CINXE.COM
Propulsion - Mobility Engineering Technology
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" data-document-language="true" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="0638869d-3d27-434f-b3ab-0dc0e9cf70f8" tb-donotmove></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/icons/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/templates/met_2022/icons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/icons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/icons/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/templates/met_2022/icons/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/templates/met_2022/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffc40d"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://kit-pro.fontawesome.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagservices.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://olytics.omeda.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://px.ads.linkedin.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://snap.licdn.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/templates/met_2022/css/template.min.css?t=1732180729" integrity="sha512-UtoJaAI/4JQBZM00iYjo3qQK6A+Ak0jFi1wyU8KpaMUjQeqnekY5yHFR3nMajeDbJPLgcQD0/N3vXpzqE5uLHQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.15.10/sweetalert2.all.min.js" integrity="sha512-KWZQo2EiUMmEMrjJUUZoWP8k/mL57L5PPjQF23Vv77jGidQK8WPsX/RoQ7uI0cnjDDCU8ZXa1NG24HkLOqI9sg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"/> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="keywords" content="Propulsion"> <meta name="author" content="SAE Media Group"> <meta property="og:description" content="Explore the latest advancements in automotive propulsion, including innovations in internal combustion, hybrid, and electric systems driving vehicle performance"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta value="twitter:site" content="@TechBriefsMag"> <meta name="description" content="Explore the latest advancements in automotive propulsion, including innovations in internal combustion, hybrid, and electric systems driving vehicle performance"> <title>Propulsion - Mobility Engineering Technology</title> <link href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/met/topic/automotive/propulsion" rel="canonical"> <style>/** * Critical CSS created by criticalcss.com * file: /css/critical/tags-topic.css' * createdAt : 2024-11-21T09:24:53.000Z * resultStatus : GOOD * originalSize : 288152 * size : 0 * validationStatus : GOOD */ @charset "UTF-8";@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6uyw4BMUTPHjx4wWw.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwiPHA.ttf) format('truetype')}@font-face{font-family:Lato;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/lato/v24/S6u9w4BMUTPHh50XSwiPHA.ttf) format('truetype')}:root{--bs-blue:#324a98;--bs-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-purple:#6f42c1;--bs-pink:#e83e8c;--bs-red:#e60000;--bs-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-green:#28a745;--bs-teal:#20c997;--bs-cyan:#17a2b8;--bs-black:#000000;--bs-white:#ffffff;--bs-gray:#6c757d;--bs-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-gray-100:#f8f9fa;--bs-gray-200:#e9ecef;--bs-gray-300:#dee2e6;--bs-gray-400:#ced4da;--bs-gray-500:#adb5bd;--bs-gray-600:#6c757d;--bs-gray-700:#495057;--bs-gray-800:#343a40;--bs-gray-900:#212529;--bs-primary:#005095;--bs-secondary:#6c757d;--bs-success:#28a745;--bs-info:#17a2b8;--bs-warning:#ffc107;--bs-danger:#e60000;--bs-light:#f8f9fa;--bs-dark:#212529;--bs-inverse:#000000;--bs-navbar:#005095;--bs-navitem:#ffffff;--bs-lightgray:#e9ecef;--bs-color-indigo:#6610f2;--bs-color-cyan:#17a2b8;--bs-color-blue:#324a98;--bs-color-orange:#fd7e14;--bs-color-red:#e60000;--bs-color-yellow:#ffc107;--bs-color-teal:#20c997;--bs-color-green:#28a745;--bs-color-pink:#e83e8c;--bs-color-black:#000000;--bs-color-white:#ffffff;--bs-color-gray:#6c757d;--bs-color-gray-dark:#343a40;--bs-primary-rgb:0,80,149;--bs-secondary-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-success-rgb:40,167,69;--bs-info-rgb:23,162,184;--bs-warning-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-danger-rgb:230,0,0;--bs-light-rgb:248,249,250;--bs-dark-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-inverse-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-navbar-rgb:0,80,149;--bs-navitem-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-lightgray-rgb:233,236,239;--bs-color-indigo-rgb:102,16,242;--bs-color-cyan-rgb:23,162,184;--bs-color-blue-rgb:50,74,152;--bs-color-orange-rgb:253,126,20;--bs-color-red-rgb:230,0,0;--bs-color-yellow-rgb:255,193,7;--bs-color-teal-rgb:32,201,151;--bs-color-green-rgb:40,167,69;--bs-color-pink-rgb:232,62,140;--bs-color-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-color-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-color-gray-rgb:108,117,125;--bs-color-gray-dark-rgb:52,58,64;--bs-white-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-black-rgb:0,0,0;--bs-body-color-rgb:33,37,41;--bs-body-bg-rgb:255,255,255;--bs-font-sans-serif:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";--bs-font-monospace:SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,"Liberation Mono","Courier New",monospace;--bs-gradient:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));--bs-body-font-family:var(--bs-font-sans-serif);--bs-body-font-size:1rem;--bs-body-font-weight:400;--bs-body-line-height:1.5;--bs-body-color:#212529;--bs-body-bg:#ffffff;--bs-border-width:1px;--bs-border-style:solid;--bs-border-color:#dee2e6;--bs-border-color-translucent:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);--bs-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-border-radius-sm:0.25rem;--bs-border-radius-lg:0.5rem;--bs-border-radius-xl:1rem;--bs-border-radius-2xl:2rem;--bs-border-radius-pill:50rem;--bs-link-color:#01abe9;--bs-link-hover-color:#8e8e8e;--bs-code-color:#e83e8c;--bs-highlight-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4)}*,::after,::before{box-sizing:border-box}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){:root{scroll-behavior:smooth}}body{margin:0;font-family:var(--bs-body-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-body-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-body-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-body-line-height);color:var(--bs-body-color);text-align:var(--bs-body-text-align);background-color:var(--bs-body-bg);-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;font-family:Lato,sans-serif;font-size:1rem}hr{margin:1rem 0;color:inherit;border:0;border-top:1px solid;opacity:.25}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.2}h1{font-size:calc(1.375rem + 1.5vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h1{font-size:2.5rem}}h2{font-size:calc(1.325rem + .9vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h2{font-size:2rem}}h3{font-size:calc(1.3rem + .6vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h3{font-size:1.75rem}}h4{font-size:calc(1.275rem + .3vw)}@media (min-width:1200px){h4{font-size:1.5rem}}h5{font-size:1.25rem}h6{font-size:1rem}p{margin-top:0}ol,ul{padding-left:2rem;margin-top:0}ol,p,ul{margin-bottom:1rem}a{color:var(--bs-link-color);text-decoration:underline;color:#01a0e9}img,svg{vertical-align:middle}label{display:inline-block}button{border-radius:0;text-transform:none}button,input{margin:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border-style:none}::-webkit-datetime-edit-day-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-fields-wrapper,::-webkit-datetime-edit-hour-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-minute,::-webkit-datetime-edit-month-field,::-webkit-datetime-edit-text,::-webkit-datetime-edit-year-field{padding:0}::-webkit-inner-spin-button{height:auto}::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-color-swatch-wrapper{padding:0}::file-selector-button{font:inherit;-webkit-appearance:button}iframe{border:0}.img-fluid,img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.container,.container-fluid{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}@media (min-width:576px){.container{max-width:540px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{max-width:720px}}@media (min-width:992px){.container{max-width:960px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.container{max-width:1140px}}@media (min-width:1400px){.container{max-width:1320px}}.row{--bs-gutter-x:1.5rem;--bs-gutter-y:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:calc(-1*var(--bs-gutter-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x));margin-left:calc(-.5*var(--bs-gutter-x))}.row>*{flex-shrink:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);padding-left:calc(var(--bs-gutter-x)*.5);margin-top:var(--bs-gutter-y)}.col{flex:1 0 0%}.col-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}.col-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}.g-0{--bs-gutter-x:0;--bs-gutter-y:0}@media (min-width:576px){.col-sm-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}}@media (min-width:768px){.col-md-2{flex:0 0 auto;width:16.66666667%}.col-md-10{flex:0 0 auto;width:83.33333333%}.col-md-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}}@media (min-width:992px){.col-lg-auto{flex:0 0 auto;width:auto}.col-lg-4{flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}.col-lg-6{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.col-lg-7,.col-lg-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:58.33333333%}.col-lg-8{width:66.66666667%}.col-lg-12{flex:0 0 auto;width:100%}}@media (min-width:1200px){.col-xl-8{flex:0 0 auto;width:66.66666667%}}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.375rem}.form-control::-webkit-date-and-time-value{height:1.5em}.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:#6c757d;opacity:1}.form-floating{position:relative}.form-floating>.form-control{height:calc(3.5rem + 2px);line-height:1.25;padding:1rem .75rem}.form-floating>label{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding:1rem .75rem;overflow:hidden;text-align:start;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid transparent;transform-origin:0 0}.form-floating>.form-control::-moz-placeholder{color:transparent}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill{padding-top:1.625rem;padding-bottom:.625rem}.form-floating>.form-control:-webkit-autofill~label{opacity:.65;transform:scale(.85) translateY(-.5rem) translateX(.15rem)}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-floating{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group .btn{position:relative;z-index:2}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.form-floating:not(:last-child)>.form-control{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-feedback):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-feedback){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.btn{color:var(--bs-btn-color);background-color:var(--bs-btn-bg);--bs-btn-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-btn-padding-y:0.375rem;--bs-btn-font-size:1rem;--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-line-height:1.5;--bs-btn-color:#212529;--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-width:1px;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15),0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-btn-disabled-opacity:0.65;--bs-btn-focus-box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem rgba(var(--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb), .5);display:inline-block;padding:var(--bs-btn-padding-y) var(--bs-btn-padding-x);font-family:var(--bs-btn-font-family);font-size:var(--bs-btn-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-btn-font-weight);line-height:var(--bs-btn-line-height);text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;border:var(--bs-btn-border-width) solid var(--bs-btn-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-btn-border-radius)}.btn-primary{--bs-btn-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-bg:#005095;--bs-btn-border-color:#005095;--bs-btn-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(0, 68, 126.65);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(0, 64, 119.2);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:38,106,165;--bs-btn-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(0, 64, 119.2);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(0, 60, 111.75);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#005095;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#005095}.btn-primary,.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-active-shadow:inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125)}.btn-secondary{--bs-btn-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-border-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-hover-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-hover-bg:rgb(91.8, 99.45, 106.25);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:130,138,145;--bs-btn-active-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-active-bg:rgb(86.4, 93.6, 100);--bs-btn-active-border-color:rgb(81, 87.75, 93.75);--bs-btn-disabled-color:#ffffff;--bs-btn-disabled-bg:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:#6c757d}.btn-link{--bs-btn-font-weight:400;--bs-btn-color:var(--bs-link-color);--bs-btn-bg:transparent;--bs-btn-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-hover-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-hover-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-active-color:var(--bs-link-hover-color);--bs-btn-active-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-btn-disabled-border-color:transparent;--bs-btn-box-shadow:none;--bs-btn-focus-shadow-rgb:38,106,165;text-decoration:underline}.btn-sm{--bs-btn-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-btn-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-btn-font-size:0.875rem;--bs-btn-border-radius:0.25rem}.fade:not(.show){opacity:0}.collapse:not(.show){display:none}.marquee .s-hero>div{position:relative}.nav-link{display:block;padding:var(--bs-nav-link-padding-y) var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color);text-decoration:none}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.3125rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='10' stroke-width='2' d='M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-focus-width:0.25rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-navbar-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-padding-x)}.navbar>.container-fluid{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}@media (min-width:768px){.navbar-expand-md{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-md .