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data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT401204_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT401204_0"></i><p> L'argent se définissant au sein du système économique comme l'équivalent général des échanges, il importe au premier chef de déterminer ce qui, dans le rapport d'échanges, permet la constitution d'un équivalent monétaire. Tout d'abord, « il s'agit, écrit Marx, de faire ce que l'économie bourgeoise n'a jamais envisagé : il s'agit de fournir la genèse de la forme monnaie, c'est-à-dire de développer l'expression de la valeur contenue dans le rapport de valeur des marchandises depuis son ébauche la plus simple et la moins apparente jusqu'à cette forme monnaie qui saute aux yeux de tout le monde. Et en même temps sera résolue et disparaîtra l'énigme de la monnaie. »</p><p>Mais tenter la genèse de la forme monnaie, c'est en même temps entrer dans le registre d'une analytique transcendantale, puisque cette recherche a pour objet le repérage des conditions de possibilité de tout jugement d'« évaluation ». C'est dire que toute interrogation sur le rapport d'échanges renvoie à l'analyse du procès constitutif de l'altérité. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'opérer ici une mise en perspective globale de l'économique, suspendu à la référence ternaire, dans laquelle la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La psychanalyse n'aurait pas occupé la place qui lui revient, non seulement dans le progrès des disciplines médicales et des sciences humaines , mais dans le développement général de la civilisation, si la préoccupation la plus intime de Freud n'avait été, de toujours, celle de la souffrance . En témoignent, aux origines de sa carrière, ses recherches sur les stupéfiants ; et l..." title="Article : PSYCHANALYSE" href="/encyclopedie/psychanalyse/">psychanalyse</a> nous apprend que se constitue le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Il n'est point de sujet sans dépendance affirmée à l'égard d'une puissance dont ce sujet relève, de par les hasards de sa constitution anatomique, de son caractère et de sa situation au sein d'une classe sociale et d'une constellation familiale déterminées, mais aussi de par les lois et coutumes de son pays, les études et les recherches en cours et, d'une façon générale, les conditions..." title="Article : SUJET" href="/encyclopedie/sujet/">sujet</a>. Pour opérer la genèse de la forme monnaie, il faut donc parvenir à articuler aux recherches de l'économie politique l'investigation psychanalytique des moments proprement énergétiques que soutient la structure triangulaire.</p><p>Or, ce premier registre où l'ambivalence pulsionnelle trouve sa trace, Freud l'a mis en évidence au niveau de la structure familiale, à savoir dans l'œdipe. Qu'exprime, en effet, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Que la recherche du plaisir fasse principe, c'est-à-dire qu'elle contienne une proposition renfermant une détermination générale de la volonté, et à laquelle sont subordonnées plusieurs règles pratiques, c'est une évidence dont les implications s'avèrent difficiles à réaliser. L'auteur du principe de plaisir, Épicure, « se comprenait-il lui-même » — pour reprendre l'expressio..." title="Article : PRINCIPE DE PLAISIR" href="/encyclopedie/principe-de-plaisir/">principe de plaisir</a>, sinon l'intimité de la connexion entre déplaisir et éventualité d'une source de travail ? L'apparition nécessaire du tiers troublant cette jouissance narcissique, propre au rapport duel, constitue la première souffrance et le premier aiguillon au travail, générateur de valeur.</p><p>Comment dès lors le tiers peut-il, en étant escamoté dans le général, prendre la forme de l'équivalent monétaire ? Disons que, de même qu'au niveau des rapports verbaux se dénature et s'accomplit un certain type de relation primordiale à l'autre, de même les rapports d'argent apparaissent à leur tour comme la caricature des rapports verbaux. Rappelons ici le mot de Hobbes : « Les mots sont les jetons des sages, qui ne s'en servent que pour calculer, mais ils sont la monnaie des sots, qui les estiment en vertu de l'autorité. »</p><p>Cette fonction médiatrice remplie par l'argent — conçu non comme étalon absolu, mais comme instrument de travail — apparaît avec évidence dans la cure psychanalytique. Si la relation psychanalytique comporte, en effet, un objet, il réside bien dans l'articulation d'un rapport duel au rapport triangulaire, noyau de la sociabilité, puisque l'analyste personnalisé se révèle en même temps être le support de toute personnalisation. Pour dépasser l'impasse œdipienne, c'est alors une seule et même chose que de prendre du recul par rapport au partenaire sexuel, de repérer le tiers dans le rapport linguistique ou de découvrir la nécessité de la « dépense », voire du gaspillage.</p><p>Se cramponner à l'acquis constitue assurément l'obstacle majeur au processus de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Invoquer la « capacité de sublimation » pour expliquer en quoi tel individu a échappé à la névrose, comment tel grand homme s'est trouvé produire telle œuvre géniale, n'est-ce point une façon bien dérisoire de répéter la question du pourquoi de la destinée – comme si à cette question une autre réponse était possible, hors l'accomplissement de la vie ? N'est-ce point – ..." title="Article : SUBLIMATION, psychanalyse" href="/encyclopedie/sublimation-psychanalyse/">sublimation</a>. Et l'avarice fait figure d'emblème de la rigidité pulsionnelle à un double titre : dans la mesure où elle thésaurise purement et simplement un réel qui déchoit, mais également dans celle où elle est, suivant la profonde définition balzacienne, « un constant exercice de la puissance humaine, mise au service de la personnalité ». Harpagon entasse son or, Grandet le vend contre des valeurs du receveur général. 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