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Negativ energi – Wikipedia

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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p>Med <b>negativ energi</b> avses ett begrepp främst inom <a href="/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik">fysikens</a> <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> men även inom <a href="/wiki/Esoterism" title="Esoterism">esoterism</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fantastik" title="Fantastik">fantastik</a> som kontrast till reguljär positiv energi. <a href="/wiki/Standardmodellen" title="Standardmodellen">Standardmodellen</a> inom <a href="/wiki/Partikelfysik" title="Partikelfysik">partikelfysiken</a> berör detta på ett tidigt skede med att framhålla att den <a href="/wiki/Speciella_relativitetsteorin" title="Speciella relativitetsteorin">speciella relativitetsteorins</a> samband mellan energi E, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6relsem%C3%A4ngd" title="Rörelsemängd">rörelsemängd</a> p och <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> m har två lösningar. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e03087e514536abe2369e96946c6e29a0e97fdf0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.227ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>är en <a href="/wiki/Andragradsekvation" title="Andragradsekvation">andragradsekvation</a> som också har en negativ <a href="/wiki/Rot_(till_ekvation)" title="Rot (till ekvation)">rot</a>. Denna lösning är den negativa energin, vilken på 1930-talet ledde <a href="/wiki/Carl_D._Anderson" title="Carl D. Anderson">Carl Anderson</a> till att upptäcka <a href="/wiki/Antimateria" title="Antimateria">antimateria</a>, och förutsäga <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positronen</a>. Dessa ges en riktning bakåt i tiden i <a href="/wiki/Feynmandiagram" title="Feynmandiagram">Feynmandiagram</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negativ_massa">Negativ massa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Negativ massa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Negativ massa"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekvationen ovan kan även lösas för massan m och ge en lösning med negativ massa. Den uppfattas som ett hypotetiskt begrepp, närmast förverkligat i samband med exotisk materia som en region av pseudo-negativ <a href="/wiki/Tryck" title="Tryck">tryck</a><a href="/wiki/Densitet" title="Densitet">densitet</a> till följd av <a href="/wiki/Casimireffekten" title="Casimireffekten">Casimireffekten</a>. </p><p>I samband med <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B6ghet" title="Tröghet">tröghetsbegreppet</a> påtalade <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Hermann Bondi</a> 1957 i en tidskriftsartikel att massa mycket väl skulle kunna vara såväl negativ som positiv, utan att medföra någon logisk motsägelse.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I sammanhanget bör även nämnas den mexikanske fysikern <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alcubierre" title="Miguel Alcubierre">Miguel Alcubierre</a>, vars föreslagna drivmekanism, en <a href="/wiki/Warp" title="Warp">Warp drive</a>, som närmast förekommer i spekulationer om <a href="/wiki/%C3%96verljushastighet" title="Överljushastighet">överljushastighet</a> i maj-numret 1994 av vetenskapsmagasinet <i>Classical and Quantum Gravity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gravitationsenergi">Gravitationsenergi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Gravitationsenergi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Gravitationsenergi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitationen</a> mellan två kroppar resulterar i en <a href="/wiki/Accelerera" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerera">accelererande</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6relse_(fysik)" title="Rörelse (fysik)">rörelse</a> om de är tillräckligt massiva och nära varandra. Detta ger en ökad <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6relseenergi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rörelseenergi">rörelseenergi</a>. För att inte bryta mot <a href="/wiki/Lagen_om_energins_bevarande" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagen om energins bevarande">lagen om energins bevarande</a> måste motsvarande andel negativ energi tillföras <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitationsf%C3%A4ltet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitationsfältet [inte skriven än]">gravitationsfältet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inom fysik: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bindningsenergi" title="Bindningsenergi">Bindningsenergi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirac-havet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirac-havet [inte skriven än]">Dirac-havet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exotisk_materia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Exotisk materia [inte skriven än]">Exotisk materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkingstr%C3%A5lning" title="Hawkingstrålning">Hawkingstrålning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6genergifysik" class="mw-redirect" title="Högenergifysik">Högenergifysik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskh%C3%A5l" title="Maskhål">Maskhål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyon" title="Takyon">Takyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjerenkovstr%C3%A5lning" title="Tjerenkovstrålning">Tjerenkovstrålning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidsresa" title="Tidsresa">Tidsresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuell_partikel" title="Virtuell partikel">Virtuell partikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96verljushastighet" title="Överljushastighet">Överljushastighet</a></li></ul> <p>Inom fiktion och esoterika: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schamanism" title="Schamanism">Schamanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakugan_Battle_Brawlers" title="Bakugan Battle Brawlers">Bakugan Battle Brawlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter_och_referenser">Noter och referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter och referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter och referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Donald H. Perkins; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rapiddigger.com/download-3652371-particle-astrophysics-d-perkins.html"><i>Particle Astrophysics</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B6da_l%C3%A4nkar" title="Wikipedia:Döda länkar">&#91;<span title="Denna externa länk fungerar inte (2017-06)"><i>död&#160;länk</i></span>&#93;</a></sup>, 2:a uppl, Oxford University (2009), Kap 1:4 Antipartiklar. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0199545464" title="Special:Bokkällor/0199545464">ISBN 0199545464</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFBondi">Bondi, H.&#32;(juli 1957).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713001809/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v29/i3/p423_1">”Negative Mass in General Relativity”</a>.&#32;<i>Rev. Mod. Phys.</i>&#32;29&#32;(3): sid.&#160;423. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.29.423">10.1103/RevModPhys.29.423</a></span>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v29/i3/p423_1">originalet</a>&#32;den 13 juli 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.today/20120713001809/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v29/i3/p423_1">https://archive.today/20120713001809/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v29/i3/p423_1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 2 mars 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Negative+Mass+in+General+Relativity&amp;rft.jtitle=Rev.+Mod.+Phys.&amp;rft.aulast=Bondi&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=Bondi%2C+H.&amp;rft.date=juli+1957&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B423&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.29.423&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20120713001809%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fprola.aps.org%2Fabstract%2FRMP%2Fv29%2Fi3%2Fp423_1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Negativ_energi"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/grqc/0009013"><i>The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity</i></a> // Class.Quant.Grav 11:L73-L77 (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFTegmark2014"><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Tegmark, Max</a>&#32;(2014).&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?isbn=9187419394">Vårt matematiska universum: mitt sökande efter den yttersta verkligheten</a></i>&#32;(1. uppl.). Stockholm: Volante. sid.&#160;138. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/14857357">14857357</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9789187419270" title="Special:Bokkällor/9789187419270">ISBN 9789187419270</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?isbn=9187419394">https://books.google.se/books?isbn=9187419394</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=V%C3%A5rt+matematiska+universum%3A+mitt+s%C3%B6kande+efter+den+yttersta+verkligheten&amp;rft.aulast=Tegmark&amp;rft.aufirst=Max&amp;rft.au=Tegmark%2C+Max&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B138&amp;rft.edition=1.+uppl.&amp;rft.place=Stockholm&amp;rft.pub=Volante&amp;rft.isbn=9789187419270&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D9187419394&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Negativ_energi"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativ_energi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>D.L. Hotson; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050816192841/http://openseti.org/Docs/HotsonPart1.pdf"><i>Dirac’s Equation and the Sea of Negative Energy</i>, Part 1</a>, i <i>Infinite Energy</i> n°43 (2002)</li> <li>D.L. Hotson; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206093202/http://openseti.org/Docs/HotsonPart2.pdf"><i>Dirac’s Equation and the Sea of Negative Energy</i>, Part 2</a>, i <i>Infinite Energy</i> n°44 (2002)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output 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title="Röd jätte">Röd jätte</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Dubbelstj%C3%A4rna" title="Dubbelstjärna">Dubbelstjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Neutronstj%C3%A4rna" title="Neutronstjärna">Neutronstjärna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Kvarkstj%C3%A4rna" title="Kvarkstjärna">Kvarkstjärna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Svart_h%C3%A5l" title="Svart hål">Svart hål</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Ackretionsskiva" title="Ackretionsskiva">Ackretionsskiva</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Stjärnfenomen</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a 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title="Gammablixt">Gammablixt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Neutrinoastronomi" title="Neutrinoastronomi">Neutrinoastronomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Nukleosyntes" title="Nukleosyntes">Nukleosyntes</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Mindre himlakroppar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5ne" title="Måne">Måne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">Komet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorit</a>, <a 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title="Rymdsond">Rymdsond</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdstation" title="Rymdstation">Rymdstation</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Rymdfarare" title="Rymdfarare">Rymdfarare</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Himmel" title="Himmel">Himmel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Himlakropp" title="Himlakropp">Himlakropp</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_satellit" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturlig satellit">Satellit</a> (drabant)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Omloppsbana" title="Omloppsbana">Omloppsbana</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report 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