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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Penamaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Era_Jagiellonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_Jagiellonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Era Jagiellonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_Jagiellonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Abad ke-17</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Abad ke-18</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Abad ke-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_ke-20" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_ke-20"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Abad ke-20</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_ke-20-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perang_Dunia_Kedua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perang_Dunia_Kedua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Perang Dunia Kedua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perang_Dunia_Kedua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_komunisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_komunisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Era komunisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_komunisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masa_kini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_kini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Masa kini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_kini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Geografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Landskap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alam_semula_jadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alam_semula_jadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alam semula jadi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alam_semula_jadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iklim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik_dan_kerajaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik_dan_kerajaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politik dan kerajaan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik_dan_kerajaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Politik dan kerajaan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politik_dan_kerajaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hubungan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hubungan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilayah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilayah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wilayah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilayah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ketenteraan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ketenteraan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ketenteraan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ketenteraan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_dan_perkhidmatan_kecemasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_dan_perkhidmatan_kecemasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Undang-undang dan perkhidmatan kecemasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_dan_perkhidmatan_kecemasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahasa_Poland_(Język_polski)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahasa_Poland_(Język_polski)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bahasa Poland (Język polski)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahasa_Poland_(Język_polski)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Budaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_Malaysia-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_Malaysia-Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Hubungan Malaysia-Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_Malaysia-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Lihat juga</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelancongan_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelancongan_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Pelancongan Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelancongan_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemandangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemandangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pemandangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemandangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Poland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 305 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-305" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">305 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Полшэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Полшэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лэхьый – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лэхьый" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaland" title="Polaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Polaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Abkhazia" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولندا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܦܘܠܢܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փոլոնիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոլոնիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunii" title="Pulunii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pulunii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোলেণ্ড – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Polóña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Polóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu%C3%B1a" title="Puluña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puluña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulandia" title="Pulandia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%C3%A2n" title="Pho-lân – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Польшча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poin" title="Poin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Poin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕོ་ལན། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89" title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Полша – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE" title="Польшо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Польшо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskowa" title="Polskowa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polskowa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaki" title="Polaki – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Polaki" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Pwyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پولونيا – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ޕޮލެންޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޮލެންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltso_H%C3%B3teelnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2" title="པོ་ལེནཌི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="པོ་ལེནཌི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%B3gna" title="Pulógna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pulógna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Польша Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Польша Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollando" title="Pollando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1a" title="Poloña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Poloña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94lisa" title="Pɔlisa – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔlisa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لهستان – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalen" title="Poalen – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonya" title="Poloonya – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Poloonya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonie" title="Polonie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Polonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Pholynn" title="Yn Pholynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Pholynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ph%C3%B2lainn" title="A' Phòlainn – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Phòlainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Полхехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Полхехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borandi" title="Borandi – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Borandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="પોલેંડ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4-l%C3%A0n" title="Pô-làn – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="폴란드 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Dlani" title="Pōlani – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pōlani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լեհաստան – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lska" title="Pólska – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%B3%E1%93%9A%E1%93%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puulan" title="Puulan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Puulan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%C3%A6" title="Польшæ – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPoland" title="IPoland – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPoland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPolandi" title="IPolandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPolandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lland" title="Pólland – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פולין – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94l%C9%94%C9%94%C3%B1%C9%A9" title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2lsk%C3%B4" title="Pòlskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonye" title="Polonye – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Polonye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2y" title="Polòy – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polòy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2gn" title="Pològn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pològn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoleja" title="Puoleja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Puoleja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polija" title="Polija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkija" title="Lenkija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsca" title="Polsca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polsca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1u" title="Pol'šu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pol'šu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/polskas" title="polskas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="polskas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupoolo" title="Bupoolo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bupoolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelorsz%C3%A1g" title="Lengyelország – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полска – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4l%C3%B4nia" title="Pôlônia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Polonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პოლონეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بولاندا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="لهستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لهستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8F%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Pŏ̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Полень мастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Полень мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88" title="Польш – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladi" title="Poladi – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Poladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ポーランド – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonnia" title="Pulonnia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pulonnia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%A2" title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ – N’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolen" title="Poolen – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poolen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeland" title="Poeland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Poeland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polongne" title="Polongne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Polongne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonha" title="Polonha – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolaandi" title="Poolaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Poolaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="पोलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89" title="پولنډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan" title="Puolan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puolan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Польска – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Польска" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%89" title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonne" title="Polonne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Polonne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολωνία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehistan" title="Lehistan – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lehistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8Drana" title="Pōrana – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologna" title="Pologna – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pologna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunya" title="Pulunya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Польско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="पोलॅण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलॅण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6l%C3%B4ni" title="Pölôni – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pölôni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B2nia" title="Polònia – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poran" title="Poran – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Poran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonia" title="Pulonia – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="පෝලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="پولينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پولينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPholandi" title="IPholandi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPholandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%BEsko" title="Poľsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пол҄ьска – Slavik Gereja" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пол҄ьска" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavik Gereja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland" title="Boland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پۆڵەندا – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikondre" title="Polikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Polikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пољска – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunya" title="Bulunya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="போலந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunda" title="Bulunda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulunda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonie" title="Pulonie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pulonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="పోలాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศโปแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lan" title="Ba Lan – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፖላንድ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лаҳистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаҳистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᏉᎳᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa" title="Polşa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Польша – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Польща – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польща" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="پولینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لەھىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لەھىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlanz" title="Bohlanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82%C3%B2nia" title="Połònia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Połònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%27%C5%A1anma" title="Pol'šanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A4n" title="Polän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Polän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooln" title="Pooln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pooln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C3%B1" title="Poloñ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Poloñ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polendi" title="Polendi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Polendi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="פוילן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוילן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Pólándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pólándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%B4l%27n" title="Poôl'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Poôl'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97nk%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Lėnkėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%A1a" title="Polša – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Polša" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Poland" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poland"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poland"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Poland" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Poland" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&oldid=6367960" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Poland&id=6367960&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoland"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoland"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Poland"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Poland&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6373584">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republik Poland <br /> <style 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ريڤوبليک ڤولن‌د</span>‎</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Rzeczpospolita Polska</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><table class="maptable" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:{{{width1}}};text-align:center;"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Poland"><img alt="Bendera Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jata Poland"><img alt="Jata Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/85px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/128px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/170px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Poland" title="Bendera Poland">Bendera</a></td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">Jata</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: </b>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C4%85browski%27s_Mazurek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dąbrowski's Mazurek (laman tidak wujud)">Mazurek Dąbrowskiego</a>"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Mazurek 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:LocationPoland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lokasi Poland (merah) dalam benua Eropah"><img alt="Lokasi Poland (merah) dalam benua Eropah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LocationPoland.svg/250px-LocationPoland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LocationPoland.svg/375px-LocationPoland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LocationPoland.svg/500px-LocationPoland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Lokasi Poland (merah) dalam benua Eropah</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_negara" title="Ibu negara">Ibu negara</a><div class="ib-country-largest">dan bandar terbesar</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:POL_Warszawa_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/16px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/24px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/POL_Warszawa_COA.svg/32px-POL_Warszawa_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi" title="Bahasa rasmi">Bahasa rasmi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Poland" title="Bahasa Poland">Bahasa Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Bahasa umum<div style="clear:both;"></div>yang diakui </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kashubia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kashubia (laman tidak wujud)">Bahasa Kashubia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_etnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumpulan etnik">Kumpulan etnik</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">93.52% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Poland</a><br />1.09% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Silesia (laman tidak wujud)">Orang Silesia</a><br />0.28% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Jerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Jerman (laman tidak wujud)">Orang Jerman</a><br />0.12% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Belarus (laman tidak wujud)">Orang Belarus</a><br />0.12% <a href="/wiki/Orang_Ukraine" title="Orang Ukraine">Orang Ukraine</a><br />0.04% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kashubia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Kashubia (laman tidak wujud)">Kashubia</a><br />0.03% <a href="/wiki/Orang_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Romani">Orang Romani</a><br />0.02% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Lemko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Lemko (laman tidak wujud)">Orang Lemko</a><br />4.78% lain-lain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kerajaan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Parlimen" title="Parlimen">berparlimen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Poland" title="Presiden Poland">Presiden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Poland" title="Perdana Menteri Poland">Perdana Menteri</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Pendirian</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembaptisan_di_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembaptisan di Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Pembaptisan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 April 966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Poland (1025–1385) (laman tidak wujud)">Kerajaan Poland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1025</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Komanwel_Poland-Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Komanwel Poland-Lithuania">Komanwel Poland-Lithuania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 Julai 1569</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pemecahan_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemecahan Poland">Pemecahan Poland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 Oktober 1795</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Poland" title="Kongres Poland">Kongres Poland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 Jun 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Poland_(1918%E2%80%9339)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Poland (1918–39) (laman tidak wujud)">Kemerdekaan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pencerobohan_Poland" title="Pencerobohan Poland">Pencerobohan Poland</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Poland" title="Republik Rakyat Poland">Era komunis</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 April 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republik Poland </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 April 1989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Sertai <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 2004</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Keluasan</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">312,696 km<sup>2</sup> (120,733 bt<sup>2</sup>) (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_keluasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut keluasan">ke-69</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Perairan_wilayah" title="Perairan wilayah">Perairan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peratusan" title="Peratusan">%</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.07</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Populasi</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Perkiraan 30 Jun 2014</div></th><td class="infobox-data">38,483,957 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anggaran_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anggaran penduduk (laman tidak wujud)">ke-34</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Bancian Penduduk 2011</div></th><td class="infobox-data">38,511,824</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Kepadatan" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">123/km<sup>2</sup> (318.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/Kepadatan_penduduk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan penduduk">ke-83</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> <span class="ib-country-lang">(<a href="/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli" title="Pariti kuasa beli">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2007</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.81 trilion (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP)">ke-5</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$34,181 (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)_per_kapita" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP) per kapita">ke-21</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> <span class="ib-country-lang">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2016</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•  Jumlah</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.051 trilion (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(ukuran_dasar)" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (ukuran dasar)">ke-21</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Per_kapita" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$27,654 (<a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(nominal)_per_kapita" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (nominal) per kapita">ke-45</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pekali_Gini" title="Pekali Gini">Gini</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2013)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">32.73<br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:orange">sederhana</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">HDI</a> <span class="ib-country-lang">(2014)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▲</span> 0.843<br /><span class="nowrap"><strong class="error">Ralat: Nilai IPM tidak sah</strong></span> · <a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Senarai negara mengikut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">ke-36</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_wang" title="Mata wang">Mata wang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82oty" title="Złoty">Złoty</a> <br />(<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PLN</a></code>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zon_waktu" title="Zon waktu">Zon waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Eropah_Tengah" title="Waktu Eropah Tengah">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Musim panas (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Musim Panas">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas_Eropah_Tengah" title="Waktu Musim Panas Eropah Tengah">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kod panggilan</th><td class="infobox-data">48</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Kod ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PL" title="ISO 3166-2:PL">PL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Domain_peringkat_tinggi_kod_negara" title="Domain peringkat tinggi kod negara">DPT internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.pl" title=".pl">.pl</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Poland" title="Bahasa Poland">Poland</a>: <i lang="pl">Polska</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: pl is deprecated </span>) atau nama rasminya <b>Republik Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Poland" title="Bahasa Poland">Poland</a>: <i lang="pl">Rzeczpospolita Polska</i><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: pl is deprecated </span>) merupakan sebuah negara yang terletak di <a href="/wiki/Eropah_Tengah" title="Eropah Tengah">Eropah Tengah</a> yang menghadap ke <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> di utara. Poland bersempadan dengan negara <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> di barat, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Cekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Cekh">Republik Cekh</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> di selatan, <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> di timur dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Kaliningrad" title="Wilayah Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lituania</a> di sebelah utara. Keluasan negara Poland ialah 312,696 kilometer persegi (120,733 bt<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menjadikan ia negara ke-69 terbesar di dunia dan kesembilan terbesar di Eropah. Dengan jumlah populasi kira-kira 38.5 juta orang, Poland merupakan negara ke-34 terpadat di dunia dan kelapan terpadat di Eropah. Poland juga merupakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Negara_kesatuan" title="Negara kesatuan">negara kesatuan</a> yang dibahagikan kepada 16 <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Poland" title="Wilayah di Poland">pentadbiran subbahagian</a>. </p><p>Penubuhan negeri-negeri Poland dapat diimbas pada tahun 966 apabila Raja <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_dari_Poland" title="Mieszko I dari Poland">Mieszko I</a> memerintah negara moden Poland dan memeluk agama <a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Poland (1025–1385) (laman tidak wujud)">Kerajaan Poland</a> telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1025 dan pada tahun 1569, Poland mengeratkan hubungan politik dengan <a href="/wiki/Duci_Agung_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Duci Agung Lithuania">Duci Agung Lituania</a> selepas menandatangani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_Lublin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatuan Lublin (laman tidak wujud)">Perjanjian Lublin</a>. Kedua-dua negara ini kemudian membentuk <a href="/wiki/Komanwel_Poland%E2%80%93Lithuania" title="Komanwel Poland–Lithuania">Komanwel Poland–Lituania</a>, salah satu kerajaan terbesar dan terpadat pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17 di Eropah. Komanwel kedua-dua negara ini berakhir pada tahun 1772-1785 apabila wilayah-wilayah Komanwel <a href="/wiki/Pembahagian_Poland" title="Pembahagian Poland">dibahagikan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Prusia" title="Kerajaan Prusia">Prusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rusia" title="Empayar Rusia">Rusia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Monarki_Habsburg" title="Monarki Habsburg">Austria</a>. Poland mendapatkan semula kedaulatannya (sebagai <a href="/wiki/Republik_Poland_Kedua" title="Republik Poland Kedua">Republik Poland Kedua</a>) pada penghujung <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Pertama" title="Perang Dunia Pertama">Perang Dunia Pertama</a> pada tahun 1918. </p><p>Pada September 1939, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> meletus selepas <a href="/wiki/Pencerobohan_Poland" title="Pencerobohan Poland">pencerobohan Poland</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a>. Lebih enam juta warga Poland terkorban ketika perang. Pada 1944, pihak Soviet membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawatankuasa_Pembebasan_Kebangsaan_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawatankuasa Pembebasan Kebangsaan Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Jawatankuasa Pembebasan Kebangsaan Poland</a> dan selepas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendrum_rakyat_Poland_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendrum rakyat Poland 1946 (laman tidak wujud)">referendrum</a> yang dibuat-buat mereka pada 1947, Soviet mengambil alih kuasa dan Poland menjadi sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negara_satelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negara satelit (laman tidak wujud)">komunis</a> dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Poland" title="Republik Rakyat Poland">Republik Rakyat Poland</a>. Ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolusi_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolusi 1989 (laman tidak wujud)">Revolusi 1989</a>, kerajaan komunis Poland menjadi lumpuh dan Poland mendapat perlembagaan baru bagi Soviet. Walaupun Poland melalui banyak kemusnahan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, Poland tetap memelihara dan mengekalkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Poland (laman tidak wujud)">kekayaan budayanya</a>. Terdapat 14 <a href="/wiki/Tapak_Warisan_Dunia" title="Tapak Warisan Dunia">Tapak Warisan Dunia</a> yang diwartakan oleh <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> di Poland dan 54 monumen-monumen bersejarah dan banyak lagi objek-objek warisan kebudayaan di Poland. </p><p>Sejak peralihan awal ekonomi terutamanya berasaskan pasaran yang berlaku pada awal tahun 1990an, Poland memperoleh kedudukan "sangat tinggi" dalam <a href="/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">Indeks Pembangunan Manusia</a> dan juga secara beransur-ansur meningkatkan kebebasan ekonomi. Poland merupakan sebuah negara demokratik bersama ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi, taraf dan kualiti hidup sangat tinggi. Lebih-lebih lagi, negara ini dilawati kira-kira 16 juta pelancong setiap tahun (2013), menjadikan Poland antara negara paling popuular di kalangan pelancong. Poland menduduki tempat keenam dalam <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> dari segi perkembangan ekonomi dan antara negara memiliki kepesatan ekonomi di dunia. Tambahan lagi, menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_Keamanan_Global&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks Keamanan Global (laman tidak wujud)">Indeks Keamanan Global</a> pada 2014, Poland merupakan salah satu negara paling selamat untuk didiami. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penamaan">Penamaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Penamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Poland</i> adalah nama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a> untuk nama sebenar diberikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Poland (laman tidak wujud)">bangsa penduduk tanah mereka sendiri</a> iaitu <span title="Poland-language text"><i lang="pl">Polska</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: pl is deprecated </span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sempena suatu puak rumpun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slav_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slav Barat (laman tidak wujud)">Slav Barat</a> yang mendiami lembangan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Warta" title="Sungai Warta">Sungai Warta</a> di bahagian bersejarah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poland Raya (laman tidak wujud)">Poland Raya</a> bernama "<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polanie#Nazwa" class="extiw" title="pl:Polanie">Polanie</a>" yang wujud pada abad ke-8; kata sifat <i>polanie</i> sendiri terbitan kata dasar <i>polana</i> diakar kata <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slav</a> <i>*pȍľe</i> (dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Poland" title="Bahasa Poland">bahasa turunan moden</a>: <i>pole</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">disebut</span> /ˈpɔ.lɛ/) yang bermaksud "<a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">padang</a>" atau dataran yang luas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentuk <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a>nya <i>Polonia</i> kerap dijumpai tertulis dalam persuratan mengenai kawasan serantau pada <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Zaman Pertengahan">Zaman Pertengahan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Buko_2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buko_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia juga merupakan akar nama unsur <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> ditemukan ahli kimia <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska</a> memperingati tanah asalnya.