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y:1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x:1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width:0;--bs-card-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius:0;--bs-card-inner-border-radius:0;--bs-card-cap-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x:1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-bg:#ffffff;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding:1rem;--bs-card-group-margin:0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius)}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.card-img-top{width:100%;border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-card-inner-border-radius)}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:1rem;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#ffffff;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#5b5b5b;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "|")}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(0, 48, 89.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(204, 220, 233.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 202.5, 223.2)}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#002648}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:rgb(24, 100.2, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(212, 237.4, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(190.5, 228.6, 199.2)}.alert-native .alert-link,.alert-success .alert-link,.alert-validation .alert-link{color:#135021}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(13.8, 97.2, 110.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(208.6, 236.4, 240.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(185.4, 227.1, 233.7)}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#0b4e58}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-danger,.alert-error{--bs-alert-color:#8a0000;--bs-alert-bg:#facccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(247.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-danger .alert-link,.alert-error .alert-link{color:#6e0000}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color:rgb(99.2, 99.6, 100);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(253.6, 253.8, 254);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(252.9, 253.2, 253.5)}.alert-light .alert-link{color:#4f5050}.alert-cleanup,.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.8, 22.2, 24.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.6, 211.4, 212.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.4, 189.6, 190.8)}.alert-cleanup .alert-link,.alert-dark .alert-link{color:#101214}.alert-criticalcss,.alert-inverse{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-criticalcss .alert-link,.alert-inverse .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-navbar{--bs-alert-color:rgb(0, 48, 89.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(204, 220, 233.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 202.5, 223.2)}.alert-navbar .alert-link{color:#002648}.alert-navitem{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-navitem .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-lightgray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(93.2, 94.4, 95.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(250.6, 251.2, 251.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(248.4, 249.3, 250.2)}.alert-lightgray .alert-link{color:#4b4c4c}.alert-advertising,.alert-color-indigo{--bs-alert-color:rgb(61.2, 9.6, 145.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(224.4, 207.2, 252.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(209.1, 183.3, 251.1)}.alert-advertising .alert-link,.alert-color-indigo .alert-link{color:#310874}.alert-color-cyan,.alert-notice{--bs-alert-color:rgb(13.8, 97.2, 110.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(208.6, 236.4, 240.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(185.4, 227.1, 233.7)}.alert-color-cyan .alert-link,.alert-notice .alert-link{color:#0b4e58}.alert-color-blue{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-color-blue .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-cache,.alert-color-orange{--bs-alert-color:rgb(151.8, 75.6, 12);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(254.6, 229.2, 208);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(254.4, 216.3, 184.5)}.alert-cache .alert-link,.alert-color-orange .alert-link{color:#793c0a}.alert-color-red{--bs-alert-color:#8a0000;--bs-alert-bg:#facccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(247.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-color-red .alert-link{color:#6e0000}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-yellow{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-cdnjs .alert-link,.alert-color-yellow .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-color-teal,.alert-topic{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.2, 120.6, 90.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.4, 244.2, 234.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.1, 238.8, 223.8)}.alert-color-teal .alert-link,.alert-topic .alert-link{color:#0f6048}.alert-color-green{--bs-alert-color:rgb(24, 100.2, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(212, 237.4, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(190.5, 228.6, 199.2)}.alert-color-green .alert-link{color:#135021}.alert-cloudinary,.alert-color-pink{--bs-alert-color:rgb(139.2, 37.2, 84);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(250.4, 216.4, 232);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(248.1, 197.1, 220.5)}.alert-cloudinary .alert-link,.alert-color-pink .alert-link{color:#6f1e43}.alert-color-black{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5)}.alert-color-black .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-color-white{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-color-white .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-color-gray .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(31.2, 34.8, 38.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214.4, 215.6, 216.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(194.1, 195.9, 197.7)}.alert-color-gray-dark .alert-link{color:#191c1f}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:.5}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-bg:#ffffff;--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-border-radius:0.5rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(0.5rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin)}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translate(0,-50px)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);outline:0}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius)}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#ffffff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0}.offcanvas.offcanvas-end{top:0;right:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-left:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid var(--bs-offcanvas-border-color);transform:translateX(100%)}.offcanvas-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)}.offcanvas-header .btn-close{padding:calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y)*.5) calc(var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x)*.5);margin-top:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y));margin-right:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x));margin-bottom:calc(-.5*var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y))}.offcanvas-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.5}.offcanvas-body{flex-grow:1;padding:var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-y) var(--bs-offcanvas-padding-x);overflow-y:auto}.d-block{display:block!important}.d-flex{display:flex!important}.d-none{display:none!important}.border{border:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-top{border-top:var(--bs-border-width) var(--bs-border-style) var(--bs-border-color)!important}.border-primary,.border-secondary{--bs-border-opacity:1;border-color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.border-secondary{border-color:rgba(var(--bs-secondary-rgb),var(--bs-border-opacity))!important}.border-2{--bs-border-width:2px}.w-100{width:100%!important}.flex-row{flex-direction:row!important}.justify-content-end{justify-content:flex-end!important}.justify-content-between{justify-content:space-between!important}.align-items-center{align-items:center!important}.align-content-center{align-content:center!important}.align-self-center{align-self:center!important}.mx-auto{margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}.my-1,.navbar-side-item p{margin-top:.25rem!important;margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.my-2{margin-top:.5rem!important;margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.my-3{margin-top:1rem!important;margin-bottom:1rem!important}.my-5{margin-top:3rem!important;margin-bottom:3rem!important}.my-auto{margin-top:auto!important;margin-bottom:auto!important}.mt-1{margin-top:.25rem!important}.mt-2{margin-top:.5rem!important}.mt-3{margin-top:1rem!important}.mt-5{margin-top:3rem!important}.me-1{margin-right:.25rem!important}.me-2{margin-right:.5rem!important}.me-3{margin-right:1rem!important}.me-4{margin-right:1.5rem!important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0!important}.mb-1{margin-bottom:.25rem!important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:.5rem!important}.mb-3{margin-bottom:1rem!important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:1.5rem!important}.mb-5{margin-bottom:3rem!important}.ms-0{margin-left:0!important}.ms-2{margin-left:.5rem!important}.ms-3{margin-left:1rem!important}.ms-auto{margin-left:auto!important}.p-3{padding:1rem!important}.px-0{padding-right:0!important;padding-left:0!important}.px-2{padding-right:.5rem!important;padding-left:.5rem!important}.px-3{padding-right:1rem!important;padding-left:1rem!important}.px-4{padding-right:1.5rem!important;padding-left:1.5rem!important}.pt-0{padding-top:0!important}.pt-2{padding-top:.5rem!important}.pe-5{padding-right:3rem!important}.pb-1{padding-bottom:.25rem!important}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem!important}.pb-3{padding-bottom:1rem!important}.navbar-side-item p{padding-left:0!important}.ps-3{padding-left:1rem!important}.text-center{text-align:center!important}.text-uppercase{text-transform:uppercase!important}.text-primary{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-primary-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-white{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:rgba(var(--bs-white-rgb),var(--bs-text-opacity))!important}.text-reset{--bs-text-opacity:1;color:inherit!important}@media (min-width:992px){.d-lg-block{display:block!important}.latest-briefs .card{max-width:380px}}.blur-up{filter:blur(3px)}html{scroll-padding-top:100px}.adbox{background:#e6e6e7;padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px}.container{max-width:1170px}.container.hero{margin-top:-46px}.full-width{max-width:100%;padding-right:15px!important;padding-left:15px!important}header{position:relative;z-index:75}.header-top{height:85px;justify-content:space-between}.header-top>.col:first-of-type{padding-left:3.125rem}.header-top a{text-decoration:none}.header-title{position:absolute;font-weight:900;font-size:1.6875rem;color:#01a0e9;margin-left:15px;text-align:center;line-height:1.6875rem}.header-title::before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;top:-3px;left:-9px;width:2px;height:54px;background:#005095}.header-subtitle{color:#005095;font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:700;position:relative;bottom:-28px;left:15px}.fa-bars{font-size:2.25rem}.mobile-tagline{display:none;text-align:center}.mobile-tagline span{position:relative;font-weight:900;font-size:1.6875rem;color:#01a0e9;margin-left:15px;text-align:center}.nav-blue{height:70px;z-index:2;position:relative}.nav-blue-hide{height:70px;max-width:934px;width:934px;background-color:#1b75bb;color:#fff;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;vertical-align:middle}.nav-blue-hide a{color:#fff;margin:0 30px;font-size:1.125rem}.nav-blue-hide-left{height:70px;width:30px;fill:#1b75bb}.b-link{font-weight:500;text-decoration:none}.nav-blue-login{color:#005095;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}.nav-blue-top-level{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap}.nav-blue-top-level .fas.fa-search{margin-top:5px}.nav-blue-drop-menu-container{background:#d1e8f7;margin-top:30px;padding:20px}.nav-blue-drop{display:none;position:absolute;top:40px;z-index:99;width:20%;margin:0 auto}.nav-blue-drop ul{padding-left:10px;list-style-type:none}.nav-blue-drop ul li{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem}.nav-blue-drop ul li a{color:#1b75bb;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-weight:400;font-size:1rem;text-decoration:none}.nav-blue-drop-arrow{width:0;height:0;border-left:10px solid transparent;border-right:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid #d1e8f7;position:absolute;top:20px}.nav-blue-hide .fa-chevron-down{font-size:.75rem;margin-left:5px;vertical-align:middle}.section-icon{font-size:1.8125rem;margin-right:10px;color:#b2b2b2;vertical-align:middle;display:none}.marquee{min-height:64px}.marquee h1{font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#005095;text-transform:uppercase}.hero .s-hero>div{position:relative}.latest-briefs a,.rightcol-trending a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.infobar,.infotop{background:#ccc;width:100%;max-width:1146px}.infotop{padding-top:60px}.infobar{padding-left:35px}.infobar .breadcrumb{font-weight:700;color:#005095;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:0}.infobar .breadcrumb .breadcrumb-item a{color:#005095;text-decoration:none}.infobar .infobar-images{position:absolute;top:0;right:20px;display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:center;height:64px}.card{border-radius:0;border:0;margin-bottom:15px}.card .fas{font-size:.875rem;margin-right:5px}.card h3{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:900;min-height:85px}.card-top{position:relative}.card-img-top{border-radius:0}.card-category{background-color:#f05a28;color:#fff;display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;position:absolute;bottom:0}.card-category>div{padding:5px}.card-category>div:first-of-type,.rightcol-trending h4 span:first-of-type{background:gray}.latest-briefs h1{display:block;font-size:1.875rem;font-weight:900;color:#005095;border-top:3px solid #005095;padding-top:10px;text-transform:uppercase}.latest-briefs .title{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px}.latest-briefs .card-body{padding:15px 5px}.latest-briefs h3{font-size:1.4375rem;color:#212529}.latest-news .article img{margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:20px;width:235px}.content{padding-right:30px}.rightcol{border-left:1px solid #000;padding-left:30px!important}.rightcol h2{vertical-align:middle;font-size:1.875rem;font-weight:900;color:#005095;margin-bottom:35px;border-top:3px solid #005095;padding-top:10px;text-transform:uppercase}.rightcol h4{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:700;color:gray;background:#f05a28;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:10px}.rightcol p{font-size:.9375rem;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #000;color:#000;min-height:70px}.rightcol p>img{float:right;margin-left:10px}.rightcol-trending h4 span{padding:5px;background:#f05a28}body:before{display:none}footer h5{color:#005095;font-weight:900;font-size:1.625rem}@media screen and (max-width:1140px){.container{padding-left:15px!important;padding-right:15px!important}}@media (max-width:992px){.content{padding-right:15px!important}.rightcol-trending p>img{display:none}.header-top{height:90px;padding:20px 0;margin-bottom:10px}.header-top>.col:first-of-type{padding-left:15px}.hero .col.s-hero{padding:0!important}.infobar{padding-top:20px}.infobar .infobar-images{position:relative;top:initial;right:initial;height:64px}.login-box{margin-right:0!important;justify-content:center}.nav-blue{display:none!important}.rightcol{padding-left:15px!important;border:0!important}.container.hero{margin-top:0}}@media (max-width:767px){.header-subtitle,.header-title{display:none}.latest-news img{margin-bottom:20px;width:100%}.latest-news .article img{margin-top:0}.login-box{order:3}.header-top{height:135px}.mobile-tagline{display:block;order:5}}@media (max-width:600px){.infobar{padding-left:15px}.infobar .infobar-images{height:54px}.infobar .infobar-images img{width:120px}}@media (max-width:350px){.mobile-tagline span{font-size:1.375rem}}.alert{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:smaller}.alert-heading{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:1rem;font-weight:lighter}[role=button]{font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}@media (max-width:575.98px){body:before{content:"xs"}}@media (min-width:576px) and (max-width:767.98px){body:before{content:"sm"}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:991.98px){body:before{content:"md"}}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1199.98px){body:before{content:"lg"}}@media (min-width:1200px) and (max-width:1399.98px){body:before{content:"xl"}}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1200px}@media (min-width:1400px){body:before{content:"xxl"}[class^=ad-position]{max-width:1400px;margin-right:auto!important;margin-left:auto!important}}.section-overline{color:#005095;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%;border-top:4px solid #005095;padding-top:.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;text-align:left}footer a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.navbar-side{padding:0;list-style:none}.navbar-side a{color:#212529;text-decoration:none}.navbar-side h6{color:#01a0e9;text-transform:uppercase}.navbar-side h6 a{color:#005095;text-decoration:none}.navbar-side hr{border-color:#495057;margin-left:1rem}.navbar-side-item{padding-left:1rem}.menu-side-sections>div li:first-of-type,.navbar-side-item p:first-of-type{margin-top:1.25rem}.navbar-side-item a{font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue","Noto Sans","Liberation Sans",Arial,sans-serif,"Apple Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbol","Noto Color Emoji";font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}.panel-heading h6:after{font-family:"Arial Black",Arial,sans-serif;content:"–";float:right;color:#343a40;padding:0 5px;font-size:1.2rem}.panel-heading .collapsed h6:after{content:"+"}.tb-mediagroup{background-color:#fff;padding:5px 0;color:#000}.tb-mediagroup a{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.tb-mediagroup .panel-heading h6:after{color:#212529}</style> <script type="application/json" class="joomla-script-options new">{"system.paths":{"root":"","rootFull":"https:\/\/www.mobilityengineeringtech.com\/","base":"","baseFull":"https:\/\/www.mobilityengineeringtech.com\/"},"csrf.token":"cb7291b342564e2ff60dbe9463a2ff71","system.keepalive":{"interval":3600000,"uri":"\/component\/ajax\/?format=json"}}</script> <script type="module"> /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js by ntb_minifier */ /** * @copyright (C) 2018 Open Source Matters, Inc. <https://www.joomla.org> * @license GNU General Public License version 2 or later; see LICENSE.txt */ /** * Keepalive javascript behavior * * Used for keeping the session alive * * @package Joomla.JavaScript * @since 3.7.0 */ if (!window.Joomla) { throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised'); } const keepAliveOptions = Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive'); const keepAliveInterval = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.interval ? parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval, 10) : 45 * 1000; let keepAliveUri = keepAliveOptions && keepAliveOptions.uri ? keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g, '&') : ''; // Fallback in case no keepalive uri was found. if (keepAliveUri === '') { const systemPaths = Joomla.getOptions('system.paths'); keepAliveUri = `${systemPaths ? `${systemPaths.root}/index.php` : window.location.pathname}?option=com_ajax&format=json`; } setInterval(() => fetch(keepAliveUri, { method: 'POST' }), keepAliveInterval); /* end /media/system/js/keepalive.min.js */ </script> <script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async tb-donotmove></script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AE :: All Articles [RSS]" href="/index.php?component=com_ntb_tags&view=topic&topic_cluster=0&topic_tag=0&nav_cluster=140&nav_tag=0&format=feed&type=rss&limit=20"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AE [RSS]" href="/index.php?component=com_ntb_tags&view=topic&topic_cluster=73&topic_tag=203&nav_cluster=140&nav_tag=&format=feed&type=rss&limit=20"> <link rel="next" href="/met/topic/automotive/propulsion?start=30"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script tb-donotmove>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MSN5FV9'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body> <!--Google Tag Manager(noscript)--> <noscript tb-donotmove > <iframe src = "https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MSN5FV9" height = "0" width = "0" style = "display:none;visibility:hidden" ></iframe > </noscript > <!--End Google Tag Manager(noscript)--> <!-- Header --> <header> <div class="container"> <div class="row header-top"> <div class="col col-2 col-md-10 col-lg-auto my-auto"> <img style="float: left; width: 75px" class="site-logo lazyload" width="75px" data-src="https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/q_auto,f_auto/sites/met/template/sae-logo.svg"/> <a href="/"> <span class="header-title">MOBILITY ENGINEERING</span> <span class="header-subtitle">Produced by SAE Media Group</span> </a></div> <div class="col col-4 col-md-2 col-lg-auto d-flex align-items-center mr-5 login-box ms-auto"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md"> <div class="container-fluid"> <ul class="navbar-nav ms-auto"> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link nav-blue-login" href="#" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#cb-form">Login</a></li> <li class="nav-item d-lg-block d-none"> <a class="nav-link nav-blue-login" href="/account/registration">Sign up</a></li> <li class="nav-item d-block ms-3"> <a data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#" role="button" data-bs-target="#HamburgerSidebar" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-bars"></i> </a></li></ul></div> </nav></div> <div class="col col-12 mobile-tagline"> <span>MOBILITY ENGINEERING</span></div></div></div> <!-- Main Nav --> <div class="container nav-blue d-flex justify-content-end"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="nav-blue-hide-left"> <polygon points="0, 24 20, 0 30, 0 30, 70"></polygon> </svg> <div class="nav-blue-hide px-4 d-flex flex-row justify-content-between"><div id="menu-top-hubs" class="nav-blue-top-level my-auto"> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/automotive" class="b-link" id="b-drop-automotive"> Automotive <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-automotive"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/adas">ADAS</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/​V2X</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/engine-powertrain">Engine/​Powertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/propulsion">Propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/sensors">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/automotive/testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle" class="b-link" id="b-drop-commercial-vehicle"> Commercial Vehicle <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-commercial-vehicle"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/adas">ADAS</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/​V2X</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/fluid-power-motion-control">Fluid Power & Motion Control</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/engine-powertrain">Engine/​Powertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/sensors">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/aerospace" class="b-link" id="b-drop-aerospace"> Aerospace <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-aerospace"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/data-acquisition">Data Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/test-measurement">Test & Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/sensors">Sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/rf-microwave">RF & Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/electronics-computers">Electronics & Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/vehicles-robotics">Vehicles & Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/imaging-optics">Imaging & Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/lasers-photonics">Lasers & Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/weapons-systems">Weapons Systems</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="b-drop"> <a href="/met/topic/ev-hub" class="b-link" id="b-drop-ev-hub"> EV Hub <i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </a> <div class="nav-blue-drop" id="nav-blue-drop-menu-ev-hub"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-menu-container"> <div class="nav-blue-drop-arrow"></div> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/alternative-fuels">Alternative Fuels</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/batteries">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/energy">Energy</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="nav-item nav-blue-top-level my-auto"> <a class="nav-link" id="search-side-button" data-bs-toggle="offcanvas" href="#HamburgerSidebar" role="button" aria-controls="HamburgerSidebar"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </a></div></div></div><div class="offcanvas offcanvas-end" tabindex="-1" id="HamburgerSidebar" aria-labelledby="HamburgerSidebarLabel"> <div class="offcanvas-header"> <h5 class="offcanvas-title" id="HamburgerSidebarLabel"></h5> <button type="button" class="btn-close text-reset" data-bs-dismiss="offcanvas" aria-label="Close"></button></div> <div class="offcanvas-body px-0 pt-0"> <div class="search-container w-100 ps-3"><form id="searchform" action="/met/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group pe-5"> <div class="form-floating"> <input type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search" id="searchbox" class="form-control" value=""> <label for="searchbox">Search</label></div> <button id="searchbox-button" class="btn btn-primary" type="button" onclick="$('#searchform').submit()"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> </button></div></form></div> <ul class="navbar-side nav-bar"><div class="menu-side-sections