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De la purification des traces à la parousie mythique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SUBLIMATION, psychanalyse, Les sources infantiles et l'excès de plaisir" href="/encyclopedie/sublimation-psychanalyse/2-les-sources-infantiles-et-l-exces-de-plaisir/"> 2. Les sources infantiles et l'excès de plaisir </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SUBLIMATION, psychanalyse, Économique du dépouillement" href="/encyclopedie/sublimation-psychanalyse/3-economique-du-depouillement/"> 3. Économique du dépouillement </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SUBLIMATION, psychanalyse, La sublimation, vérité de l'expérience amoureuse" href="/encyclopedie/sublimation-psychanalyse/4-la-sublimation-verite-de-l-experience-amoureuse/"> 4. La sublimation, vérité de l'expérience amoureuse </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="SUBLIMATION, psychanalyse, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/sublimation-psychanalyse/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>SUBLIMATION, </strong><em>psychanalyse</em> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yR170891_0"><i class="anchor" id="yR170891_0"></i><p>Invoquer la « capacité de sublimation » pour expliquer en quoi tel <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La notion d'individualité ne se laisse définir ni par les procédés étymologiques habituels aux philosophes depuis que Platon en a établi la coutume dans le Cratyle , ni par une axiomatique rationnelle. Lorsqu'on s'y attache, c'est pour trouver des différences, lui opposer d'autres notions ; tout se passe comme si elle relevait de plusieurs champs sémantiques, sans qu'au premier abord i..." title="Article : INDIVIDU" href="/encyclopedie/individu/">individu</a> a échappé à la névrose, comment tel grand homme s'est trouvé produire telle œuvre géniale, n'est-ce point une façon bien dérisoire de répéter la question du pourquoi de la destinée – comme si à cette question une autre réponse était possible, hors l'accomplissement de la vie ? N'est-ce point – pour reprendre l'expression de Nietzsche à propos de la théorie kantienne des « facultés » – effectuer une simple « réponse de comédie » ? La <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La psychanalyse n'aurait pas occupé la place qui lui revient, non seulement dans le progrès des disciplines médicales et des sciences humaines , mais dans le développement général de la civilisation, si la préoccupation la plus intime de Freud n'avait été, de toujours, celle de la souffrance . En témoignent, aux origines de sa carrière, ses recherches sur les stupéfiants ; et l..." title="Article : PSYCHANALYSE" href="/encyclopedie/psychanalyse/">psychanalyse</a>, à laquelle semble revenir de nos jours le privilège d'utiliser cette notion, a-t-elle pu faire autre chose qu'enregistrer le constat de Hölderlin :</p><p><blockquote><p>Les mortels vivent de salaire et de travail ; dans [l'alternance du labeur et du repos tous sont heureux ; pourquoi donc ne s'endort-il [jamais,l'aiguillon que je porte en mon sein ?</p></blockquote></p><p>Aussi bien la sublimation se caractérise-t-elle tout d'abord comme un certain type de mutation rapide et admirable. Tel le passage de l'état solide à l'état gazeux, sans phase liquide intermédiaire : les propriétés du corps sublimé demeurent intactes ; bien plus, l'opération apparaît comme un procédé de purification, visant à libérer le corps de ses parties hétérogènes.</p><p>Le terme, à la veille du développement de la chimie, était ainsi prédestiné à une transposition dans le registre moral. L'initiative devait en revenir au poète – et commerçant – hambourgeois Brockes, auteur d'une théodicée de la vie quotidienne, <em>Les Plaisirs terrestres en Dieu</em>, dont furent nourris les romantiques allemands. Mais Goethe, le premier, sut dépasser cet usage tout métaphorique, en vue de caractériser la création poétique : les états d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le monde occidental, la notion d'âme s'est constituée lentement et ne remonte pas à la nuit des temps. On peut suivre les étapes qui jalonnent l'émergence d'un principe spirituel du vivant et qui aboutissent à sa justification philosophique par Platon et Aristote . Souvent remise en cause dans les écoles postérieures au profit de théories matérialistes ou mécanistes de l'âme,..." title="Article : ÂME" href="/encyclopedie/ame/">âme</a>, les sentiments, les événements ne sauraient être rapportés au théâtre avec leur naturel originaire ; ils doivent être « travaillés, accommodés, sublimés » (<em>verarbeitet, zubereitet, sublimiert</em>). De même, Victor Hugo, dans <em>La Bouche d'ombre</em>, s'autorise de l'origine chimique du terme, pour réclamer :</p><p><blockquote><p>La sublimation de l'être par la flamme,de l'homme par l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Dieu aimeras et ton prochain comme toi-même. » Toute la civilisation judéo-chrétienne est fondée sur ce double commandement énigmatique, dont la théorie freudienne semble fournir la version moderne lorsqu'elle montre l'injonction de jouir comme issue des profondeurs du psychisme. Mais il est vrai qu'entre une simple exigence du sujet et l' altruisme total prôné par Jésus-Chr..." title="Article : AMOUR" href="/encyclopedie/amour/">amour</a>.