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Sejarah Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Poland1020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Poland1020.png/220px-Poland1020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Poland1020.png/330px-Poland1020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Poland1020.png/440px-Poland1020.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Poland di bawah <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Piast" title="Dinasti Piast">Dinasti Piast</a> sekitar tahun 1020</figcaption></figure> <p>Sejarah bertulis Poland bermula pada abad ke-10. Pada masa itu, Poland diperintah oleh sebuah dinasti yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Piast" title="Dinasti Piast">Piast</a>. Seorang raja Piest, <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_dari_Poland" title="Mieszko I dari Poland">Mieszko I</a> menaiki takhta sekitar tahun 960 hingga 992. Pada tahun 966, beliau menganut agama <a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a> dan diikuti oleh pengikutnya. </p><p>Walau bagaimanapun, seorang raja bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boleslaw III Wrymouth (laman tidak wujud)">Boleslaw</a> (pemerintahannya sekitar tahun 1102-1138) memutuskan bahawa selepas kemangkatannya, kerajaannnya akan dibahagikan kepada anak-anaknya walaupun anak sulungnya memiliki kuasa untuk menaiki takhta. Keadaan ini telah melemahkan Poland. </p><p>Walau bagaimanapun, pada abad ke-12 dan ke-13, Poland menjadi sebuah negeri yang makmur dan kota-kota berkembang. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_I_dari_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry I dari Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Henry I</a> mula menaiki takhta dari tahun 1201 hingga 1238. Isterinya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_dari_Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedwig dari Silesia (laman tidak wujud)">Jadwiga</a> menggalakkan pedagang-pedagang Jerman untuk datang dan menetap di Poland. Mereka membina sebuah pekan bersama undang-undang Jerman. Sesetengah orang Jerman juga datang untuk mengusahakan tanah kebun di Poland. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1241-42, <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Mongol" title="Empayar Mongol">tentera Mongol</a> melancarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serangan_Mongol_ke_atas_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serangan Mongol ke atas Poland (laman tidak wujud)">serangan</a> dan menceroboh Poland. Tentera Poland tewas di <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Legnica" title="Pertempuran Legnica">pertempuran Legnica</a> pada April 1241 tetapi tentera Mongol kemudian mengundurkan tenteranya. </p><p>Ancaman lain untuk menggugat keamanan Poland adalah dari <a href="/wiki/Kesateria_Teuton" title="Kesateria Teuton">Kesateria Teuton</a>. Mereka menawan orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme">Pagan</a> di bahagian timur Eropah dan memaksanya untuk memeluk agama mereka anuti. Pada tahun 1235, mereka cuba untuk menceroboh orang Pagan Prusia (di bahagian timur laut Poland). Pada tahun 1283, Kesateria Teuton telah menakluki Prusia. Walau bagaimanapun pada tahun 1308, mereka beralih ke Poland dan kesannya mereka mendapat bahagian timur <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> yang termasuk kota <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> sebelum mereka menukar nama kepada Danzig (nama Jerman). </p><p>Pada awal abad ke-14, Poland menjadi sebuah negara yang kuat dan bersatu. Raja <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_III_dari_Poland" title="Kazimierz III dari Poland">Kazimierz</a> meluaskan kuasanya ke bahagian timur hingga menjangkau ke Rusia. Beliau juga membentuk undang-undang dan pentadbiran. Di bawah pemerintahan beliau juga, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Jagiellonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Jagiellonian (laman tidak wujud)">universiti</a> pertama di Poland dibina di <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>. Kazimierz juga melindungi dan menyokong orang-orang Yahudi. Ini membuatkan ketika pemerintahan beliau, Poland menerima ramai komuniti Yahudi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Tannenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Gambaran <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Grunwald" title="Pertempuran Grunwald">Pertempuran Grunwald</a>, pertempuran paling dahsyat pada tempoh lewat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Pertengahan_Lewat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Pertengahan Lewat (laman tidak wujud)">Zaman Pertengahan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_dari_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis I dari Hungary">Louis I</a>, sepupu Kazimierz menjadi raja baharu Poland selepas kemangkatannya. Louis mahu anak perempuan menggantikannya untuk menjadi pemerintah Poland sesudah kemangkatannya. Tetapi, untuk mendapatkan persetujuan daripada golongan bangsawan Poland, beliau dipaksa untuk memberikan mereka konsesi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_Koszyce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak Koszyce (laman tidak wujud)">Hak Koszyce</a> (1374) membuatkan golongan bangsawan bebas daripada dikenakan cukai. Selain itu, mereka juga diberi peranan penting dalam kerajaan. Pada masa akan datang, tiada keputusan penting boleh dibuat tanpa persetujuan mereka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_Jagiellonian">Era Jagiellonian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Era Jagiellonian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Era Jagiellonian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 1384, bangsawan Poland akhirnya menerima anak perempuan Louis, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadwiga_dari_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadwiga dari Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Jadwiga</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Raja_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Poland">Ratu Poland</a>. Mereka juga mengatur bahawa Jadwiga harus berkahwin dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław II Jagiełło (laman tidak wujud)">Jagiello</a> untuk memastikan <a href="/wiki/Duchy_Agung_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy Agung Lithuania">Duchy Agung Lituania</a> dan kerajaan Poland menjadi sekutu. Jagiello akhirnya menaiki takhta Poland pada tahun 1386. Wladyslaw kemudian menganuti agama <a href="/wiki/Katolik_Rom" class="mw-redirect" title="Katolik Rom">Katolik</a> dan diikuti oleh pengikutnya. </p><p>Pada tahun 1410, kerajaan sekutu Poland dan Lituania sama sekali menewaskan Kesateria Teuton pada <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Grunwald" title="Pertempuran Grunwald">pertempuran Grunwald</a>. Kemudian pada tahun 1453, orang Pomerania melancarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Poland%E2%80%93Lithuania%E2%80%93Teuton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Poland–Lithuania–Teuton (laman tidak wujud)">pemberontakan</a> ke atas Kesateria Teuton dan merayu kepada kerajaan Poland untuk bantuan. Selepas 13 tahun peperangan, Poland mendapat semula Pomerania dan Gdansk. </p><p>Walau bagaimanapun pada lewat abad ke-15, golongan bangsawan Poland menjadi semakin berkuasa dan kuasa raja menjadi lemah. Pada tahun 1505, raja bersetuju tiada perubahan politik dibuat tanpa kebenaran bangsawan. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/220px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/330px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/440px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> mengutarakan pendapat bahawa <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> ialah pusat sistem suria yang dikelilingi oleh <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> dan planet-planet lain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada abad ke-16 dikenali sebagai zaman kegemilangan atau kemakmuran di Poland. Lebih-lebih lagi, bidang pendidikan berkembang di sana. Cendekiawan terkenal Poland, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> hidup pada era ini. Pada zaman beliau, orang-orang percaya <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a> mengorbit atau mengelilingi <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>. Pada tahun 1543, Copernicus menerbitkan sebuah teori bahawa Bumi dan planet lain mengorbit Matahari </p><p>Walau bagaimanapun, Poland seperti negara-negara Eropah lain melalui era <a href="/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan" title="Reformasi Protestan">reformasi</a>. Para <a href="/wiki/Protestan" title="Protestan">Protestan</a> di Poland dibahagikan kepada dua iaitu <a href="/wiki/Lutheranisme" title="Lutheranisme">Lutheranisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Calvinisme" title="Calvinisme">Calvinisme</a>. Pada dekad 1560, <a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Jesus" title="Persatuan Jesus">Jesuit</a> tiba di Poland. Mereka mencipta rangkaian antara sekolah dan kolej di seluruh Poland dan mereka berjaya mengalahkan Protestan. Namun menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfederasi_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfederasi Warsaw (laman tidak wujud)">Konfederasi Warsaw</a> pada 1573, kebebasan beragama dibenarkan. </p><p>Pada tahun 1569, selepas menandatangani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_Lublin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatuan Lublin (laman tidak wujud)">Kesatuan Lublin</a>, Poland dan Lituania bersetuju membentuk sebuah <a href="/wiki/Komanwel_Poland-Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Komanwel Poland-Lithuania">persekutuan</a>. Mereka bersetuju di bawah raja dan parlimen yang sama tetapi bala tentera dan kod undang-undang yang berlainan. </p><p>Apabila Raja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_II_Augustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigismund II Augustus (laman tidak wujud)">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, Raja Jagiellonian terakhir mangkat pada 1572 tanpa meninggalkan waris, sistem monarki Poland berubah menjadi elektif. Raja diundi oleh golongan bangsawan dalam satu perhimpunan. Kemudian pada tahun 1596, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> menjadi ibu negara Poland bagi menggantikan kota Krakow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-17">Abad ke-17</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Abad ke-17" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Abad ke-17"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abad ke-17 merupakan abad yang malang bagi Poland. Pada masa itu, kerajaan Poland memerintah orang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazaki (laman tidak wujud)">Kazaki Ukraine</a>. Walau bagaimanapun pada tahun 1648, mereka memberontak dan pada 1654, mereka dibantu <a href="/wiki/Ketsaran_Rusia" title="Ketsaran Rusia">tentera Rusia</a> untuk menentang Poland. Pada tahun 1655, <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Sweden" title="Empayar Sweden">tentera Sweden</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendudukan_Sweden_ke_atas_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendudukan Sweden ke atas Poland (laman tidak wujud)">menduduki</a> sebahagian besar Poland. Namun, Poland kemudian bangkit dan berperang dengan Sweden sehingga tamat pada 1660 manakala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Rusia-Poland_(1654-67)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Rusia-Poland (1654-67) (laman tidak wujud)">peperangan</a> dengan Rusia pula tamat pada 1667. Bagaimanapun, kedua-dua peperangan itu menyebabkan Poland menjadi musnah. Selain dari kemusnahan barang-barang, sebahagian besar populasi Poland terbunuh. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Siemiginowski_John_III_Sobieski_with_his_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Siemiginowski_John_III_Sobieski_with_his_son.jpg/200px-Siemiginowski_John_III_Sobieski_with_his_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Siemiginowski_John_III_Sobieski_with_his_son.jpg/300px-Siemiginowski_John_III_Sobieski_with_his_son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Siemiginowski_John_III_Sobieski_with_his_son.jpg/400px-Siemiginowski_John_III_Sobieski_with_his_son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Raja <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> bersama anaknya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Louis_Sobieski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Louis Sobieski (laman tidak wujud)">Jakub</a>. Beliau telah menewaskan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyah" title="Empayar Uthmaniyah">Turki Uthmaniyah</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Vienna" title="Pertempuran Vienna">Pertempuran Vienna</a> pada 1683.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada lewat abad ke-17, Poland juga menyumbang beberapa kejayaan peperangan. Pada masa itu, <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Uthmaniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Uthmaniyyah">Empayar Uthmaniyyah</a> menguasai bahagian tenggara Eropah dan mereka cuba mara ke bahagian barat Eropah. Pada tahun 1673, <a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a> diundi sebagai raja. Pada tahun 1683, tentera Turki Uthmaniyah gagal untuk <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Vienna" title="Pertempuran Vienna">menguasai</a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> apabila Sobieski berjaya mempertahankan kota Vienna dan menghantar tentera-tentera Turki pulang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-18">Abad ke-18</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Abad ke-18" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Abad ke-18"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada abad ke-18, Poland menghadapi kemerosotan dari segi politik dan ketenteraan. <a href="/wiki/Prusia" title="Prusia">Prusia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ketsaran_Rusia" title="Ketsaran Rusia">Rusia</a> mengambil kesempatan dalam kekurangan peranan kerajaan pusat untuk campur tangan di Poland. Apabila Raja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustus_II_dari_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustus II dari Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Augustus II</a> mangkat pada tahun 1733, tentera Rusia berarak di Poland dan memaksa <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> untuk memilih anak raja Augustus menjadi raja. Akhirnya, Poland menjadi barang mainan kuasa asing. </p><p>Pada tahun 1764, selepas Raja Poland mangkat, Maharani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_II_dari_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine II dari Rusia (laman tidak wujud)">Catherine</a> dari Rusia campur tangan untuk memilih bekas kekasihnya, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> sebagai Raja Poland. Walau bagaimanapun, Poniatowski menolak pilihan Catherine. Beliau dan beberapa orang Poland lain mahukan pembaharuan untuk mengukuhkan sistem beraja. Walau bagaimanapun, pihak Rusia tidak membenarkannya. Ini kerana Rusia ingin membiarkan Poland untuk menjadi lemah dan berpecah. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko.jpg/240px-Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko.jpg/360px-Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko.jpg/480px-Smuglewicz_Kosciuszko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko (laman tidak wujud)">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a> menyeru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan Kościuszko (laman tidak wujud)">pemberontakan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> pada 1794.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada 1767, Rusia mendesak Poland menandatangani satu perjanjian. Kandungan perjanjian ini ialah untuk menjamin sempadan Poland. Selain itu, ia juga menjamin hak penganut Ortodoks Kristian dan menjamin golongan bangsawan Poland. Rusia akan bertindak campur tangan jika hak mereka diancam. </p><p>Kemarahan Poland terhadap tekanan Rusia menyebabkan Poland melancarkan satu pemberontakan disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfederasi_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konfederasi Bar (laman tidak wujud)">Konfederasi Bar</a> pada tahun 1768. Walau bagaimanapun, Rusia mematahkan cubaan pemberontakan. Kesannya, kuasa besar seperti Rusia, Prusia dan <a href="/wiki/Monarki_Habsburg" title="Monarki Habsburg">Austria</a> memutuskan untuk menuntut wilayah Poland. Prusia mendapat Pomerania (utara Poland), Austria memperoleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galicia_(Eropah_Timur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galicia (Eropah Timur) (laman tidak wujud)">Galicia</a> dan Rusia mengambil apa yang kini ialah bahagian timur Belarus. Inilah menandakan bermulanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembahagian_Poland_pertama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembahagian Poland pertama (laman tidak wujud)">pembahagian Poland</a>. </p><p>Poland sungguh terkejut kerana kehilangan banyak wilayahnya sama sekali. Mereka kemudian membentuk pendidikan dan ketenteraan serta kerajaan. Empat Tahun Sejm (1788-1792) membentuk satu perlembagaan baru buat Poland pada tahun 1791. </p><p>Pada tahun 1793, Poland menghadapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembahagian_Poland_kedua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembahagian Poland kedua (laman tidak wujud)">pembahagiannya</a> buat kali kedua. Rusia dan Prusia terus mengambil banyak wilayah Poland. Perlembagaan 1791 telah dimansuhkan. Pada tahun 1794, Poland melancarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan Kościuszko (laman tidak wujud)">pemberontakan Kościuszko</a> terhadap Prusia dan Rusia tetapi berjaya dipatahkan. Akhirnya pada tahun 1795, Prusia, Rusia dan Austria <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembahagian_Poland_Ketiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembahagian Poland Ketiga (laman tidak wujud)">membahagi</a> bahagian-bahagian terakhir Poland di antara mereka. Raja Poland, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> akhirnya menuruni takhta. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Granting_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw_by_Napoleon.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Granting_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw_by_Napoleon.PNG/220px-Granting_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw_by_Napoleon.