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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="F6fIq3VHsACIxa5/ufSbhBlRvAWs7jrxwKUqkpoPemyW1Kgjw15H/mrdcuXVGsuaYjqy0xtbOyvPFoQrFCXmOg==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2010/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Tatsuo Kitajima" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/23927843/Viscoelastic_characteristics_of_contracted_collagen_gels_populated_with_rat_fibroblasts_or_cardiomyocytes" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing. 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Rat type I collagen-Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium solution (each 2 ml in volume," /> <title>(PDF) Viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes | Tatsuo Kitajima - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/23927843/Viscoelastic_characteristics_of_contracted_collagen_gels_populated_with_rat_fibroblasts_or_cardiomyocytes" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732441047000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732441047000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing. Rat type I collagen-Dulbecco\u0026amp;amp;#39;s modified Eagle\u0026amp;amp;#39;s medium solution (each 2 ml in volume, 0.5 mg/ml collagen concentration) containing 2.0 million rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes were cast in a circular shape. After gelation and culture for 10 days the contracted gels were first stretched to a tensile strain of approximately 0.20 at 4.6 × 10(-3)/s strain rate, and then the strain was kept unchanged for 3 min. The tensile stress in the gels was recorded. The results were regressed against the equations of the Kelvin viscoelastic model. It was found that the two elastic coefficients in the model were 6.5 ± 1.7 and 10.2 ± 3.2 kPa, respectively, for gels with cardiomyocytes and 5.1 ± 1.6 and 4.5 ± 0.9 kPa for those with fibroblasts; the values for gels with cardiomyocytes were significantly higher than those for gels with fibr...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Tatsuo Kitajima"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-04-01","dateModified":"2016-04-01","datePublished":"2010-01-01","headline":"Viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Viscoelasticity","Tissue Engineering","Artificial Organs","Strain Rate","Elasticity","Collagen","Animals","Viscosity","Gels","Mechanical Stress","Rats","Wistar Rats","Human Fibroblasts","Tensile Strength","Tensile Test"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/23927843/Viscoelastic_characteristics_of_contracted_collagen_gels_populated_with_rat_fibroblasts_or_cardiomyocytes","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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[{"id":44314122,"identifier":"Attachment_44314122","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":23927843,"created_at":"2016-04-01T20:16:26.906-07:00","from_world_paper_id":151331819,"updated_at":"2021-01-11T20:17:06.308-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing. Rat type I collagen-Dulbecco\u0026#39;s modified Eagle\u0026#39;s medium solution (each 2 ml in volume, 0.5 mg/ml collagen concentration) containing 2.0 million rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes were cast in a circular shape. After gelation and culture for 10 days the contracted gels were first stretched to a tensile strain of approximately 0.20 at 4.6 × 10(-3)/s strain rate, and then the strain was kept unchanged for 3 min. The tensile stress in the gels was recorded. The results were regressed against the equations of the Kelvin viscoelastic model. It was found that the two elastic coefficients in the model were 6.5 ± 1.7 and 10.2 ± 3.2 kPa, respectively, for gels with cardiomyocytes and 5.1 ± 1.6 and 4.5 ± 0.9 kPa for those with fibroblasts; the values for gels with cardiomyocytes were significantly higher than those for gels with fibr...","publication_date":"2010,,","publication_name":"Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [46223781]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":44314122,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44314122/mini_magick20190214-7610-s088vq.png?1550198413" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46223781" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TatsuoKitajima"><img alt="Profile image of Tatsuo Kitajima" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Tatsuo Kitajima</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The viscoelastic characteristics of contracted collagen gels populated with rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing. Rat type I collagen-Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium solution (each 2 ml in volume, 0.5 mg/ml collagen concentration) containing 2.0 million rat fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes were cast in a circular shape. After gelation and culture for 10 days the contracted gels were first stretched to a tensile strain of approximately 0.20 at 4.6 × 10(-3)/s strain rate, and then the strain was kept unchanged for 3 min. The tensile stress in the gels was recorded. The results were regressed against the equations of the Kelvin viscoelastic model. It was found that the two elastic coefficients in the model were 6.5 ± 1.7 and 10.2 ± 3.2 kPa, respectively, for gels with cardiomyocytes and 5.1 ± 1.6 and 4.5 ± 0.9 kPa for those with fibroblasts; the values for gels with cardiomyocytes were significantly higher than those for gels with fibr...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":44314122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23927843/Viscoelastic_characteristics_of_contracted_collagen_gels_populated_with_rat_fibroblasts_or_cardiomyocytes"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":44314122,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/23927843/Viscoelastic_characteristics_of_contracted_collagen_gels_populated_with_rat_fibroblasts_or_cardiomyocytes"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="44314122" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/23927843/Viscoelastic_characteristics_of_contracted_collagen_gels_populated_with_rat_fibroblasts_or_cardiomyocytes" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="92746126" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92746126/A_Model_for_Studying_the_Biomechanical_Effects_of_Varying_Ratios_of_Collagen_Types_I_and_III_on_Cardiomyocytes">A Model for Studying the Biomechanical Effects of Varying Ratios of