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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اختيار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختيار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Избор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Избор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3_(tria)" title="Elecció (tria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elecció (tria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valik" title="Valik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3n" title="Elección – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elección" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="انتخاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choix" title="Choix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Choix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%83%9D" title="선택 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선택" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ընտրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընտրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektado" title="Selektado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Selektado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scelta" title="Scelta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scelta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಆಯ್ಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಯ್ಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwa" title="Chwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuze" title="Keuze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keuze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%8D%A8%E9%81%B8%E6%8A%9E" title="取捨選択 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="取捨選択" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_som_kognitiv_prosess" title="Val som kognitiv prosess – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Val som kognitiv prosess" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanlov" title="Tanlov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tanlov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyb%C3%B3r" title="Wybór – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escolha" title="Escolha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escolha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Выбор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выбор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice" title="Choice – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Choice" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbor" title="Izbor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izbor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Избор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Избор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_(filosofi)" title="Val (filosofi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Val (filosofi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpili" title="Pagpili – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpili" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7im_(psikoloji)" title="Seçim (psikoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seçim (psikoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80" title="Вибір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вибір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اختیار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اختیار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%80" title="揀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="揀" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deciding between multiple options</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a 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.ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Choice" title="Special:EditPage/Choice">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Choice" title="Talk:Choice">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Too_few_opinions plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-too_few_opinions" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">include all significant viewpoints</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit">improve the article</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talk:Choice" title="Talk:Choice">discuss the issue</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>choice</b> is the range of different things from which a being can choose.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival at a choice may incorporate <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choice_modelling" title="Choice modelling">models</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a> is generally cherished, whereas a severely limited or artificially restricted choice can lead to discomfort with choosing, and possibly an unsatisfactory outcome. In contrast, a choice with excessively numerous options may lead to confusion, reduced satisfaction, regret of the alternatives not taken, and indifference in an unstructured existence;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> and the illusion that choosing an object or a course, necessarily leads to the control of that object or course, can cause <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> problems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One can distinguish four or five main types of decisions, although they can be expressed in different ways. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Tracy" title="Brian Tracy">Brian Tracy</a> breaks them down into:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>command decisions, which can only be made by you, as the "Commander in Chief", or owner of a company</li> <li>delegated decisions, which may be made by anyone. Decisions for example can be: The color of the bike shed can be delegated, as the decision must be made but the choice is inconsequential.</li> <li>avoided decisions, where the outcome could be so severe that the choice should not be made, as the consequences can not be recovered from if the wrong choice is made. This will most likely result in negative actions, such as death.</li> <li>"No-brainer" decisions, where the choice is so obvious that only one choice can reasonably be made.</li></ol> <p>A fifth type, however, (or fourth if "avoided" and "no-brainer" decisions are combined as one type), is the <a href="/wiki/Collaborative" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative">collaborative</a> decision, made in consultation with, and by agreement of others. Collaborative Decision Making revolutionized air-traffic safety by not deferring to the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">captain</a> when a lesser crew-member becomes aware of a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another way of looking at decisions focuses on the thought mechanism used - whether the decision is:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rational</li> <li>Intuitive</li> <li>Recognition-based</li> <li>Combination</li></ul> <p>Recognizing that "type" is an imprecise term, an alternate way to classify types of choices is to look at outcomes and the impacted entity. For example, using this approach three types of choices might be:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>business</li> <li>personal</li> <li>consumer</li></ul> <p>Or politicians may choose to support or oppose options based on local, national, or international effects. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Moral_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral principle">moral principle</a>, decisions should be made by those most affected by the decision, but this is not normally applied to persons in jail, who might likely make a decision other than to remain in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> cited this principle in allowing photographs of returning war-dead.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One can distinguish between <b>conscious</b> and <b>unconscious</b> choice.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Processes such as <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> or other influencing strategies may have the effect of having unconscious choice masquerade as (praiseworthy) conscious choice.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Choices may lead to <b>irreversible</b> or to <b>reversible</b> outcomes; making irreversible choices (<b>existential choices</b>) may reduce <a href="/wiki/Choice_overload" class="mw-redirect" title="Choice overload">choice overload</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluability_in_economics">Evaluability in economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evaluability in economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When choosing between options one must make judgments about the quality of each option's attributes. For example, if one is choosing between candidates for a job, the quality of relevant attributes such as previous work experience, college or high school GPA, and letters of recommendation will be judged for each option and the decision will likely be based on these attribute judgments. However, each attribute has a different level of <i>evaluability</i>, that is, the extent to which one can use information from that attribute to make a judgment. </p><p>An example of a highly evaluable attribute is the SAT score. It is widely known in the United States that an SAT score below 800 is very bad while an SAT score above 1500 is exceptionally good. Because the distribution of scores on this attribute is relatively well known it is a highly evaluable attribute. Compare the SAT score to a poorly evaluable attribute, such as the number of hours spent doing homework. Most employers would not know what 10,000 hours spent doing homework means because they have no idea of the distribution of scores of potential workers in the population on this attribute. </p><p>As a result, evaluability can cause preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations. For example, a 1999 review and theoretical analysis<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> looked at how people choose between options when they are directly compared because they are presented at the same time or when they cannot be compared because one is only given a single option. The canonical example is a hiring decision made about two candidates being hired for a programming job. Subjects in an experiment were asked to give a starting salary to two candidates, Candidate J and Candidate S. However, some viewed both candidates at the same time (joint evaluation), whereas others only viewed one candidate (separate evaluation). Candidate J had experience of 70 KY programs, and a GPA of 2.5, whereas Candidate S had experience of 10 KY programs and a GPA of 3.9. The results showed that in joint evaluation both candidates received roughly the same starting salary from subjects, who apparently thought a low GPA but high experience was approximately equal to a high GPA but low experience. However, in the separate evaluation, subjects paid Candidate S, the one with the high GPA, substantially more money. The explanation for this is that KY programs is an attribute that is difficult to evaluate and thus people cannot base their judgment on this attribute in separate evaluation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_options_and_paradox">Number of options and paradox</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number of options and paradox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several research studies in economic psychology have concentrated on examining the variations in individual behavior when confronted with a low versus high choice set size, which refers to the number of available options. A particular area of interest lies in determining whether individuals demonstrate a higher propensity to purchase a product from a larger choice set compared to a smaller one.Currently, the effect of choice set size on the probability of a purchase is unclear. In some cases, large choice set sizes discourage individuals from making a choice<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in other cases it either encourages them or has no effect.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study compared the allure of more choice to the tyranny of too much choice. Individuals went virtual shopping in different stores that had a randomly determined set of choices ranging from 4 to 16, with some being good choices and some being bad. Researchers found a stronger effect for the allure of more choice. However, they speculate that due to random assignment of number of choices and goodness of those choices, many of the shops with fewer choices included zero or only one option that was reasonably good, which may have made it easier to make an acceptable choice when more options were available.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some evidence that while greater choice has the potential to improve a person's welfare, sometimes there is such a thing as too much choice. For example, in one experiment involving a choice of free soda, individuals explicitly requested to choose from six as opposed to 24 sodas, where the only benefit from the smaller choice set would be to reduce the cognitive burden of the choice.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study supports this research, finding that human services workers indicated preferences for scenarios with limited options over extensive-options scenarios. As the number of choices within the extensive-options scenarios increased, the preference for limited options increased as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to explain why choice can demotivate someone from a purchase have focuses on two factors. One assumes that perusing a larger number of choices imposes a cognitive burden on the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other assumes that individuals can experience <a href="/wiki/Regret_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regret (emotion)">regret</a> if they make a suboptimal choice, and sometimes avoid making a choice to avoid experiencing regret.