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Granting_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw_by_Napoleon.PNG/330px-Granting_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw_by_Napoleon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Granting_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw_by_Napoleon.PNG/440px-Granting_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw_by_Napoleon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="3107" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> menubuhkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy Warsaw (laman tidak wujud)">Duchy Warsaw</a> di bawah lindungan Perancis pada 1807.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1807, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy Warsaw (laman tidak wujud)">Duchy Warsaw</a>, sebuah negara satelit <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Perancis_Pertama" title="Empayar Perancis Pertama">Perancis</a>. Pada tahun 1812, kira-kira 100,000 orang Poland bersama Napoleon menentang Rusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-19">Abad ke-19</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Abad ke-19" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Abad ke-19"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Vienna" title="Kongres Vienna">Kongres Vienna</a> pada tahun 1815, Prusia, Rusia dan Austria terus membahagi Poland. Prusia mengambil bahagian utara dan barat Poland manakala Rusia mengambil bahagian tengah dan timur. Austria pula hanya tetap memegang Galicia. </p><p>Kuasa besar Eropah tidak bersedia untuk memulihkan kemerdekaan Poland. Sebaliknya mereka menubuhkan kerajaan separuh merdeka Poland. Bahagian Poland yang dijajah Rusia dijadikan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Kerajaan Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> menjadi raja kerajaan namun kuasanya terhad dan kerajaan Poland memiliki kerajaan dan ketenteraannya sendiri. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Marcin_Zaleski,_Wzi%C4%99cie_Arsena%C5%82u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Marcin_Zaleski%2C_Wzi%C4%99cie_Arsena%C5%82u.jpg/220px-Marcin_Zaleski%2C_Wzi%C4%99cie_Arsena%C5%82u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Marcin_Zaleski%2C_Wzi%C4%99cie_Arsena%C5%82u.jpg/330px-Marcin_Zaleski%2C_Wzi%C4%99cie_Arsena%C5%82u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Marcin_Zaleski%2C_Wzi%C4%99cie_Arsena%C5%82u.jpg/440px-Marcin_Zaleski%2C_Wzi%C4%99cie_Arsena%C5%82u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3986" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption>Penawanan gedung senjata Warsaw pada saat awal <a href="/wiki/Pemberontakan_November" title="Pemberontakan November">Pemberontakan November</a> 1830.</figcaption></figure> <p>Namun, orang-orang Poland tidak berpuas hati dan <a href="/wiki/Pemberontakan_November" title="Pemberontakan November">Pemberontakan November</a> pada tahun 1830 tercetus. Sesetengah askar Poland melakukan pencubaan membunuh abang Tsar dan Parlimen Poland mengisytiharkan Tsar telah digulingkan. Walau bagaimanapun, tentera Rusia melakukan tindak balas dan tentera-tentera Poland berjaya ditewaskan. Selepas kejadian itu, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_dari_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas I dari Rusia">Nicholas I</a> menggantung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Poland (laman tidak wujud)">perlembagaan Poland</a> sekali gus tentera Poland dibubarkan. Kesannya, ramai orang Poland mengambil langkah untuk berpindah ke <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a>. </p><p>Orang Poland melancarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_Januari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan Januari (laman tidak wujud)">Pemberontakan Januari</a> pada tahun 1863 terhadap Rusia. Pemberontakan yang berlangsung selama 18 bulan akhirnya reda. Selepas itu, kerajaan Poland terus dibubarkan dan kawasan itu dinamakan semula sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_Vistula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah Vistula (laman tidak wujud)">Wilayah Vistula</a>. Rusia meletakkan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a> sebagai bahasa rasmi kerajaan dan menyebabkan orang Poland dipaksa menggunakan bahasa Rusia di sekolah-sekolah. Ia adalah sebahagian daripada polisi untuk menindas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Poland (laman tidak wujud)">budaya Poland</a>. Selain itu, Tsar juga menghapuskan amalan perhambaan. </p><p>Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Prusia" title="Kerajaan Prusia">Prusia</a> cuba untuk menghapuskan budaya Poland di bahagian barat namun gagal. Budaya Poland berkembang pada lewat abad ke-19. Di samping itu, banyak gerakan politik bermula di Poland antaranya ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parti_Sosialis_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parti Sosialis Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Parti Sosialis Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_ke-20">Abad ke-20</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Abad ke-20" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Abad ke-20"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poland akhirnya mendapat pembebasan selepas <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Pertama" title="Perang Dunia Pertama">Perang Dunia Pertama</a>. Pada tahun 1916, <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Jerman" title="Empayar Jerman">Jerman</a> melancarkan serangan ke atas bahagian Poland yang dipegang Rusia. Jerman kemudian berjanji akan membentuk kerajaan Poland baru selepas perang. </p><p>Sementara itu, seorang jeneral Poland, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> (1867-1935) membawa Poland untuk berperang dengan <a href="/wiki/Empayar_Rusia" title="Empayar Rusia">Rusia</a>. Walau bagaimanapun, Piłsudski bertelagah dengan Jerman dan beliau ditangkap pada tahun 1917. Beliau telah dibebaskan sejurus sebelum Jerman sempat menyerah kalah pada 11 November 1918. Sementara itu pada Januari 1918, <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat">Presiden Amerika Syarikat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> menjelas sokongannya untuk kemerdekaan Poland selepas perang. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna,_August.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg/250px-Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg/375px-Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg/500px-Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Tentera Poland bertahan di Warsaw ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Poland-Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Poland-Soviet (laman tidak wujud)">peperangan</a> menentang Soviet pada 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada 11 November 1918 iaitu pada hari Jerman menyerah kalah, Poland mengambil alih negara mereka dan mengusir tentera-tentera Jerman. Pada 14 November 1918, Piłsudski menjadi ketua negara Poland. Pada Januari 1919, perhimpunan perlembagaan dipilih di Poland dan perlembagaan baru diumum pada 1921. </p><p>Selepas perang tamat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuasa_Bersekutu_(Perang_Dunia_Pertama)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuasa Bersekutu (Perang Dunia Pertama) (laman tidak wujud)">Kuasa Bersekutu</a> memutuskan bahawa Poland perlu mempunyai jalan masuk laut. Mereka memberikan Poland jalur tanah yang dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Koridor_Poland" title="Koridor Poland">koridor Poland</a>, yang memotong wilayah Jerman. Ia bermaksud <a href="/wiki/Prusia_Timur" title="Prusia Timur">Prusia Timur</a> dipisahkan dari negeri-negeri Jerman yang lain. Selain itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandar_Bebas_Danzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandar Bebas Danzig (laman tidak wujud)">Danzig</a> (Gdansk) menjadi sebuah negeri merdeka atau bebas. </p><p>Pada awal tahun kemerdekaan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Poland_Kedua" title="Republik Poland Kedua">Republik Poland</a>, Poland melalui peperangan sempadan. Pada tahun 1919, mereka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Poland-Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Poland-Czechoslovakia (laman tidak wujud)">bertempur</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Tidak lama kemudian, mereka berhadapan dengan <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Soviet</a> dalam satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Poland-Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Poland-Soviet (laman tidak wujud)">peperangan</a> yang berlaku pada tahun 1919-1921. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pi%C5%82sudski_May_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pi%C5%82sudski_May_1926.jpg/230px-Pi%C5%82sudski_May_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pi%C5%82sudski_May_1926.jpg/345px-Pi%C5%82sudski_May_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pi%C5%82sudski_May_1926.jpg/460px-Pi%C5%82sudski_May_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudeta_Poland_1926&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudeta Poland 1926 (laman tidak wujud)">Kudeta rampasan kuasa 1926</a> oleh Piłsudski menggambarkan realiti politik sebenar Poland sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selain peperangan, Poland juga menghadapi masalah lain. Pada tahun 1922, Presiden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Narutowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Narutowicz (laman tidak wujud)">Gabriel Narutowicz</a> telah dibunuh. Kemudian pada tahun 1926, Piłsudski melancarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudeta_Poland_1926&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudeta Poland 1926 (laman tidak wujud)">kudeta</a> atau rampasan kuasa lalu beliau menjadi <a href="/wiki/Diktator" title="Diktator">diktator</a>. Piłsudski tetap memelihara sistem demokrasi di Poland. Walau bagaimanapun, Piłsudski tetap memegang kuasa sehingga kematiannya pada tahun 1935. </p><p>Sementara itu pada 1930an, Poland diancam dan diberi tekanan oleh dua kuasa asing iaitu <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> dan Soviet. Pada tahun 1939, dua kuasa asing itu kemudian <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop" title="Pakatan Molotov–Ribbentrop">menandatangani</a> perjanjian rahsia untuk membahagi Poland di antara mereka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perang_Dunia_Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Perang Dunia Kedua" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perang Dunia Kedua"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jerman melancarkan <a href="/wiki/Pencerobohan_Poland" title="Pencerobohan Poland">serangan</a> ke atas Poland pada 1 September 1939. Tentera Poland mempertahankan asakan askar Nazi namun serangan Soviet dari timur melemahkan pertahanan Poland. Posisi Poland untuk kekal bertahan nampaknya telah mencapai ke tahap putus asa namun tentera-tentera Poland tetap berjuang menentang Jerman dan Soviet. <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> jatuh pada 27 September 1939. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dywizjon_303_in_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dywizjon_303_in_color.jpg/220px-Dywizjon_303_in_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dywizjon_303_in_color.jpg/330px-Dywizjon_303_in_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dywizjon_303_in_color.jpg/440px-Dywizjon_303_in_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Juruterbang Poland yang mahsyur ketika <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Britain" title="Pertempuran Britain">Pertempuran Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sesetengah tentera dan pejuang Poland dapat menyelamatkan diri melalui <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Hungary_(1920-46)" title="Kerajaan Hungary (1920-46)">Hungary</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Romania (laman tidak wujud)">Romania</a> untuk ke Perancis manakala tentera laut Poland yang selamat melarikan diri untuk sertai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentera_Laut_Diraja_British&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentera Laut Diraja British (laman tidak wujud)">Tentera Laut British</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armia_Krajowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armia Krajowa (laman tidak wujud)">Tentera Poland</a> dibentuk di Perancis dan pada musim bunga 1940, tentera ini telah memiliki 200,000 angkatan. Selepas <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Perancis" title="Pertempuran Perancis">kejatuhan Perancis</a> pada Jun 1940, askar udara Poland memainkan peranan penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Britain" title="Pertempuran Britain">pertempuran Britain</a>. </p><p>Sementara itu, bahagian-bahagian Poland diserap ke Jerman. Selebihnya bahagian jajahan Jerman ke atas Poland dijadikan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Am" title="Kerajaan Am">Kerajaan Am</a> (<i>General Government</i>). Bahagian Poland diduduki Rusia pula diserap ke Soviet. Pendudukan Nazi-Soviet bermakna derita yang dahsyat bagi orang Poland. Orang Yahudi Poland dihapuskan. Bersama 3 juta orang Yahudi Poland dibunuh dan kira-kira 3 juta orang Poland yang lain dibunuh. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> membenci <a href="/wiki/Puak_Slav" title="Puak Slav">bangsa Slav</a> dan beliau mendakwa mereka adalah subhuman iaitu bukan manusia. Nazi melakukan rancangan untuk menukarkan negara Poland menjadi sebuah negara hamba yang akan melakukan kerja-kerja mengotorkan tangan mereka untuk majikan Jerman. Orang Poland akan diberi sedikit ilmu pendidikan jika mustahil. Selain itu, beberapa orang Poland yang berpendidikan tinggi dibunuh. Semula sekolah dan universiti di Poland ditutup serta merta. Lebih-lebih lagi, industri dan estet di Poland dirampas oleh Jerman. </p><p>Soviet juga mengenakan tekanan ke atas Poland di bahagian timur. Ribuan kakitangan Poland telah dibunuh. Ketika Nazi melancarkan <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Barbarossa" title="Operasi Barbarossa">Operasi Barbarossa</a> untuk menyerang Rusia pada Jun 1941, <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Poland" title="Perdana Menteri Poland">Perdana Menteri</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerajaan_Poland_dalam_buangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerajaan Poland dalam buangan (laman tidak wujud)">pemerintahan buangan Poland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Sikorski (laman tidak wujud)">Władysław Sikorski</a> membuat satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Sikorski-Mayski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Sikorski-Mayski (laman tidak wujud)">perjanjian</a> dengan Soviet di Britain. Pada 31 Jun 1941, secara rasminya Poland dan Soviet menandatangani satu perjanjian di London untuk menamatkan perbalahan di antara mereka. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> berjanji untuk membebaskan semua tahanan perang Poland sebahagian besar tahanan Poland dipenjara di <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. Di Rusia, terdapat kira-kira 200,000 tahanan perang Poland. Mereka semua dibebaskan dan dibenarkan membentuk tentera Poland di Rusia. Walau bagaimanapun, Stalin menyekat bekalan ketenteraan kepada tentera Poland yang berjuang di Rusia dan mereka kemudian diarahkan berpindah ke <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a>. Lebih-lebih lagi, hubungan Stalin dan kerajaan dalam buangan Poland semakin merosot sejak perselisihan sempadan antara Poland dan Rusia. Stalin menegaskan bahagian timur Poland perlu diserap ke Soviet selepas perang tamat. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Warsaw_Uprising_Surrender-_5_of_October_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Warsaw_Uprising_Surrender-_5_of_October_1944.jpg/250px-Warsaw_Uprising_Surrender-_5_of_October_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Warsaw_Uprising_Surrender-_5_of_October_1944.jpg/375px-Warsaw_Uprising_Surrender-_5_of_October_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Warsaw_Uprising_Surrender-_5_of_October_1944.jpg/500px-Warsaw_Uprising_Surrender-_5_of_October_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Penyerahan kalah pemberontak dalam <a href="/wiki/Kebangkitan_Warsaw" title="Kebangkitan Warsaw">Kebangkitan Warsaw</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada April 1943, Soviet membunuh ribuan orang Poland dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_Katyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Katyn (laman tidak wujud)">pembunuhan beramai-ramai Katyn</a>. Semasa Soviet menyerang bahagian timur Poland, mereka membunuh kira-kira 4,500 kakitangan Poland dan menanam mangsa-mangsa di hutan Katyn. Pihak Rusia mendakwa Jerman komited melakukan pembunuhan besar-besaran itu selepas Jerman menakluk timur Poland pada 1941. Kerajaan dalam buangan Poland mahu <a href="/wiki/Jawatankuasa_Antarabangsa_Palang_Merah" title="Jawatankuasa Antarabangsa Palang Merah">Palang Merah</a> menyiasat namun Stalin menolak dan membatal hubungan diplomatik antara Soviet dan Poland. Perdana Menteri Sikorski kemudian maut akibat kemalangan pesawat di <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> pada 4 Julai 1943 dan beliau digantikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk (laman tidak wujud)">Stanisław Mikołajczyk</a>. </p><p>Walau bagaimanapun, Stalin mahu kerajaan komunis dibangunkan di Poland dan orang Poland pro-komunis dibenarkan untuk bekerjasama bersama pihak Stalin. Poland sedar jika Rusia menduduki Poland, mereka hanya mengenakan kehendak mereka ke Soviet. Satu-satunya harapan untuk mengekalkan kemerdekaan Poland adalah mencetuskan <a href="/wiki/Kebangkitan_Warsaw" title="Kebangkitan Warsaw">pemberontakan</a> di Warsaw sebelum ketibaan tentera Soviet. Pemberontakan di Warsaw bermula pada 1 Ogos 1944. Tentera-tentera Poland cuba menyerang kedudukan Nazi di Warsaw dan akhirnya mereka dipaksa untuk menyerah kalah pada 2 Oktober 1944. Kota Warsaw musnah dengan teruk akibat pemberontakan yang berlaku. Stalin semestinya tidak membantu Poland dalam pemberontakan itu. Beliau hanya duduk dan tunggu sehingga kemenangan Jerman. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Auschwitz_I_(22_May_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg/240px-Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg/360px-Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg/480px-Auschwitz_I_%2822_May_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Pintu gerbang <a href="/wiki/Kem_tahanan_Auschwitz" title="Kem tahanan Auschwitz">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, tempat di mana sekurang-kurangnya 1.1 juta orang dibunuh oleh rejim Nazi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sementara itu pada Julai 1944, gerakan komunis Poland telah membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawatankuasa_Pembebasan_Kebangsaan_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawatankuasa Pembebasan Kebangsaan Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Jawatankuasa Pembebasan Kebangsaan</a> atau dikenali sebagai Jawatankuasa Lublin dan diketuai oleh <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>. Pada 1 Januari 1945, Jawatankuasa Lublin telah mengisytiharkan mereka sebagai kerajaan sementara di Poland. Pada Februari 1945, Stalin bertemu dengan pemimpin British, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> dan Presiden Amerika Syarikat, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persidangan_Yalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persidangan Yalta (laman tidak wujud)">Persidangan Yalta</a>. Stalin berjanji untuk membenarkan pemilihan bebas di Poland. Stalin biasanya langsung tidak berniat untuk menunaikan janjinya. Tragedinya, Poland tidak mendapat kemerdekaan selepas <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a>. Pendominasi Nazi di bumi Poland diambil alih pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">komunisme</a>. </p><p>Kerajaan sementara Poland sebenarnya adalah kerajaan boneka yang dicipta Stalin. Pada <a href="/wiki/Persidangan_Potsdam" title="Persidangan Potsdam">Persidangan Potsdam</a> pada Julai 1945, kerajaan sementara bersetuju untuk melakar semula sempadan-sempadan Poland. Bahagian barat Poland telah semakin diperluaskan dan kebanyakan orang-orang Jerman yang menetap di situ diusir. Bahagian di timur Poland pula tidak bernasib baik apabila diambil oleh Soviet dan kedudukannya beralih sedikit ke barat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_komunisme">Era komunisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Era komunisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Era komunisme"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selepas <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a> tamat, keadaan negara Poland telah menjadi musnah dan binasa. Selain kerosakan barang-barang dan binaan, kira-kira 25% penduduk telah maut ketika perang. Tambahan lagi, <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme">komunisme</a> telahpun bertapak di Poland lalu tertubuhnya <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Poland" title="Republik Rakyat Poland">Republik Rakyat Poland</a>. Komunis mula mengambil kuasa di antara tahun 1945 dan 1947. Kerajaan sementara Poland telah dibentuk dengan unsur komunis yang disokong oleh Soviet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilihan_raya_Poland_1947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilihan raya Poland 1947 (laman tidak wujud)">Pilihan raya</a> akhirnya diadakan pada Januari 1947. Keputusannya, Parti Komunis dan Sosialis mendapat durian runtuh dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barisan_Perpaduan_Negara_(Poland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barisan Perpaduan Negara (Poland) (laman tidak wujud)">Blok Demokratik</a>. </p><p>Kemudian pada Disember 1948, Parti Sosialis Poland telah menyingkirkan ahli sayap kanan parti dan baki ahli dipaksa bergabung dengan parti komunis lain untuk membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parti_Buruh_Bersatu_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parti Buruh Bersatu Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Parti Buruh Bersatu Poland</a>. Pemerintahan komunis di Poland memungut semua hasil industri Poland namun mereka gagal untuk melakukan demikian dalam sektor pertanian. Mereka juga gagal mematahkan kuasa <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Katolik" title="Gereja Katolik">Gereja Katolik</a>. </p><p>Pada Jun 1956, rasa tidak puas hati terhadap rejim komunis di Poland telah membawa kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protes_Pozna%C5%84_1956&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protes Poznań 1956 (laman tidak wujud)">protes</a> yang berlaku di kota <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. Kerajaan komunis Poland kemudian mematahkan rusuhan dengan kekerasan. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan sedar beberapa pembaharuan perlu dilaksanakan. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gomulka_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gomulka_speech.jpg/240px-Gomulka_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gomulka_speech.jpg/360px-Gomulka_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gomulka_speech.jpg/480px-Gomulka_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a> berucap di <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peristiwa_Oktober_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peristiwa Oktober Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Oktober 1956</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sementara itu pada tahun 1951, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, Setiausaha Pertama Parti Buruh Bersatu Poland telah digulingkan lalu dipenjarakan. Pada Oktober 1956, beliau dibebaskan dan Parti Komunis melantik beliau sebagai pemimpin baru tanpa berunding dengan Soviet di Moscow. Pihak Soviet kemudian berang dengan tindakan Poland yang berani mengambil langkah ke arah pembebasan dan mereka kemudian mara untuk melancarkan serangan ke atas Poland. Walau bagaimanapun, Gomułka gagal untuk menjalankan apa-apa pembaharuan asas dan Poland terbantut di bawah pemerintahannya. </p><p>Pada 12 Disember 1970, kerajaan melancarkan harga makanan secara besar-besaran. Akhirnya, berlakunya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protes_Poland_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protes Poland 1970 (laman tidak wujud)">protes</a> dan demonstrasi di bahagian utara Poland terutamanya di <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>. Tentera menembak dan membunuh ramai peserta demonstrasi yang hanya menyebabkan perkara menjadi lebih teruk. Demonstrasi kemudian semakin merebak. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gierek_in_Rz%C4%85%C5%9Bnik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gierek_in_Rz%C4%85%C5%9Bnik.jpg/230px-Gierek_in_Rz%C4%85%C5%9Bnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gierek_in_Rz%C4%85%C5%9Bnik.jpg/345px-Gierek_in_Rz%C4%85%C5%9Bnik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gierek_in_Rz%C4%85%C5%9Bnik.jpg/460px-Gierek_in_Rz%C4%85%C5%9Bnik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a> (dua dari kiri) gagal untuk memulihkan ketidakstabilan ekonomi Poland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada 20 Disember 1970, Gomułka dipaksa untuk meletak jawatan. Beliau digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a>. Beliau memperkenalkan pelan ekonomi baru untuk Poland. Namun, Gierek banyak berhutang dari negara-negara barat. Hasilnya taraf hidup di Poland meningkat. Pada awal 1970an, barang-barang dapur dan makanan semakin murah. Walau bagaimanapun, kenaikan harga minyak telah menamatkan perkembangan ekonomi Poland dan pada 1976, jelas bahawa pinjaman Gierek menjadi sia-sia. Industri Poland tidak mampu membeli mata wang tinggi yang cukup untuk membayar semula hutang. Kerajaan memperkenalkan peningkatan besar dalam harga makanan. Kesannya adalah bantahan sekali lagi. Kali ini, kerajaan mematahkan bantahan dengan kekerasan. Ramai peserta bantahan telah dipenjarakan. </p><p>Pada Julai 1980, kerajaan mengumumkan peningkatan harga makanan sebanyak 100%. Keputusannya bantahan tercetus dan berlakunya mogok di seluruh Poland. Pada bulan Ogos 1980, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbungan_Lenin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limbungan Lenin (laman tidak wujud)">limbungan Lenin</a> di Gdansk melancarkan mogok. Diketuai oleh seorang juruelektrik yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>. Mereka membentangkan segala kemahuan mereka termasuk kebebasan bersidang, pembebasan tahanan politik dan hak untuk membentuk kesatuan kerja yang bebas. Pada 31 Ogos, komunis menyerah diri. Mereka membuat <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Gda%C5%84sk" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Gdańsk">perjanjian Gdańsk</a> dan menerima semua kemahuan pekerja. </p><p>Pekerja-pekerja kemudian membentuk <i><a href="/wiki/Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Solidarność">solidarność</a></i> (perpaduan), iaitu pertubuhan pekerja Poland yang kemudian menjadi gerakan beramai-ramai menentang pemerintahan komunis. Walau bagaimanapun, komunis memberi tentangan semula. Pada Disember 1981, Jeneral <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> melancarkan undang-undang tentera di Poland. Parti <i>solidarność</i> diharamkan dan pemimpin-pemimpin ditangkap. </p><p>Jaruzelski mengisytiharkan keadaan negara sedang bergolak. Perang antara pekerja dan komunis tetap berterusan. Krisis ekonomi terus melonjak. Hutang Poland semakin melambung. Harga bayaran hutang tidak tetap kerana dikenakan bunga. Sementara itu, pekerja tetap melancarkan mogok besar-besaran. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lech_Walesa_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lech_Walesa_1980.jpg/200px-Lech_Walesa_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lech_Walesa_1980.jpg/300px-Lech_Walesa_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lech_Walesa_1980.jpg/400px-Lech_Walesa_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> pada 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>Akhirnya pada tahun 1988, komunis mengalah dan Jaruzelski dipanggil untuk 'pemulihan berani'. Pada tahun 1989, pihak komunis dan <i>solidarność</i> mengadakan rundingan. Kerajaan bersetuju untuk menarik balik pengharaman parti <i>solidarność</i> dan dibenarkan untuk bebas bersidang. Komunis juga bersetuju Sejm (parlimen Poland) perlu sebahagian daripadanya dipilih secara <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a>. Komunis juga akan memegang sekurang-kurangnya 65% kerusi di <a href="/wiki/Dewan_rakyat" title="Dewan rakyat">dewan rakyat</a> dan baki 35% bebas diundi. Kesemua kerusi di <a href="/wiki/Dewan_pertuanan" title="Dewan pertuanan">dewan pertuanan</a> pula bebas diundi. </p><p>Pemilihan raya berlangsung pada 4 Jun 1989. <i>Solidarność</i> memenangi 35% daripada kerusi di dewan rakyat dan 99% di dewan pertuanan. Ia kekalahan memalukan bagi pihak komunis. Pada Ogos 1989, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Mazowiecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki (laman tidak wujud)">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Poland" title="Perdana Menteri Poland">Perdana Menteri Poland</a>. Pemerintahan komunis mula runtuh dan berakhir di Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_kini">Masa kini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Masa kini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Masa kini"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 1990, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> diundi sebagai presiden. Pada Oktober 1991, pilihan raya bebas Sejm mula diadakan. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan demokratik baru Poland mewarisi beberapa masalah ekonomi dari komunis. Malangnya, Poland menjalani peralihan daripada komunisme ke <a href="/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme">kapitalisme</a>. Industri telah diswastakan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Poland (laman tidak wujud)">ekonomi Poland</a> pada hari ini semakin berkembang dan pengangguran walaupun tinggi tetapi ia semakin menurun. </p><p>Pada 1997, Poland memperoleh perlembagaan baharu. Poland mula menyertai <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> pada tahun 1999 dan <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> (EU) pada 2004. Poland merupakan ahli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_Visegr%C3%A1d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumpulan Visegrád (laman tidak wujud)">Kumpulan Visegrád</a> yang juga menjalankan kerjasama dalam bidang ketenteraan, ekonomi dan tenaga dengan <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Czech" title="Republik Czech">Republik Czech</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> untuk membentuk hubungan erat antara keempat-empat negara Eropah itu. Selain itu, Poland juga merupakan ahli <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Schengen" title="Kawasan Schengen">Kawasan Schengen</a>. </p><p>Pada 10 April 2010, Presiden Poland, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a>, bersama 89 kakitangan tertinggi Poland yang lain terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Kemalangan_Tu-154_Tentera_Udara_Poland_2010" title="Kemalangan Tu-154 Tentera Udara Poland 2010">nahas kemalangan pesawat</a> berdekatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smolensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smolensk (laman tidak wujud)">Smolensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Presiden Kaczyński bersama yang lain dalam perjalanan bagi menghadiri acara tahunan untuk memperingati mangsa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_Katyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Katyn (laman tidak wujud)">pembunuhan beramai-ramai Katyn</a>. </p><p>Poland melancarkan satelit pertamanya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PW-Sat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PW-Sat (laman tidak wujud)">PW-Sat</a> pada 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Geografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Geografi Poland</a></div> <p>Poland ialah sebuah negara yang terletak di timur Eropah memiliki keluasan 312,679 kilometer persegi (120,726 persegi bt.) dan kebanyakannya beriklim sederhana. Secara amnya, Poland memiliki dataran tanpa penghujung bermula dari <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> di sebelah utara sehingga ke <a href="/wiki/Pergunungan_Karpatos" title="Pergunungan Karpatos">Pergunungan Karpatos</a> di selatan. Pantai menghadap laut Baltik mempunyai dua pelabuhan semula jadi. Yang terbesar ialah di bahagian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricity,_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricity, Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Gdańsk-Gdynia</a> dan yang paling kecil terletak di berdekatan <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>. Di bahagian timur laut, terdapat 2,000 tasik di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahagian_Tasik_Mazuria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahagian Tasik Mazuria (laman tidak wujud)">Bahagian Tasik Mazuria</a> padat dengan hutan-hutan namun terdapat juga ramai penduduk mendiami penempatan tersebut. Di bahagian pusat Poland merupakan tanah rendah yang dibentuk oleh hakisan <a href="/wiki/Glasier" title="Glasier">glasier</a> sejak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_ais_Pleistosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman ais Pleistosen (laman tidak wujud)">zaman ais Pleistosen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landskap">Landskap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Landskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Landskap"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landskap semula jadi Poland boleh dibahagikan kepada tiga iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanah_rendah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanah rendah (laman tidak wujud)">tanah rendah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanah_tinggi" title="Tanah tinggi">tanah tinggi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pergunungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergunungan">pergunungan</a>. Di bahagian timur Poland merupakan bentuk muka bumi yang ekstrem dan mencabar manakala baki bahagian-bahagian yang lain sama seperti keadaan di Eropah Barat dari segi iklim, struktur dan bentuk tumbuh-tumbuhan. </p><p>Poland jika dibandingkan merupakan sebuah negara rendah. 91.3 peratus daripada wilayahnya merupakan berada di 300 meter di bawah paras laut. Poin tertinggi dicatat ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rysy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rysy (laman tidak wujud)">Gunung Rysy</a> yang terletak di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergunungan_Tatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergunungan Tatra (laman tidak wujud)">Pergunungan Tatra</a> (2499 m) manakala poin terendah berada di perkampungan barat Poland, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raczki_Elbl%C4%85skie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raczki Elbląskie (laman tidak wujud)">Raczki Elbląskie</a> (1.8 m di bawah paras laut). </p><p>Penempatan tertinggi di Poland ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guba%C5%82%C3%B3wka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gubałówka (laman tidak wujud)">Gubałówka</a> (terletak di bahagian <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a>; 1125 m) manakala penempatan terendah ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82winiec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żółwiniec (laman tidak wujud)">Żółwiniec</a> (1.3 m di bawah paras laut). Terdapat tiga banjaran di Poland iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banjaran_Karpatos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banjaran Karpatos (laman tidak wujud)">banjaran Karpatos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banjaran_Sudetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banjaran Sudetes (laman tidak wujud)">Sudetes</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergunungan_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergunungan Świętokrzyskie (laman tidak wujud)">Góry Świętokrzyskie</a> (Pergunungan Salib Suci). </p><p>Sungan terpanjang di Poland ialah <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Vistula" title="Sungai Vistula">Vistula</a> sejauh 1047 kilometer dan diikuti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungan_Oder,_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungan Oder, Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Oder</a> (854 km), <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Warta" title="Sungai Warta">Warta</a> (808 km), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Bug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Bug (laman tidak wujud)">Bug</a> (772 km), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Narew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Narew (laman tidak wujud)">Narew</a> (484 km), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_San&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai San (laman tidak wujud)">San</a> (443 km), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Note%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Noteć (laman tidak wujud)">Noteć</a> (388 km), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Pilica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Pilica (laman tidak