CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="sv" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Universums framtid – Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )svwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januari","februari","mars","april","maj","juni","juli","augusti","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"823ec4b1-e79d-4f87-8220-1e9cabcd558f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Universums_framtid","wgTitle":"Universums framtid","wgCurRevisionId":54432539,"wgRevisionId":54432539,"wgArticleId":145304,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Alla artiklar som behöver källor","Artiklar som behöver fler fotnoter 2024-02","Alla artiklar som behöver fler fotnoter","Kosmologi","Framtidsstudier","Universum"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"sv","wgPageContentLanguage":"sv","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Universums_framtid","wgRelevantArticleId":145304,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"sv","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"sv"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":8000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q622063","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.gadget.babel":"ready","ext.gadget.geo":"ready","ext.gadget.warnings":"ready","ext.gadget.tags":"ready","ext.gadget.error":"ready","ext.gadget.referenser":"ready","ext.gadget.printonly":"ready","ext.gadget.tables":"ready","ext.gadget.toccolours":"ready","ext.gadget.smallTagFontSize":"ready","ext.gadget.videoPlayButton":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.editsection0","ext.gadget.ProtectionIndicators","ext.gadget.GeoboxLocatorMulti","ext.gadget.InterwikiBadges","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.NewSection","ext.gadget.ExkluderaRobotskapadeSidor","ext.gadget.Nearby","ext.gadget.InterProjectLinks","ext.gadget.cgiircbox","ext.gadget.withJS","ext.gadget.CommonsFileLinks","ext.gadget.tableSorterCollation","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=ext.gadget.babel%2Cerror%2Cgeo%2Cprintonly%2Creferenser%2CsmallTagFontSize%2Ctables%2Ctags%2Ctoccolours%2CvideoPlayButton%2Cwarnings&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sv&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Universums framtid – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//sv.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universums_framtid"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Redigera" href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (sv)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sv.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universums_framtid"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-flöde" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Universums_framtid rootpage-Universums_framtid skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Hoppa till innehållet</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Huvudmeny" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Huvudmeny</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Huvudmeny</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigering </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" title="Besök huvudsidan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Huvudsida</span></a></li><li id="n-Introduktion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion"><span>Introduktion</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deltagarportalen" title="Om projektet, vad du kan göra, var man kan hitta saker"><span>Deltagarportalen</span></a></li><li id="n-Bybrunnen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bybrunnen"><span>Bybrunnen</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_%C3%A4ndringar" title="Lista över de senaste ändringarna på wikin [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Senaste ändringarna</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Slumpsida" title="Gå till en slumpmässigt vald sida [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slumpartikel</span></a></li><li id="n-filuppladdning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Ladda upp filer till Wikimedia Commons"><span>Ladda upp filer</span></a></li><li id="n-Kontakta-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt"><span>Kontakta Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hj%C3%A4lp" title="Platsen där du hittar hjälp"><span>Hjälp</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Huvudsida" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sv.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:S%C3%B6k" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Sök</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Sök på Wikipedia" aria-label="Sök på Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Sök i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Universums+framtid" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Universums+framtid" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Universums+framtid" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Universums+framtid" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Universum_expanderar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universum_expanderar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Universum expanderar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universum_expanderar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masstätheten_i_universum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masstätheten_i_universum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Masstätheten i universum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masstätheten_i_universum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansionen_accelererar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansionen_accelererar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expansionen accelererar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansionen_accelererar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scenarier_för_universums_framtid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scenarier_för_universums_framtid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scenarier för universums framtid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scenarier_för_universums_framtid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Formler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webbkällor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webbkällor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Webbkällor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webbkällor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Universums framtid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 32 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="مصير