kortzfleisch, a Prussian noble woman and early German feminist. Reifenstein refers to Reifenstein im Eichsfeld, a municipality in Thuringia and site of the first permanent school. Reifensteiner Verband comprised from 1897 till 1990 about 15 own schools and cooperated with further operators. About 40 wirtschaftliche Frauenschulen, <a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">rural economist</a> women schools were connected to the Reifensteiner concept and movement and allowed higher education for women already in the German Kaiserreich.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1913 doctorate of Johannes Kramer compared different concepts of home economic education worldwide and praised the system e.g. in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, home economics are taught as an optional course in lower- and mid-level secondary schools (Haupt- und Realschule). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many education boards in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> such as <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">NIOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">ICSE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CISCE" class="mw-redirect" title="CISCE">CISCE</a> and various state boards offer home science as a subject in their courses, sometimes called Human Ecology and Family Sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Home economics are known in Indonesia as <b>Family Training and Welfare</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembinaan_Kesejahteraan_Keluarga" class="extiw" title="id:Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga">Pembinaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga</a>, <b>PKK</b></i>). It is rooted on a 1957 conference on home economics held in <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>; it became state policy in 1972.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new books are Family management and planning lifestyle for girls in secondary high schools and a similar book for boys just as well.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Home economics was taught to girls in the junior cycle of secondary school in the 20th century. It was added to the senior cycle <a href="/wiki/Leaving_Certificate_(Ireland)" title="Leaving Certificate (Ireland)">Leaving Certificate</a> in 1971, at a time when elimination of school fees was increasing participation. In subsequent decades new co-educational <a href="/wiki/Community_school_(Ireland)" title="Community school (Ireland)">community schools</a> saw more boys studying the subject. Increased <a href="/wiki/Third-level_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Third-level education in the Republic of Ireland">third-level education</a> participation from the 1990s saw a decline in practical subjects not favoured for third-level entry requirements, including home economics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Percentage of Leaving Cert students sitting the Home Economics exam<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>1971</th> <th>1981</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2016 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Girls % </th> <td>39</td> <td>59</td> <td>50</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Boys % </th> <td>0.2</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>7.3</td> <td>2.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Gobetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Italian Politician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ada_Gobetti.jpg/162px-Ada_Gobetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Ada_Gobetti.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Ada Gobetti (1902–1968)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945, just days before the Liberation of World War II, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Gobetti" title="Ada Gobetti">Ada Gobetti</a> stated, "The most difficult problem will be that of the housewife. It will be one of the most difficult to resolve if one wants to create a new society."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wanted women, family, work, and society to form a new relationship through education and organization of the housewives. Although people were not taught formal classes of home economics, during the 1950s and 1960s home economics manuals had been fully published.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These manuals were compulsory for children to read in school. These manuals focused heavily on how to be a good housewife during a new era of transformation and how to adapt to new behaviors and habits.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting from the <a href="/wiki/Gentile_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentile reform">Gentile reform</a> of 1923, home economics was taught in the lower middle school and in the new unified middle school established in 1963. The name changed to Technical Applications, differentiated into male and female, which was taught until 1977 when it changed to the title of Technical Education, which no longer differed in relation to the sex of the pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Korea, the field is most commonly known as "consumer science" (소비자학, sobija-hak). The field began in schools taught by Western missionaries in the late 19th century. The first college-level department of family science was established at <a href="/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University" title="Ewha Womans University">Ewha Womans University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, Home economics is commonly known as "home- and consumer studies" (<i>hem- och konsumentkunskap</i>). The subject is mandatory from middle years until high school in both public and private schools but is regarded as one of the smallest subjects in the Swedish school system. For many decades, the subject was only called "hemkunskap" and had a strong focus on the traditional common tasks of a home, family and practical cooking and cleaning. After the 2011 Swedish school reform, the curriculum have been restructured with more focus on the topics of health, economy and environment which includes <a href="/wiki/Consumer_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer economics">Consumer economics</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer awareness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1852 <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Hope" title="Louisa Hope">Louisa Hope</a> and others created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Ladies_Association_for_Promoting_Female_Industrial_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scottish Ladies Association for Promoting Female Industrial Education (page does not exist)">Scottish Ladies Association for Promoting Female Industrial Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sisorb_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisorb-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intention was to ensure that females would learn sewing and in time other domestic subjects in separate gender based education.<sup id="cite_ref-power_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church of Scotland had decided in 1849 that it wanted female "schools of industry".<sup id="cite_ref-sisorb_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisorb-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were seen as centres of moral and religious values for families and upper class ladies in the new association saw it as their role to provide it.<sup id="cite_ref-power_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-power-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853 Hope published, <i>The Female Teacher: Ideas Suggestive of Her Qualifications and Duties</i> where she notes that women should be "keepers at home" and men should see to his "labour and his work until the evening". Education of females would elevate the "lower classes" and this was the "aim of the Scottish Ladies Association for Promoting Female Industrial Education".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hope organised a petition of 130 signatures of "principal ladies of Scotland" demanding improved sewing lesson for girls in Scottish schools. The petition was supported by letters sent to newspapers and this was of underestimated influence. By 1861 grants were available to support this objective and in 1870 70% of schools were including sewing in their curriculum according to inspectors.<sup id="cite_ref-sisorb_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisorb-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thereza_Rucker" title="Thereza Rucker">Thereza Charlotte, Lady Rucker</a> (1863 – 1941) was a promoter of household science teaching. She helped establish Domestic Science as a university subject but only at one university in England.<sup id="cite_ref-orb_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orb-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, Home Economics was a <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> qualification offered to secondary school pupils, but since 2015 been replaced with a course entitled Food and Nutrition which focuses more on the nutritional side of food to economics.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, Home Economics was replaced by Hospitality: Practical Cooking at National 3, 4 and 5 level and Health and Food Technology at National 3, 4, 5, Higher and Advanced Higher. The awarding body is the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">SQA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">a series</a> on</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Education in the</small><br />United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Summary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Education in the United States by state or territory">By state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in insular areas of the United States">in insular areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_subject" title="Category:Education in the United States by subject">By subject area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Chicago" title="History of education in Chicago">History of education in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Kentucky" title="History of education in Kentucky">History of education in Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Missouri" title="History of education in Missouri">History of education in Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_York_City" title="History of education in New York City">History of education in New York City</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Curriculum topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_degree" title="Apprenticeship degree">Apprenticeship degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education_in_the_United_States" title="Art education in the United States">Art education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_education_in_the_United_States" title="Civic education in the United States">Civic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_degrees_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing degrees in the United States">Nursing degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental education in the United States">Environmental education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States"><span