wujud)">Pilica</a> (319 km), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Wieprz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Wieprz (laman tidak wujud)">Wieprz</a> (303 km) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_B%C3%B3br&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Bóbr (laman tidak wujud)">Bóbr</a> (272 km). </p><p>Poland terdapat kira-kira 9,300 tasik bersama luas permukaan kira-kira 1 hektar; membuatkan tasik di Poland meliputi 1 peratus daripada wilayah Poland. Tasik terbesar di Poland ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aniardwy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śniardwy (laman tidak wujud)">Śniardwy</a> (11,383 hektar) yang terletak di Daerah Tasik Mazuria manakala tasik paling dalam ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ha%C5%84cza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hańcza (laman tidak wujud)">Hańcza</a> (108.5 meter) yang terletak di utara <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alam_semula_jadi">Alam semula jadi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Alam semula jadi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Alam semula jadi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poland merupakan sebuah negara yang kaya dengan kepelbagaian <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a>. Di Poland, terdapat 75 spesies <a href="/wiki/Tumbuh-tumbuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbuh-tumbuhan">tumbuh-tumbuhan</a>, 39 ribu <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisma" title="Mikroorganisma">mikroorganisma</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, kira-kira 2750 spesies dan subspesies tumbuhan vaskular. Serta kira-kira 33 hingga 45 ribu spesies haiwan yang terdapat di kira-kira 360 jenis <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a>. </p><p>Disebabkan beberapa perubahan dalam persekitaran semula jadi yang disebabkan oleh pembangunan ekonomi berlaku di Poland, terdapat beberapa jenis spesies dan habitat yang telah pupus di Barat, namun masih lagi terdapat di Poland. Selain itu, perlindungan ke atas alam semula jadi merupakan tradisi lama di Poland untuk melindungi hutan purba Eropah iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan Białowieża (laman tidak wujud)">Hutan Białowieża</a>. Di sana, kita semua akan dapat melihat bagaimana keadaan alam semula jadi Eropah Tengah pada beberapa abad lamanya. </p><p>Haiwan terbesar di Poland ialah <a href="/wiki/Bison_Eropah" title="Bison Eropah">bison Eropah</a>. Pada abad ke-18, bison Eropah ini hampir berada dalam kepupusan. Hanya tinggal sekawan yang mendiami Hutan Bialowieza dan <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a>. Pada masa kini, terdapat 250 bison hidup bebas dan berkeliaran di mana-mana di Hutan Bialowieza. Secara keseluruhan, kira-kira 600 ekor bison hidup bebas di seluruh Poland. Spesies ini juga telah membiak di beberapa negara Eropah utama. Kesemua bison yang terdapat di seluruh dunia mempunyai nenek moyang mereka di Hutan Bialowieza di Poland. </p><p>Taman negara di Poland menjadi tempat perlindungan terbesar alam semula jadi. Taman-taman negara ini melindungi kawasan yang kaya dengan nilai saintifik, alam semula jadi, budaya dan pendidikan. Terdapat satu taman negara melindungi seluruh sifat dan ciri-ciri landskap tertentu di dalam sempadannya. Tugas utama taman negara adalah untuk mengkaji dan memelihara sistem perpaduan semula jadi dalam kawasan itu dan juga untuk memulihkan elemen terganggu atau pupus yang bersifat asli. Taman ini dibuka kepada pengunjung, tetapi pemuliharaan alam semula jadi adalah matlamat utama dan mempunyai keutamaan ke atas semua aktiviti-aktiviti lain. </p><p>Terdapat 23 taman negara di Poland dengan keluasan kira-kira 780,000 ekar. Taman Negara Poland adalah yang antara luar biasa di Eropah kerana terdapat pelbagai hidupan liar, saiz dan berbeza-beza kepentingan geografi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Iklim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poland mempunyai iklim sederhana. Ini kerana dibawa dari udara lembap Atlantik yang berlanggar dengan udara kering dari pedalaman Eurasia. </p><p>Purata suhu tahunan ialah dari 7 deg. C(44.6 F) di kawasan berbukit <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> dan daerah tasik Mazuria. Di tanah tinggi, suhu selalunya menjangkau ke 10 deg. C (50 F). </p><p>Bulan terpanas ialah pada bulan Julai dengan suhu purata berdiri di 17.5 deg C (63.5 F). Kawasan paling sejuk ialah di pergunungan ketika bulan Julai. (puratanya 0.6 deg. C [33 F] untuk setiap 100 meter). Kawasan paling hangat ialah di bahagian pusat Poland dengan suhu mencapai 18 deg. C (64.5 F). Januari ialah bulan tengkujuh. Udara sejuk bertiup dari timur pada Januari membuatkan bahagian timur Poland menerima angin sejuk yang kuat. </p><p>Suhu di bawah sifar direkodkan antara bulan November dan Mac. Suhu terendah pernah direkodkan di Poland ialah -41 deg. C (41.8 F) di <a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a> pada 1940. Suhu tertinggi dicatat pada +40.2 deg. C (104.5 F) di <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a> pada 1921. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Purata suhu maksimum dan minimum bagi keenam-enam bandar terbesar di Poland<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Lokasi </th> <th>Julai (°C) </th> <th>Julai (°F) </th> <th>Januari (°C) </th> <th>Januari (°F) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td> <td>23/13</td> <td>74/55</td> <td>0/−5</td> <td>32/23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></td> <td>24/13</td> <td>75/56</td> <td>1/−5</td> <td>34/23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></td> <td>24/14</td> <td>75/57</td> <td>0/−5</td> <td>33/25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></td> <td>25/13</td> <td>77/55</td> <td>3/−4</td> <td>37/25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></td> <td>24/15</td> <td>76/60</td> <td>2/–4</td> <td>36/23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricity,_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricity, Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Gdańsk/Gdynia</a></td> <td>22/15</td> <td>73/58</td> <td>2/−3</td> <td>35/26 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik_dan_kerajaan">Politik dan kerajaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Politik dan kerajaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Politik dan kerajaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Politik Poland</a></div> <p>Politik Poland berdasarkan pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Demokrasi">demokrasi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Poland" title="Perdana Menteri Poland">Perdana Menteri</a> merupakan ketua kerajaan sistem pelbagai-parti manakala <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Poland" title="Presiden Poland">Presiden</a> ialah ketua negara. </p><p>Kuasa eksekutif dilatih oleh Presiden dan Kerajaan yang merangkumi majlis para menteri yang diketuai Perdana Menteri. Ahli-ahli menteri biasanya dipilih daripada pakatan majoriti di dewan rakyat <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> (Parlimen) walaupun pengecualian atas peraturan ini adalah bukan luar biasa. Kerajaan secara rasminya akan diumum Presiden dan mesti lulus dalam usul keyakinan terhadap Sejm dalam tempoh dua minggu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Badan_perundangan" title="Badan perundangan">Kuasa perundangan</a> terletak pada dua kamar parlimen, <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senat_Republik_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senat Republik Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Senat</a>. Ahli-ahli Sejm ddiundi oleh perwakilan berkadar bersama dengan syarat bahawa parti beretnik minoriti mesti menerima paling minima 5% daripada undian negara untuk memasuki Dewan Rakyat. Kini, lima parti mengambil bahagian. Pemilihan berlangsung kira-kira setiap empat tahun. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presien_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presien Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Presiden Poland</a> menjadi ketua negara dan menjadi panglima tertinggi untuk <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Poland" title="Angkatan Tentera Poland">Angkatan Tentera</a> mempunyai kuasa veto untuk membenarkan undang-undang parlimen yang boleh diatasi dengan majoriti tiga perlima dan boleh membubarkan parlimen di bawah syarat-syarat tertentu; pemilihan presiden berlaku setiap lima tahun, jika tiada calon menerima undian terbanyak pada pusingan pertama, pemilihan runoff akan diadakan untuk dua calon menerima undian terbanyak. </p><p>Sistem politik di Poland berasaskan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perlembagaan_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perlembagaan Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Perlembagaan Poland</a>, yang juga menjamin kebebasan mana-mana individu. Cabang kehakiman memainkan peranan kecil dalam politik selain daripada Perlembagaan Keadilan. yang boleh membatalkan undang-undang yang melanggar kebebasan akan dijamin dalam perlembagaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_luar">Hubungan luar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hubungan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejak kebelakangan ini, Poland telah melanjutkan tanggungjawab dan kedudukannya dalam hal-hal Eropah serta menyokong dan menbuka hubungan baik dengan negara-negara Eropah dan negara-negara maju lain. </p><p>Poland banyak menyertai pertubuhan-pertubuhan antarabangsa antaranya <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">PBB</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertubuhan_Perdagangan_Sedunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertubuhan Perdagangan Sedunia (laman tidak wujud)">WTO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Kerjasama_dan_Pembangunan_Ekonomi" title="Pertubuhan Kerjasama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi">OECD</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_Ekonomi_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah (laman tidak wujud)">Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agensi_Tenaga_Antarabangsa" title="Agensi Tenaga Antarabangsa">Agensi Tenaga Antarabangsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Eropah" title="Majlis Eropah">Majlis Eropah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Energy_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Energy Agency (laman tidak wujud)">International Energy Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Eropah" title="Majlis Eropah">Majlis Eropah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_untuk_Keselamatan_dan_Kerjasama_di_Eropah" title="Pertubuhan untuk Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah">Pertubuhan untuk Keselamatan dan Kerjasama di Eropah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agensi_Tenaga_Atom_Antarabangsa" title="Agensi Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa">Agensi Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agensi_Angkasa_Eropah" title="Agensi Angkasa Eropah">Agensi Angkasa Eropah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=G6_(EU)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G6 (EU) (laman tidak wujud)">G6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majlis_Negara-negara_Laut_Baltik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majlis Negara-negara Laut Baltik (laman tidak wujud)">Majlis Negara-negara Laut Baltik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_Visegr%C3%A1d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumpulan Visegrád (laman tidak wujud)">Kumpulan Visegrád</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Schengen" title="Perjanjian Schengen">Perjanjian Schengen</a>. </p><p>Pada tahun 1994, Poland menjadi ahli bersekutu <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> (EU) dan negara ini menyampaikan dokumentasi awal untuk menjadi ahli penuh pada tahun 1996. Akhirnya, Poland rasminya menyertai EU pada Mei 2004 bersama-sama ahli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_Visegr%C3%A1d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumpulan Visegrád (laman tidak wujud)">Kumpulan Visegrád</a> yang lain. Pada tahun 1996, Poland memperoleh keahlian penuh <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> dan pada Kemuncak Madrid 1997, Poland telah dijemput ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_Perjanjian_Atlantik_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara (laman tidak wujud)">Persatuan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara</a> (NATO) dalam gelombang pertama polisi pembesaran NATO dan akhirnya, Poland menjadi ahli penuh NATO pada Mac 1999. </p><p>Sejak kejatuhan komunis pada 1989 dan pelakaran semula peta Eropah, Poland telah cuba untuk menjalinkan hubungan dengan tujuh negara jiran baharu, termasuklah menandatangani 'perjanjian persahabatan' untuk menggantikan <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Warsaw" title="Pakatan Warsaw">Pakatan Warsaw</a> yang telah dibubarkan. Poland menjalinkan hubungan istimewa dengan <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan kedua-dua negara ini mengacarakan kejohanan bola sepak <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a>. Walaupun negara ini banyak pembangunan positif di daerah-daerah masing-masing, Poland juga perlu mengambil langkah untuk mempertahankan hak etnik Poland yang tinggal atau menetap di negara-negara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bekas_Kesatuan_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bekas Kesatuan Soviet (laman tidak wujud)">bekas Kesatuan Soviet</a> dan contohnya di <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, apabila rejim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukashenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukashenko (laman tidak wujud)">Lukashenko</a> melancarkan kempen menentang etnik minoriti Poland pada 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejak menyertai Kesatuan Eropah pada 2004, kerajaan Poland telah melaksanakan polisi untuk meningkatkan peranan negara di Eropah dan hubungan-hubungan antarabangsa lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilayah">Wilayah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Wilayah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Wilayah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Poland" title="Wilayah di Poland">Wilayah di Poland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png/270px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png/405px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png/540px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Voivodeship Poland (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pembahagian pentadbiran Poland sejak tahun 1999 telah dilaksanakan berdasarkan tiga peringkat bahagian. Wilayah Poland dibahagi ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_di_Poland" title="Wilayah di Poland"><i>voivodeships</i></a> (wilayah) sebelum dibahagi lagi kepada <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powiat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Powiat (laman tidak wujud)">powiat</a></i> (daerah) kemudian beralih menjadi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gmina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gmina (laman tidak wujud)">gmina</a></i> (komun atau kawasan perbandaran). Bandar-bandar utama di Poland kebiasannya mempunyai status gmina dan powiat. Poland kini mempunyai 16 voivodeship, 379 powiat (termasuklah 65 bandar yang mempunyai status powiat) dan 2,479 gmina. </p><p>Sistem kini telah diperkenalkan menurut siri akta yang diluluskan oleh <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">parlimen Poland</a> pada tahun 1998 dan berkuat kuasa mulai 1 Januari 1999. Sebelum ini, (dari tahun 1975 hingga 1998) terdapat 49 voivodeship kecil dan tiada powiats (lihat butiran di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembahagian_pentadbiran_Republik_Rakyat_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembahagian pentadbiran Republik Rakyat Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Pembahagian pentadbiran Republik Rakyat Poland</a>). Pembaharuan ini menubuhkan 16 voivodeship besar (berdasarkan nama dan kedudukan daerah-daerah dahulu) sebelum memperkenalkan semula powiat. </p><p>Sempadan voivodeship kini tidak selalu mencerminkan sempadan sejarah asal wilayah Poland. Sekitar separuh <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Silesia" title="Wilayah Silesia">Wilayah Silesia</a> tergolong ke dalam wilayah bersejarah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland_Kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poland Kecil (laman tidak wujud)">Małopolska</a>. Sama juga situasi yang berlaku sekitar kawasan <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a>, yang mana dahulunya sebahagian daripada Małopolska, kini terletak di <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Masovian" title="Wilayah Masovian">Wilayah Masovian</a>. Juga, <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Pomerania" title="Wilayah Pomerania">Wilayah Pomerania</a> kini hanya sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> yang terletak di bahagian timur kawasan bersejarah itu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ketenteraan">Ketenteraan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Ketenteraan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ketenteraan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Poland" title="Angkatan Tentera Poland">Angkatan Tentera Poland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Poland" title="Angkatan Tentera Poland">Angkatan Tentera Poland</a> terbahagi kepada empat iaitu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentera_Darat_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentera Darat Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Tentera Darat</a> (<i>Wojska Lądowe</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentera_Laut_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentera Laut Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Tentera Laut</a> (<i>Marynarka Wojenna</i>), <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Udara_Poland" title="Tentera Udara Poland">Tentera Udara</a> (<i>Siły Powietrzne</i>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentera_Istimewa_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentera Istimewa Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Tentera Istimewa</a> (<i>Wojska Specjalne</i>). Semua tentera di Poland di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mentera_Pertahanan_Nasional_Republik_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mentera Pertahanan Nasional Republik Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Menteri Pertahanan Poland</a>. Walau bagaimanapun, pemegang jawatan <a href="/wiki/Panglima_Tertinggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Panglima Tertinggi">Panglima Tertinggi</a> ("commander-in-chief") merupakan Presiden Republik ini. </p><p>Tentera Poland terdiri daripada 65,000 kakitangan aktif manakala tentera laut dan tentera udara masing-masing mempunyai 14,300 dan 26,126 perajurit dan perempuan. Tentera Laut Poland biasanya beroperasi di <a href="/wiki/Laut_Baltik" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> dan mengendalikan operasi seperti rondaan maritim, misi mencari dan menyelamat hanya bahagian Laut Baltik yang berada di bawah kedaulatan Poland serta pengukuran hidrografi dan penyelidikan. Di samping itu, Tentera Laut Poland juga memainkan peranan antarabangsa dalam <a href="/wiki/Serangan_ke_atas_Iraq_2003" title="Serangan ke atas Iraq 2003">serangan ke atas Iraq 2003</a> dengan menyediakan bantuan logistik untuk <a href="/wiki/Tentera_Laut_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat">Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat</a>. Sementara itu, posisi kini Tentera Udara Poland juga hampir sama. Rutin hariannya mengambil bahagian dalam tugasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Air_Policing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltic Air Policing (laman tidak wujud)">Baltic Air Policing</a> melainkan dengan pengecualian beberapa unit yang berkhidmat di <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> yang telah menyaksikan tiada pertempuran aktif semenjak <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua">Perang Dunia Kedua</a>. Pada tahun 2003, the <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16C</a> Block 52 telah sebagai jet pejuang pelbagai peranan baru untuk tentera udara dab penerbangan pertama berlaku pada November 2006. </p><p>Misi terpenting angkatan tentera ialah mempertahankan keutuhan wilayah Poland dan kepentingan Poland di luar negara.