الكون – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصير الكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মহাবিশ্বের চূড়ান্ত পরিণতি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাবিশ্বের চূড়ান্ত পরিণতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Съдбата на Вселената – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съдбата на Вселената" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dest%C3%AD_final_de_l%27Univers" title="Destí final de l'Univers – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destí final de l'Univers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorie_z%C3%A1niku_vesm%C3%ADru" title="Teorie zániku vesmíru – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teorie zániku vesmíru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ultimate fate of the universe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destino_final_del_universo" title="Destino final del universo – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destino final del universo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibertsoaren_amaiera" title="Unibertsoaren amaiera – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unibertsoaren amaiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سرانجام کیهان – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرانجام کیهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destin_de_l%27Univers" title="Destin de l'Univers – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Destin de l'Univers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85%EB%A7%90" title="우주의 종말 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주의 종말" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kona%C4%8Dna_sudbina_svemira" title="Konačna sudbina svemira – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konačna sudbina svemira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasib_akhir_alam_semesta" title="Nasib akhir alam semesta – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasib akhir alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destino_ultimo_dell%27universo" title="Destino ultimo dell'universo – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Destino ultimo dell'universo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גורל היקום – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גורל היקום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ അന്തിമ വിധി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ അന്തിമ വിധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasib_muktamad_alam_semesta" title="Nasib muktamad alam semesta – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nasib muktamad alam semesta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiteindelijk_lot_van_het_heelal" title="Uiteindelijk lot van het heelal – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uiteindelijk lot van het heelal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%82%E7%84%89" title="宇宙の終焉 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙の終焉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derradeiro_destino_do_universo" title="Derradeiro destino do universo – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Derradeiro destino do universo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soarta_final%C4%83_a_universului" title="Soarta finală a universului – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Soarta finală a universului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Будущее Вселенной – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Будущее Вселенной" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%B8" title="විශ්වයෙහි අත්‍යන්ත ඉරණම – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්වයෙහි අත්‍යන්ත ඉරණම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kone%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_osud_vesm%C3%ADru" title="Konečný osud vesmíru – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konečný osud vesmíru" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Коначна судбина универзума – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коначна судбина универзума" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kona%C4%8Dna_sudbina_svemira" title="Konačna sudbina svemira – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konačna sudbina svemira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmankaikkeuden_lopullinen_kohtalo" title="Maailmankaikkeuden lopullinen kohtalo – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmankaikkeuden lopullinen kohtalo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrenin_nihai_kaderi" title="Evrenin nihai kaderi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evrenin nihai kaderi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%83" title="Доля Всесвіту – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доля Всесвіту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_ph%E1%BA%ADn_sau_c%C3%B9ng_c%E1%BB%A7a_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Số phận sau cùng của vũ trụ – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Số phận sau cùng của vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9C%80%E7%B5%82%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B" title="宇宙最終命運 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宇宙最終命運" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%82%E6%A5%B5%E5%91%BD%E9%81%8B" title="宇宙的終極命運 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宇宙的終極命運" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q622063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Universums_framtid" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Universums_framtid" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Universums_framtid"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Universums_framtid"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Universums_framtid" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Universums_framtid" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&oldid=54432539" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Universums_framtid&id=54432539&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUniversums_framtid"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUniversums_framtid"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Universums+framtid"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Universums_framtid&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ultimate_future_of_the_universe" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q622063" title="Länk till anslutet databasobjekt [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-objekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r51224235">.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fbfbfb;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox th.ambox-text,.