row me-1"> <div class="navbar-side-item col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/features">Features</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/stories">Stories</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/webcasts">Webinars</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item pb-1"> <a href="/met/whitepapers">White Papers</a></li></div></div><hr> <div id="sidebar-accordion" class="navbar-side-item" role="tablist" aria-multiselectable="true"><div class="menu-side-explore row mt-2 me-1 tb-mediagroup"> <div class="explore-title col-10 navbar-side-item"> <h6 class="my-2">Explore SAE Media Group</h6></div> <div id="explore-heading" class="col-2 navbar-side-item panel-heading" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed mt-1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#explore-collapse" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="explore-collapse"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="explore-collapse" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="explore-heading"> <div class="explore-wrapper col-12"> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/">Tech Briefs</a></li> <li class="navbar-side-item"><a href="https://createthefuturecontest.com">Create the Future Design Contest</a></li></div></div></div><div id="menu-side-hubs"> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/automotive">Automotive</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2214" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2214" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2214"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2214" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2214"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/autonomy">Autonomy</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/adas">ADAS</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/​V2X</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/engine-powertrain">Engine/​Powertrain</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/propulsion">Propulsion</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/sensors">Sensors</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/automotive/testing">Testing</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle">Commercial Vehicle</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2215" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2215" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2215"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2215" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2215"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/autonomy">Autonomy</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/adas">ADAS</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/connectivity-v2x">Connectivity/​V2X</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/design-simulation">Design & Simulation</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/battery-electrification">Battery & Electrification</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/fluid-power-motion-control">Fluid Power & Motion Control</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/engine-powertrain">Engine/​Powertrain</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/sensors">Sensors</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/commercial-vehicle/testing">Testing</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/aerospace">Aerospace</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2213" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2213" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2213"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2213" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2213"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/manufacturing-materials">Manufacturing & Materials</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/data-acquisition">Data Acquisition</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/test-measurement">Test & Measurement</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/sensors">Sensors</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/rf-microwave">RF & Microwave</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/electronics-computers">Electronics & Computers</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/vehicles-robotics">Vehicles & Robotics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/imaging-optics">Imaging & Optics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/lasers-photonics">Lasers & Photonics</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/aerospace/weapons-systems">Weapons Systems</a></p></div></div></div> <hr class="ms-0 me-3 my-1"> <div class="wrapper row me-1"> <div class="hub-title navbar-side-item col-10"> <h6 class="mb-0 mt-1"> <a href="/met/topic/ev-hub">EV Hub</a></h6></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-2787" class="hub-toggle navbar-side-item panel-heading col-2" role="tab"> <button class="btn btn-link btn-sm collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menu-side-hub-collapse-2787" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-side-hub-collapse-2787"> <h6 class="mb-0"></h6> </button></div> <div id="menu-side-hub-collapse-2787" class="collapse" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="menu-side-hub-2787"> <div class="topic-menu-wrapper col-12"> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/alternative-fuels">Alternative Fuels</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/batteries">Batteries</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/electrification">Electrification</a></p> <p class="navbar-side-item ms-3"><a href="/met/topic/ev-hub/energy">Energy</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="menu-side-followus mb-5"> <hr class="ms-0 me-4 my-1"> <div class="followus-wrapper my-3"> <div class="title-wrapper"> <h6 class="mb-0">FOLLOW US</h6></div> <div class="menu-wrapper"> <p class="text-primary"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a></p></div></div></div></div></ul> <div class="row px-3 navbar-side"> <hr> <h6 class="mb-2">Magazines</h6><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/52270-doc-9537" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1733143877/sites/adt/covers/ADT-2024-12.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/52270-doc-9537" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/adt/magazine/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=ADTland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/52564-doc-9566" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1739285514/sites/ae/covers/AE-2025-02.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/52564-doc-9566" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/met/magazine/ae/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=AUEland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/52573-doc-9568" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1739509534/sites/tohe/covers/TOHE-2025-02.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/52573-doc-9568" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/met/magazine/tohe/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=TOHland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div><div class="col-sm-6"> <div class="card"> <a href="/component/content/article/52262-doc-9536" class="side-link"><img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1733143811/sites/tb/covers/BET-2024-12.jpg' class='card-img-top lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Magazine cover' /></a> <div class="card-body px-0 pb-3"> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/component/content/article/52262-doc-9536" class="side-link text-uppercase">Current Issue</a></p> <p class="mb-1"><a href="/met/magazine/bet/archives" class="side-link text-uppercase">Archives</a></p> <a href="https://tbm.dragonforms.com/loading.do?omedasite=BETland" target="_km"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">SUBSCRIBE <i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></button> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></header> <span itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="SAE Media Group"/> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com"/> <span itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/templates/tbmg/images/tbmg_logo.png"/> <meta itemprop="width" content="210"/> <meta itemprop="height" content="50"/> </span> </span><div class="container hero"><div class="row"> <div class="col s-hero topic-hero"> <div class="infobar infotop"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumb"> <ol itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a itemprop="item" href="/met/topic/automotive"><span itemprop="name">Automotive</span></a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"> <span> Propulsion</span></li></ol> </nav></div></div></div><div class="row"> <div class="col s-hero topic-hero"></div></div><div id="ntb-tags-level-subtopic"><div class="row marquee"> <div class="col s-hero topic-hero"> <!-- Logo bar--> <div class="infobar pb-2"> <h1 class="mb-2 pt-2 col-lg-7 col-xl-8">Propulsion</h1> <ul class="breadcrumb pt-0 mb-0 pb-2"></ul> <div class="infobar-images"> <img data-src="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/images/ae-logo.png" class="img-fluid lazyload"> <img data-src="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/templates/met_2022/images/bet-logo.png" class="img-fluid lazyload"></div></div></div></div> <div class="row marquee"> <div class="col s-hero topic-hero"> <div class="infobar"> <p class="introtext border-top border-2 border-primary me-3 mb-0 pb-3 pt-2"> Welcome to the Propulsion section, your gateway to the latest innovations and advancements in automotive propulsion technology. Discover how cutting-edge developments in internal combustion engines, hybrid systems, and electric powertrains are driving the future of vehicle performance and efficiency. Stay informed with expert insights, detailed articles, and the latest news on propulsion technologies that are transforming the automotive industry. Join us as we explore the engineering breakthroughs propelling the future of mobility.</p></div></div></div></div> <!-- Full Width Ad --> <div class="container adbox full-width my-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 align-self-center text-center"><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm','md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_1800x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_1800x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_11_modid_491',target_pos:'11',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_11_modid_491' class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- Main Content --> <main role="main"> <!-- Latest Briefs and News --> <div class="container my-5 latest-briefs"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-8 content"><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 title"> <h1>Latest Briefs and News</h1></div></div> <div class="row mt-3 px-2"> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-6 px-2"><div class="card"> <div class="card-top"><a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52098-sae-ma-07491?m=2224"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1732922143/sites/ae/articles/2024/news/SAE-MA-07491-new-xc90_long-lead-2-gallery.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='Feature Image' /></a><div class="card-category"> <div>News</div> <div>Propulsion</div></div></div> <div class="card-body"> <a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/52098-sae-ma-07491?m=2224"> <h3>Volvo XC90 Line-Up Keeps Hybrid Futures Safe</h3> </a></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-6 px-2"><div class="card"> <div class="card-top"><a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51640-sae-ma-07457?m=2224"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1727660567/sites/ae/articles/2024/news/SAE-MA-07457-classiq-bmw-nvidia-graphic-banner.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='Feature Image' /></a><div class="card-category"> <div>News</div> <div>Manned Systems</div></div></div> <div class="card-body"> <a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/51640-sae-ma-07457?m=2224"> <h3>BMW, Classiq Find Better Architectures Through Quantum Computing</h3> </a></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-6 px-2"><div class="card"> <div class="card-top"><a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50560-sae-ma-07370?m=2224"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1713934683/sites/ae/articles/2024/news/SAE-MA-07370-awim-in-classroom.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='Feature Image' /></a><div class="card-category"> <div>News</div> <div>Manufacturing & Prototyping</div></div></div> <div class="card-body"> <a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50560-sae-ma-07370?m=2224"> <h3>WCX 2024: Volunteers Sought for SAE’s AWIM Student Challenges</h3> </a></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-6 px-2"><div class="card"> <div class="card-top"><a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50136-sae-ma-07320?m=2224"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1708580854/sites/ae/articles/2024/news/SAE-MA-07320-cadillac-2025-ct5-v-blackwing---front-3-4-banner.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='Feature Image' /></a><div class="card-category"> <div>News</div> <div>Propulsion</div></div></div> <div class="card-body"> <a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/50136-sae-ma-07320?m=2224"> <h3>Cadillac Reveals 2025 CT5-V and CT5-V Blackwing with More Tech</h3> </a></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-6 px-2"><div class="card"> <div class="card-top"><a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/48754-sae-ma-07213?m=2224"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1709750011/sites/ae/articles/2023/regulars/SAE-MA-07213-magna-tech-2023-ebeam-rear-banner.