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further research has expanded on <a href="/wiki/Choice_overload" class="mw-redirect" title="Choice overload">choice overload</a>, suggesting that there is a <a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradox of choice">paradox of choice</a>. As increasing options are available, three problems emerge. First, there is the issue of gaining adequate information about the choices in order to make a decision. Second, having more choices leads to an escalation of expectation. When there are increased options, people's standards for what is an acceptable outcome rise; in other words, choice "spoils you." Third, with many options available, people may come to believe they are to blame for an unacceptable result because with so many choices, they should have been able to pick the best one. If there is one choice available, and it ends up being disappointing, the world can be held accountable. When there are many options and the choice that one makes is disappointing, the individual is responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a recent meta-analysis of the literature on choice overload calls such studies into question.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, researchers have found no effect of choice set size on people's beliefs, feelings, and behavior. Indeed, overall, the effect of "too many options" is minimal at best. </p><p>While it might be expected that it is preferable to keep one's options open, research has shown that having the opportunity to revise one's decisions leaves people less satisfied with the decision outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study found that participants experienced higher regret after having made a reversible decision. The results suggest that reversible decisions cause people to continue to think about the still relevant choice options, which might increase dissatisfaction with the decision and regret.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individual personality plays a significant role in how individuals deal with large choice set sizes. Psychologists have developed a personality test that determines where an individual lies on the satisfier spectrum. A maximizer is one who always seeks the very best option from a choice set, and may anguish after the choice is made as to whether it was indeed the best. Satisfiers may set high standards but are content with a good choice, and place less priority on making the best choice. Due to this different approach to decision-making, maximizers are more likely to avoid making a choice when the choice set size is large, probably to avoid the anguish associated with not knowing whether their choice was optimal.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study looked at whether the differences in choice satisfaction between the two are partially due to a difference in willingness to commit to one's choices. It found that maximizers reported a stronger preference for retaining the ability to revise choices. Additionally, after making a choice to buy a poster, satisfiers offered higher ratings of their chosen poster and lower ratings of the rejected alternatives. Maximizers, however, were less likely to change their impressions of the posters after making their choice which left them less satisfied with their decision.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maximizers are less happy in life, perhaps due to their obsession with making optimal choices in a society where people are frequently confronted with choice.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that maximizers reported significantly less <a href="/wiki/Life_satisfaction" title="Life satisfaction">life satisfaction</a>, happiness, optimism, and self-esteem, and significantly more regret and depression, than did satisfiers. In regards to buying products, maximizers were less satisfied with consumer decisions and were more regretful. They were also more likely to engage in social comparison, where they analyze their relative social standing among their peers, and to be more affected by social comparisons in which others appeared to be in higher standing than them. For example, maximizers who saw their peer solve puzzles faster than themselves expressed greater doubt about their own abilities and showed a larger increase in negative mood.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, people who refrain from taking better choices through drugs or other forms of escapism tend to be much happier in life. </p><p>Others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2013)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> say that there is never too much choice and that there is a difference between happiness and satisfaction: a person who tries to find better decisions will often be dissatisfied, but not necessarily unhappy since his attempts at finding better choices did improve his lifestyle (even if it wasn't the <i>best decision</i> he will continually try to <i>incrementally improve</i> the decisions he takes). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Choice_architecture" title="Choice architecture">Choice architecture</a> is the process of encouraging people to make good choices through grouping and ordering the decisions in a way that maximizes successful choices and minimizes the number of people who become so overwhelmed by complexity that they abandon the attempt to choose. Generally, success is improved by presenting the smaller or simpler choices first, and by choosing and promoting sensible default options.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_identity">Relationship to identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship to identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headresser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Headresser.jpg/220px-Headresser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Headresser.jpg/330px-Headresser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Headresser.jpg/440px-Headresser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Choosing a hairstyle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Certain choices, as personal preferences, can be central to expressing one's concept of <a href="/wiki/Self-identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identity">self-identity</a> or values. In general, the more utilitarian an item, the less the choice says about a person's self-concept. Purely functional items, such as a <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a>, may be chosen solely for function alone, but non-functional items, such as music, clothing fashions, or home decorations, may instead be chosen to express a person's concept of self-identity or associated values.