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-text{padding:.25em .5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-image{padding:2px 0 2px .5em;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-imageright{padding:2px 4px 2px 0;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete,.mw-parser-output table.ambox-serious{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .messagebox{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#f8f9fa;width:80%;margin:0 auto 1em auto;padding:.2em}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.merge{border:1px solid #c0b8cc;background-color:#f0e5ff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.cleanup{border:1px solid #9f9fff;background-color:#efefff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.standard-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.nested-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba;width:100%;margin:2px 4px}</style><table class="metadata ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"> <div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/50px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/75px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/100px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text">Den här artikeln har <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar">källor</a>, men den <b>behöver <i>fler <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fotnoter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Fotnoter">fotnoter</a></i> för att kunna <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet">verifieras</a></b>. <small>(2024-02)</small> <br /><small>Hjälp gärna Wikipedia med att <b><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit">lägga till fotnoter</a></b> om du kan, eller diskutera saken på <a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Universums_framtid" title="Diskussion:Universums framtid">diskussionssidan</a>. Material som inte verifieras kan tas bort.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Universums framtid</b> är en viktig forskningsfråga inom <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">kosmologi</a>. Till relativt nyligen, vid <a href="/wiki/1900-talet" title="1900-talet">1900-talets</a> början, trodde i princip alla forskare att <a href="/wiki/Universum" title="Universum">universum</a> var oändligt och oföränderligt. Det fanns därför ingen större anledning att vetenskapligt spekulera om en början eller ett slut för universum. När <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> visade att universum utvidgar sig blev universums förflutna och framtid en viktig forskningsgren. Sedan slutet av 1990-talet har forskningen visat att universum inte bara expanderar utan gör det i en allt snabbare takt. Vad som ligger bakom denna acceleration och vad den betyder för universums fortsatta utveckling är frågor som det finns olika teorier kring. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universum_expanderar">Universum expanderar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Universum expanderar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Universum expanderar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Universums_expansion" title="Universums expansion">Universums expansion</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Edwin Hubble kunde på 1920-talet visa att universum växer. Det så kallade <a href="/wiki/Avst%C3%A5ndsm%C3%A4tning_inom_astronomi#Hubble-diagram" title="Avståndsmätning inom astronomi">Hubble-diagrammet</a> visar att ju längre bort från oss ett föremål befinner sig desto fortare avlägsnar det sig från oss. Med andra ord: <i>universum expanderar.</i> Expansionen såg ut att vara linjär, alltså att ha expanderat i samma takt över tid. Det förväntade resultatet var annars att utvidgningen borde vara avstannande. Detta på grund av att universum faktiskt innehåller massa och <a href="/wiki/Gravitationskraften" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationskraften">gravitationskraften</a> därför borde bromsa utvidgningstakten. Masstätheten i universum skulle då vara det som styrde hur expansionen skulle fortgå. Under årtiondena som följde kunde man göra mätningar på allt avlägsnare objekt i rymden, det vill säga se allt längre tillbaka i tiden. Ur dessa data för universums utveckling över årmiljarder och fram till nutid försökte man så förutse hur expansionen i fortsättningen skulle komma att te sig. Forskarna fortsatte att söka allt längre ut i universum och ända fram till 1990-talet visade resultaten på en linjär expansion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masstätheten_i_universum"><span id="Masst.C3.A4theten_i_universum"></span>Masstätheten i universum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Masstätheten i universum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Masstätheten i universum"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Universum utvidgar sig men <a href="/wiki/Gravitationskraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationskraft">gravitationskrafterna</a> bromsar utvidgningen. Om inget annat fanns som styrde utvidgningen av universum än den kända materian och gravitationen skulle den framtida utvecklingen helt bero på universums masstäthet. Man talar om en kritisk densitet <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/523e8c709cfeaef7ed497ce5be80144fdf2e9b70" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.146ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{c}}"></span>, som motsvarar knappt sex väteatomer per kubikmeter. Om densiteten för all den kända energin och massan i universum är högre eller lägre än denna skulle vårt universum vara format på olika sätt och dess framtid skulle vara annorlunda. Ofta använder man sig av kvoten mellan vår nuvarande massdensitet <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> och den kritiska massdensiteten <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/523e8c709cfeaef7ed497ce5be80144fdf2e9b70" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.146ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{c}}"></span>, denna kvot <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d09f58739bf722ad06801001704ea92360f2b96c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{0}}"></span> kan då anta ett värde som är större än, mindre än eller lika med ett. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:End_of_universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/End_of_universe.jpg/250px-End_of_universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/End_of_universe.jpg/375px-End_of_universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/End_of_universe.jpg/500px-End_of_universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Universums geometri. Ett slutet, öppet och plant universum.