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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>State secularism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_secularism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State secularism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secular society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Secular philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secular_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secular philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secular_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secularism_in_late_20th_century_political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularism_in_late_20th_century_political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Secularism in late 20th century political philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularism_in_late_20th_century_political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Secularism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularisme" title="Sekularisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sekularisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularismu" title="Secularismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Secularismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekulyarizm" title="Sekulyarizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sekulyarizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سکولاریسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سکولاریسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ধর্মনিরপেক্ষতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মনিরপেক্ষতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Свецкасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Свецкасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Сьвецкасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвецкасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="धम्मनिरपेखता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="धम्मनिरपेखता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Секуларизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Секуларизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularizam" title="Sekularizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sekularizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikelezh" title="Laikelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laikelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularisme" title="Secularisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Secularisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularismus" title="Sekularismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sekularismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seciwlariaeth" title="Seciwlariaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seciwlariaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularisme" title="Sekularisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sekularisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علمانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="علمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4kularismus" title="Säkularismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Säkularismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularism" title="Sekularism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sekularism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κοσμικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοσμικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularismo" title="Secularismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secularismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekulareco" title="Sekulareco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekulareco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularismo" title="Sekularismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sekularismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سکولاریسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکولاریسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" title="Laïcité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laïcité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AD-eaglaiseachas" title="Dí-eaglaiseachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dí-eaglaiseachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularismo" title="Secularismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Secularismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="세속주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세속주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աշխարհականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="धर्मनिरपेक्षता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्मनिरपेक्षता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularizam" title="Sekularizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sekularizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularisme" title="Sekularisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekularisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veraldarhyggja" title="Veraldarhyggja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veraldarhyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolarismo" title="Secolarismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secolarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חילוניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חילוניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಾತ್ಯತೀತತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾತ್ಯತೀತತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სეკულარიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეკულარიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekuler%C3%AEzm" title="Sekulerîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sekulerîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularizmo" title="Sekularizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sekularizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ຄະລາວາດນິຍົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄະລາວາດນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saecularismus" title="Saecularismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saecularismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekul%C4%81risms" title="Sekulārisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sekulārisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularisme" title="Secularisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Secularisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularisme" title="Secularisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Secularisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Секуларност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Секуларност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekiolarisma" title="Sekiolarisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sekiolarisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="മതേതരത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മതേതരത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="धर्मनिरपेक्षता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धर्मनिरपेक्षता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სეკულარიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სეკულარიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سيكولاريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيكولاريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سکولاریسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سکولاریسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularisme" title="Sekularisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sekularisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularisme" title="Secularisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Secularisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="धर्म निरपेक्षता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="धर्म निरपेक्षता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="धर्म निरपेक्षता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धर्म निरपेक्षता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="世俗主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世俗主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunyoviylik" title="Dunyoviylik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dunyoviylik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਧਰਮ ਨਿਰਪੱਖਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਮ ਨਿਰਪੱਖਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سیکولرزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیکولرزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سيکولريزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيکولريزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularyzm" title="Sekularyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sekularyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularismo" title="Secularismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secularismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secularism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Секуляризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Секуляризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekullarizmi" title="Shekullarizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekullarizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secularism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سيڪيولرازم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سيڪيولرازم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularizmus" title="Sekularizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sekularizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دنیاخوازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دنیاخوازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularizam" title="Sekularizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sekularizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularizam" title="Sekularizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sekularizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9kul%C3%A9risme" title="Sékulérisme – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sékulérisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularismi" title="Sekularismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sekularismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularism" title="Sekularism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sekularism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="சமயச் சார்பின்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமயச் சார்பின்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Дөньявилык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дөньявилык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="లౌకికవాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లౌకికవాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โลกิยนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลกิยนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Секуляризм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Секуляризм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek%C3%BClerizm" title="Sekülerizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sekülerizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Секуляризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Секуляризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سیکولرازم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیکولرازم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%85" title="ئىلمانىزىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىلمانىزىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_th%E1%BA%BF_t%E1%BB%A5c" title="Chủ nghĩa thế tục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa thế tục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="世俗主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="וועלטלעכקייט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וועלטלעכקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="世俗主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="世俗主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekulerizm" title="Sekulerizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sekulerizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世俗主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularist&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularist">Secularist</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Position that religion should not influence civic and state affairs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defrocking" title="Defrocking">Laicization</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:160%;font-weight:normal; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Catholic priests in public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_state" title="Confessional state">Confessional state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Atheist state</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_by_country" title="Freedom of religion by country">Status by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Angola" title="Freedom of religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Benin" title="Freedom of religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Botswana" title="Freedom of religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Freedom of religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burundi" title="Freedom of religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cameroon" title="Freedom of religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Freedom of religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Freedom of religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad" title="Freedom of religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Freedom of religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mauritania" title="Freedom of religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Morocco" title="Freedom of religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Africa" title="Freedom of religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sudan" title="Freedom of religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tanzania" title="Freedom of religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in North America by country">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in South America by country">South America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ecuador" title="Freedom of religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Guyana" title="Freedom of religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Panama" title="Freedom of religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Paraguay" title="Freedom of religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Asia_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Asia by country">Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Freedom of religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brunei" title="Freedom of religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Indonesia" title="Freedom of religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Laos" title="Freedom of religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Malaysia" title="Freedom of religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mongolia" title="Freedom of religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Nepal" title="Freedom of religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Pakistan" title="Freedom of religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Singapore" title="Freedom of religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Freedom of religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Taiwan" title="Freedom of religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Freedom of religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Thailand" title="Freedom of religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Vietnam" title="Freedom of religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Europe_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Europe by country">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Albania" title="Freedom of religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Andorra" title="Freedom of religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria" title="Freedom of religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belarus" title="Freedom of religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belgium" title="Freedom of religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Freedom of religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Croatia" title="Freedom of religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_France" title="Freedom of religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Hungary" title="Freedom of religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Italy" title="Freedom of religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freedom of religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Norway" title="Freedom of religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Romania" title="Freedom of religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Serbia" title="Freedom of religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovakia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovakia">Slovakia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovenia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East#Freedom_of_religion" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan" title="Freedom of religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kuwait" title="Freedom of religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Lebanon" title="Freedom of religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oman" title="Freedom of religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Freedom of religion in the State of Palestine">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Qatar" title="Freedom of religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Syria" title="Freedom of religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Yemen" title="Freedom of religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oceania_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Oceania by country">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Australia" title="Freedom of religion in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_laws_by_country" title="Female genital mutilation laws by country">Female genital mutilation laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Religious male circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_persecution_of_Alevis" title="Ottoman persecution of Alevis">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">New religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_freedom" title="Template talk:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_freedom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious freedom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Secularism</b> is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a> considerations, uninvolved with <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. It is most commonly thought of as the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of religion from civil affairs and the state</a> and may be broadened to a similar position seeking to remove or to minimize the role of religion in any public sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secularism may encapsulate <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonsectarian" title="Nonsectarian">non-sectarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(philosophy)" title="Neutrality (philosophy)">neutrality</a> on topics of religion, or <a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">antireligion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hashemi-intro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hashemi-intro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a philosophy, secularism seeks to interpret life based on principles derived solely from the material world, without recourse to religion. It shifts the focus from religion towards "temporal" and material concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are distinct traditions of secularism like the French, Turkish, American and Indian models. These differ greatly, from the American emphasis on avoiding an established religion and the freedom of belief, to the French interventionist and controlling model, and more. The purposes and arguments in support of secularism vary widely, ranging from assertions that it is a crucial element of <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization</a>, or that religion and traditional values are backward and divisive, to the claim that it is the only guarantor of free religious exercise. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secularism takes different forms with varying stances on where and how religion should be separate from other aspects of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20211–4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20211–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of any religious denomination can support a secular society, or adopt the principles of secularism, although secularist identity is often associated with non-religious individuals such as atheists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021153–157_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021153–157-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political secularism encompasses the schools of thought in secularism that consider the regulation of religion by a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20215–6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20215–6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious minorities and non-religious citizens in a country tend to support political secularism while members of the majority religion tend to oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20219–10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20219–10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular nationalists are people that support <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">political secularism within their own state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021159–161_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021159–161-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars identify several variations of political secularism in society. The strictest form, associated with the French <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">laique</a> model, advocates a state that is both firmly and officially distanced from all religions and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious philosophical convictions</a> in all of its manifestations and official dealings, without exception. A more "<a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">humanistic</a>" form is indifferent towards religions <i>per se</i> but also advocates for the states to operate on purely a rational basis of <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">evidence-based policy</a> and a focus on human needs and welfare, entailing non-discrimination between peoples of differing religions and non-religious philosophical convictions throughout society.<sup id="cite_ref-Dharma_Darshan_Ki_Rooprekha_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dharma_Darshan_Ki_Rooprekha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marbaniang_2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marbaniang_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third "liberal" or "<a href="/wiki/Pillarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillarized">pillarized</a>" form of secularism holds that governments may in some instances express sympathy to, provide funding to, licence state services to, or otherwise allow unique special treatment of religions (common in German-speaking and <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> secular states), so long as states nevertheless treat these convictions equally, and are neither hostile nor preferential towards any particular set of religious or non-religious philosophical convictions such as <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">humanists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marbaniang_2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marbaniang_2005-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these countries, secular humanist organizations typically receive state funding according to the same funding formulas used to provide state funding to religious groups.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indian political discourse, the pejorative term <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-secularism" title="Pseudo-secularism">pseudo-secularism</a> is also used to highlight instances where it is believed that while the state purports to be secular, indifferent, or impartial towards religions, its policies in reality favour a particular religion over others.