style="color:white;">Education policy issues</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-tertiary-education_accreditation" title="Pre-tertiary-education accreditation">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education finance in the United States">Financing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Post-secondary issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">Cost and financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment#United_States" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">Student financial aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform##Contemporary_issues_(United_States)" title="Education reform">Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Gender achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_diversity_in_United_States_schools" title="Racial diversity in United States schools">Racial diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">Standards-based reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_in_the_United_States" title="School violence in the United States">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_the_United_States" title="Apprenticeship in the United States">Apprenticeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">School-to-work transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">For-profit higher education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">For-profit colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">Research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(United_States)" title="Community school (United States)">Community school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-service_community_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Full-service community schools in the United States">Full-service community schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Levels of education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Educational organizations based in the United States">Organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/16px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/24px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/32px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template talk:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catharine_Beecher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Catharine_Beecher.jpg/140px-Catharine_Beecher.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Catharine_Beecher.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catharine_Beecher" title="Catharine Beecher">Catharine Beecher</a>, American educator</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the years, <a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">homemaking</a> in the United States has been a foundational piece of the education system, particularly for women. These homemaking courses, called home economics, have had a prevalent presence in secondary and higher education since the 19th century. By definition, home economics is "the art and science of home management", meaning that the discipline incorporates both creative and technical aspects into its teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home economics courses often consist of learning how to cook, how to do taxes, and how to perform child care tasks. In the United States, home economics courses have been a key part of learning the art of taking care of a household.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first to champion the economics of running a home was <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Beecher" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Beecher">Catherine Beecher</a>, sister to <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the nineteenth century, schools have been incorporating home economics courses into their education programs. In its early years, home economics began with the goal of professionalizing domestic labor for women whilst also uplifting the idea of "women's work".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the teaching of home economics courses in higher education greatly increased with the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Acts" title="Morrill Land-Grant Acts">Morrill Act</a> of 1862. Signed by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the Act granted land to each state or territory in America for higher educational programs in vocational arts, specifically mechanical arts, agriculture, and home economics. Such land grants allowed for people of a wider array of social classes to receive better education in important trade skills.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Home economics courses mainly taught students how to cook, sew, garden, and take care of children. The vast majority of these programs were dominated by women.<sup id="cite_ref-plainshumanities.unl.edu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plainshumanities.unl.edu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home economics allowed for women to receive a better education while also preparing them for a life of settling down, doing the chores, and taking care of the children while their husbands became the breadwinners. At this time, homemaking was largely accessible to middle and upper class white women whose families could afford secondary schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-plainshumanities.unl.edu_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plainshumanities.unl.edu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid_Conferences" title="Lake Placid Conferences">Lake Placid Conferences</a> took place. The conferences consisted of a group of educators working together to elevate the discipline to a legitimate profession. Originally, they wanted to call this profession "oekology", the science of right living. However, "home economics" was ultimately chosen as the official term in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-aafcs_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aafcs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first book on home economics was <i>Mrs. Welch's Cookbook</i>, published in 1884 at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beaumont_Welch" title="Mary Beaumont Welch">Mary Beaumont Welch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welch's classes on domestic economy were the first in the nation to give college credit on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Home economics in the United States education system increased in popularity in the early twentieth century. It emerged as a movement to train women to be more efficient household managers. At the same moment, American families began to consume many more goods and services than they produced. To guide women in this transition, professional home economics had two major goals: to teach women to assume their new roles as modern consumers and to communicate homemakers' needs to manufacturers and political leaders. The development of the profession progressed from its origins as an educational movement to its identity as a source of consumer expertise in the interwar period to its virtual disappearance by the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional goal of the field was to "rationalize housework", or lend the social status of a profession to it, based on a theory that housework could be intellectually fulfilling to women engaged in it, along with any emotional or relational benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pioneers of the field included numerous female figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a>, who had profound impacts on the home economics profession.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, Richards founded the American Home Economics Association (now called the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Family_and_Consumer_Sciences" title="American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences">American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-aafcs_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aafcs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1900 to 1917, more than thirty bills discussed in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> dealt with issues of American vocational education and, by association, home economics. Americans wanted more opportunities for their young people to learn vocational skills and to learn valuable home and life skills. However, home economics was still dominated by women and women had little access to other vocational trainings. As stated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Association" title="National Education Association">National Education Association</a> (NEA) on the distribution of males and females in vocations, "one-third of our menfolk are in agriculture, and one-third in non-agricultural productive areas; while two-thirds of our women are in the vocation of homemaking".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_economist_Mary_Norris_with_Girl_Scout,_1966_(49061281787).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Home_economist_Mary_Norris_with_Girl_Scout%2C_1966_%2849061281787%29.jpg/220px-Home_economist_Mary_Norris_with_Girl_Scout%2C_1966_%2849061281787%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Home_economist_Mary_Norris_with_Girl_Scout%2C_1966_%2849061281787%29.jpg/330px-Home_economist_Mary_Norris_with_Girl_Scout%2C_1966_%2849061281787%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Home_economist_Mary_Norris_with_Girl_Scout%2C_1966_%2849061281787%29.jpg/440px-Home_economist_Mary_Norris_with_Girl_Scout%2C_1966_%2849061281787%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Home economist Mary Norris with a Girl Scout, Seattle, Washington, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Practice homes were added to American universities in the early 1900s in order to model a living situation, with the first facility built for home management practice constructed in the early 1920s at North Dakota Agricultural College.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all-women 'team' model used for students was different from prevailing expectations of housewives. For example, women were graded on collaboration, while households at the time assumed that women would be working independently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the practice homes were valued. These practicum courses took place in a variety of environments including single-family homes, apartments, and student dorm-style blocks. For a duration of a number of weeks, students lived together while taking on different roles and responsibilities, such as cooking, cleaning, interior decoration, hosting, and budgeting. Some classes also involved caring for young infants, temporarily adopted from orphanages. Children's service organizations helped supply the babies who were awaiting adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="Practice_babies"></span>At Cornell University, the first practice baby was called Dicky Domecon, named after the phrase "domestic economy". Dicky was borrowed by Cornell in 1920 when he was three weeks old.