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Om <b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e67efacd980e39a2c4760270d6535536379fd78e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.708ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}"></span> ></b>1, säger man att universum är <i><b>slutet</b></i>. Då skulle utvidgningen komma att avstanna när universum uppnått maximal storlek och därefter skulle universum dra sig samman.</li></ul> <ul><li>Om <b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e67efacd980e39a2c4760270d6535536379fd78e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.708ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}"></span> <</b>1, säger man att universum är <i><b>öppet</b></i>. Då är gravitationskrafterna för svaga för att hejda utvidgningen, och universum kommer att utvidga sig i all framtid.</li></ul> <ul><li>Om <b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e67efacd980e39a2c4760270d6535536379fd78e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.708ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{o}}"></span></b> = 1, säger man att universum är <i><b>plant</b></i>. Även då skulle universum utvidga sig i all framtid, men långsammare och långsammare. Utvidgningen går mot noll när tiden går mot oändligheten.</li></ul> <p>Det har visat sig, bland annat genom noggranna mätningar av universums bakgrundsstrålning, att universums geometri är mycket nära plan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Men då borde universums expansionstakt minska med tiden. Det har emellertid visat sig vara precis tvärtom. Det måste alltså finnas något annat, förutom materian i universum, som orsakar utvidgningen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansionen_accelererar">Expansionen accelererar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Expansionen accelererar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Expansionen accelererar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Universums_accelererande_expansion" title="Universums accelererande expansion">Universums accelererande expansion</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/250px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/375px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/500px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Tidslinje över universums utveckling under 13,77 miljarder år.</figcaption></figure> <p>1998 kom ett verkligt genombrott. Två oberoende forskarlag kom fram till att <i><a href="/wiki/Universums_accelererande_expansion" title="Universums accelererande expansion">expansionen accelererar</a></i>, en bedrift som gav <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpriset i fysik</a> 2011 till de tre främsta forskarna. Man hade med hjälp av bl.a. <a href="/wiki/Hubble-teleskopet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble-teleskopet">Hubble-teleskopet</a> lyckats mäta hur <a href="/wiki/Supernova_typ_Ia" title="Supernova typ Ia">typ Ia-supernovor</a> i avlägsna <a href="/wiki/Galax" title="Galax">galaxer</a> avlägsnar sig från oss. Man kunde mäta att objekten i universum verkade skiljas åti en allt högre hastighet (Eller snarare kan man mäta att det gick långsammare förr). Det ledde oundvikligt till nästa fråga: </p><p><i>Vad driver accelerationen?</i> </p> <ul><li>Man söker här efter en slags omvänd tyngdkraft, något som trycker hela universum utåt.</li> <li>Detta "något" måste behålla sin verkan oberoende av att <a href="/wiki/Universums_expansion" title="Universums expansion">universums expansion</a>, detta till skillnad från gravitationen som minskar då det blir mindre massa per volymenhet vid expansionen.</li> <li>Det kan ses som en gravitationsegenskap, den <a href="/wiki/Kosmologiska_konstanten" title="Kosmologiska konstanten">kosmologiska konstanten</a> i Einsteins ekvationer för den krökta rymden. Men vad är det egentligen som har dessa egenskaper? Verkligheten bakom konstanten är vad man försöker komma fram till och som ofta kallas <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_energi" title="Mörk energi">mörk energi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scenarier_för_universums_framtid"><span id="Scenarier_f.C3.B6r_universums_framtid"></span>Scenarier för universums framtid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Scenarier för universums framtid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Scenarier för universums framtid"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ännu vet ingen vad den mörka energin består av och man vet inte heller om den kommer att förändras över tid. Är dess densitet konstant? Den kanske istället ökar i takt med rymdens expansion, så kallad "fantomenergi". Kan den kanske komma att avta med tiden? Kanske består den av vad som kallas <a href="/wiki/Kvintessens" title="Kvintessens">kvintessens</a>, då skulle dess verkan variera både över tid och från en plats i universum till en annan. Beroende på vad av detta som visar sig vara riktigt kommer universums utveckling att se olika ut. </p> <ul><li>Om den mörka energin är den enklast tänkbara och konstant med tiden så kommer dagens utveckling med ett accelererande universum att fortsätta i all framtid. Med tiden kommer allt fler galaxer att försvinna ur vårt synfält då ljuset från dessa galaxer inte längre hinner nå fram till oss på grund av universums snabba expansion. Vi kommer så att leva i en allt glesare och kallare rymd. Detta blir the <a href="/wiki/Big_Chill" title="Big Chill">Big Chill</a>.</li> <li>En annan tänkbar möjlighet är att expansionen drivs av det man kallar fantomenergi. Den har egenskapen att öka i takt med att universum utvidgas. Då skulle utvecklingen i början likna det förra fallet. Vi skulle leva i ett allt glesare universum men utvecklingen skulle gå fortare. Det vidare skeendet skulle sedan bli betydligt våldsammare. Allt som hålls samman av gravitationskrafter skulle slitas isär. Först galaxhoparna sedan stjärnorna i galaxerna, planetsystemen och vidare ned till atomens minsta beståndsdelar. Detta är vad som brukar kallas the <a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a>.