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 review of previous studies on choice investigated how synchronic (changing) and diachronic (persisting) identity can influence choices and decisions that an individual makes and especially in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">consumer choices</a>. The synchronic dimension of identity is more about the various parts of an identity and how these shifting aspects can change behavior. The diachronic dimension of identity is how a person’s identity persists and is the same and how they understand an object in relation to their identity. They found that stereotypes in concepts like gender norms play a big role in decision-making and that this might stem from significant historical beliefs in gender roles and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes">Attitudes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of his thinking on <a href="/wiki/Choiceless_awareness" title="Choiceless awareness">choiceless awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a> (1895–1986) pointed out the confusions and bias of exercising choice.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sophia Rosenfeld analyses critical reactions to choice in her 2014 review<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of some of the work of <a href="/wiki/Sheena_Iyengar" title="Sheena Iyengar">Iyengar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben-Porath,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kent_Greenfield_(law_professor)" title="Kent Greenfield (law professor)">Greenfield</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Renata_Salecl" title="Renata Salecl">Salecl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study was conducted that looked into how attitude towards a particular brand would influence choice of a brand as it is being advertised. A picture of running shoes was created to either make the ad look good or bad and participants were asked to choose between four different brands. The attitude toward the add (Aad) shows to have a significant impact on choice of brand as well as the act of buying the brand (AB). This suggests that the attitude one had towards a brand can influence the choice and the intention to buy a particular item.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Animal behaviour</i>: see <i><a href="/wiki/Preference_tests_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preference tests (animals)">preference tests (animals)</a></i></li> <li><i>Law</i>: the age at which children or young adults can make meaningful and considered choices poses issues for ethics and for jurisprudence</li> <li><i>Mathematics</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_coefficient" title="Binomial coefficient">binomial coefficient</a> is also known as the choice function</li> <li><i>Politics</i>: a political movement in the United States and United Kingdom which favors the legal availability of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> calls itself "<a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a>"</li> <li><i>New Zealand English</i>: slang synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)" title="Cool (aesthetic)">cool</a>", "nice" or "good"; e.g. <i>"That's choice!"</i></li> <li><i>Psychology</i>: see <i><a href="/wiki/Glasser%27s_choice_theory" title="Glasser's choice theory">choice theory</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span 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id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will" title="Neuroscience of free will">Neuroscience of free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">Rational choice theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice:_Why_More_Is_Less" class="mw-redirect" title="The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less">The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less</a></i> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-alternative_forced_choice" title="Two-alternative forced choice">Two-alternative forced choice</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/option" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:option">Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">Will (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Alternative (disambiguation)">Alternative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/choice">"CHOICE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=CHOICE+%7C+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fchoice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Schwartz: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradox_of_Choice" title="The Paradox of Choice">The Paradox of Choice</a></i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_David_G.2010" class="citation book cs1">Myers, David G. (2010). <i>Social psychology</i> (Tenth ed.). New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780073370668" title="Special:BookSources/9780073370668"><bdi>9780073370668</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/667213323">667213323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+psychology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F667213323&rft.isbn=9780073370668&rft.au=Myers%2C+David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengarLepper2000" class="citation journal cs1">Iyengar, Sheena S.; Lepper, Mark R. (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.995">"When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing?"</a>. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>79</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">995–</span>1006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.79.6.995">10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.995</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1315">1939-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11138768">11138768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=When+choice+is+demotivating%3A+Can+one+desire+too+much+of+a+good+thing%3F&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E995-%3C%2Fspan%3E1006&rft.date=2000-12&rft.issn=1939-1315&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11138768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.79.6.995&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=Sheena+S.&rft.au=Lepper%2C+Mark+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.79.6.995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time Power</i>, Brian Tracy, 2007, pg. 153 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8144-7470-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8144-7470-5">0-8144-7470-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.fly.faa.gov/">"CDM CDM - Collaborative Decision Making"</a>. <i>cdm.fly.faa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdm.fly.faa.gov&rft.atitle=CDM+CDM+-+Collaborative+Decision+Making&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm.fly.faa.