</p></blockquote></p><p>La sublimation paraît ainsi une certaine forme de catharsis, celle de l'auteur et non du public, un travail difficile et nécessaire, une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Selon sa signification étymologique, conversion (du latin conversio ) signifie retournement, changement de direction. Le mot sert donc à désigner toute espèce de retournement ou de transposition. C'est ainsi qu'en logique le mot est employé pour désigner l'opération par laquelle on inverse les termes d'une proposition. En psychanalyse, ce mot a été utilisé pour désigner « la transpos..." title="Article : CONVERSION" href="/encyclopedie/conversion/">conversion</a> de l'être entier à ce qu'il a d'essentiel et de plus vrai.</p><p>Esquisser une théorie de la sublimation, ne serait-ce pas alors à bien des égards réassumer l'héritage hégélien, dont on sait d'ailleurs qu'il fut notamment transmis à Freud par l'intermédiaire de James Marck Baldwin, dès 1897 ? De fait, le mouvement de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme « dialectique » dérive du mot composé grec διαλ́εγειν ( dialegein ), qui indique dès le départ que son sens n'est pas simple. La signification la plus courante de λ́εγειν, c'est « parler » et le préfixe δια indique l'idée d'un rapport ou d'un échange . La dialectique est donc, d'après l'étymologie, un échange de paroles ou de discours , c'est-à-d..." title="Article : DIALECTIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/dialectique/">dialectique</a>, qualifié par Hegel d'<em>aufheben</em>, un critique comme Mure lui donne pour équivalent l'anglais <em>to sublime</em>. Et comment ne pas reconnaître que de la notion anthropologique d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le concept d'« esprit », dont la spécificité a sans cesse fluctué à travers les différentes cultures et tout au long de l'histoire des idées, semble de nos jours être pris à nouveau comme référence majeure, notamment par des biologistes, qui y voient « un mot au sens suffisamment large pour pouvoir englober toutes les réactions, des plus élémentaires aux plus évoluées, c'est..." title="Article : ESPRIT, philosophie" href="/encyclopedie/esprit-philosophie/">Esprit</a> Freud propose une nouvelle version ? L'Esprit hégélien conçu comme « <em>pouvoir magique</em> de convertir le négatif en être », s'avère « d'autant plus grand qu'est plus grande l'opposition à partir de laquelle il retourne en soi-même ». De même, l'énergie pulsionnelle, susceptible de se conserver tout en niant ses buts primitifs, acquiert par cette négation une puissance d'autant plus haute.</p><p>Néanmoins – et telle est la divergence essentielle – la théorie de la sublimation se donne chez Freud un contenu spécifique ; elle s'appuie sur ce que son auteur qualifie cependant lui-même de « mythologie », à savoir une théorie des pulsions. La sublimation consiste à substituer à un but et à un objet <em>sexuels primitifs</em> de nouveaux buts et de nouveaux objets, « éventuellement » plus élevés dans l'estime des autres hommes.</p><p>On ne saurait donc comprendre la sublimation indépendamment d'une conception génétique et historique<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="R170891_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="SAINT GIRONS, Baldine"><a title="Auteur : Baldine SAINT GIRONS" rel="author" href="/auteurs/baldine-saint-girons/"><strong>Baldine SAINT GIRONS</strong></a> : maître de conférences en philosophie à l'université de Paris-X-Nanterre </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : SUBLIMATION, psychanalyse" href="/carte-mentale/sublimation-psychanalyse/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yR170891_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Psychanalyse" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/psychanalyse/"> Psychanalyse </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Théorie psychanalytique"> <a title="Classification : Théorie psychanalytique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/psychanalyse/theorie-psychanalytique/"> Théorie psychanalytique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie" href="/classification/philosophie/"> Philosophie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Philosophie de l'art ou esthétique" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-de-l-art-ou-esthetique/"> Philosophie de l'art ou esthétique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Esthétique générale"> <a title="Classification : Esthétique générale" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-de-l-art-ou-esthetique/esthetique-generale/"> Esthétique générale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yR170891_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH040279" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Les Souffrances du jeune Werther, Goethe" href="/media/les-souffrances-du-jeune-werther-goethe-ph040279/"> <img id="PH040279" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/1/csm_ph040279_833eb80953.