</li> <li>Av det man ser idag finns inga tecken som tyder på att expansionen skulle vända och gå åt andra hållet. Men då ingen vet vad den mörka energin egentligen är kan man inte helt utesluta detta. All materia skulle då åter dra sig samman tills den till slut befann sig i en enda punkt, en singularitet. Då talar vi om the <a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formler">Formler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Formler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Formler"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{c}={\frac {3H^{2}}{8\pi G}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{c}={\frac {3H^{2}}{8\pi G}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/603e93efb4a483513b701d1a51045be5aa794b3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:10.402ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{c}={\frac {3H^{2}}{8\pi G}}}"></span> <b> = 9,5 x 10<sup>-27</sup> kg/m<sup>3</sup></b>,</dd></dl> <p>där H står för Hubblekonstanten ur <a href="/wiki/Hubbles_lag" title="Hubbles lag">Hubbles lag</a> och G är den allmänna <a href="/wiki/Gravitationskonstanten" title="Gravitationskonstanten">gravitationskonstanten</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eskatologi" title="Eskatologi">Eskatologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidsaxel_%C3%B6ver_den_avl%C3%A4gsna_framtiden" title="Tidsaxel över den avlägsna framtiden">Tidsaxel över den avlägsna framtiden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114002853/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2848">The universe is flat - official</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webbkällor"><span id="Webbk.C3.A4llor"></span>Webbkällor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Webbkällor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Webbkällor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114002853/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2848">https://web.archive.org/web/20100114002853/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2848</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.astronomytoday.com/cosmology/quintessence.html">http://www.astronomytoday.com/cosmology/quintessence.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/fysik/makrokosmos/slutetoppet.html">http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/fysik/makrokosmos/slutetoppet.html</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Unveiling the Flat Universe, Steele Diana, Astronomy, 00916358, Vol 28, Issue 8</li> <li>Will dark energy TEAR the universe apart? Krueci Liz, Astronomy, 00916358, Feb 2009, Vol 37, Issue 2</li> <li>Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday, Robert R. Caldwell m.fl. Astrophysics/030250v1 25 feb 2003</li> <li><i>Universe</i>, R.A. Freedman & W.J. Kaufmann, 2007</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Universum" title="Mall:Universum"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Universum&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Universum" title="Universum">Universum</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">Kosmologi</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Universums_historia" title="Universums historia">Universums historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universums framtid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Universums_expansion" title="Universums expansion">Universums expansion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Universums_accelererande_expansion" title="Universums accelererande expansion">Universums accelererande expansion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Big_bang" title="Big bang">Big bang</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM-modellen" title="Lambda-CDM-modellen">Lambda-CDM-modellen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Steady_state-teorin" title="Steady state-teorin">Steady state</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Statiskt_universum" title="Statiskt universum">Statiskt universum</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B6tt_ljus" title="Trött ljus">Trött ljus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_materia" title="Mörk materia">Mörk materia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rk_energi" title="Mörk energi">Mörk energi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Negativ_energi" title="Negativ energi">Negativ energi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Tillst%C3%A5ndsekvation_(kosmologi)" title="Tillståndsekvation (kosmologi)">Tillståndsekvation</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_avst%C3%A5ndsstege" title="Kosmisk avståndsstege">Kosmisk avståndsstege</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Maskh%C3%A5l" title="Maskhål">Maskhål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vitt_h%C3%A5l" title="Vitt hål">Vitt hål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gaiateori" title="Gaiateori">Gaiateori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmologisk_dekad" title="Kosmologisk dekad">Kosmologisk dekad</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Partikelkluster i vakuum</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfär">Atmosfär</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Solvind" title="Solvind">Solvind</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmiska_partiklar" title="Kosmiska partiklar">Kosmiska partiklar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_bakgrundsstr%C3%A5lning" title="Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning">Kosmisk bakgrundsstrålning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Asteroidb%C3%A4ltet" title="Asteroidbältet">Asteroidbältet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rnhop" title="Stjärnhop">Stjärnhop</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Solsystem" title="Solsystem">Solsystem</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Galaxhop" title="Galaxhop">Galaxhop</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Galaxrelaterade artiklar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Galax" title="Galax">Galax</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Laniakeasuperhopen" title="Laniakeasuperhopen">Laniakeasuperhopen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Virgosuperhopen" title="Virgosuperhopen">Virgosuperhopen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kvasar" title="Kvasar">Kvasar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vintergatan" title="Vintergatan">Vintergatan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Seyfertgalax" title="Seyfertgalax">Seyfert</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Radiogalax" title="Radiogalax">Radiogalax</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Starburstgalax" title="Starburstgalax">Starburstgalax</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Aktiv_galaxk%C3%A4rna" title="Aktiv galaxkärna">Aktiv galaxkärna</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Stjärnrelaterade artiklar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">Astronomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Astrofysik" title="Astrofysik">Astrofysik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Protostj%C3%A4rna" title="Protostjärna">Protostjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun_dv%C3%A4rg" title="Brun dvärg">Brun dvärg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vit_dv%C3%A4rg" title="Vit dvärg">Vit