Collagen Types I and III on Cardiomyocytes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44659352" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BJoddar">Binata Joddar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Model for Studying the Biomechanical Effects of Varying Ratios of Collagen Types I and III on Cardiomyocytes","attachmentId":95673197,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92746126/A_Model_for_Studying_the_Biomechanical_Effects_of_Varying_Ratios_of_Collagen_Types_I_and_III_on_Cardiomyocytes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92746126/A_Model_for_Studying_the_Biomechanical_Effects_of_Varying_Ratios_of_Collagen_Types_I_and_III_on_Cardiomyocytes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="91090863" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91090863/Effect_of_matrix_on_cardiomyocyte_viscoelastic_properties_in_2D_culture">Effect of matrix on cardiomyocyte viscoelastic properties in 2D culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60035224" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BruceGao2">Bruce Gao</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Molecular & cellular biomechanics : MCB, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cardiomyocyte phenotype changes significantly in 2D culture systems depending on the substrate composition and organization. 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Cardiomyocyte cellular mechanical properties were found to be highly dependent on matrix composition and organization as well as ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of matrix on cardiomyocyte viscoelastic properties in 2D culture","attachmentId":94475972,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91090863/Effect_of_matrix_on_cardiomyocyte_viscoelastic_properties_in_2D_culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91090863/Effect_of_matrix_on_cardiomyocyte_viscoelastic_properties_in_2D_culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="17585239" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17585239/CONTRACTION_OF_FIBROBLAST_CONTAINING_COLLAGEN_GELS_INITIAL_COLLAGEN_CONCENTRATION_REGULATES_THE_DEGREE_OF_CONTRACTION_AND_CELL_SURVIVAL">CONTRACTION OF FIBROBLAST-CONTAINING COLLAGEN GELS: INITIAL COLLAGEN CONCENTRATION REGULATES THE DEGREE OF CONTRACTION AND CELL SURVIVAL</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37408117" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DebraRomberger">Debra Romberger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Remodeling of extracellular matrix involves a number of steps including the recruitment, accumulation, and eventual apoptosis of parenchymal cells as well as the production, organization, and rearrangement of extracellular matrix produced by these cells. The culture of fibroblasts in three-dimensional gels made of type I collagen has been used as a model of tissue contraction which characterizes both wound repair and fibrosis. The current study was designed to determine the effect of initial collagen concentration on the ability of fibroblasts to contract collagen gels and on cell survival. Native type I collagen was extracted from rat tail tendons and used to prepare collagen gels with varying collagen concentrations (0.75-2.0 mg/ml). Human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) were cast into the gels and cultured in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium with 0.1% fetal calf serum for 2 wk. The gel size, collagen content, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content were determined. Gels prepared with an initial concentration of 0.75 mg/ml contracted more rapidly and to a smaller final size than gels prepared from 2 mg/ml initial collagen concentration (final size 7.1 versus 36.4% of initial size, P &amp;lt; 0.01). 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href="https://www.academia.edu/27902053/Investigation_on_the_Mechanical_Properties_of_Contracted_Collagen_Gels_as_a_Scaffold_for_Tissue_Engineering"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="90017400" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90017400/Densification_of_Type_I_Collagen_Matrices_as_a_Model_for_Cardiac_Fibrosis">Densification of Type I Collagen Matrices as a Model for Cardiac Fibrosis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="243775429" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BenjaminSeelbinder">Benjamin Seelbinder</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="73847646" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73847646/Collagen_expression_in_mechanically_stimulated_cardiac_fibroblasts">Collagen expression in mechanically stimulated cardiac fibroblasts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7742268" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MadanNagpal">Madan Nagpal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1991</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The cardiac extracellular matrix, composed predominantly of collagenous fibers, forms a stress-tolerant network that facilitates the distribution of forces generated in the heart and provides for proper alignment of cardiac myocytes. Although considerable information exists regarding the morphological organization of the heart extracellular matrix, little is known about the regulation of the synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix components. A potentially significant factor in the cardiovascular system is mechanical stimulation including changes in physical tension and pressure. We recently have developed an in vitro model system to elucidate the effects of mechanical stretch on isolated populations of heart cells. In the present study, we have used biochemical and molecular biological techniques to analyze changes in collagen synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts in response to mechanical stretch. These studies show that the ratio of collagen type III to collagen type I incr...