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practice babies belonged to the students and to the department and were considered central to the proper training and development of home economics students. Many fields of high acuity use simulation to enhance training in complicated situations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Childcare practicums were often included at the same time as other classwork, requiring students to configure their intellectual and home lives as compatible with one another. Home economics programs were using practice babies nationwide, however by 1959 less than one percent of programs still ran full-time operations. The practice was discontinued altogether by the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Megan Elias, "in the ideal, domestic work was as important as work done outside the home and it was performed by teams of equals who rotated roles. Each member of the team was able to live a life outside the home as well as inside the home, ideally, one that both informed her domestic work and was informed by it. This balance between home and the wider world was basic to the movement."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a great need across the United States to continue improving the vocational and homemaking education systems because demand for work was apparent after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in 1914 and 1917, women's groups, political parties, and labor coalitions worked together in order to pass the <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lever_Act_of_1914" title="Smith–Lever Act of 1914">Smith-Lever Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Hughes_Act" title="Smith–Hughes Act">Smith-Hughes Act</a>. The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 and the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 created federal funds for "vocational education agriculture, trades and industry, and homemaking" and created the Office of Home Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this funding, the United States was able to create more homemaking educational courses all across the country. </p><p>Throughout the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State College</a> (later University) was the only program granting a master of science in household equipment. However, this program was centered on the ideals that women should acquire practical skills and a scientifically based understanding of how technology in the household works. For example, women were required to disassemble and then reassemble kitchen machinery so they could understand basic operations and understand how to repair the equipment. In doing so, Iowa State effectively created culturally acceptable forms of physics and engineering for women in an era when these pursuits were not generally accessible to them.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the latter part of the twentieth century, home economics courses became more inclusive. In 1963, Congress passed the Vocational Education Act, which granted funds to vocational education job training.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home economics courses started being taught across the nation to both boys and girls by way of the rise of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>. This movement pushed for gender equality, leading to equality in education. Starting in 1994, home economics courses in the United States began being referred to as "family and consumer sciences" in order to make the class appear more inclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, men and women of all backgrounds could equally learn how to sew, cook, and balance a checkbook.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, "domestic celebrities" rose to stardom. Celebrities, such as <a href="/wiki/Martha_Stewart" title="Martha Stewart">Martha Stewart</a>, created television programs, books, magazines, and websites about homemaking and home economics, which attested to the continued importance of independent experts and commercial mass-media organizations in facilitating technological and cultural change in consumer products and services industries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite many secondary education establishments still referring to these enrichment classes as "home economics", the name was officially changed in 1994 by the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences to "family and consumer sciences" to more accurately represent the profession and field as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As society changed over time, so did the needs of students in these classes. Topics such as nutrition, family finance, and other social justice issues have been added to family and consumer sciences classes, most frequently taught in high schools and colleges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today FCS is part of the broader Career Technical Education (CTE) umbrella. Career and technical education is a term applied to programs that specialize in skilled trades, applied sciences, modern technologies, and career preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  While traditional home economics focused on preparing women to care for a family and home, family consumer science continues to adapt its course offerings to meet the needs of students both for personal growth and professional opportunities. Students can take classes in culinary arts, education, food science, nutrition, health and wellness, interior design, child development, personal finance, textiles, apparel, and retailing.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students who take FCS classes can join the student organization Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FCS and CTE courses help prepare students for careers rather than university.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, homemaking and home economics courses have developed a negative connotation because of the negative gender bias associated with home economics courses.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, homemaking is now socially acceptable for both men and women to partake in. In the United States, both men and women are expected to take care of the home, the children, and the finances. More women are pursuing higher education rather than homemaking. In 2016, 56.4% of college students were female as opposed to 34.5% in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some schools are starting to incorporate life skill courses back into their curriculum, but as a whole, home economics courses have been in major decline in the past century.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 there were only 3.5 million students enrolled in FCS secondary programs, a decrease of 38 percent over a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 the AAFCS estimates that there are 5 million students enrolled in FCS programs,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a significant increase from past years that is still growing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer economics">Consumer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (economics)">Family (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Homemaker">Homemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_Home_Economics" title="The Secret History of Home Economics">The Secret History of Home Economics</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnafcs.com/what-is-facs">"What is Family & Consumer Sciences?"</a>. <i>MAFCS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307191857/http://www.mnafcs.com/what-is-facs">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAFCS&rft.atitle=What+is+Family+%26+Consumer+Sciences%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnafcs.com%2Fwhat-is-facs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faq-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faq_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faq_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faq_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213950/http://www.aafcs.org/AboutUs/FAQ.asp#10">"FAQ"</a>. American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafcs.org/AboutUs/FAQ.asp#10">the original</a> on 2015-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Family+and+Consumer+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafcs.org%2FAboutUs%2FFAQ.asp%2310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanovich2018" class="citation news cs1">Danovich, Tove (June 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/14/618329461/despite-a-revamped-focus-on-real-life-skills-home-ec-classes-fade-away">"Despite A Revamped Focus On Real-Life Skills, 'Home Ec' Classes Fade Away"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116152611/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/14/618329461/despite-a-revamped-focus-on-real-life-skills-home-ec-classes-fade-away">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Despite+A+Revamped+Focus+On+Real-Life+Skills%2C+%27Home+Ec%27+Classes+Fade+Away&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.aulast=Danovich&rft.aufirst=Tove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2018%2F06%2F14%2F618329461%2Fdespite-a-revamped-focus-on-real-life-skills-home-ec-classes-fade-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias2006" class="citation journal cs1">Elias, Megan (January 2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Model Mamas': The Domestic Partnership of Home Economics Pioneers Flora Rose and Martha Van Rensselaer". <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2006.0052">10.1353/sex.2006.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4617244">4617244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142247487">142247487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=%27Model+Mamas%27%3A+The+Domestic+Partnership+of+Home+Economics+Pioneers+Flora+Rose+and+Martha+Van+Rensselaer&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142247487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4617244%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2006.0052&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Megan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edglossary.org/career-and-technical-education/">"Career and Technical Education Definition"</a>. <i>The Glossary of Education Reform</i>. 2013-05-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807184328/https://www.edglossary.org/career-and-technical-education/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Glossary+of+Education+Reform&rft.atitle=Career+and+Technical+Education+Definition&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edglossary.org%2Fcareer-and-technical-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoddings2013" class="citation book cs1">Noddings, Nel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30rpWaadUPwC&q=homemaking+in+21st+century&pg=PR5"><i>Education and Democracy in the 21st Century</i></a>. Teachers College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807753965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807753965"><bdi>978-0807753965</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219042332/https://books.google.com/books?id=30rpWaadUPwC&q=homemaking+in+21st+century&pg=PR5">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Democracy+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Teachers+College+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0807753965&rft.aulast=Noddings&rft.aufirst=Nel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30rpWaadUPwC%26q%3Dhomemaking%2Bin%2B21st%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207025618/http://www.ifhe.org/34.html">"About IFHE"</a>. International Federation for Home Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifhe.org/34.