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='Feature Image' /></a><div class="card-category"> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Power</div></div></div> <div class="card-body"> <a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/48754-sae-ma-07213?m=2224"> <h3>Magna Shows off Electric Offroad Powertrain, In-Cabin Tech</h3> </a></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-6 px-2"><div class="card"> <div class="card-top"><a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/48068-sae-ma-07142?m=2224"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_500/v1705492230/sites/ae/articles/2023/regulars/SAE-MA-07142-dodge-challenger-srt-demon-170-and-hemi-v8-banner.jpg' class='w-100 lazyload blur-up' width='500' alt='Feature Image' /></a><div class="card-category"> <div>Editorial</div> <div>Power</div></div></div> <div class="card-body"> <a class="feature_item_link" href="/component/content/article/48068-sae-ma-07142?m=2224"> <h3>Sunset for the American V8</h3> </a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-4 p-3 rightcol"><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_492',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_492' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="row mb-4"> <div class="col-md-12 rightcol-trending"> <h2 class="section-overline">Top Stories</h2><h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Design</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738188374/sites/adt/features-16x9/52488/20250130_aero_def_man_story1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52488-clean-sky-demonstrator-fuselage-shows-potential-of-thermoplastics-in-aircraft-production" alt="Clean Sky Demonstrator Fuselage Shows Potential of Thermoplastics in Aircraft Production"> Clean Sky Demonstrator Fuselage Shows Potential of Thermoplastics in Aircraft...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Data Acquisition</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1737582495/sites/adt/articles/2025/insider/20250123_Aerospace_Story1_img1.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52426-blue-origin-rocket-reaches-intended-orbit-on-first-launch" alt="Blue Origin Rocket Reaches Intended Orbit on First Launch"> Blue Origin Rocket Reaches Intended Orbit on First Launch</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Design</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738871171/sites/adt/features-16x9/52546/20250207_aerospace_story1_img1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52546-can-microvanes-improve-fuel-efficiency-for-legacy-air-force-aircraft" alt="Can Microvanes Improve Fuel Efficiency for Legacy Air Force Aircraft?"> Can Microvanes Improve Fuel Efficiency for Legacy Air Force Aircraft?</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>INSIDER</span><span>Software</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1736329595/sites/adt/features-16x9/52372/20250109_aerospace_story1_img1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52372-the-future-of-aerospace-embracing-digital-transformation-and-emerging-technologies" alt="The Future of Aerospace: Embracing Digital Transformation and Emerging Technologies"> The Future of Aerospace: Embracing Digital Transformation and Emerging...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>News</span><span>Electronics & Computers</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738630937/sites/ae/articles/2025/news/SAE-MA-07525-intellias-adas-ad-cockpit-banner.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52506-sae-ma-07525" alt="Closing Gap to Leverage Enhanced Computational Power for SDV Advancement"> Closing Gap to Leverage Enhanced Computational Power for SDV Advancement</a></p> <h4 class="text-white"><span>Technology Report</span><span>Unmanned Systems</span></h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738085808/sites/ae/articles/2024/regulars/SAE-MA-07509-avsc-image.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="topstories_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52357-sae-ma-07509" alt="AVSC Develops Best Practices for Traceable AV Safety Inspection Protocols"> AVSC Develops Best Practices for Traceable AV Safety Inspection Protocols</a></p></div></div></div></div></div> <section id="sponsored-content"> <div class="mid-sponsor" id="mid-sponsor"><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_1200x150',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_1200x150',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[1200,150]],div_id:'GAM_pos_12_modid_499',target_pos:'12',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_12_modid_499' class=""></div></div></div> <div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[1200,150]],div_id:'GAM_pos_12-mobile_modid_500',target_pos:'12-mobile',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_12-mobile_modid_500' class=""></div></div></div><div class="container full-width white-papers ntb-bxslider"> <div class="row py-4"> <div class="col-lg-12 title p-0"> <i class="fas fa-newspaper section-icon"></i> <h1>White Papers</h1></div></div></div> <div class="ntb-bxslider row mb-0"> <div class="bxs-default hidden text-center d-sm-block col-1 pt-5 d-none"> <h3><span id="bxs-default-prev"></span></h3></div> <div id="bxs-default" class="bxs-default hidden align-content-center col-sm-10 px-sm-0 col-12 px-4 my-0"> <ul class="bxslider"> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/40621-doc-8427" alt="How Dual-Curing Adhesives (UV Light + Heat ) Improve Manufacturing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1689660217/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Master-Bond_How-Dual-Curing-Adhesives-Improve-Manufacturing.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Power</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/40621-doc-8427" alt="How Dual-Curing Adhesives (UV Light + Heat ) Improve Manufacturing">How Dual-Curing Adhesives (UV Light + Heat )...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51172-doc-9403" alt="Guide: How to Improve Part Quality, Reduce Part Cost, and Eliminate Risk"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1730042716/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Husky_How-to-Improve-Part-Quality.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Manufacturing & Prototyping</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51172-doc-9403" alt="Guide: How to Improve Part Quality, Reduce Part Cost, and Eliminate Risk">Guide: How to Improve Part Quality, Reduce Part...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51956-doc-9504" alt="Electromobility: Is High Power Charging the Future of Charging?"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1730396720/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Schaltabau-Eddicy_Electromobility-is-High-Power-Charging-the-Future-of-Charging.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Automotive</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51956-doc-9504" alt="Electromobility: Is High Power Charging the Future of Charging?">Electromobility: Is High Power Charging the...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/50348-doc-9275" alt="Cross-Industry Insights: Automotive Strategy Drives Aerospace Innovation"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1711466280/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/ACS_Cross-Industry-Insights.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Test & Measurement</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/50348-doc-9275" alt="Cross-Industry Insights: Automotive Strategy Drives Aerospace Innovation">Cross-Industry Insights: Automotive Strategy...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51154-doc-9399" alt="Get the Inside Story on Implantable Medical Devices"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1722092733/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Eurofins_Inside-Story-on-Implantable-Medical-Devices.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Medical</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51154-doc-9399" alt="Get the Inside Story on Implantable Medical Devices">Get the Inside Story on Implantable Medical...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/52058-doc-9516" alt="Navigating Challenges in Optical Filter Subassemblies"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1732053320/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Chroma_Optimizing-Optical-Filter-Components-for-Subassemblies.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Manufacturing & Prototyping</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/52058-doc-9516" alt="Navigating Challenges in Optical Filter Subassemblies">Navigating Challenges in Optical Filter...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/49837-doc-9218" alt="The Need for Direct RF in an Evolving Defense Environment"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1720658137/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Mercury_The-Need-for-Direct-RF-in-an-Evolving-Defense-Environment.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Defense</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/49837-doc-9218" alt="The Need for Direct RF in an Evolving Defense Environment">The Need for Direct RF in an Evolving Defense...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/50938-doc-9366" alt="A Faster Route to Custom-Design Molecular Diagnostic Instruments"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1717953567/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Tecan_A-Faster-Route-to-Custom-Design-Molecular-Diagnostic-Instruments.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Design</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/50938-doc-9366" alt="A Faster Route to Custom-Design Molecular Diagnostic Instruments">A Faster Route to Custom-Design Molecular...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51803-doc-9486" alt="Eliminate Grease in Heavy-duty Equipment With High-performance Plastics"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1728754076/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Igus_Bearing-Points-Without-Lubrication.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Robotics, Automation & Control</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51803-doc-9486" alt="Eliminate Grease in Heavy-duty Equipment With High-performance Plastics">Eliminate Grease in Heavy-duty Equipment With...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51881-peek-into-the-future-of-aerospace-and-defense-with-ansys" alt="Peek into the Future of Aerospace and Defense with Ansys"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1731630021/sites/tb/media-images/Ansys_Navigating-Tomorrows-Skies.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Aerospace</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51881-peek-into-the-future-of-aerospace-and-defense-with-ansys" alt="Peek into the Future of Aerospace and Defense with Ansys">Peek into the Future of Aerospace and Defense...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/52046-doc-9513" alt="Thermal Actuators in Aerospace and Defense: Enhancing Efficiency and Reliability in Critical Systems"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1731562222/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/ThermOmegaTech_Thermal-Actuators-in-Aerospace-and-Defense-v2.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Mechanical & Fluid Systems</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/52046-doc-9513" alt="Thermal Actuators in Aerospace and Defense: Enhancing Efficiency and Reliability in Critical Systems">Thermal Actuators in Aerospace and Defense:...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/36738-doc-7802" alt="Fundamentals of Electrical Safety Testing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1738641167/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Vitrek_Fundamentals-of-Electrical-Safety-Testing.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Design</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/36738-doc-7802" alt="Fundamentals of Electrical Safety Testing">Fundamentals of Electrical Safety Testing</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51537-doc-9465" alt="UWB Radar Signal Analysis"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1726460135/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Rohde-and-Schwarz_Advanced-Methods-for-Analyzing-Ultra-Wide-Automotive-Radar-Signals.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Automotive</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51537-doc-9465" alt="UWB Radar Signal Analysis">UWB Radar Signal Analysis</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51456-doc-9447" alt="EaglePicher Technologies Leads the Charge in Military Aviation Battery Solutions"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1725642916/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/EaglePicher_Inside-Story-0924.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Defense</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51456-doc-9447" alt="EaglePicher Technologies Leads the Charge in Military Aviation Battery Solutions">EaglePicher Technologies Leads the Charge in...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/48217-doc-9006" alt="Hydrogen Fuel Stations Redefined by Emerson"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1714398959/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Emerson_How-To-Effectively-Control-Flow-of-Hydrogen-Fuel-II.