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decision-making-confidence.com/types-of-decision-making.html">"Types of decision making - an overview"</a>. <i>decision-making-confidence.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=decision-making-confidence.com&rft.atitle=Types+of+decision+making+-+an+overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decision-making-confidence.com%2Ftypes-of-decision-making.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decision-making-solutions.com/types_of_decision_making.html">"Types of Decision Making"</a>. <i>decision-making-solutions.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=decision-making-solutions.com&rft.atitle=Types+of+Decision+Making&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decision-making-solutions.com%2Ftypes_of_decision_making.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ethical leadership in schools</i>, Kenneth A. Strike, 2006, pg. 5 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4129-1351-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4129-1351-9">1-4129-1351-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2009/02/pentagon_report.html">"Pentagon ends photo ban on war dead return"</a>. <i>boston.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=boston.com&rft.atitle=Pentagon+ends+photo+ban+on+war+dead+return&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticalintelligence%2F2009%2F02%2Fpentagon_report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinehan1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marsha_M._Linehan" title="Marsha M. Linehan">Linehan, Marsha M.</a> (14 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcsj0giuDrwC"><i>Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder</i></a>. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders. New York: Guilford Press (published 1993). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606237786" title="Special:BookSources/9781606237786"><bdi>9781606237786</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] the intent and choice are simply conscious or unconscious. [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive-Behavioral+Treatment+of+Borderline+Personality+Disorder&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Diagnosis+and+Treatment+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1993-05-14&rft.isbn=9781606237786&rft.aulast=Linehan&rft.aufirst=Marsha+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcsj0giuDrwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole-Whittaker1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Cole-Whittaker" title="Terry Cole-Whittaker">Cole-Whittaker, Terry</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lovepowerinworld00cole_0"><i>Love and Power in a World Without Limits: A Woman's Guide to the Goddess Within</i></a></span>. Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lovepowerinworld00cole_0/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062501530" title="Special:BookSources/9780062501530"><bdi>9780062501530</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>Changing a reality can be a conscious choice, selected at will by the person, or it can be an unconscious choice based on an intended desire. It can also be an unconscious act of programming by something as simple as a friend telling you about something or a television commercial brainwashing you to buy a particular product.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Power+in+a+World+Without+Limits%3A+A+Woman%27s+Guide+to+the+Goddess+Within&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780062501530&rft.aulast=Cole-Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flovepowerinworld00cole_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Bernstein" title="Richard J. Bernstein">Bernstein, Richard J.</a> (16 March 2009). "Existential Choice: Heller's Either/Or". In Terezakis, Katie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcu4AQAAQBAJ"><i>Engaging Agnes Heller: A Critical Companion</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books (published 2009). p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461633341" title="Special:BookSources/9781461633341"><bdi>9781461633341</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>Existential choice is by definition irreversible and irrevocable. You cannot choose your destiny in a reversible way, for a reversible choice is not a choice of destiny, by definition not an existential choice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Existential+Choice%3A+Heller%27s+Either%2FOr&rft.btitle=Engaging+Agnes+Heller%3A+A+Critical+Companion&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.isbn=9781461633341&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcu4AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hsee, C.K., Loewenstein, G.F., Blount, S., Bazerman, M.H. (1999). Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of option: A review and theoretical analysis. Psychological Bulletin 125(5), 576–590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iyengar and Lepper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwood, Lusk, Arunachalam, and Henneberry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, C. M., & Hoffrage, U. (2009). Testing the tyranny of too much choice against the allure of more choice. Psychology & Marketing, 26(3), 280-98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, D. D., DiGennaro Reed, F. D., Chok, J., & Brozyna, G. A. (2011). The 'tyranny of choice': Choice overload as a possible instance of effort discounting. The Psychological Record, 61(4), 547-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwood</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irons and Hepburn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, B. (2000). Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. American Psychologist, 55(1), 79-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheibehenneGreifenederTodd2010" class="citation journal cs1">Scheibehenne, Benjamin; Greifeneder, Rainer; Todd, Peter M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.unibas.ch/20586/1/PUBL_scheibehenne_greifeneder_JCR37_2010_409-425.pdf">"Can There Ever Be Too Many Options? A Meta-Analytic Review of Choice Overload"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Consumer Research</i>. <b>37</b> (3). Oxford University Press (OUP): <span class="nowrap">409–</span>425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F651235">10.1086/651235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0093-5301">0093-5301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5802575">5802575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Can+There+Ever+Be+Too+Many+Options%3F+A+Meta-Analytic+Review+of+Choice+Overload&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5802575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0093-5301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F651235&rft.aulast=Scheibehenne&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Greifeneder%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Todd%2C+Peter+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedoc.unibas.ch%2F20586%2F1%2FPUBL_scheibehenne_greifeneder_JCR37_2010_409-425.