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+IFHE&rft.pub=International+Federation+for+Home+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifhe.org%2F34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamonSmith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hamon, Raeann R.; Smith, Suzanne R. (2014-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fare.12068">"The Discipline of Family Science and the Continuing Need for Innovation"</a>. <i>Family Relations</i>. <b>63</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffare.12068">10.1111/fare.12068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-6664">0197-6664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427140641/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/fare.12068">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Discipline+of+Family+Science+and+the+Continuing+Need+for+Innovation&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ffare.12068&rft.issn=0197-6664&rft.aulast=Hamon&rft.aufirst=Raeann+R.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Suzanne+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Ffare.12068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/cases/namechange.html">"Why the Change to Human Ecology?"</a>. Cornell University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009051921/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/cases/namechange.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Change+to+Human+Ecology%3F&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frmc.library.cornell.edu%2FhomeEc%2Fcases%2Fnamechange.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207025618/http://www.ifhe.org/34.html">"About IFHE"</a>. International Federation for Home Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifhe.org/34.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+IFHE&rft.pub=International+Federation+for+Home+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifhe.org%2F34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkki2005" class="citation journal cs1">Turkki, Kaija (May 2005). "Pre-professionals' perceptions of home economics in Finland". <i>International Journal of Consumer Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1470-6431.2005.00427.x">10.1111/j.1470-6431.2005.00427.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-6423">1470-6423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Consumer+Studies&rft.atitle=Pre-professionals%27+perceptions+of+home+economics+in+Finland&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1470-6431.2005.00427.x&rft.issn=1470-6423&rft.aulast=Turkki&rft.aufirst=Kaija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutio2021" class="citation journal cs1">Autio, Minna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/334356/proc_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Finnish Home Economics Teachers Enabling Sustainability and Consumer Skills for Young People"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Helsinki</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421015725/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/334356/proc_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Helsinki&rft.atitle=Finnish+Home+Economics+Teachers+Enabling+Sustainability+and+Consumer+Skills+for+Young+People&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Autio&rft.aufirst=Minna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F334356%2Fproc_1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Adelige Frauen als Pionierinnen der Berufsbildung: die ländliche Hauswirtschaft und der Reifensteiner Verband kassel university press GmbH, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Kramer: Das ländlich-hauswirtschaftliche Bildungswesen in Deutschland, University of Erlangen doctorate, Fulda 1913</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515213243/http://www.nios.ac.in/currisylhs-eng.pdf">"Curriculum in Home Science (Secondary Level)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nios.ac.in/currisylhs-eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curriculum+in+Home+Science+%28Secondary+Level%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nios.ac.in%2Fcurrisylhs-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbse.nic.in/examin~1/scheme06ex.htm">"Scheme of Examinations and Pass Criteria"</a>. <i>cbse.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150829095651/http://www.cbse.nic.in/examin~1/scheme06ex.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbse.nic.in&rft.atitle=Scheme+of+Examinations+and+Pass+Criteria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbse.nic.in%2Fexamin~1%2Fscheme06ex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chap.sch.ir/books/10621">"مدیریت خانواده و سبک زندگی (دختران) | پایگاه کتاب های درسی، اداره کل نظارت بر نشر و توزیع مواد آموزشی"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925070611/http://chap.sch.ir/books/10621">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C+%28%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%29+%26%23124%3B+%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87+%DA%A9%D9%84+%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B9+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchap.sch.ir%2Fbooks%2F10621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chap.sch.ir/books/10309">"مدیریت خانواده و سبک زندگی (پسران) | پایگاه کتاب های درسی، اداره کل نظارت بر نشر و توزیع مواد آموزشی"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427140630/http://chap.sch.ir/books/10309">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C+%28%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%29+%26%23124%3B+%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87+%DA%A9%D9%84+%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B9+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchap.sch.ir%2Fbooks%2F10309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloatCaraher2018" class="citation journal cs1">McCloat, Amanda; Caraher, Martin (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/21220/3/File%20Not%20for%20Review%20-%20Evolution%20of%20Home%20Economics.pdf">"The evolution of Home Economics as a subject in Irish primary and post-primary education from the 1800s to the twenty-first century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Irish Educational Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03323315.2018.1552605">10.1080/03323315.2018.1552605</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150002500">150002500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919233649/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/21220/3/File%20Not%20for%20Review%20-%20Evolution%20of%20Home%20Economics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Educational+Studies&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+Home+Economics+as+a+subject+in+Irish+primary+and+post-primary+education+from+the+1800s+to+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03323315.2018.1552605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150002500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCloat&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Caraher%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F21220%2F3%2FFile%2520Not%2520for%2520Review%2520-%2520Evolution%2520of%2520Home%2520Economics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellaghanHegarty1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kellaghan, Thomas; Hegarty, Mary (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114113708/http://www.erc.ie/documents/vol18chp5.pdf#page=9">"Participation in the Leaving Certificate Examination, 1961-1980"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Irish Journal of Education / Iris Eireannach an Oideachais</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">80–</span>81, Table 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1257">0021-1257</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30077318">30077318</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erc.ie/documents/vol18chp5.pdf#page=9">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Journal+of+Education+%2F+Iris+Eireannach+an+Oideachais&rft.atitle=Participation+in+the+Leaving+Certificate+Examination%2C+1961-1980&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81%2C+Table+2&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30077318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-1257&rft.aulast=Kellaghan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Hegarty%2C+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erc.ie%2Fdocuments%2Fvol18chp5.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Table 5.11 Pupils in all second level schools by Leaving Certificate subject, 2004". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019172715/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/statisticalyearbook/2005/Web_complete_Statistical_Yearbook_2005.pdf#page=124"><i>Statistical yearbook of ireland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ireland: Central Statistics Office. 2005. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0755771230" title="Special:BookSources/0755771230"><bdi>0755771230</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1649-1408">1649-1408</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/statisticalyearbook/2005/Web_complete_Statistical_Yearbook_2005.pdf#page=124">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+5.11+Pupils+in+all+second+level+schools+by+Leaving+Certificate+subject%2C+2004&rft.btitle=Statistical+yearbook+of+ireland&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1649-1408&rft.isbn=0755771230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fcsoie%2Freleasespublications%2Fdocuments%2Fstatisticalyearbook%2F2005%2FWeb_complete_Statistical_Yearbook_2005.pdf%23page%3D124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114101146/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-wamii/womenandmeninireland2016/education/">"4.1 Ireland: Leaving Certificate candidates, 2016"</a>. <i>Women and Men in Ireland 2016</i>. Ireland: Central Statistics Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-wamii/womenandmeninireland2016/education/">the original</a> on 14 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+and+Men+in+Ireland+2016&rft.atitle=4.1+Ireland%3A+Leaving+Certificate+candidates%2C+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-wamii%2Fwomenandmeninireland2016%2Feducation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTascaHilwig2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tasca, Luisa; Hilwig, Stuart (2004-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/169956">"The "Average Housewife" in Post-World War II Italy"</a>. <i>Journal of Women's History</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">92–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2004.0055">10.1353/jowh.2004.0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2036">1527-2036</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144281256">144281256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=The+%22Average+Housewife%22+in+Post-World+War+II+Italy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144281256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1527-2036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2004.0055&rft.aulast=Tasca&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft.au=Hilwig%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F1%2Farticle%2F169956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Mothers of Invention: Women, Italian Facism, and Culture</i>. University of Minnesota Press. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816626502" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816626502"><bdi>978-0816626502</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttt2tw">10.5749/j.ctttt2tw</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+of+Invention%3A+Women%2C+Italian+Facism%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5749%2Fj.ctttt2tw%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0816626502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1EizWo6iIn4C&pg=PA5"><i>가정과학대학 70년사 (Gajeonggwahakdaehak 70-nyeonsa / 70 Years of the College of Family Science)</i></a>. Ewha Womans University Press. 1999. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8973003839" title="Special:BookSources/978-8973003839"><bdi>978-8973003839</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219042332/https://books.google.com/books?id=1EizWo6iIn4C&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B0%80%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99+70%EB%85%84%EC%82%AC+%28Gajeonggwahakdaehak+70-nyeonsa+%2F+70+Years+of+the+College+of+Family+Science%29&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8973003839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1EizWo6iIn4C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöijerHjälmeskogFjellström2014" class="citation journal cs1">Höijer, K.; Hjälmeskog, K.; Fjellström, C. (2014). "The Role of Food Selection in Swedish Home Economics: The Educational Visions and Cultural Meaning". <i>Ecology of Food and Nutrition</i>. <b>53</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">484–</span>502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EcoFN..53..484H">2014EcoFN..53..484H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03670244.2013.870072">10.1080/03670244.2013.870072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25105860">25105860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7178267">7178267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+of+Food+and+Nutrition&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Food+Selection+in+Swedish+Home+Economics%3A+The+Educational+Visions+and+Cultural+Meaning&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E484-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03670244.2013.870072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7178267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25105860&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EcoFN..53..484H&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6ijer&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Hj%C3%A4lmeskog%2C+K.&rft.au=Fjellstr%C3%B6m%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sisorb-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sisorb_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sisorb_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sisorb_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegg2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Begg, Tom (2004-09-23). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-53690">"Hope, Louisa Octavia Augusta (1814–1893), promoter of household science teaching"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F53690">10.1093/ref:odnb/53690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198614128" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198614128"><bdi>978-0198614128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hope%2C+Louisa+Octavia+Augusta+%281814%E2%80%931893%29%2C+promoter+of+household+science+teaching&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F53690&rft.isbn=978-0198614128&rft.aulast=Begg&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-53690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-power-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-power_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-power_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1992" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Lindy (1992). "Educating for the 'women's sphere': domestic training versus intellectual discipline". In Breitenbach, E.; Gordon, E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1320303"><i>Out of Bounds: Women in the Public Domain in Scotland 1830-1950</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404215155/https://www.academia.edu/1320303">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-26</span></span> – via Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Educating+for+the+%27women%27s+sphere%27%3A+domestic+training+versus+intellectual+discipline&rft.btitle=Out+of+Bounds%3A+Women+in+the+Public+Domain+in+Scotland+1830-1950&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Lindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1320303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope1853" class="citation book cs1">Hope, Louisa Octavia (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSICAAAAQAAJ&dq=The+Female+Teacher:+Ideas+Suggestive+of+her+Qualifications+and+Duties+(1853)&pg=PA161"><i>The Female Teacher: Ideas Suggestive of Her Qualifications and Duties</i></a>. Paton and Ritchie. p. 161. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404214643/https://books.google.com/books?id=LSICAAAAQAAJ&dq=The+Female+Teacher:+Ideas+Suggestive+of+her+Qualifications+and+Duties+(1853)&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Female+Teacher%3A+Ideas+Suggestive+of+Her+Qualifications+and+Duties&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Paton+and+Ritchie&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Louisa+Octavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSICAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BFemale%2BTeacher%3A%2BIdeas%2BSuggestive%2Bof%2Bher%2BQualifications%2Band%2BDuties%2B%281853%29%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orb-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orb_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48425">"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/48425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F48425">10.1093/ref:odnb/48425</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=ref%3Aodnb%2F48425&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F48425&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F48425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2014" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Richard (2014-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/04/home-economics-gcse-scrapped-a-levels">"Home economics GCSE set to be scrapped"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530090322/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/04/home-economics-gcse-scrapped-a-levels">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Home+economics+GCSE+set+to+be+scrapped&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2014%2Fjun%2F04%2Fhome-economics-gcse-scrapped-a-levels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen-JacksonRutland2017" class="citation journal cs1">Owen-Jackson, Gwyneth; Rutland, Marion (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1119574.pdf">"Food in the school curriculum in England: Its development from cookery to cookery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Design and Technology Education</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1119574">EJ1119574</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411050150/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1119574.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+and+Technology+Education&rft.atitle=Food+in+the+school+curriculum+in+England%3A+Its+development+from+cookery+to+cookery&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Owen-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gwyneth&rft.au=Rutland%2C+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FEJ1119574.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/home-economics">"the definition of home economics"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150908/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/home-economics">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+home+economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fhome-economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifhe.org/publications/ifhe-special-publications/ifhe-position-statement-on-home-economics/">"IFHE Position Statement on Home Economics"</a>. <i>www.ifhe.org</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ifhe.org&rft.atitle=IFHE+Position+Statement+on+Home+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifhe.org%2Fpublications%2Fifhe-special-publications%2Fifhe-position-statement-on-home-economics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiester1952" class="citation journal cs1">Biester, Charlotte E. (1952). "Catharine Beecher's Views of Home Economics". <i>History of Education Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-8607">0162-8607</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3659182">3659182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Journal&rft.atitle=Catharine+Beecher%27s+Views+of+Home+Economics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3659182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0162-8607&rft.aulast=Biester&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanovich2018" class="citation web cs1">Danovich, Tove (June 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/14/618329461/despite-a-revamped-focus-on-real-life-skills-home-ec-classes-fade-away">"Despite A Revamped Focus On Real-Life Skills, 'Home Ec' Classes Fade Away"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116152611/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/06/14/618329461/despite-a-revamped-focus-on-real-life-skills-home-ec-classes-fade-away">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Despite+A+Revamped+Focus+On+Real-Life+Skills%2C+%27Home+Ec%27+Classes+Fade+Away&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.aulast=Danovich&rft.aufirst=Tove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2018%2F06%2F14%2F618329461%2Fdespite-a-revamped-focus-on-real-life-skills-home-ec-classes-fade-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncilAgricultureSystem1995" class="citation book cs1">Council, National Research; Agriculture, Board on; System, Committee on the Future of the Colleges of Agriculture in the Land Grant (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/4980/chapter/2"><i>Read "Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: A Profile" at NAP.edu</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F4980">10.17226/4980</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0309052955" title="Special:BookSources/978-0309052955"><bdi>978-0309052955</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407101040/https://www.nap.edu/read/4980/chapter/2">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+%22Colleges+of+Agriculture+at+the+Land+Grant+Universities%3A+A+Profile%22+at+NAP.edu&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F4980&rft.isbn=978-0309052955&rft.aulast=Council&rft.aufirst=National+Research&rft.au=Agriculture%2C+Board+on&rft.au=System%2C+Committee+on+the+Future+of+the+Colleges+of+Agriculture+in+the+Land+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F4980%2Fchapter%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plainshumanities.unl.edu-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plainshumanities.unl.edu_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plainshumanities.unl.edu_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.edu.040">"Encyclopedia of the Great Plains | WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION"</a>. <i>plainshumanities.unl.