<sup id="cite_ref-name=mil_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name=mil-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matlamat keselamatan utama Poland ialah untuk bersatu padu dengan <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> dan pertahanan, ekonomi dan institusi politik Eropah melalui pemodenisasi dan penyusunan semula ketenteraannya.<sup id="cite_ref-name=mil_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name=mil-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doktrin ketenteraan Poland mencerminkan sifat pertahanan yang sama dengan rakan kongsi NATO. Dari tahun 1953 hingga 2009, Poland merupakan penyumbang terbesar untuk pelbagai misi pengaman <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-name=mil_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name=mil-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tentera Poland juga sebahagian daripada tentera PBB dalam <a href="/wiki/Serangan_ke_atas_Iraq_2003" title="Serangan ke atas Iraq 2003">serangan ke atas Iraq 2003</a> dengana menempatkan 2,500 askar di selatan negara itu. </p><p>Selain itu, tentera Poland kehilangan banyak komandernya sewaktu <a href="/wiki/Kemalangan_Tu-154_Tentera_Udara_Poland_2010" title="Kemalangan Tu-154 Tentera Udara Poland 2010">kemalangan Tu-154 Tentera Udara Poland 2010</a> berdekatan Smolensk, Rusia yang telah mengorbankan kesemua 96 penumpang dan anak kapal termasuklah salah satu daripada mereka merupakan Ketua Jeneral Tetnera Poland <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_G%C4%85gor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciszek Gągor (laman tidak wujud)">Franciszek Gągor</a> dan Jeneral Tentera Udara Poland, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_B%C5%82asik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrzej Błasik (laman tidak wujud)">Andrzej Błasik</a>. Mereka dalam perjalanan dari Warsaw untuk menyambut ulang tahun ke-70 pembunuhan beramai-ramai Katyn dan tempat nahas itu kira-kira 19 km (12 bt) di bahagian barat bandar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smolensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smolensk (laman tidak wujud)">Smolensk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_dan_perkhidmatan_kecemasan">Undang-undang dan perkhidmatan kecemasan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang dan perkhidmatan kecemasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang dan perkhidmatan kecemasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-undang_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-undang Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Undang-undang Poland</a></div> <p>Poland mempunyai sistem penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang sangat maju dan mempunyai sejarah pengawasan efektif yang panjang oleh "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Policja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policja (laman tidak wujud)">Policja</a>". Struktur agensi-agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang ialah secara "multi-tier". Polis Perbandaran ini bertujuan untuk mengekalkan ketenteraman awam dan beberapa agensi-agensi khusus yang lain, seperti Pengawal Sempadan Poland, yang bertindak untuk menyelesaikan misi yang diberikan. Selain daripada perkhidmatan kerajaan, syarikat-syarikat keselamatan swasta juga biasa, walaupun mereka tidak mempunyai sebarang kuasa yang diberikan kepada agensi-agensi kerajaan seperti sebagai contoh, kuasa untuk membuat tangkapan atau menahan suspek. </p><p>Perkhidmatan kecemasan di Poland terdiri daripada perkhidmatan perubatan, misi mencari dan menyelamat yang melibatkan unit <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Poland" title="Angkatan Tentera Poland">Angkatan Tentera Poland</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkhidmatan_Bomba_Negeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkhidmatan Bomba Negeri (laman tidak wujud)">Perkhidmatan Bomba Negeri</a>. Perkhidmatan perubatan di Poland tidak seperti perkhidmatan lain yang diperuntukkan oleh kerajaan tempatan dan serantau. Sejak menyertai <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a>, semua perkhidmatan kecemasan Poland telah menjalani penyusunan semula yang besar dan dalam proses itu, perkhidmatan ini memperoleh sejumlah besar peralatan dan kakitangan baru.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Ekonomi Poland</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Ekonomi Poland</a> merupakan ekonomi terpesat di <a href="/wiki/Eropah_Tengah" title="Eropah Tengah">Eropah Tengah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enam terpesat di <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> (EU) dan paling terpesat antara bekas ahli sosialis Kesatuan Eropah.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak tahun 1990, Poland telah meneruskan dasar liberalisasi ekonomi dan ekonominya adalah satu-satunya di EU yang mengelakkan kemelesetan pada era kemelesetan tahun 2008-2009. Sebelum kemelesetan pada lewat 2000an, ekonomi Poland berkembang pada kadar tahunan lebih daripada 6.0%.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peralihan Poland kepada pemasaran ekonomi bebas telah dipermudahkan melalui pembaharuan struktur dan sektor swasta yang semakin memberangsangkan. Dasar terbuka terhadap perdagangan global dan perdagangan, cukai yang kompetitif, dan sistem kawal selia yang cekap telah menggalakkan perkembangan ekonomi lebih dinamik. </p><p>Sektor perbankan Poland merupakan paling terpesat di bahagian Eropah Tengah atau Eropah Timur<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan 32.3 cawangan bagi setiap 100,000 orang dewasa.<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-datatopics/poland_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datatopics/poland-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bank-bank adalah sektor terbesar dan paling maju di pasaran kewangan negara ini. Mereka dikawal selia oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pihak_Pengawasan_Kewangan_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pihak Pengawasan Kewangan Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Pihak Pengawasan Kewangan Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahasa_Poland_(Język_polski)"><span id="Bahasa_Poland_.28J.C4.99zyk_polski.29"></span>Bahasa Poland (Język polski)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa Poland (Język polski)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahasa Poland (Język polski)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rakyat di Poland menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Poland" title="Bahasa Poland">bahasa Poland</a> sebagai bahasa utama.Kebanyakan daripada rakyat Poland kurang mahir bertutur dalam Bahasa Inggeris.Namun demikian,golongan profesional dan segelintir golongan mampu bertutur dalam Bahasa Inggeris dengan fasih.Bahasa Polish dikategorikan sebagai antara bahasa yang sukar untuk dikuasai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi_2">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejak kepulangannya sampai demokrasi, Poland dengan tegas sudah mengejar kebijakan meliberalkan ekonomi dan hari ini sikap ke luar sebagai salah satu contoh peralihan yang paling berhasil dan terbuka dari ekonomi pasar yang keadaan-kapitalis sebagian ke terutama secara pribadi bertuan pasar ekonomi. </p><p>Poland mempunyai sektor pertanian besar perkebunan pribadi, yang bisa menjadi produsen terkemuka makanan di European Union sejak Poland adalah seorang anggota. </p><p>Buatan-buatan Poland termasuk pakaian, ilmu elektronik, kereta, bus (Autosan, Jelcz SA, Solaris, Solbus), helikopter (PZL Świdnik), perlengkapan pengangkut, lokomotif, pesawat (PZL Mielec), kapal, teknik militer (termasuk tangki, sistem SPAAG), ubat (Polpharma, Polfa, dll), makanan, produk kimia dll. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Demografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i> Untuk rencana lanjutan, lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demografi_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demografi Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Demografi Poland</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budaya">Budaya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Budaya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Untuk rencana lanjutan, lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_di_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya di Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Budaya di Poland</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hubungan_Malaysia-Poland">Hubungan Malaysia-Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan Malaysia-Poland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hubungan Malaysia-Poland"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada 20 Mac 2002, <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Malaysia" title="Perdana Menteri Malaysia">Perdana Menteri Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> melawat negara Poland. Ini merupakan lawatan pertama Perdana Menteri Malaysia ke Poland selepas hubungan diplomatik 10 tahun. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duta_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duta Malaysia (laman tidak wujud)">Duta Malaysia</a> ke Poland ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng_Bak_Hai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ng Bak Hai (laman tidak wujud)">Ng Bak Hai</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Poland" title="Perdana Menteri Poland">Perdana Menteri Poland</a> ketika itu ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leszek_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leszek Miller (laman tidak wujud)">Leszek Miller</a>. Sementara <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Poland" title="Presiden Poland">Presiden Poland</a> ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski (laman tidak wujud)">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a> .Beliau pernah melawat Malaysia pada <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>. </p><p>Mahathir menyaksi peralatan ketenteraan, demonstrasi tentera laut di <a href="/wiki/Gdansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdansk">Gdansk</a> dan sembahyang Jumaat di masjid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gdansk-Oliwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gdansk-Oliwa (laman tidak wujud)">Gdansk-Oliwa</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlimen_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlimen Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Parlimen Poland</a> kagum dengan Malaysia kerana berjaya menyelesaikan krisis kewangan dengan cara tersendiri yang tidak konvensional. </p><p>Mahathir diiringi isterinya <a href="/wiki/Siti_Hasmah_Mohamad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali">Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali</a> .Rombongan Dr Mahathir disertai oleh Menteri Luar <a href="/wiki/Syed_Hamid_Albar" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Hamid Albar">Syed Hamid Albar</a>, Menteri Perdagangan Antarbangsa dan Industri <a href="/wiki/Rafidah_Aziz" title="Rafidah Aziz">Rafidah Aziz</a> dan Ketua Menteri Sarawak <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Taib_Mahmud" title="Abdul Taib Mahmud">Abdul Taib Mahmud</a>. 60 ahli korporat Malaysia turut serta. Sebelum itu rombongan telah singgah di Jerman dan Rusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px;padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Portal Poland </a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perhubungan_di_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perhubungan di Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Perhubungan di Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelancongan_di_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelancongan di Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Pelancongan di Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenteraan_di_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenteraan di Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Ketenteraan di Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengangkutan_di_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengangkutan di Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Pengangkutan di Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_Luar_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan Luar Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Hubungan Luar Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelancongan_Poland">Pelancongan Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Pelancongan Poland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pelancongan Poland"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelphoto.pl/Polska/TP00036/TP00036.htm">Gdanskpics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basi.info/">basi info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.com.pl/wroclaw6.htm">Wroclawpics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poland-tourism.pl/i.asp?ld=PL&tf=PL&oi=PL00000000BI0421">Poznanpic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930004801/http://www.poland-tourism.pl/i.asp?ld=PL&tf=PL&oi=PL00000000BI0421">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-09-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelphoto.pl/Polska/TP00174/TP00174.htm">Szczecinpics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelphoto.pl/Polska/TP00312/TP00312.htm">Bialystokpics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.com.pl/tatry21.htm">Tatra Mountains Pics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930213228/http://www.ga.com.pl/tatry21.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-09-30 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.com.pl/mazury1.htm">Masuria Pics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026132941/http://www.ga.com.pl/mazury1.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-10-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelphoto.pl/Polska/TP00251/TP00251.htm">Baltic Sea Pics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051115073251/http://www.travelphoto.pl/Polska/TP00251/TP00251.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-11-15 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.com.pl/royalty2.htm">pictures of Poland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051026131522/http://www.ga.com.pl/royalty2.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-10-26 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poczta-polska.pl/mw/index.html">Lots of nice pics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051017110415/http://www.poczta-polska.pl/mw/index.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-10-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seepoland.pl">panoramas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcam.deili.info/en,1,1">Polish Webcams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728092619/http://webcam.deili.info/en,1,1">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-07-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilot.pl/">eMap of Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pot.gov.pl/">Tourist information portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poland-tourism.pl/">Tourist information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050822111029/http://www.poland-tourism.pl/">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-08-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polandtour.pl">polandtour.pl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polandtour.org">polandtour.