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Daniel T., Ebert, Jane E. J. (2002). Decisions and revisions: The affective forecasting of changeable outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82(4). 503-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bullens, L., van Harreveld, F., & Förster, J. (2011). Keeping one's options open: The detrimental consequences of decision reversibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(4), 800-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sparks, E. A., Ehrlinger, J., & Eibach, R. P. (2012). Failing to commit: Maximizers avoid commitment in a way that contributes to reduced satisfaction. Personality And Individual Differences, 52(1), 72-77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Barry<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5) 1178-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheena_Iyengar2010" class="citation book cs1">Sheena Iyengar (2010). <i>The Art of Choosing</i>. Twelve. pp. <span class="nowrap">208–</span>213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-50410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-50410-2"><bdi>978-0-446-50410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Choosing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-446-50410-2&rft.au=Sheena+Iyengar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheena_Iyengar2010" class="citation book cs1">Sheena Iyengar (2010). <i>The Art of Choosing</i>. Twelve. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-50410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-50410-2"><bdi>978-0-446-50410-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Choosing&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-446-50410-2&rft.au=Sheena+Iyengar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrminskyBartelsGiulianoNewman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Urminsky, Oleg; Bartels, Daniel M.; Giuliano, Paola; Newman, George E.; Puntoni, Stefano; Rips, Lance (2014-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-014-9312-3">"Choice and self: how synchronic and diachronic identity shape choices and decision making"</a>. <i>Marketing Letters</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">281–</span>291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11002-014-9312-3">10.1007/s11002-014-9312-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-059X">1573-059X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6708546">6708546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketing+Letters&rft.atitle=Choice+and+self%3A+how+synchronic+and+diachronic+identity+shape+choices+and+decision+making&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6708546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-059X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11002-014-9312-3&rft.aulast=Urminsky&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Bartels%2C+Daniel+M.&rft.au=Giuliano%2C+Paola&rft.au=Newman%2C+George+E.&rft.au=Puntoni%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Rips%2C+Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11002-014-9312-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Krishnamurti, Jiddu</a>. "London, 4th Public Talk, June 12, 1962". <i>Collected Works</i>. Vol. 13. p. 188. <q>You can't be totally aware if you are choosing. [...] you can't be aware totally if you are condemning, if you are justifying, or if you say, 'I will keep my beliefs, my experiences, my knowledge.' Then you are only partially aware, and partial awareness is really blindness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=London%2C+4th+Public+Talk%2C+June+12%2C+1962&rft.btitle=Collected+Works&rft.pages=188&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Jiddu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span> Quoted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Krishnamurti, Jiddu</a> (1992). "The Nature of Choiceless Awareness". In Patterson, Albion W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5ho4xRXAIUC"><i>Choiceless Awareness: A Selection of Passages for the Study of the Teachings of J. Krishnamurti</i></a> (Revised ed.). Ojai, California: Krishnamurti Foundation of America (published 2000). pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781888004045" title="Special:BookSources/9781888004045"><bdi>9781888004045</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Choiceless+Awareness&rft.btitle=Choiceless+Awareness%3A+A+Selection+of+Passages+for+the+Study+of+the+Teachings+of+J.+Krishnamurti&rft.place=Ojai%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Krishnamurti+Foundation+of+America&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781888004045&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Jiddu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5ho4xRXAIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenfeld, Sophie (2014-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/180109/free-choose?page=full#">"Free to Choose?: How Americans have become tyrannized by the culture's overinvestment in choice"</a>. <i>The Nation</i> (June 23–30, 2014 ed.). New York: The Nation Company, L.P. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-12</span></span>. <q>What if the real problem is the imperative of making all those choices in all those different realms, from sex to software, in the first place? This is the view of a small number of philosophers, legal theorists and culturally aware psychologists, including Barry Schwartz and, more recently, Sheena Iyengar, Sigal Ben-Porath, Kent Greenfield and Renata Salecl. They insist that we have become overwhelmed and even 'tyrannized' by our culture's overinvestment in choice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Free+to+Choose%3F%3A+How+Americans+have+become+tyrannized+by+the+culture%27s+overinvestment+in+choice&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2F180109%2Ffree-choose%3Fpage%3Dfull%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheena_Iyengar" title="Sheena Iyengar">Iyengar, Sheena</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBpd8QXQHkoC"><i>The Art of Choosing: The Decisions We Make Everyday - What They Say About Us and How We Can Improve