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021022918/http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.edu.040">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plainshumanities.unl.edu&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Great+Plains+%7C+WOMEN+IN+HIGHER+EDUCATION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplainshumanities.unl.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fdoc%2Fegp.edu.040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aafcs-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aafcs_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aafcs_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908184750/http://www.aafcs.org/res/branding/AAFCS_Brand_Story.pdf">"AAFCS Brand Story"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafcs.org/res/branding/AAFCS_Brand_Story.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAFCS+Brand+Story&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Family+%26+Consumer+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafcs.org%2Fres%2Fbranding%2FAAFCS_Brand_Story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrKazickas1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jurate_Kazickas" title="Jurate Kazickas">Sherr, Lynn</a>; Kazickas, Jurate (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/susanbanthonysle00sher/page/144/mode/2up?q=welch+ames"><i>Susan B. Anthony Slept Here: A Guide to American Women's Landmarks</i></a>. New York: Times Books. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812922239" title="Special:BookSources/0812922239"><bdi>0812922239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Susan+B.+Anthony+Slept+Here%3A+A+Guide+to+American+Women%27s+Landmarks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0812922239&rft.aulast=Sherr&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Kazickas%2C+Jurate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsusanbanthonysle00sher%2Fpage%2F144%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dwelch%2Bames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isualum.org/show_module_fw2.aspx?sid=565&gid=1&control_id=8674&nologo=1&cvprint=1&page_id=6120&crid=0&viewas=user">"All the Privileges and Honors: A Brief History of Women at Iowa State"</a>. <i>Iowa State University Alumni</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+State+University+Alumni&rft.atitle=All+the+Privileges+and+Honors%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Women+at+Iowa+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isualum.org%2Fshow_module_fw2.aspx%3Fsid%3D565%26gid%3D1%26control_id%3D8674%26nologo%3D1%26cvprint%3D1%26page_id%3D6120%26crid%3D0%26viewas%3Duser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Carolyn M., 2012. Dust jacket. Creating Consumers: Home Economists in Twentieth-Century America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Nina (2002). "Domestic Sciences at Bradley Polytechnic Institute and the University of Chicago". <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i>. <b>95</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>299. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-1067">1522-1067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40193437">40193437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illinois+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Domestic+Sciences+at+Bradley+Polytechnic+Institute+and+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40193437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1522-1067&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillison1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hillison, John (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ504569.pdf">"The Coalition that Supported the Smith-Hughes Act or a Case for Strange Bedfellows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Vocational and Technical Education</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-3829">0010-3829</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ504569">EJ504569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vocational+and+Technical+Education&rft.atitle=The+Coalition+that+Supported+the+Smith-Hughes+Act+or+a+Case+for+Strange+Bedfellows&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0010-3829&rft.aulast=Hillison&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FEJ504569.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/handle/10365/31375"><i>History of the Home Management House, 1922-present: photographs, reminiscences and history</i></a>. North Dakota State University College of Human Development and Education. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420202341/https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/handle/10365/31375">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Home+Management+House%2C+1922-present%3A+photographs%2C+reminiscences+and+history&rft.pub=North+Dakota+State+University+College+of+Human+Development+and+Education&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ndsu.edu%2Fir%2Fhandle%2F10365%2F31375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/bitstream/handle/10365/31375/history_home_management_house%20%28002%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420224102/https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/bitstream/handle/10365/31375/history_home_management_house%20(002).pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> 2023-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2015" class="citation web cs1">Kim (2015-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isuspecialcollections.wordpress.com/2015/01/08/house-babies-at-iowa-state/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"House Babies" at Iowa State"</a>. <i>Cardinal Tales</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323205153/https://isuspecialcollections.wordpress.com/2015/01/08/house-babies-at-iowa-state/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cardinal+Tales&rft.atitle=%22House+Babies%22+at+Iowa+State&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft.au=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisuspecialcollections.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F01%2F08%2Fhouse-babies-at-iowa-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Talbot, Margaret (April 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/26/did-home-economics-empower-women">"Did Home Economics Empower Women?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330221833/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/04/26/did-home-economics-empower-women">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Did+Home+Economics+Empower+Women%3F&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F04%2F26%2Fdid-home-economics-empower-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinaweaver2013" class="citation journal cs1">Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2013). "Practice Mothers". <i>Signs</i>. <b>38</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">405–</span>430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F667197">10.1086/667197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740">0097-9740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667197">10.1086/667197</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225085216">225085216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Practice+Mothers&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0097-9740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225085216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F667197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F667197&rft.aulast=Leinaweaver&rft.aufirst=Jessaca+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.ttu.edu/posts/2020/03/Stories/motherless-Barbara-Ann-Hinsley-raised-by-college-students">"Born In 1936, Motherless Barbara Ann Hinsley Was Raised by College Students"</a>. <i>Texas Tech University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406203103/https://today.ttu.edu/posts/2020/03/Stories/motherless-Barbara-Ann-Hinsley-raised-by-college-students">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Tech+University&rft.atitle=Born+In+1936%2C+Motherless+Barbara+Ann+Hinsley+Was+Raised+by+College+Students&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.ttu.edu%2Fposts%2F2020%2F03%2FStories%2Fmotherless-Barbara-Ann-Hinsley-raised-by-college-students&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004pr&chunk.id=d0e3212&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3212&brand=ucpress">"America at Century's End"</a>. <i>publishing.cdlib.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113205043/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004pr&chunk.id=d0e3212&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3212&brand=ucpress">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publishing.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=America+at+Century%27s+End&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft158004pr%26chunk.id%3Dd0e3212%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e3212%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderSalmonAlexander2014" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Kern; Salmon, Richard G.; Alexander, F. King (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCKDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228"><i>Financing Public Schools: Theory, Policy, and Practice</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135106560" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135106560"><bdi>978-1135106560</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219042340/https://books.google.com/books?id=RCKDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financing+Public+Schools%3A+Theory%2C+Policy%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1135106560&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Kern&rft.au=Salmon%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+F.+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCKDBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Carolyn M., 2012. Page 36. Creating Consumers: Home Economists in Twentieth-Century America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Bix" title="Amy Bix">Bix, Amy Sue</a> (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=history_pubs">"Gendered Technical Training and Consumerism in Home Economics, 1920-1980"</a>. <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>43</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.2002.0152">10.1353/tech.2002.0152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110939066">110939066</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612121542/https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=history_pubs">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Gendered+Technical+Training+and+Consumerism+in+Home+Economics%2C+1920-1980&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftech.2002.0152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110939066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Amy+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1008%26context%3Dhistory_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Office_of_Education1965" class="citation report cs1">United States Office of Education (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED019402.pdf">The Vocational Education Act of 1963</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED019402">ED019402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Vocational+Education+Act+of+1963&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1965&rft.au=United+States+Office+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED019402.