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Robotics, Automation & Control</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/48217-doc-9006" alt="Hydrogen Fuel Stations Redefined by Emerson">Hydrogen Fuel Stations Redefined by Emerson</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/46634-doc-8812" alt="Application Note: Addressing the Challenges of Specifying and Building Power Racks"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1705753919/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/EA-Elektro-Automatik_Addressing-the-Challenges-of-Specifying-and-Making-Power-Racks-v3.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Power</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/46634-doc-8812" alt="Application Note: Addressing the Challenges of Specifying and Building Power Racks">Application Note: Addressing the Challenges of...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51528-doc-9455" alt="Industrial Water Reuse: Solutions for Automotive Manufacturing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1725726362/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Grundfos_Industrial-Water-Reuse.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Test & Measurement</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51528-doc-9455" alt="Industrial Water Reuse: Solutions for Automotive Manufacturing">Industrial Water Reuse: Solutions for Automotive...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/52400-doc-9545" alt="Understanding the EU Battery Regulations"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1737504692/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/TUV-SUD_An-Overview-of-EU-Battery-Regulation.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Transportation</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/52400-doc-9545" alt="Understanding the EU Battery Regulations">Understanding the EU Battery Regulations</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51510-doc-9449" alt="Key Considerations for Designing Automation Solutions for Food Processing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1725549823/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Norgren_Key-Considerations-for-Designing-Automation-Solutions.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Motion Control</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51510-doc-9449" alt="Key Considerations for Designing Automation Solutions for Food Processing">Key Considerations for Designing Automation...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51978-doc-9508" alt="Learn about Technologies Critical for Software Defined Radio"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1732218563/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Mercury_Learn-about-Technologies-Critical-for-Software-Defined-Radio.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Electronics & Computers</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51978-doc-9508" alt="Learn about Technologies Critical for Software Defined Radio">Learn about Technologies Critical for Software...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51364-doc-9422" alt="Yaskawa America Prepares to Release iCube Control™ Platform"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1724345266/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Yasakawa_The-Inside-Story-on-Yaskawas-iCube-Control-v2.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Motion Control</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51364-doc-9422" alt="Yaskawa America Prepares to Release iCube Control™ Platform">Yaskawa America Prepares to Release iCube...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/50592-doc-9325" alt="Insider’s Guide to Choosing the Right Partner for Space Materials"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1714562216/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Ametek_Insiders-Guide-to-Choosing-the-Right-Partner-for-Space-Materials.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Aerospace</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/50592-doc-9325" alt="Insider’s Guide to Choosing the Right Partner for Space Materials">Insider’s Guide to Choosing the Right Partner...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51535-doc-9463" alt="Innovations in Additive Manufacturing"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1725942324/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/MKS-Ophir_Perfect-Beam-for-Innovative-Photopolymerization.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Manufacturing & Prototyping</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51535-doc-9463" alt="Innovations in Additive Manufacturing">Innovations in Additive Manufacturing</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/48711-doc-9068" alt="An OEM’s Guide To Replacing Hydraulics With Electric Actuators"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1729185600/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/Tolomatic_Linear-Motion-Design-Electric-Actuators.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Mechanical & Fluid Systems</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/48711-doc-9068" alt="An OEM’s Guide To Replacing Hydraulics With Electric Actuators">An OEM’s Guide To Replacing Hydraulics With...</a></h6></li> <li> <a class="w-100 d-block" href="/component/content/article/51010-doc-9376" alt="Finding The Right Precision Motion Components To Drive Automated EV Manufacturing Advances"> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_400,f_auto,q_auto/v1719114614/sites/tb/whitepaper-covers/IKO_Precision-Motion-Components-Drive-Automated-Electric-Vehicle-Manufacturing-Advances.jpg' class='border border-secondary lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Document cover' /></a> <h6 class="topic overline mt-2 mb-0 min-h-2"> Mechanical & Fluid Systems</h6> <h6 class="title mt-0 min-h-3"> <a href="/component/content/article/51010-doc-9376" alt="Finding The Right Precision Motion Components To Drive Automated EV Manufacturing Advances">Finding The Right Precision Motion Components To...</a></h6></li></ul></div> <div class="bxs-default hidden text-center d-sm-block col-1 pt-5 d-none"> <h3><span id="bxs-default-next"></span></h3></div></div></div> </section> <!-- Featured Videos / Podcasts --> <div class="container my-5 videos-podcasts"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-8 content"> <!-- Latest News --> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 title"> <i class="fas fa-play-circle section-icon"></i> <h1>Latest Stories</h1></div></div><div class="latest-news mt-3" id="ntb-tags-index"><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Road Ready</div> <div>Propulsion</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/47607-sae-ma-07078?m=2224">Mazda’s 2024 CX-90 Offers Turbo I-6, PHEV Propulsion</a></h2> <p> With crossover SUVs now the backbone of its North American sales volume, Mazda this week revealed the CX-90 SUV, a fullsize 3-row model to serve as the brand’s flagship when it goes...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1702507231/sites/ae/articles/2023/regulars/SAE-MA-07078-2024-mazda-cx-90-f34_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>News</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/47239-sae-ma-07042?m=2224">ZF Introduces Complete E-Drive System for Passenger, Commercial Vehicles</a></h2> <p> ZF Group said a new e-drive system architecture that is more compact, offers greater energy density and is easily adaptable will appeal to manufacturers introducing...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1699481677/sites/ae/articles/2023/regulars/SAE-MA-07042-zf-edrive-windings-banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Road Ready</div> <div>Energy</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/47229-sae-ma-07032?m=2224">Hub-Motoring in Lordstown’s Novel Endurance</a></h2> <p> “It’s been exciting to create a new vehicle from the ground up,” Chi Yip, Lordstown Motors’ director of vehicle integration, asserted from the passenger seat, as we accelerated onto...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1698993725/sites/ae/articles/2022/regulars/SAE-MA-07032-lordstown-endurance-pickup-banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Articles</div> <div>Electronics & Computers</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45896-sae-ma-06926?m=2224">Electric Radiant Heat for EV Cabin Comfort</a></h2> <p> Vehicle OEMs have been steadily increasing the range of their electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrids (PHEV), but the ranges they claim publicly are in ideal thermal conditions. Now comes the...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1694765622/sites/ae/features-16x9/45896/sae-ma-06926-toyota-radiant-heat-bz4x-cabin_banner_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Articles</div> <div>Software</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45715-the-rechargeable-renaissance?m=2224">The Rechargeable Renaissance </a></h2> <p> After years of lukewarm reception and limited funding, it looks as if the battery electric vehicle (BEV) market is finally going full throttle. According to a recent Forbes article, Schmidt Automotive Research...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1689336776/sites/tb/features-16x9/45715/bet-0522-p2_fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>News</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45556-sae-ma-06882?m=2224">Keeping Combustion in the Conversation</a></h2> <p> The signals are everywhere that the days are numbered for internal-combustion engines (ICE) for passenger vehicles. Volkswagen CEO Ralph Brandsteatter told a German magazine in early 2021 that VW...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1694764697/sites/ae/features-16x9/45556/sae-ma-06882-yamaha-toyota-hydrogen-v8_banner_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Articles</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45843-sae-ma-06917?m=2224">Airing on the Side of Innovation</a></h2> <p> Is there a proven formula for creating a top-notch engineering organization and benchmark product from scratch? Lucid Motors CEO Peter Rawlinson shared his approach at the company’s Newark, Calif,...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1694764727/sites/ae/features-16x9/45843/sae-ma-06917-lucid-ev-tech-air-on-road_banner_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Editorial</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45696-sae-ma-06905?m=2224">Engine Technology a Decade Later</a></h2> <p> A securities analyst from New York called me recently, to ask about the future of powertrain. Specifically, she wanted my prediction for a timeframe for the demise of both gasoline and diesel IC engines....</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1689055977/sites/ae/articles/2022/regulars/SAE-MA-06905-engine-tech-decade-on---hcci_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Articles</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45842-sae-ma-06916?m=2224">Driving Electrified Powertrain Systems Design</a></h2> <p> The risks that come with electrification leave OEMs and Tier 1s little room for miscalculation in their product planning and development. The costliest mistakes loom largest in the powertrain...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1694764901/sites/ae/features-16x9/45842/sae-ma-06916-dsd-us-test-rig_banner_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Mechanical & Fluid Systems</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45424-sae-ma-06872?m=2224">GM details Corvette’s new and mighty LT6 V8</a></h2> <p> If the end of the internal-combustion epoch truly is within sight, General Motors intends to see it out with a bang. It’s latest — who’s to say whether it’s the “last?” —...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1687199516/sites/ae/articles/2022/regulars/SAE-MA-06872-2023-gm-lt6-v8-corvette-z06-f34_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Propulsion</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45213-sae-ma-06858?m=2224">Light-vehicle Horsepower Hits Historic High in 2021</a></h2> <p> Full-electric propulsion for the U.S.’s light-vehicle market segments is gaining momentum, but developers of the internal-combustion engine aren’t throwing in the towel just yet....</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1686257870/sites/ae/articles/2022/regulars/SAE-MA-06858-2021-horsepower-history_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Transportation</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44851-sae-ma-06852?m=2224">Wheel-Hub-Motor Innovations in Flux</a></h2> <p> The packaging and design of electric motors has, not surprisingly, come under scrutiny in recent years as the pace of vehicle electrification has accelerated. Wheel hub motors, once dismissed as too...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685800671/sites/ae/articles/2022/regulars/SAE-MA-06852-saietta---aft-motor-range_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Articles</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45240-sae-ma-06866?m=2224">EV Motor Development Is on the Move</a></h2> <p> It’s happening – the transition to EVs is undeniably underway. Recent launches such as Ford’s Mustang Mach-E, versatile-body-style EVs from mainstream brands Hyundai and Kia and forthcoming...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1694763947/sites/ae/features-16x9/45240/sae-ma-06866-ev-motor-overview-bmw-fifth-gen-e-drive-on-production-line_banner_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Q&A</div> <div>Propulsion</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/47032-electrons-combustion-and-bosch?m=2224">Electrons, Combustion, and Bosch</a></h2> <p>"We expect to reach 5 billion [euros] in a few years. We are well prepared for all the battery-electric vehicles that will be built in the future."