Them</i></a>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748117444" title="Special:BookSources/9780748117444"><bdi>9780748117444</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Choosing%3A+The+Decisions+We+Make+Everyday+-+What+They+Say+About+Us+and+How+We+Can+Improve+Them&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780748117444&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=Sheena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBpd8QXQHkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Porath2010" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Porath, Sigal R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iclH9tr-o-MC"><i>Tough Choices: Structured Paternalism and the Landscape of Choice</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691146416" title="Special:BookSources/9780691146416"><bdi>9780691146416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tough+Choices%3A+Structured+Paternalism+and+the+Landscape+of+Choice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780691146416&rft.aulast=Ben-Porath&rft.aufirst=Sigal+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiclH9tr-o-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kent_Greenfield_(law_professor)" title="Kent Greenfield (law professor)">Greenfield, Kent</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofchoicepers0000gree"><i>The Myth of Choice: Personal Responsibility in a World of Limits</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300169867" title="Special:BookSources/9780300169867"><bdi>9780300169867</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Choice%3A+Personal+Responsibility+in+a+World+of+Limits&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780300169867&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofchoicepers0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalecl2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Renata_Salecl" title="Renata Salecl">Salecl, Renata</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbAnPQAACAAJ"><i>The Tyranny of Choice</i></a>. Big Ideas (reprint ed.). Profile Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846681868" title="Special:BookSources/9781846681868"><bdi>9781846681868</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyranny+of+Choice&rft.series=Big+Ideas&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Profile+Books+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781846681868&rft.aulast=Salecl&rft.aufirst=Renata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbAnPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiehalStephensCurio1992" class="citation journal cs1">Biehal, Gabriel; Stephens, Debra; Curio, Eleonora (1992-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1992.10673373">"Attitude toward the Ad and Brand Choice"</a>. <i>Journal of Advertising</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00913367.1992.10673373">10.1080/00913367.1992.10673373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-3367">0091-3367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advertising&rft.atitle=Attitude+toward+the+Ad+and+Brand+Choice&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00913367.1992.10673373&rft.issn=0091-3367&rft.aulast=Biehal&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Debra&rft.au=Curio%2C+Eleonora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00913367.1992.10673373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFaa1994" class="citation web cs1">aa (3 April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Art-Choosing-Sheena-Iyengar/dp/B0085RZDMK/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1356856532&sr=8-1&keywords=the+art+of+choosing">"The Art of Choosing"</a>. Twelve<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span> – via Amazon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Choosing&rft.pub=Twelve&rft.date=1994-04-03&rft.au=aa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FThe-Art-Choosing-Sheena-Iyengar%2Fdp%2FB0085RZDMK%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1356856532%26sr%3D8-1%26keywords%3Dthe%2Bart%2Bof%2Bchoosing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/choice" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:choice">choice</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Choice_behavior" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Choice behavior">Choice behavior</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Choice" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Choice">Choice</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Hsee, C.K., Loewenstein, G.F., Blount, S., Bazerman, M.H. (1999). Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of option: A review and theoretical analysis. <i>Psychological Bulletin</i> <b>125(5)</b>, 576–590.</li> <li>Irons, B. and C. Hepburn. 2007. "Regret Theory and the Tyranny of Choice." The Economic Record. 83(261): 191–203.</li> <li>Iyengar, S.S. and M.R. Lepper. 2000. "When Choice is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70(6): 996–1006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnemanTversky1999" class="citation book cs1">Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos, eds. (1999). <i>Choices, Values, and Frames</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62749-8"><bdi>978-0-521-62749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choices%2C+Values%2C+and+Frames&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62749-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Norwood, F. 2006. "Less Choice is Better, Sometimes." Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization. 4(1). Article 3.</li> <li>Norwood, F. Bailey, Jayson L. Lusk, Bharath Arunachalam, and Shida Rastegari Henneberry. "An Empirical Investigation Into the Excessive-Choice Effect." American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Forthcoming.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Edward C. (2006). <i>The Era of Choice: The Ability to Choose and Its Transformation of Contemporary Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68165-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68165-X"><bdi>0-262-68165-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Era+of+Choice%3A+The+Ability+to+Choose+and+Its+Transformation+of+Contemporary+Life&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-262-68165-X&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2005" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Barry (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paradoxofchoice00barr"><i>The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-000569-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-000569-6"><bdi>978-0-06-000569-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paradox+of+Choice%3A+Why+More+is+Less&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-000569-6&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparadoxofchoice00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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