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span> Revised from <i>School Life</i>, March–April 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, Lisa (2014-12-01). "Creating Consumers: Home Economists in Twentieth-Century America. By Carolyn M. Goldstein (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012. xi plus 412 pp.)". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">452–</span>454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshu099">10.1093/jsh/shu099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529">0022-4529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Creating+Consumers%3A+Home+Economists+in+Twentieth-Century+America.+By+Carolyn+M.+Goldstein+%28Chapel+Hill%3A+The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press%2C+2012.+xi+plus+412+pp.%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E452-%3C%2Fspan%3E454&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshu099&rft.issn=0022-4529&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/public-school-desegregation-in-the-united-states-1968-1980">"Public School Desegregation in the United States, 1968 - 1980 — The Civil Rights Project at UCLA"</a>. <i>www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920132408/https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/public-school-desegregation-in-the-united-states-1968-1980">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Public+School+Desegregation+in+the+United+States%2C+1968+-+1980+%E2%80%94+The+Civil+Rights+Project+at+UCLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu%2Fresearch%2Fk-12-education%2Fintegration-and-diversity%2Fpublic-school-desegregation-in-the-united-states-1968-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Carolyn M., 2012. Page 299. Creating Consumers: Home Economists in Twentieth-Century America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/faqs#:~:text=In%201994,%20the%20association,%20other,the%20complexity%20of%20the%20profession.">"AAFCS and FCS FAQ - American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences"</a>. <i>www.aafcs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408193959/https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/faqs#:~:text=In%201994,%20the%20association,%20other,the%20complexity%20of%20the%20profession.">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aafcs.org&rft.atitle=AAFCS+and+FCS+FAQ+-+American+Association+of+Family+and+Consumer+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafcs.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-us%2Ffaqs%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201994%2C%2520the%2520association%2C%2520other%2Cthe%2520complexity%2520of%2520the%2520profession.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/what-is-fcs">"What is FCS? - American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences"</a>. <i>www.aafcs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408194024/https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/what-is-fcs">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aafcs.org&rft.atitle=What+is+FCS%3F+-+American+Association+of+Family+and+Consumer+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafcs.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-us%2Fwhat-is-fcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcclainc.org/about">"About | FCCLA"</a>. <i>fcclainc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422234837/https://fcclainc.org/about">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcclainc.org&rft.atitle=About+%7C+FCCLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffcclainc.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes" class="citation web cs1">Rhodes, Jesse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/is-home-economics-class-still-relevant-70147489/">"Is Home Economics Class Still Relevant?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810224303/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/is-home-economics-class-still-relevant-70147489/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Is+Home+Economics+Class+Still+Relevant%3F&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Fis-home-economics-class-still-relevant-70147489%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/masterlabel.html">"What Was Home Economics?"</a>. <i>rmc.library.cornell.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011045240/http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/masterlabel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rmc.library.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=What+Was+Home+Economics%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frmc.library.cornell.edu%2FhomeEc%2Fmasterlabel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunow,_D.Hofmeister,_H.Buchholz,_S.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grunow, D.; Hofmeister, H.; Buchholz, S. (January 2006). "Late 20th-Century Persistence and Decline of the Female Homemaker in Germany and the United States". <i>International Sociology</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0268580906059294">10.1177/0268580906059294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145235915">145235915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Sociology&rft.atitle=Late+20th-Century+Persistence+and+Decline+of+the+Female+Homemaker+in+Germany+and+the+United+States&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0268580906059294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145235915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Grunow%2C+D.&rft.au=Hofmeister%2C+H.&rft.au=Buchholz%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_303.10.asp">"Digest of Education Statistics, 2017"</a>. <i>nces.ed.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205083931/https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_303.10.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Digest+of+Education+Statistics%2C+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fprograms%2Fdigest%2Fd17%2Ftables%2Fdt17_303.10.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/faqs#9">"AAFCS and FCS FAQ - American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences"</a>. <i>www.aafcs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408193959/https://www.aafcs.org/about/about-us/faqs#9">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aafcs.org&rft.atitle=AAFCS+and+FCS+FAQ+-+American+Association+of+Family+and+Consumer+Sciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafcs.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-us%2Ffaqs%239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Apple, Rima D., and Joyce Coleman, " 'As Members of the Social Whole': A History of Social Reform as a Focus of Home Economics, 1895–1940." <i>Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 32.2</i> (2003): 104-126.</li> <li>Dreilinger Danielle, <i>The secret history of home economics: How trailblazing women harnessed the power of home and changed the way we live</i> (Norton, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vgYDEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT11&dq=%22History+of+home+economics%22&ots=KOt4yZrXLL&sig=ZxqwMTYWjk5bcSwdPprm2LssVdM">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Elias, Megan J. "No place like home: A survey of American home economics history." <i>History Compass</i> 9.1 (2011): 97-105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/82055746/j.1478-0542.2010.00752.x20220312-3219-gmfvym.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Carolyn M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6uIWFfewB3QC"><i>Creating Consumers: Home Economists in Twentieth-Century America</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807872383" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807872383"><bdi>978-0807872383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Consumers%3A+Home+Economists+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0807872383&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6uIWFfewB3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1999" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Tsz Ngong (1999). "Home Economics". In Altenbaugh, Richard J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00alte"><i>Historical Dictionary of American Education</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00alte/page/n192">175</a>–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313285905" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313285905"><bdi>978-0313285905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Home+Economics&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+American+Education&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0313285905&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tsz+Ngong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00alte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1985" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Barbara Miller (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incompanyofeduca00solo"><i>In the Company of Educated Women</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300033144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300033144"><bdi>978-0300033144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Company+of+Educated+Women&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0300033144&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincompanyofeduca00solo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolley2003" class="citation book cs1">Tolley, Kim (2003). <i>The Science Education of American Girls</i>. RoutledgeFalmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415934732" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415934732"><bdi>978-0415934732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+Education+of+American+Girls&rft.pub=RoutledgeFalmer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415934732&rft.aulast=Tolley&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stage, Sarah, and Virginia Bramble Vincenti, eds. <i>Rethinking home economics: Women and the history of a profession</i> (Cornell University Press, 1997) [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=o_jL-Uf1s1UC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=%22History+of+home+economics%22&ots=_9UuxKv6WL&sig=ts4VCRUWcWNC8YqBSh8102EbfKo">https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=o_jL-Uf1s1UC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=%22History+of+home+economics%22&ots=_9UuxKv6WL&sig=ts4VCRUWcWNC8YqBSh8102EbfKo</a> online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1998" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Melissa (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_w6z4/page/201">"Home Economics"</a>. In Eisenmann, Linda (ed.). <i>Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_w6z4/page/201">201–206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313293238" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313293238"><bdi>978-0313293238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Home+Economics&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Women%27s+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=201-206&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0313293238&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000unse_w6z4%2Fpage%2F201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoody1929" class="citation book cs1">Woody, Thomas (1929). <i>A History of Women's Education in the United States</i>. Vol. 2 (1966 reprint ed.). Octagon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Women%27s+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.edition=1966+reprint&rft.pub=Octagon+Press&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Woody&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163414/https://heia.com.au/images/Journal9/JHEIA92-6.pdf/">Nutrition Education - Making it work By Dr. Janet Reynolds </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeeccohort2012.