<sup id="cite_ref-Dharma_Darshan_Ki_Rooprekha_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dharma_Darshan_Ki_Rooprekha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many principles that are associated with all forms of political secularism. It typically promotes legal equality between people of different religions, opposing a legal hierarchy on the basis of religious belief or lack of religious belief. It is also associated with a separation of church and state, considering these to be two distinct entities that should be treated separately. State supremacy is a secular principle that supports obedience to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> over religious diktat or canon law, while internal constraint is a secular principle that opposes governmental control over one's personal life. Under political secularism, the government can enforce how people act but not what they believe. Similarly, freedom of thought is supported by secularism. Order is supported by secularists, specifically in that one's beliefs should not be permitted to disturb the civil peace. <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">Religious tolerance</a> is supported both for people of other religions and for a lack of piety demonstrated by members of one's own religion. Political secularism also supports <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> as a virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202116–48_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202116–48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secularists also support freedom from religion as an extension to freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021163–164_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021163–164-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holyoake2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Holyoake2.JPG/170px-Holyoake2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Holyoake2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> writer <a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a> (1817–1906) employed the term "secularism" in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-Holyoake_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holyoake-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Secularism in practice has existed since ancient times. In societies such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, a limited secularism was practised in which religion was not involved in governance, though it was still prevalent in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, secularism emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Differentiation_(sociology)#Functional_differentiation" title="Differentiation (sociology)">functional differentiation</a>, religion changed from being the predominant lens through which reality was interpreted to providing only an alternative explanatory approach.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1636, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a> as a settlement with total freedom of religion, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular ideas were strongly challenged by religious leaders and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in particular, causing a religious <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture war</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> incorporated the ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> into the government of the United States, including his secularism, though a true secular state was not achieved until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202151–54_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202151–54-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French secularism in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> was based on <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>, which emphasised state supremacy, as well as <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202165–66_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202165–66-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revolutionary France opposed Catholic influence in the country, and it briefly replaced Christianity with the deistic <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first to use the already-extant word "secularism" in a modern sense, was the British <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> writer <a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a>, in 1851. Finding "<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>" too aggravating, he sought a term that would describe a stance advocating to conduct life based on naturalistic (secular) considerations only, but without necessarily rejecting religion, thus enabling cooperation with believers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holyoake's definition of secularism differs from its usage by later writers. As the Humanist Heritage website notes, Holyoake provides a definition of secularism "much akin to modern definitions of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>... broader than just atheism."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More modern definitions of secularism are likely to pertain to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> rather than personal beliefs. </p><p>Many Christian countries began to undergo societal <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> during the 20th century, with levels of belief and practice declining. Sociologists disagree as to whether this represents a periodic fluctuation or a larger trend toward long-term adoption of secularism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">Laïcité</a></i>, the French notion of strict separation, was enshrined into law in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the rise to power of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> in 1923, Turkish secularism, or <i><a href="/wiki/Laiklik" class="mw-redirect" title="Laiklik">laiklik</a></i>, became a state ideology under <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a>, aiming to modernise the country. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s secular tradition prior to Atatürk's reforms was limited, and 20th century Turkish secularism was initially modelled after French <i>laïcité</i>. Turkey remains virtually the only Muslim-majority nation with an effective secular government, though secularism remains a controversial ideology in Turkey, and the country's ruling party <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> is more anti-Kemalist than anti-secularist.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India became a secular state after it achieved independence in 1947; <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> supported pluralist secularism as a means to curb tensions in the religiously diverse nation. The Indian model of secularism stressed equality of citizens regardless of faith before the law, along with some separation. The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> was proclaimed in 1948, protecting freedom of religion in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_diversifies_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_diversifies-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_secularism">State secularism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State secularism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Religions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/250px-State_Religions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/375px-State_Religions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/500px-State_Religions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Countries with a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In political terms, secularism is a movement towards the separation of religion and government, often termed the separation of church and state. This can refer to reducing ties between a government and a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, replacing laws based on scripture (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i>) with <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil laws</a>, and eliminating <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination on the basis of religion</a>. This is said to add to democracy by protecting the rights of religious minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separation of church and state is one possible strategy to be deployed by secular governments. From the democratic to the authoritarian, such governments share a concern to limit the religious side in the relationship. Each state may find its own unique policy prescriptions. These may include separation, careful monitoring and regulation of organized religion such as in France, Turkey, India and others.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accord with the belief in the separation of church and state, secularists tend to prefer that politicians make decisions for secular rather than religious reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this respect, policy decisions pertaining to topics like <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell</a> research, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> are prominently focused upon by American secularist organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious fundamentalists often oppose a secular form of government, arguing that it contradicts the character of historically religious nations, or infringes on their rights to express themselves in the public sphere. In the United States, for example, the word "secularism" became equivalent to "anti-religion" due to such efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-uooavbjacq_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uooavbjacq-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious minorities, however, often support secularism as a means of defending their rights against the majority.