</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1698492993/sites/ae/features-16x9/47032/ae_2022_02-p26-fig1_primary-feature-item.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Propulsion</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45184-sae-ma-06830?m=2224">Unique Helmholtz Induction Feeds 2023 Corvette Z06</a></h2> <p> The 2023 Corvette Z06 recently arrived, powered by a 5.5-L LT6 V8 (above) spinning a radical flat-plane crankshaft. Now that additional engineering details have emerged, the LT6’s top...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1686038154/sites/ae/articles/2022/regulars/SAE-MA-06830-corvette-lt6-intake_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>News</div> <div>Software</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44841-sae-ma-06832?m=2224">Nissan Debuts Tech-Laden 2022 Ariya EV SUV</a></h2> <p> Nissan became an electric-vehicle pioneer when it debuted the Leaf in late 2010, and even with a meager 73 miles (117 km) of range the first-generation 5-door hatchback became the world’s...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1646840704/sites/ae/articles/2021/news/SAE-MA-06832-2022-nissan-ariya-ev_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>News</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45168-sae-ma-06814?m=2224">2022 Nissan Rogue Gets a VC Turbo Triple</a></h2> <p> Nissan’s best-selling Rogue entered its third generation as an all-new vehicle for 2021, missing the significant powertrain change that arrives in 2022 models. The all-new 3-cylinder gasoline...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1647078765/sites/ae/articles/2021/news/SAE-MA-06814-2022-nissan-rogue-vc_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44839-sae-ma-06806?m=2224">Lithium-Free Corvette Z06: More Sting for the 2023 Stingray</a></h2> <p> Topping the eighth-generation (C8) 2020-22 Chevrolet Corvette is no mean feat. Customers still pay premiums and patiently wait in line to own one. Yet the new Z06 edition, due...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685627487/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06806-2023-corvette-z06-reveal---profile_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Road Ready</div> <div>Unmanned Systems</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45144-sae-ma-06781?m=2224">Seeking More Traction in Budding EV Market, VW Adds AWD to ID.4</a></h2> <p>A second motor and free charging create a compelling offering as Volkswagen debuts the most-affordable, all-electric, all-wheel-drive SUV.</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685865538/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06781-vw-id4-awd-intro_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_21_modid_498',target_pos:'21',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_21_modid_498' class=""></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Transportation</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45152-sae-ma-06795?m=2224">Bosch Debuts New CV-Specific Electric Motor and Inverter</a></h2> <p>The 230 e-motor can be paired with Bosch’s advanced SiC inverter to cut down on energy losses and increase driving range.</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685865372/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06795-bosch-cv-inverter_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Articles</div> <div>Energy</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44830-sae-ma-06770?m=2224">Extending a Wankel Future on Hydrogen Fuel</a></h2> <p> Could the Wankel rotary engine have a major future as a hydrogen-fueled, zero-emissions range-extender engine? Alternative fuel cells are still under development and there are technical hurdles...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1693963573/sites/ae/articles/2021/features/SAE-MA-06770r-h2-wankel---end-plates-and-main-shaft_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Technology Report</div> <div>Automotive</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45148-sae-ma-06790?m=2224">New Zapp Electric Scooter Just 200 Pounds, 200 Components</a></h2> <p>With simpler designs, no noise and no tailpipe emissions, electric scooters are projected to rapidly gobble market share in Europe and Asia.</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685839312/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06790-zapp-i300-ev-scooter-f34_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Supplier Eye</div> <div>Energy</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45160-sae-ma-06803?m=2224">Dealing with the BEV ‘Concavity’</a></h2> <p>Any new technology will experience growing pains and volume setbacks. BEVs will be no different.</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685838550/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06803-ev-concavity_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>News</div> <div>Unmanned Systems</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44833-sae-ma-06785?m=2224">Engineering Ford’s Jumbo SUV for Off-Roading</a></h2> <p> Rollicking hills, rocky ravines and water fording are among the lures of off-roading, and they formed the engineering bogies for the newest edition of Ford’s largest SUV. “Expedition...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1646807691/sites/ae/articles/2021/news/SAE-MA-06785-2022-ford-expedition-timberline_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Road Ready</div> <div>Materials</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45145-sae-ma-06782?m=2224">2022 Toyota Tundra: V8 Out, Twin-Turbo Hybrid Takes Over</a></h2> <p> The voice of the customer was clearly heard during Toyota’s development of the all-new, third-generation Tundra pickup. “We had multiple focus groups early on to hear directly...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685839349/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06782-2022-toyota-tundra-reveal---profile_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Articles</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44831-sae-ma-06773?m=2224">Schaeffler Builds an E-Motor Powerhouse</a></h2> <p> The vehicle-electrification trend has caused the industry’s “traditional” suppliers to bring new strategies, tactics and investment to meet a growing tide of EV development programs. Some...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685597987/sites/ae/articles/2021/features/SAE-MA-06773-schaeffler-emotor-pwrhse---elmotec_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Road Ready</div> <div>Propulsion</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44797-sae-ma-06729?m=2224">Ford Engineered the 2022 Bronco to Give Jeep the Willies</a></h2> <p> Ford engineers refused to utter a single bad word about Jeep Wrangler during the course of the week-long 2022 Bronco media drive event in Austin, Texas. In fact, some among that...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685596229/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06729-2022-ford-bronco-launch---hill-climb_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>News</div> <div>Power</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/44765-sae-ma-06697?m=2224">Model-Based Analysis of E-Motor Designs</a></h2> <p> In the auto industry’s shift toward electric vehicles (EV), permanent magnet motors (PMMs) are increasingly serving a variety of roles, including the vehicle’s traction motor and various...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685589573/sites/ae/articles/2021/features/SAE-MA-06697-comsol-e-motor-analysis_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div><div class="row article"> <div class="col-md"> <h4> <div>Supplier Eye</div> <div>Propulsion</div></h4> <h2><a class="feed_item_link" href="/component/content/article/45126-sae-ma-06695?m=2224">Suppliers Face the Electrified Future</a></h2> <p> Suppliers face critical decisions on a daily basis. Crises come and go. Dealing with erratic production schedules driven by semiconductor supply shortages and coping with rising prices for strategic...</p></div> <div class="col-md-auto "> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_400/v1685827377/sites/ae/articles/2021/regulars/SAE-MA-06695-supplier-eye-electric-future_banner.jpg' class='img-fluid lazyload blur-up' width='400' alt='Feature Image' /></div> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="divider"></div></div></div></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 mt-4"> <a href="/met/topic/automotive/propulsion?start=30"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary "> MORE STORIES<span class="fa-duotone fa-solid fa-angle-right ms-2"></span> </button> </a></div></div></div> <div class="col-md-12 col-lg-4 p-3 rightcol"><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['md','lg','xl','xxl'],slot_ad_unit:'mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/mobilityengineeringtech.com_450x450',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid'],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_494',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_494' class=""></div></div></div><div class="row mb-4"> <div class="col-md-12 rightcol-trending"> <h2 class="section-overline">Webcasts</h2><div id="rightcol-webinars"> <h4 class="text-white">Automotive</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1737103886/sites/ae/features-16x9/52405/shutterstock_751715872_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52405-ai-powered-quality-control-for-sustainable-automotive-production" alt="AI-Powered Quality Control for Sustainable Automotive Production"> AI-Powered Quality Control for Sustainable Automotive Production</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Defense</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738661154/sites/adt/features-16x9/52437/shutterstock_363217187_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52437-improving-thermal-management-for-aerospace-and-defense-electronics" alt="Improving Thermal Management for Aerospace and Defense Electronics"> Improving Thermal Management for Aerospace and Defense Electronics</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Connectivity</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738489920/sites/ae/features-16x9/52491/sae-next-gen-ee-webinar_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52491-the-road-ahead-for-next-gen-e-e-architectures-trends-and-connectivity-innovations" alt="The Road Ahead for Next-Gen E/E Architectures: Trends and Connectivity Innovations"> The Road Ahead for Next-Gen E/E Architectures: Trends and...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Software</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738661449/sites/adt/features-16x9/52438/shutterstock_1193397784_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52438-department-of-defense-contracts-denied-new-cybersecurity-rules-in-2025" alt="Department of Defense Contracts Denied: New Cybersecurity Rules in 2025"> Department of Defense Contracts Denied: New Cybersecurity Rules...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Software</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1739485055/sites/ae/features-16x9/52558/adobestock_905059039_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52558-leveraging-simulation-for-net-zero-emissions-in-conventional-and-e-fueled-combustion-systems" alt="Leveraging Simulation for Net Zero Emissions in Conventional and e-Fueled Combustion Systems"> Leveraging Simulation for Net Zero Emissions in Conventional and...</a></p> <h4 class="text-white">Automotive</h4> <p> <img src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/ar_16:9,c_thumb,g_auto:subject,f_auto,q_auto/c_limit,w_100/v1738310189/sites/ae/features-16x9/52500/shutterstock_740855560_primary-feature-item.jpg' class=' lazyload blur-up' width='100' height='45' alt='Feature Image' /><a class="webinar_module_link" href="/component/content/article/52500-quickly-prototyping-custom-textures-on-automotive-parts" alt="Quickly Prototyping Custom Textures on Automotive Parts"> Quickly Prototyping Custom Textures on Automotive Parts</a></p></div></div></div></div></div></div> </main></div> <div class="row mt-5"></div><footer class="container mt-5"><hr class="border-top border-primary"> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-sm-2 row-cols-lg-3 py-4 px-5"> <div class="col"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/about">About</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefs.com/">Tech Briefs </a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/">Medical Design Briefs</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://status.saemediagroup.com/">Service Status</a></p></div><div id="cb-form" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="exampleModalLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-sm mt-5" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h5 class="modal-title" id="exampleModalLabel">Sign In</h5> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button></div> <div class="modal-body"> <form action="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/account/login" method="post" id="login-form" class="form-inline cbLoginForm" data-bs-target="#cb-form"> <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_comprofiler"/> <input type="hidden" name="view" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="op2" value="login"/> <input type="hidden" name="return" value="B:aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubW9iaWxpdHllbmdpbmVlcmluZ3RlY2guY29tL21ldC90b3BpYy9hdXRvbW90aXZlL3Byb3B1bHNpb24="/> <input type="hidden" name="message" value="0"/> <input type="hidden" name="loginfrom" value="loginmodule"/> <input type="hidden" name="cb7291b342564e2ff60dbe9463a2ff71" value="1" /> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="username" type="text" class="form-control col-8" id="inputUserName" placeholder="Username"> <label for="inputUserName">Username or Email</label></div> <div class="form-floating mb-3 w-100"> <input name="passwd" type="password" class="form-control col-8" id="inputPassword" placeholder="Password"> <label for="inputPassword">Password</label></div> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary col-12 mb-3">Submit <i class="fas fa-sign-in ms-2"></i></button> <a href="https://www.mobilityengineeringtech.com/account/forgot-login" class="col-12"> <i class="fas fa-unlock-alt me-2"></i> Forgot Login? </a> <div class="posttext cb_template cb_template_default"> <p><i>By submitting your personal information, you agree that SAE Media Group and carefully selected industry sponsors of this content may contact you and that you have read and agree to the <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may reach us at <a href="mailto:privacy@saemediagroup.com">privacy@saemediagroup.com</a>. </i></p> <p><i>You may unsubscribe at any time.