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Collagen expression in mechanically stimulated cardiac fibroblasts","attachmentId":82212933,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73847646/Collagen_expression_in_mechanically_stimulated_cardiac_fibroblasts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73847646/Collagen_expression_in_mechanically_stimulated_cardiac_fibroblasts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27466508" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27466508/Effects_of_a_pseudophysiological_environment_on_the_elastic_and_viscoelastic_properties_of_collagen_gels">Effects of a pseudophysiological environment on the elastic and viscoelastic properties of collagen gels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51610513" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PascaleChevallier">Pascale Chevallier</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International journal of biomaterials, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Vascular tissue engineering focuses on the replacement of diseased small-diameter blood vessels with a diameter less than 6 mm for which adequate substitutes still do not exist. One approach to vascular tissue engineering is to culture vascular cells on a scaffold in a bioreactor. The bioreactor establishes pseudophysiological conditions for culture (medium culture, 37°C, mechanical stimulation). Collagen gels are widely used as scaffolds for tissue regeneration due to their biological properties; however, they exhibit low mechanical properties. Mechanical characterization of these scaffolds requires establishing the conditions of testing in regard to the conditions set in the bioreactor. The effects of different parameters used during mechanical testing on the collagen gels were evaluated in terms of mechanical and viscoelastic properties. Thus, a factorial experiment was adopted, and three relevant factors were considered: temperature (23°C or 37°C), hydration (aqueous saline solu...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of a pseudophysiological environment on the elastic and viscoelastic properties of collagen gels","attachmentId":47724640,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27466508/Effects_of_a_pseudophysiological_environment_on_the_elastic_and_viscoelastic_properties_of_collagen_gels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27466508/Effects_of_a_pseudophysiological_environment_on_the_elastic_and_viscoelastic_properties_of_collagen_gels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="97726472" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97726472/Adaptive_Changes_in_Cardiac_Fibroblast_Morphology_and_Collagen_Organization_as_a_Result_of_Mechanical_Environment">Adaptive Changes in Cardiac Fibroblast Morphology and Collagen Organization as a Result of Mechanical Environment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="259602892" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaryGraceMorales12">Mary Grace Morales</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adaptive Changes in Cardiac Fibroblast Morphology and Collagen Organization as a Result of Mechanical Environment","attachmentId":99270430,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97726472/Adaptive_Changes_in_Cardiac_Fibroblast_Morphology_and_Collagen_Organization_as_a_Result_of_Mechanical_Environment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97726472/Adaptive_Changes_in_Cardiac_Fibroblast_Morphology_and_Collagen_Organization_as_a_Result_of_Mechanical_Environment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="26107550" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26107550/Characterization_of_collagen_gel_solutions_and_collagen_matrices_for_cell_culture">Characterization of collagen gel solutions and collagen matrices for cell culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29992966" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MingThauSheu">Ming-Thau Sheu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biomaterials, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Characterization of collagen gel solutions and collagen matrices for cell culture","attachmentId":46455838,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26107550/Characterization_of_collagen_gel_solutions_and_collagen_matrices_for_cell_culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26107550/Characterization_of_collagen_gel_solutions_and_collagen_matrices_for_cell_culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="16268475" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16268475/One_Dimensional_Viscoelastic_Behavior_of_Fibroblast_Populated_Collagen_Matrices">One-Dimensional Viscoelastic Behavior of Fibroblast Populated Collagen Matrices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35414929" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RuthOkamoto">Ruth Okamoto</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35360383" href="https://wustl.academia.edu/ElliotElson">Elliot Elson</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35431762" href="https://wustl.academia.edu/JessicaWagenseil">Jessica Wagenseil</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"One-Dimensional Viscoelastic Behavior of Fibroblast Populated Collagen Matrices","attachmentId":42594447,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16268475/One_Dimensional_Viscoelastic_Behavior_of_Fibroblast_Populated_Collagen_Matrices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/KellyGuthrie2">Kelly Guthrie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BioTechniques, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Linear measurement of cell contraction in a capillary collagen gel system","attachmentId":73899345,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60464519/Linear_measurement_of_cell_contraction_in_a_capillary_collagen_gel_system","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60464519/Linear_measurement_of_cell_contraction_in_a_capillary_collagen_gel_system"><span 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5715671/Mechanical_properties_of_collagen_gels_derived_from_rats_of_different_ages">Mechanical properties of collagen gels derived from rats of different ages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8291769" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YaoHsienWang">Yao-Hsien Wang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Biomaterials Science-polymer Edition, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mechanical properties of collagen gels derived from rats of different ages","attachmentId":49170590,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5715671/Mechanical_properties_of_collagen_gels_derived_from_rats_of_different_ages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5715671/Mechanical_properties_of_collagen_gels_derived_from_rats_of_different_ages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="79172469" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" 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