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State secularism is most often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in Europe and it plays a major role in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western society</a>. Some of the most well known examples for states considered "constitutionally secular" are the United States, France,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey, India, Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and South Korea, though none of these nations have identical forms of governance with respect to religion. For example, in India, secularism does not completely separate state and religion, while in France, secularism precludes such mutual involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frameworks">Frameworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Separationist secularism enforces the separation of church and state. Under this system, the state does not support any religious group and does not enforce religious laws. Challenges facing separationist secularism include how the government should regulate secular activities of religious groups and how to govern separately from religion when citizens, including government employees, are religious. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">federal judiciary of the United States</a> interpreted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> as supporting this system during the 20th century, based on the ideas of John Locke and Thomas Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202153–62_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202153–62-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Laïcité</i> is a secularist framework developed and used in France. Under this system, the state has legal supremacy over religion and enforces the restriction of religion in the public sphere. It was established by a <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 law</a>, and subsequent laws have restricted the use of religious iconography in public or by children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202164–65_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202164–65-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemalist secularism, or <i>laiklik</i>, is an adaptation of <i>laïcité</i> that Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established in Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021112–116_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021112–116-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> is a system of actively supporting religion in general without favouring a specific religious sect. Under this system, the state applies few restrictions to religion and often provides religious organizations with financial support. India uses this system, incorporating Western ideas of secularism in combination with the Indian tradition of religious and ethnic pluralism. One source of disagreement regarding accommodationism in India is the right of Muslims to live under both the civil code and Sharia simultaneously and the complications that result from this. Accommodationism also has a <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism_in_the_United_States" title="Accommodationism in the United States">history in the United States</a>, and the U.S. has increasingly moved toward accommodationism in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202176–_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202176–-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> is a total ban on religion. Under this system, the state enforces laws that do not allow religious practice or the expression of religious beliefs in society. Unlike other secularist frameworks, state atheism does not permit freedom of thought or the separation of government from personal belief. Because of this distinction, state atheism may or may not be considered a form of secularism. It is typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>, in which it is described as "<a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">scientific atheism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202199–110_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202199–110-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secular_society">Secular society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secular society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In studies of religion, modern <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a> are generally recognized as secular. This is due to the near-complete freedom of religion (religious beliefs generally are not subject to legal or social sanctions), and the lack of authority of religious leaders over political decisions. Nevertheless, it has been claimed that surveys done by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> show Americans as generally being more comfortable with religion playing a major role in public life, while in Europe the impact of the church on public life is declining.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most societies become increasingly secular as the result of social, economic development and <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a>, rather than through the actions of a dedicated secular movement.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> has, since <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, often been preoccupied with the problem of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> in secularised societies and with secularisation as a sociological or historical process.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary ethical debate in the West is often described as "secular", as it is detached from religious considerations. Twentieth-century scholars, whose work has contributed to the understanding of these matters, include <a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Carl L. Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Karl Löwith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blumenberg" title="Hans Blumenberg">Hans Blumenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">M. H. Abrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Peter L. Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_B%C3%A9nichou" title="Paul Bénichou">Paul Bénichou</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._L._Munby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. L. Munby (page does not exist)">D. L. Munby</a>, among others. </p><p>There is not one singular secular culture, as different people identify as secularists for different reasons and under different belief systems. Secularism is typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>. In democratic countries, middle and upper class white urban males with high education are more likely to identify as secularist than any other demographic group. In societies where secularism is more common, such as in Western Europe, demographics of secularists are closer to even. How a society considers what is secular may also change, where nominally spiritual beliefs become part of public or private life without being recognized as religious. As secularists are a minority in most communities, secularism is often stigmatized. Proponents of religious society challenge secular society on the basis of morality, saying that secularism lacks a meaningful way to incentivize moral behaviour among its members.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secular_philosophy">Secular philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secular philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secularism is considered in <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a>. As a philosophy, secularism is closely associated with naturalism and materialism, rejecting consideration of immaterial or supernatural substances, such as a soul, in favour of a material universe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This secular materialism and rationalism forms the basis of most modern empirical science.