</i></p></div></form></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="col"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/met/subscription-services">Subscriber Services</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/tb/feedback">Feedback</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com/company-directory">Contact Us</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/met/sitemap">Site Map</a></p></div></div> <div class="col"><div class="menu-footer-bottom"> <p class="my-2"> <a href="https://www.techbriefsmediagroup.com">Advertise</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></p> <p class="my-2"> <a href="/cookie-usage-statement">Cookie Usage</a></p></div><p class="menu-footer-followus my-2"> <a class="followus-link" href="https://www.shareaholic.com/v2/follow/?apikey=25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b&service_nickname=linkedin_company&username=sae-media-group" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin"></i></a></p></div></div> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-sm-2 row-cols-lg-3 py-4 px-5"> <div class="copyright col-12"> <p class="font-italic small">© 2025 SAE Media Group</p></div></div> </footer><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/cloudinary-core/2.13.1/cloudinary-core-shrinkwrap.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-stp48jOOmT4TXnB4bMJ0rlcR7XagE92cqr7pEb+oFQox6qNSyKiN31GajDsg5VVn+HgM5mhOZinSRXowsRmgPg=="></script><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/e04325f501.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/masonry/4.2.2/masonry.pkgd.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-JRlcvSZAXT8+5SQQAvklXGJuxXTouyq8oIMaYERZQasB8SBDHZaUbeASsJWpk0UUrf89DP3/aefPPrlMR1h1yQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/lazysizes.min.js" tb-donotmove async crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-q583ppKrCRc7N5O0n2nzUiJ+suUv7Et1JGels4bXOaMFQcamPk9HjdUknZuuFjBNs7tsMuadge5k9RzdmO+1GQ=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-v2CJ7UaYy4JwqLDIrZUI/4hqeoQieOmAZNXBeQyjo21dadnwR+8ZaIJVT8EE2iyI61OV8e6M8PP2/4hpQINQ/g=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap/5.2.3/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js" tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-i9cEfJwUwViEPFKdC1enz4ZRGBj8YQo6QByFTF92YXHi7waCqyexvRD75S5NVTsSiTv7rKWqG9Y5eFxmRsOn0A=="></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/js/bootstrap-select.min.js" defer tb-donotmove crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-yrOmjPdp8qH8hgLfWpSFhC/+R9Cj9USL8uJxYIveJZGAiedxyIxwNw4RsLDlcjNlIRR4kkHaDHSmNHAkxFTmgg=="></script><script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { var cl = cloudinary.Cloudinary.new({ cloud_name: "tbmg" }); cl.config({ defaultBreakpoints: [100,200,400,500,800,1000,1200], responsive_use_breakpoints: true, }); cl.responsive(); }); var match_md_max = window.matchMedia("(max-width: 991px)"); $(function () { var tooltipTriggerList = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('[data-bs-toggle="tooltip"]')) var tooltipList = tooltipTriggerList.map(function (tooltipTriggerEl) { return new bootstrap.Tooltip(tooltipTriggerEl) }) }); </script> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script"/> <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="25d23930eb508eb8d390277b0641827b"/> <script data-cfasync="false" async src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" tb-donotmove> $(function () { // olytics 3.0 window.olytics || (window.olytics = []), window.olytics.methods = ["fire", "confirm"], window.olytics.factory = function (i) { return function () { var t = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); return t.unshift(i), window.olytics.push(t), window.olytics } }; for (var i = 0; i < window.olytics.methods.length; i++) { var method = window.olytics.methods[i]; window.olytics[method] = window.olytics.factory(method) } olytics.load = function (i) { if (!document.getElementById("olyticsImport")) { window.a = window.olytics; var t = document.createElement("script"); t.async = !0, t.id = "olyticsImport", t.type = "text/javascript"; var o = ""; void 0 !== i && void 0 !== i.oid && (o = i.oid), t.setAttribute("data-oid", o), t.src = "https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/js/v3/p/olytics.min.js", t.addEventListener("load", function (t) { for (olytics.initialize({Olytics: i}); window.a.length > 0;) { var o = window.a.shift(), s = o.shift(); olytics[s] && olytics[s].apply(olytics, o) } }, !1); var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t, s) } }, olytics.load({oid: "c1d61b8c10b7440fb3c59fe5b6424a6b"}); }); </script><noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=3077140&fmt=gif" class="nolazyload"/> </noscript> <!-- moved to end by ntb_minifier --> <script src="https://static.mobilityengineeringtech.com/media/system/js/core.min.js?37ffe4186289eba9c5df81bea44080aff77b9684"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bxslider/4.2.17/jquery.bxslider.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-LaBO0tZh1+6Ebk+EnHt/WsGM0UnmkCXfQ1rfhGmpa5MXUdslNuSSELBRcteHKz4k4ny+Op10Ax2fPoTNq+VcUg=="></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/templates/met_2022/css/template.min.css?t=1732180729" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-UtoJaAI/4JQBZM00iYjo3qQK6A+Ak0jFi1wyU8KpaMUjQeqnekY5yHFR3nMajeDbJPLgcQD0/N3vXpzqE5uLHQ=="/> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lazysizes/5.3.2/plugins/print/ls.print.min.js" defer crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-tY3D/iSWSdQE2NSLW/mRWQd/bvHAGjyCLRwSd23sqNbbgVnUaah2t+ZpX7hdBOskZ7PqYvwe4E+qxNARGojJGQ=="></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/limonte-sweetalert2/11.15.10/sweetalert2.all.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-KWZQo2EiUMmEMrjJUUZoWP8k/mL57L5PPjQF23Vv77jGidQK8WPsX/RoQ7uI0cnjDDCU8ZXa1NG24HkLOqI9sg=="></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-select/1.14.0-beta3/css/bootstrap-select.min.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" integrity="sha512-g2SduJKxa4Lbn3GW+Q7rNz+pKP9AWMR++Ta8fgwsZRCUsawjPvF/BxSMkGS61VsR9yinGoEgrHPGPn2mrj8+4w=="/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://olytics.omeda.com/olytics/css/v3/p/olytics.css" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/> <!-- inline scripts moved by ntb_minifier --> <script> var GAM_breakpoint=window.getComputedStyle(document.querySelector('body'),':before').getPropertyValue('content').replace(/"/g,'');window.googletag=window.googletag||{cmd:[]};googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sitepage',['MET/Automotive/Propulsion']).setTargeting('site',["MET"]).setTargeting('menu_route',["met\/topic\/automotive\/propulsion"]).setTargeting('menu_topics',["Propulsion"]).setTargeting('menu_tags',["Propulsion"]).setTargeting('topic',["Propulsion"]).setTargeting('hub',["Automotive"]);googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().setCentering(true);googletag.pubads().setForceSafeFrame(false);googletag.enableServices();});$(function(){function ntb_google_ad_manager_build(item){item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);if(item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){var item=this;var item_div=$('#'+item.div_id);size_mapping=[];if(item.size_mapping.length){size_mapping=googletag.sizeMapping();item.size_mapping.forEach(function(size_map){size_mapping.addSize(size_map.view,size_map.map);});size_mapping.build();} var targetSlot=googletag.defineSlot(item.slot,item.slot_ad_sizes,item.div_id).setTargeting('pos',[item.target_pos]).defineSizeMapping(size_mapping);if(item.slot_ad_empty==='default'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='collapse'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(true,true);} if(item.slot_ad_empty==='expand'){targetSlot=targetSlot.setCollapseEmptyDiv(false);} targetSlot.addService(googletag.pubads());googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){if(event.slot===targetSlot&&event.isEmpty){item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');googletag.destroySlots(event.slot);}});googletag.enableServices();}.bind(item));} else{item_div.parents('.ad-position').addClass('d-none');}} function ntb_google_ad_manager_display(item){if(item.display_all||item.display_sizes.includes(GAM_breakpoint)){googletag.cmd.push(function(){item=this;googletag.display(item.div_id);}.bind(item));}} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_build(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);} for(let i=0;i<ntb_google_ad_manager_items.length;i++){ntb_google_ad_manager_display(ntb_google_ad_manager_items[i]);}}); /*! inlined from /media/system/js/keepalive-es5.min.js by ntb_minifier */ (function(){'use strict';if(!window.Joomla){throw new Error('Joomla API was not properly initialised');} var keepAliveOptions=Joomla.getOptions('system.keepalive');var keepAliveInterval=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.interval?parseInt(keepAliveOptions.interval,10):45*1000;var keepAliveUri=keepAliveOptions&&keepAliveOptions.uri?keepAliveOptions.uri.replace(/&/g,'&'):'';if(keepAliveUri===''){var systemPaths=Joomla.getOptions('system.paths');keepAliveUri=(systemPaths?systemPaths.root+"/index.php":window.location.pathname)+"?option=com_ajax&format=json";} setInterval(function(){return fetch(keepAliveUri,{method:'POST'});},keepAliveInterval);})(); /*! inlined from /media/mod_ntb_bxslider/js/global.min.js by ntb_minifier */ var bxs_update;var bxs_config=[];bxs_breakpoint=function(){breakpoint=window.getComputedStyle(document.querySelector('body'),':before').getPropertyValue('content').replace(/"/g,'')||'lg';if(breakpoint==='none'){breakpoint='lg';} return breakpoint;};bxs_create=function(name,swaps){var id='bxs-'+name;var bp=bxs_breakpoint();bxs_config[name]={id:id,bp:bp,swaps:swaps,settings:{auto:true,stopAutoOnClick:true,pause:5000,pager:false,minSlides:swaps[bp].slides,maxSlides:swaps[bp].slides,moveSlides:swaps[bp].slides,slideMargin:swaps[bp].margin,slideWidth:swaps[bp].width,nextSelector:'#'+id+'-next',prevSelector:'#'+id+'-prev',nextText:'<i class="fas fa-2x fa-angle-right"></i>',prevText:'<i class="fas fa-2x fa-angle-left"></i>',randomStart:true,adaptiveHeight:true,shrinkItems:true,touchEnabled:false,}};};$(function(){bxs_activate=function(name){bxs_config[name].bxslider=$('#'+bxs_config[name].id+' .bxslider').bxSlider(bxs_config[name].settings);bxs_update(name);$(window).resize(function(){bxs_update(name);});} bxs_update=function(name){var current_bp=bxs_breakpoint();if(current_bp!==bxs_config[name].bp){bxs_config[name].bp=current_bp;var swaps=bxs_config[name].swaps;bxs_config[name].settings.minSlides=swaps[current_bp].slides;bxs_config[name].settings.maxSlides=swaps[current_bp].slides;bxs_config[name].settings.moveSlides=swaps[current_bp].slides;bxs_config[name].settings.slideMargin=swaps[current_bp].margin;bxs_config[name].settings.slideWidth=swaps[current_bp].width;bxs_config[name].bxslider.reloadSlider(bxs_config[name].settings);} $('.'+bxs_config[name].id).removeClass('hidden');bxs_config[name].bxslider.redrawSlider();};});$(function(){olytics.fire({behaviorId:'4781B0235467A1D',category:"Propulsion",tag:"Propulsion",pageType:"index",contentType:"topic"})});!function(s,a,e,v,n,t,z){if(s.saq)return;n=s.saq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!s._saq)s._saq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='1.0';n.queue=[];t=a.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;z=a.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];z.parentNode.insertBefore(t,z)}(window,document,'script','https://tags.srv.stackadapt.com/events.js');saq('ts','3GYZ_Va41jnx_uqfPcLCuQ');var match_md_max=window.matchMedia("(max-width: 991px)");bxs_create('default',{xxl:{slides:5,margin:20,width:256},xl:{slides:5,margin:20,width:256},lg:{slides:4,margin:32,width:256},md:{slides:3,margin:35,width:256},sm:{slides:3,margin:10,width:256},xs:{slides:2,margin:10,width:256}});$(function(){bxs_activate('default');});$(function(){$('#cb-form').on('shown.bs.modal',function(){$('#inputUserName').focus();})}); /*! inlined from /templates/met_2022/js/custom.min.js by ntb_minifier */ _linkedin_partner_id="3077140";window._linkedin_data_partner_ids=window._linkedin_data_partner_ids||[];window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id);(function(l){if(!l){window.lintrk=function(a,b){window.lintrk.q.push([a,b])};window.lintrk.q=[]} var s=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];var b=document.createElement("script");b.type="text/javascript";b.async=true;b.src="https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(b,s);})(window.lintrk); </script> </body> </html>