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/57342024/Vaines_ref_practicePIPHE.pdf">People and Practice: International Issues for Home Economists by Elanour Vaines, Doris Badir and Dianne Kieren </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeeccohort2012.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/57342058/thomas_smith.pdf">Toward an Ideal of the Person Educated in Home Economics: An Invitation to Dialogue by Jane Thomas and Gale Smith </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homeeccohort2012.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/58511298/Sustainable%20food%20futures.pdf">Sustainable food futures: Lessons for home economics pedagogy and practice by Martin Caraher and Janet Reynolds </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Shapiro" title="Laura Shapiro">Shapiro, Laura</a> (2008). <i>Perfection Salad</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perfection+Salad&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHome+economics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Societies and associations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifhe.org">International Federation for Home Economics (IFHE)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafcs.org/">American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neafcs.org/">National Extension Association of Family and Consumer Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bctf.ca/thesa/">Teachers of Home Economics Specialist Association </a></li></ul> <p><b>Resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/homeEc/masterlabel.html">"What Was Home Economics?" web pages at the Cornell University library on the history and influence of home economics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csrees.usda.gov/familyscience.cfm">USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204020927/http://www.csrees.usda.gov/familyscience.cfm">Archived</a> 2007-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/">Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familyconsumersciences.com">Family Consumer Science Lesson Plans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429204901/http://www.doe.in.gov/octe/facs/NASAFACS/index.html">National Standards for Family and Consumer Sciences Education (India)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcclainc.org/">Family, Career and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Euthenics99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euthenics" title="Template:Euthenics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euthenics" title="Template talk:Euthenics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euthenics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euthenics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Euthenics99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Euthenics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>the philosophy of and activism for <a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice" title="Choice">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">Homeless shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">Housekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_skills" title="Life skills">Life skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life" title="Personal life">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference" title="Preference">Preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue" title="Rescue">Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidized_housing" title="Subsidized housing">Subsidized housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supported_living" title="Supported living">Supported living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supportive_housing" title="Supportive housing">Supportive housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Want" title="Want">Want</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wish" title="Wish">Wish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_activism" title="Consumer activism">Consumer activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">Consumer education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_movement" title="Consumer movement">Consumer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Social movements">Social movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing" title="Washing">Cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">Food science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Health research">Health research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Health sciences">Health sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">Home</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms">Organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">Quality of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Self care">Self care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social programs">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">Water treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Lathrop" title="Julia Lathrop">Julia Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Cumnock_Blodgett" title="Minnie Cumnock Blodgett">Minnie Cumnock Blodgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvil_Dewey" title="Melvil Dewey">Melvil Dewey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumerism115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumerism" title="Template:Consumerism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumerism" title="Template talk:Consumerism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumerism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumerism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumerism115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>the philosophy of and activism for <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_revolution" title="Consumer revolution">Consumer revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_welfare_standard" title="Consumer welfare standard">Consumer welfare standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consumer" title="Informed consumer">Informed consumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_activism" title="Consumer activism">Consumer activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Bill_of_Rights" title="Consumer Bill of Rights">Consumer Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_complaint" title="Consumer complaint">Consumer complaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">Consumer education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_movement" title="Consumer movement">Consumer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Guidelines_for_Consumer_Protection" title="United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection">United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_math" title="Consumer math">Consumer math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">Consumer organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consumer_organizations" title="List of consumer organizations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Association_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Consumers' Association (disambiguation)">Consumers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425694#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425694#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425694#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061673">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17077046k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17077046k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="家庭科学"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565166">Japan</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="家政"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565093">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Economía doméstica"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524863">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563074405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640041">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&oldid=1272901900">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&oldid=1272901900</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_economics" title="Category:Home economics">Home economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_sciences" title="Category:Applied sciences">Applied sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domestic_life" title="Category:Domestic life">Domestic life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Euthenics" title="Category:Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Family_economics" title="Category:Family economics">Family economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home" title="Category:Home">Home</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Life_skills" title="Category:Life skills">Life skills</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2019">Articles with dead external links from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 January 2025, at 19:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_economics&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Home economics</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>36 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-wsvlr","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.044","walltime":"1.226","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5349,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":204206,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4237,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":291919,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1068.571 1 -total"," 46.70% 499.052 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.84% 211.981 29 Template:Cite_web"," 10.84% 115.827 1 Template:Langx"," 9.97% 106.559 1 Template:Education_in_the_U.S."," 9.78% 104.520 1 Template:Sidebar"," 9.23% 98.673 17 Template:Cite_book"," 8.98% 95.906 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.98% 85.285 4 Template:Fix"," 6.18% 66.061 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.685","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15878870,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-z2zmh","timestamp":"20250211200259","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Home economics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_economics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q425694","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q425694","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-07T14:56:45Z","dateModified":"2025-01-30T19:04:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/Home_ec_mary_norris_seattle.gif","headline":"academic discipline"}</script> </body> </html>