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Age of Enlightenment, liberal European philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> all proposed various forms of separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of well known moral philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>, and even the whole field of contemporary bioethics, have been described as explicitly secular or non-religious.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major issue considered by secular philosophy is the nature of morality in a material universe. <a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_morality" title="Secular morality">secular morality</a> describe systems of right and wrong that do not depend on religious or supernatural concepts. Much of the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> is developed in response to this issue. Under secular ethics, good is typically defined as that which contributes to "human flourishing and justice" rather than an abstract or idealized conception of good. Secular ethics are often considered within the frame of humanism.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularism_in_late_20th_century_political_philosophy">Secularism in late 20th century political philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secularism in late 20th century political philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> It can be seen by many of the organizations (NGOs) for secularism that they prefer to define <i>secularism</i> as the common ground for all <a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">life stance</a> groups, religious or atheistic, to thrive in a society that honours freedom of speech and conscience. An example of that is the <a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Society" title="National Secular Society">National Secular Society</a> in the UK. This is a common understanding of what secularism stands for among many of its activists throughout the world. However, many scholars of Christianity and conservative politicians seem to interpret secularism more often than not, as an antithesis of religion and an attempt to push religion out of society and replace it with atheism or a void of values, <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>. This dual aspect (as noted above in "Secular ethics") has created difficulties in political discourse on the subject. It seems that most political theorists in philosophy following the landmark work of <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> in 1971 and its following book, <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Liberalism" title="Political Liberalism">Political Liberalism</a></i> (1993),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would rather use the conjoined concept <i><a href="/wiki/Overlapping_consensus" title="Overlapping consensus">overlapping consensus</a></i> rather than secularism. In the latter Rawls holds the idea of an overlapping consensus as one of three main ideas of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">political liberalism</a>. He argues that the term <i>secularism</i> cannot apply; </p><blockquote><p>But what is a secular argument? Some think of any argument that is reflective and critical, publicly intelligible and rational, as a secular argument; [...], Nevertheless, a central feature of political liberalism is that it views all such arguments the same way it views religious ones, and therefore these secular philosophical doctrines do not provide public reasons. Secular concepts and reasoning of this kind belong to <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">first philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">moral doctrine</a>, and fall outside the domain of the political.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Still, Rawl's theory is akin to Holyoake's vision of a tolerant democracy that treats all <a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">life stance</a> groups alike. Rawl's idea it that it is in everybody's own interest to endorse "a reasonable constitutional democracy" with "principles of toleration". His work has been highly influential on scholars in political philosophy and his term, <i>overlapping consensus</i>, seems to have for many parts replaced <i>secularism</i> among them. In textbooks on modern political philosophy, like Colin Farrelly's, <i>An Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Will Kymlicka's, <i>Contemporary Political Philosophy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term secularism is not even indexed and in the former it can be seen only in one footnote. However, there is no shortage of discussion and coverage of the topic it involves. It is just called <i>overlapping consensus, <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">pluralism</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a></i> or expressed in some other way. In The <i>Oxford Handbook of Political Theory</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is one chapter called "Political secularism", by <a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Bhargava" title="Rajeev Bhargava">Rajeev Bhargava</a>. It covers secularism in a global context, and starts with this sentence: "Secularism is a beleaguered doctrine." </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-secularism" title="Pseudo-secularism">Pseudo-secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luke W. Galen. <i>The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies</i>. Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 22-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hashemi-intro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hashemi-intro_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHashemi2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hashemi, Nader (2009). "Secularism". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Secularism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.aulast=Hashemi&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoznai2017" class="citation journal cs1">Roznai, Yaniv (June 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2982275">"Negotiating the Eternal: The Paradox of Entrenching Secularism in Constitutions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Law_Review" title="Michigan State Law Review">Michigan State Law Review</a></i>. <b>253</b>. Social Science Research Network: 324. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2982275">2982275</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822132915/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2982275">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Negotiating+the+Eternal%3A+The+Paradox+of+Entrenching+Secularism+in+Constitutions&rft.volume=253&rft.pages=324&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2982275%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Roznai&rft.aufirst=Yaniv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2982275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span>, citing Domenic Marbaniang</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20211–4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20211–4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021153–157-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021153–157_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 153–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20215–6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20215–6_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20219–10-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau20219–10_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021159–161-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021159–161_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dharma_Darshan_Ki_Rooprekha-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dharma_Darshan_Ki_Rooprekha_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dharma_Darshan_Ki_Rooprekha_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2000" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Laxminidhi (2000). <i>Dharma Darshan Ki Rooprekha</i>. Allahabad: Abhivyakti Prakashan. p. 431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharma+Darshan+Ki+Rooprekha&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Abhivyakti+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Laxminidhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marbaniang_2005-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marbaniang_2005_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marbaniang_2005_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarbaniang2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Marbaniang, Domenic (2005). <i>Secularism in India: A Historical Analysis</i> (MPhil). ACTS Academy of Higher Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Secularism+in+India%3A+A+Historical+Analysis&rft.inst=ACTS+Academy+of+Higher+Education&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Marbaniang&rft.aufirst=Domenic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://understandinghumanism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Humanism-becoming-the-mainstream.pdf">"Humanism becoming the mainstream in Norway"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Understanding Humanism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a>. October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522114547/https://understandinghumanism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Humanism-becoming-the-mainstream.