dvärg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rna" title="Stjärna">Stjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6d_j%C3%A4tte" title="Röd jätte">Röd jätte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dubbelstj%C3%A4rna" title="Dubbelstjärna">Dubbelstjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neutronstj%C3%A4rna" title="Neutronstjärna">Neutronstjärna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kvarkstj%C3%A4rna" title="Kvarkstjärna">Kvarkstjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Svart_h%C3%A5l" title="Svart hål">Svart hål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ackretionsskiva" title="Ackretionsskiva">Ackretionsskiva</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Stjärnfenomen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Olbers_paradox" title="Olbers paradox">Olbers paradox</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhargr%C3%A4nsen" title="Chandrasekhargränsen">Chandrasekhargränsen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg-Chandrasekhar-gr%C3%A4nsen" title="Schönberg-Chandrasekhar-gränsen">Schönberg-Chandrasekhar-gränsen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eddington-luminositet" title="Eddington-luminositet">Eddington-luminositet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ultralumin%C3%B6s_r%C3%B6ntgenk%C3%A4lla" title="Ultraluminös röntgenkälla">Ultraluminös röntgenkälla</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gammablixt" title="Gammablixt">Gammablixt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neutrinoastronomi" title="Neutrinoastronomi">Neutrinoastronomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nukleosyntes" title="Nukleosyntes">Nukleosyntes</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Mindre himlakroppar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5ne" title="Måne">Måne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">Komet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eldkula" title="Eldkula">eldkula</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5planet" title="Småplanet">Småplaneter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dv%C3%A4rgplanet" title="Dvärgplanet">dvärgplanet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Rymdfart</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Rymdfart" title="Rymdfart">Rymdfart</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarkost" title="Rymdfarkost">Rymdfarkost</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdraket" title="Rymdraket">Rymdraket</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdf%C3%A4rja" title="Rymdfärja">Rymdfärja</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdsond" title="Rymdsond">Rymdsond</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdstation" title="Rymdstation">Rymdstation</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarare" title="Rymdfarare">Rymdfarare</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Himmel" title="Himmel">Himmel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Himlakropp" title="Himlakropp">Himlakropp</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_satellit" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturlig satellit">Satellit</a> (drabant)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Omloppsbana" title="Omloppsbana">Omloppsbana</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&oldid=54432539">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&oldid=54432539</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kosmologi" title="Kategori:Kosmologi">Kosmologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Framtidsstudier" title="Kategori:Framtidsstudier">Framtidsstudier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Universum" title="Kategori:Universum">Universum</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver källor">Alla artiklar som behöver källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_fler_fotnoter_2024-02" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver fler fotnoter 2024-02">Artiklar som behöver fler fotnoter 2024-02</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_fler_fotnoter" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver fler fotnoter">Alla artiklar som behöver fler fotnoter</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 13 februari 2024 kl. 20.38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. För bilder, se respektive bildsida (klicka på bilden). Se vidare <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Upphovsr%C3%A4tt" title="Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt">Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt</a> och <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">användarvillkor</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Wikimedias integritetspolicy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Om">Om Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Allm%C3%A4nt_f%C3%B6rbeh%C3%A5ll">Förbehåll</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Uppförandekod</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Utvecklare</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/sv.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Information om kakor</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//sv.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universums_framtid&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilvy</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ppdsc","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.138","walltime":"0.195","ppvisitednodes":{"value":987,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":29255,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18662,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":3941,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 100.133 1 -total"," 38.67% 38.718 1 Mall:Universum"," 36.07% 36.114 1 Mall:Navbox"," 34.46% 34.508 1 Mall:Fler_fotnoter"," 26.98% 27.020 1 Mall:Ambox"," 21.39% 21.417 2 Mall:Huvudartikel"," 5.33% 5.334 1 Mall:Navbar"," 2.69% 2.692 1 Mall:Artikel_annan"," 2.40% 2.406 69 Mall:·"," 2.17% 2.172 1 Mall:Omsubst"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.004","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":630009,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-czv76","timestamp":"20241122164559","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Universums framtid","url":"https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universums_framtid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q622063","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q622063","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Bidragsgivare till Wikimedia-projekten"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-21T12:37:11Z","dateModified":"2024-02-13T19:38:08Z"}</script> </body> </html>