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Les Souffrances du jeune Werther, Goethe - crédits : AKG-images" data-description="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), le premier, sut mettre en scène, notamment dans Les Souffrances du jeune Werther (1774), le terme métaphorique de sublimation pour « caractériser » et « travailler » certains états d'âme. Illustration de Tony Johannot." data-copyright="AKG-images" width="471" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Les Souffrances du jeune Werther, Goethe </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yR170891_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/agressivite/#c8629"> <span class="rg">AGRESSIVITÉ</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre KAUFMANN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 103 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...laquelle, « une fois modérée et domptée, et inhibée quant à son but », la pulsion de destruction dirigée contre les objets doit permettre au moi de satisfaire ses besoins vitaux et de maîtriser la nature – en bref, telle est la forme sous laquelle la pulsion de mort entrera dans les voies de lasublimation. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/corps-le-corps-et-la-psychanalyse/#c8629"> <span class="rg">CORPS - </span><span class="rm">Le corps et la psychanalyse</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Monique DAVID-MÉNARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 971 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...décharge, est assimilé au bouclage de ce trajet qui de l'objet revient vers le corps. Non sans cohérence, il s'ensuit que la satisfaction est toujours sublimatoire. Que la décharge soit, sans plus, le bouclage de la pulsion, cela ne va pas de soi ; cela suppose que le moment de l'érogénéité soit conçu... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/folklore/#c8629"> <span class="rg">FOLKLORE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Nicole BELMONT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">12 229 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : FOLKLORE" href="/encyclopedie/folklore/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les frères Grimm - crédits : General Photographic Agency/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/1/csm_ph993615_b972710c87.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...déformant et en les masquant, afin de rendre licite une expression interdite qui veut se faire jour. Il faut alors distinguer ce processus de celui de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Invoquer la « capacité de sublimation » pour expliquer en quoi tel individu a échappé à la névrose, comment tel grand homme s'est trouvé produire telle œuvre géniale, n'est-ce point une façon bien dérisoire de répéter la question du pourquoi de la destinée – comme si à cette question une autre réponse était possible, hors l'accomplissement de la vie ? N'est-ce point – ..." title="Article : SUBLIMATION, psychanalyse" href="/encyclopedie/sublimation-psychanalyse/">sublimation</a>, qui dérive une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'opposition de l'animal et de l'homme était traditionnellement fondée sur celle de l' instinct et de l'intelligence, l'activité mécanique biologiquement déterminée servant de repoussoir à la valorisation de l'abstraction intellectuelle et de la liberté. À cette représentation de l'homme, Freud porte atteinte par le concept de pulsion comme fonds originaire du développement humain q..." title="Article : PULSION" href="/encyclopedie/pulsion/">pulsion</a> sexuelle vers des buts non sexuels (création artistique, investigation intellectuelle), et, par conséquent, il serait... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/frustration/#c8629"> <span class="rg">FRUSTRATION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacques NASSIF</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 781 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> C'est, au contraire, le processus de détournement de la quantité à des fins de sublimation ou d'idéalisation, au sens où Freud décrit ces procès, qui est imaginaire, et la perte qui est réelle. Mais cette perte n'est plus, comme dans le domaine physique, une perte en travail ; l'énergie s'y caractérise,... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/sublimation-psychanalyse/"> Afficher les 14 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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