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Understanding+Humanism&rft.atitle=Humanism+becoming+the+mainstream+in+Norway&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funderstandinghumanism.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F10%2FHumanism-becoming-the-mainstream.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202116–48-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202116–48_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 16–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021163–164-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau2021163–164_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holyoake-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holyoake_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolyoake1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">Holyoake, G. J.</a> (1896). <i>English Secularism: A Confession of Belief</i>. Library of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1332-8"><bdi>978-1-4655-1332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Secularism%3A+A+Confession+of+Belief&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-1332-8&rft.aulast=Holyoake&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2019">Copson 2019</a>: Although they had public temples and their festivals were important civic occasions, in the city states of classical Greece gods and goddesses were not involved in 'politics'...This is a sort of secularism, in which the aims of the state are separate from religious aims, but it is not secularism in the full modern sense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bizeul, Yves (2013)."Secularism in Europe", European Liberal Forum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_in_Western_Societies_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2019">Copson 2019</a>, Secularism in Western Societies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202151–54-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202151–54_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 51–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202165–66-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinerblau202165–66_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinerblau2021">Berlinerblau 2021</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shook, Zuckerman, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.humanists.uk/george-jacob-holyoake/">"George Jacob Holyoake (1817–1906)"</a>. <i>Humanist Heritage</i>. <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111734/https://heritage.humanists.uk/george-jacob-holyoake/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanist+Heritage&rft.atitle=George+Jacob+Holyoake+%281817%E2%80%931906%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.humanists.uk%2Fgeorge-jacob-holyoake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorski2003" class="citation book cs1">Gorski, Philip S. (2003). "Historicizing the Secularization Debate: An Agenda for Research". In Dillon, Michele (ed.). <i>Handbook of the Sociology of Religion</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521000789" title="Special:BookSources/9780521000789"><bdi>9780521000789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historicizing+the+Secularization+Debate%3A+An+Agenda+for+Research&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.pages=110-122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521000789&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevincHoodColeman2017" class="citation book cs1">Sevinc, Kenan; Hood, Ralph W.; Coleman, Thomas (2017-01-10). Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-10"><i>Secularism in Turkey</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.10">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7"><bdi>978-0-19-998845-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021449/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-10">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998845-7&rft.aulast=Sevinc&rft.aufirst=Kenan&rft.au=Hood%2C+Ralph+W.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199988457-e-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_diversifies-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopson2019Secularism_diversifies_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopson2019">Copson 2019</a>, Secularism diversifies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, Noah (2005). p. 14. "[Legal secularists] claim that separating religion from the public, governmental sphere is necessary to ensure the full inclusion of all citizens."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinerblau" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berlinerblau" title="Jacques Berlinerblau">Berlinerblau, Jacques</a>. <i>How to be Secular</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. xvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+be+Secular&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.aulast=Berlinerblau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman Noah (2005). pp. 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2006" class="citation news cs1">Kaufman, Marc (November 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029121345/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/14/AR2006111401176.html">"Think Tank Will Promote Thinking"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/14/AR2006111401176.html">the original</a> on 2017-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Think+Tank+Will+Promote+Thinking&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F11%2F14%2FAR2006111401176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117073312/http://www.cfidc.org/declaration.html">"Declaration in Defense of Science and Secularism"</a>. Cfidc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfidc.org/declaration.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+in+Defense+of+Science+and+Secularism&rft.pub=Cfidc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfidc.org%2Fdeclaration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uooavbjacq-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uooavbjacq_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinerblau2012" class="citation news cs1">Berlinerblau, Jacques (2012-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacques-berlinerblau/secularism-is-not-atheism_b_1699588.html">"Secularism Is Not Atheism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018101452/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacques-berlinerblau/secularism-is-not-atheism_b_1699588.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Secularism+Is+Not+Atheism&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft.aulast=Berlinerblau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjacques-berlinerblau%2Fsecularism-is-not-atheism_b_1699588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, Noah (2005). p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/france-facts/secularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france-63815/article/secularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france">"Secularism and Religious Freedom in France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030014337/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/france-facts/secularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france-63815/article/secularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secularism+and+Religious+Freedom+in+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomatie.gouv.fr%2Fen%2Fcoming-to-france%2Ffrance-facts%2Fsecularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france-63815%2Farticle%2Fsecularism-and-religious-freedom-in-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitt (1962); Blancarte (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas_Acevedo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Das Acevedo, Veena (27 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/secularism-in-the-indian-context/54DC764998B762B94326B7F8035ECB85">"Secularism in the Indian Context"</a>. <i>Law & Social Inquiry</i>. <b>38</b>: 139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102223852/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/secularism-in-the-indian-context/54DC764998B762B94326B7F8035ECB85">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Social+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Secularism+in+the+Indian+Context&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft.aulast=Das+Acevedo&rft.aufirst=Veena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Flaw-and-social-inquiry%2Farticle%2Fsecularism-in-the-indian-context%2F54DC764998B762B94326B7F8035ECB85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiousfreedominstitute.org/lacit-a-model-or-a-threat-for-freedom-of-religion/">"Laïcité: a Model or a Threat for Freedom of Religion?"</a>. <i>Religious Freedom Institute</i>. 24 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807020142/https://www.religiousfreedominstitute.org/cornerstone/lacit-a-model-or-a-threat-for-freedom-of-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Ethics, Secular and Religious: An Evolved-Cognitive Analysis". In Zuckerman, Phil; Shook, John R. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Secularism</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethics%2C+Secular+and+Religious%3A+An+Evolved-Cognitive+Analysis&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Secularism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Teehan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls, John</a> (2011-01-01). <i>Political Liberalism: Expanded Edition</i>. Columbia University Press. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52753-8"><bdi>978-0-231-52753-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948824118">948824118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Liberalism%3A+Expanded+Edition&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948824118&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52753-8&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Farrelly, Colin Patrick (2004-01-01). <i>Contemporary political theory: a reader</i>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4908-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4908-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-4908-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/290530058">290530058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+political+theory%3A+a+reader&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F290530058&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-4908-4&rft.aulast=Farrelly&rft.aufirst=Colin+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKymlicka2002" class="citation book cs1">Kymlicka, Will (2002). <i>Contemporary political philosophy: an introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878274-2"><bdi>978-0-19-878274-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611694157">611694157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+political+philosophy%3A+an+introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611694157&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878274-2&rft.aulast=Kymlicka&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryzekHonig2009" class="citation book cs1">Dryzek, John S.; Honig, Bonnie (2009-01-01). <i>The Oxford handbook of political theory</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 636. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927003-3"><bdi>978-0-19-927003-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/474737332">474737332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+political+theory&rft.pages=636&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F474737332&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927003-3&rft.aulast=Dryzek&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Honig%2C+Bonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinerblau2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berlinerblau" title="Jacques Berlinerblau">Berlinerblau, Jacques</a> (2021). <i>Secularism: The Basics</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367691578" title="Special:BookSources/9780367691578"><bdi>9780367691578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism%3A+The+Basics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780367691578&rft.aulast=Berlinerblau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopson2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Copson" title="Andrew Copson">Copson, Andrew</a> (2019). <i>Secularism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198747222" title="Special:BookSources/9780198747222"><bdi>9780198747222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780198747222&rft.aulast=Copson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cliteur" title="Paul Cliteur">Cliteur, Paul</a> (2010). <i>The Secular Outlook: In Defense of Moral and Political Secularism.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3521-7">978-1-4443-3521-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Jacoby" title="Susan Jacoby">Jacoby, Susan</a> (2004). <i>Freethinkers: a History of American Secularism</i>. New York: Metropolitan Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7442-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7442-2">0-8050-7442-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Asad, Talal</a> (2003). <i>Formations Of The Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity</i>. Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4768-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4768-7">0-8047-4768-7</a></li> <li>Taylor, Charles (2007). <i>A Secular Age</i>. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02676-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02676-6">978-0-674-02676-6</a></li> <li>Kosmin, Barry A. and Ariela Keysar (2007). <i>Secularism and Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives</i>. Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9794816-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9794816-0-4">978-0-9794816-0-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9794816-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9794816-0-0">0-9794816-0-0</a></li> <li>Martin, David (2005). <i>On Secularization: Towards a Revised General Theory</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5322-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5322-6">0-7546-5322-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Benson" title="Iain Benson">Benson, Iain</a> (2004). <i>Considering Secularism</i> in Farrows, Douglas(ed.). <i>Recognizing Religion in a Secular Society</i> McGill-Queens Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2812-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2812-1">0-7735-2812-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berlinerblau" title="Jacques Berlinerblau">Berlinerblau, Jacques</a> (2012) "How to be Secular: A Call to Arms for Religious Freedom" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-47334-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-47334-5">978-0-547-47334-5</a></li> <li>Cinar, Alev (2006). <i>Modernity, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey: Bodies, Places, and Time</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-4411-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-4411-X">0-8166-4411-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Urban" title="Greg Urban">Urban, Greg</a> (2008). <i>The circulation of secularism.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10767-008-9040-x"><i>International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102223853/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10767-008-9040-x">Archived</a> 2020-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vol. 21, (1–4), December. pp. 17–37.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Secularism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=secularism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=secularism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Secularism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Secularism">Secularism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Benson" title="Iain Benson">Iain Benson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1654427">"Considering Secularism"</a></li> <li>Steven Kettell, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-898">Secularism and Religion</a></i>, Oxford Research Encyclopedias.</li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient 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