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lot.pl">Flights to Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralwings.com">Low cost flights to Poland</a></li> <li><a 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data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="3487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Castillo_Imperial,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poznań"><img alt="Poznań" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Castillo_Imperial%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_47.jpg/120px-Castillo_Imperial%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Castillo_Imperial%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_47.jpg/180px-Castillo_Imperial%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_47.jpg 1.5x, 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title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rogalin"><img alt="Rogalin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_%284%29.jpg/120px-Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_%284%29.jpg/180px-Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_%284%29.jpg/240px-Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="1847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rogalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rogalin (laman tidak wujud)">Rogalin</a></div> </li> <li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Szczecin_Philharmonic_Hall_3304_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Szczecin_Philharmonic_Hall_3304_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Szczecin_Philharmonic_Hall_3304_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Szczecin_Philharmonic_Hall_3304_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5232" data-file-height="3922" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kazimierz_Dolny_(kamienica_pod_sw_Mikolajem_i_Krzysztofem)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazimierz Dolny"><img alt="Kazimierz Dolny" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kazimierz_Dolny_%28kamienica_pod_sw_Mikolajem_i_Krzysztofem%29_01.jpg/120px-Kazimierz_Dolny_%28kamienica_pod_sw_Mikolajem_i_Krzysztofem%29_01.jpg" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ogrodzieniec_gothic_castle_ruins.jpg/180px-Ogrodzieniec_gothic_castle_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ogrodzieniec_gothic_castle_ruins.jpg/240px-Ogrodzieniec_gothic_castle_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ogrodzieniec" title="Ogrodzieniec">Ogrodzieniec</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rzesz%C3%B3w_zamek_2004b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rzeszów"><img alt="Rzeszów" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rzesz%C3%B3w_zamek_2004b.jpg/120px-Rzesz%C3%B3w_zamek_2004b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rzesz%C3%B3w_zamek_2004b.jpg/180px-Rzesz%C3%B3w_zamek_2004b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rzesz%C3%B3w_zamek_2004b.jpg/240px-Rzesz%C3%B3w_zamek_2004b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Panorama_of_Malbork_Castle,_part_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malbork"><img alt="Malbork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Panorama_of_Malbork_Castle%2C_part_4.jpg/120px-Panorama_of_Malbork_Castle%2C_part_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Panorama_of_Malbork_Castle%2C_part_4.jpg/180px-Panorama_of_Malbork_Castle%2C_part_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Panorama_of_Malbork_Castle%2C_part_4.jpg/240px-Panorama_of_Malbork_Castle%2C_part_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4138" data-file-height="2706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malbork" title="Malbork">Malbork</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Frauenburg02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frombork"><img alt="Frombork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Frauenburg02.jpg/120px-Frauenburg02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Frauenburg02.jpg/180px-Frauenburg02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Frauenburg02.jpg/240px-Frauenburg02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frombork" title="Frombork">Frombork</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golub-Dobrzyń"><img alt="Golub-Dobrzyń" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg/120px-Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg/180px-Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg/240px-Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Golub-Dobrzy%C5%84" title="Golub-Dobrzyń">Golub-Dobrzyń</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kwidzyn_zamek.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kwidzyn"><img alt="Kwidzyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kwidzyn_zamek.JPG/120px-Kwidzyn_zamek.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kwidzyn_zamek.JPG/180px-Kwidzyn_zamek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kwidzyn_zamek.JPG/240px-Kwidzyn_zamek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kwidzyn" title="Kwidzyn">Kwidzyn</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Moszna_zamek4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moszna"><img alt="Moszna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Moszna_zamek4.jpg/120px-Moszna_zamek4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Moszna_zamek4.jpg/180px-Moszna_zamek4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Moszna_zamek4.jpg/240px-Moszna_zamek4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moszna_(powiat_krapkowicki)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moszna (powiat krapkowicki) (laman tidak wujud)">Moszna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tatry_Panorama01xxx.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tatry"><img alt="Tatry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tatry_Panorama01xxx.jpg/120px-Tatry_Panorama01xxx.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tatry_Panorama01xxx.jpg/180px-Tatry_Panorama01xxx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tatry_Panorama01xxx.jpg/240px-Tatry_Panorama01xxx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatry (laman tidak wujud)">Tatry</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Lodz_katedra_(dron).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Łódź"><img alt="Łódź" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lodz_katedra_%28dron%29.jpg/120px-Lodz_katedra_%28dron%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lodz_katedra_%28dron%29.jpg/180px-Lodz_katedra_%28dron%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lodz_katedra_%28dron%29.jpg/240px-Lodz_katedra_%28dron%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="2121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lodz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lodz (laman tidak wujud)">Łódź</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pa%C5%82ac_Izraela_Pozna%C5%84skiego_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Łódź"><img alt="Łódź" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pa%C5%82ac_Izraela_Pozna%C5%84skiego_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_front.JPG/120px-Pa%C5%82ac_Izraela_Pozna%C5%84skiego_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pa%C5%82ac_Izraela_Pozna%C5%84skiego_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_front.JPG/180px-Pa%C5%82ac_Izraela_Pozna%C5%84skiego_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pa%C5%82ac_Izraela_Pozna%C5%84skiego_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_front.JPG/240px-Pa%C5%82ac_Izraela_Pozna%C5%84skiego_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Łódź</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Park_Poniatowskiego_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Łódź"><img alt="Łódź" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Park_Poniatowskiego_1.jpg/90px-Park_Poniatowskiego_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Park_Poniatowskiego_1.jpg/135px-Park_Poniatowskiego_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Park_Poniatowskiego_1.jpg/179px-Park_Poniatowskiego_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Łódź</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2018-roku,7,15.html">Główny Urząd Statystyczny, dane za rok 2018, stan na 01.01.2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Powierzchnia-Polski-wzrosla-o-1643-ha-7603883.html">Bankier.pl, Powierzchnia Polski wzrosła o 1643 ha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompson2021" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Wayne C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lttJEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22name%2Bpoland%2B%2522polska%2522%2Bderived%22&pg=PA322"><i>Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2020–2022</i></a>. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. m/s. 322. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4758-5626-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4758-5626-2"><bdi>978-1-4758-5626-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207011846/https://books.google.com/books?id=lttJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA322&dq=%22name%2Bpoland%2B%2522polska%2522%2Bderived%22">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 7 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic%2C+Central%2C+and+Southeastern+Europe+2020%E2%80%932022&rft.place=Blue+Ridge+Summit&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4758-5626-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Wayne+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlttJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522name%252Bpoland%252B%252522polska%252522%252Bderived%2522%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLehr-Spławiński1978" class="citation book cs1">Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjJHAAAAIAAJ&q=Je%25CC%25A8zyk%2Bpolski%2B:%2Bpochodzenie,%2Bpowstanie,%2Brozwo%25CC%2581j"><i>Język polski. Pochodzenie, powstanie, rozwój</i></a> (dalam bahasa Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. m/s. 64. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4307116">4307116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235955/https://books.google.com/books?id=EjJHAAAAIAAJ&q=Je%25CC%25A8zyk%2Bpolski%2B:%2Bpochodzenie,%2Bpowstanie,%2Brozwo%25CC%2581j">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+polski.+Pochodzenie%2C+powstanie%2C+rozw%C3%B3j&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4307116&rft.aulast=Lehr-Sp%C5%82awi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjJHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DJe%2525CC%2525A8zyk%252Bpolski%252B%3A%252Bpochodzenie%2C%252Bpowstanie%2C%252Brozwo%2525CC%252581j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPotkański2004" class="citation book cs1">Potkański, Karol (2004) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b78eAAAAMAAJ&q=p%25C5%2582aska%2520wielkopolska%2520polanie"><i>Pisma pośmiertne. Granice plemienia Polan</i></a> (dalam bahasa Polish). <b>1</b>. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. m/s. 423. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-83-7063-411-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-83-7063-411-7"><bdi>978-83-7063-411-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235906/https://books.google.com/books?id=b78eAAAAMAAJ&q=p%25C5%2582aska%2520wielkopolska%2520polanie">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 24 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pisma+po%C5%9Bmiertne.+Granice+plemienia+Polan&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-83-7063-411-7&rft.aulast=Potka%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db78eAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dp%2525C5%252582aska%252520wielkopolska%252520polanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buko_2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buko_2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBuko2014" class="citation book cs1">Buko, Andrzej (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAOjBQAAQBAJ"><i>Bodzia. A Late Viking-Age Elite Cemetery in Central Poland</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. m/s. 36, 62. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-04-28132-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-04-28132-5"><bdi>978-90-04-28132-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407051434/https://books.google.com/books?id=VAOjBQAAQBAJ">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodzia.+A+Late+Viking-Age+Elite+Cemetery+in+Central+Poland&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=36%2C+62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28132-5&rft.aulast=Buko&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAOjBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRadvanyiVillain2017" class="citation journal cs1">Radvanyi, Pierre; Villain, Jacques (Nov 2017). "La découverte de la radioactivité". <i>Comptes Rendus. Physique</i> (dalam bahasa Perancis). <b>18</b> (9–10): 548. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2017.10.008">10.1016/j.crhy.2017.10.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus.+Physique&rft.atitle=La+d%C3%A9couverte+de+la+radioactivit%C3%A9&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=548&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crhy.2017.10.008&rft.aulast=Radvanyi&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Villain%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=PL&name=Poland">"Poland climate information"</a>. Weatherbase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+climate+information&rft.pub=Weatherbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fcity.php3%3Fc%3DPL%26name%3DPoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="grushenko"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="Bordering on madness: Belarus mistreats its Polish minority"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name=mil-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-name=mil_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name=mil_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-name=mil_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">name="mil"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="Polska zakończyła udział w misjach po auspicjami ONZ – Wiadomości z kraju i ze świata – Gazeta Prawna – Partner pracodawcy, narzędzie specjalisty"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="Accident Database"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="Senior Polish figures killed in plane crash"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="– 15 tys. zimowych mundurów trafi do jednostek"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2144.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2144.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://statisticstimes.com/economy/european-countries-by-gdp.php">http://statisticstimes.com/economy/european-countries-by-gdp.php</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStay_informed_today_and_every_day2011" class="citation web cs1">Stay informed today and every day (2011-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21526934">"Eastern Europe's economies: Some calm amid storms"</a>. The Economist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2014-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%27s+economies%3A+Some+calm+amid+storms&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2011-08-27&rft.au=Stay+informed+today+and+every+day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21526934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2007/09/24/poland-electrabel-vattenfall-markets-equity-cx_vr_0924markets10.html">"Tapping into Polish Power"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. 24 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Tapping+into+Polish+Power&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F24%2Fpoland-electrabel-vattenfall-markets-equity-cx_vr_0924markets10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APoland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="TWI-2011"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank.org-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank.org_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worldbank.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGLOBALFINREPORT/Resources/8816096-1361888425203/9062080-1364927957721/GFDR-2014_Statistical_Appendix_B.pdf">Global Financial Development Report 2014.</a> Appendix B. Key Aspects of Financial Inclusion (PDF file, direct download). Retrieved 6 November 2014. There are 32.3 providers per 100,000 adults in Poland by IMF’s Financial Access Survey (FAS). Comparatively, in the United States there are 35.4 but in Cyprus a whopping 103.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-datatopics/poland-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-datatopics/poland_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datatopics.worldbank.org/financialinclusion/country/poland">Financial Inclusion Data. Country Dashboard: Poland.</a> The World Bank Group. Retrieved 6 November 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan <i><b><a class="external 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Perjanjian_Atlantik_Utara" title="Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara">Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara</a> (NATO) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_NATO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/25px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/38px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/50px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:6em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Benua Amerika</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Angkatan Tentera Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:6em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Benua Eropah</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Jerman</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_Itali" title="Angkatan Tentera Itali">Itali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Makedonia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Makedonia Utara">Makedonia Utara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Czech" title="Republik Czech">Republik Czech</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Tentera_British" title="Angkatan Tentera British">United Kingdom</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/60px-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/90px-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_berdaulat_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_Eropah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Negara_di_Eropah" title="Templat:Negara di Eropah"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Negara_di_Eropah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Negara di Eropah (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Negara_di_Eropah&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_berdaulat_dan_wilayah_tanggungan_di_Eropah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Negara berdaulat dan wilayah tanggungan di <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_negara_berdaulat" title="Senarai negara berdaulat">Negara berdaulat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(negara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (negara)">Georgia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Ireland" title="Republik Ireland">Ireland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Vatikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota Vatikan">Kota Vatikan</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Utara" title="Macedonia Utara">Macedonia Utara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Czech" title="Republik Czech">Republik Cekh</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Yunani" title="Yunani">Yunani</a> </p> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negeri dengan pengiktirafan terhad</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> </span></p> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Turki_Cyprus_Utara" title="Republik Turki Cyprus Utara">Cyprus Utara</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Selatan" title="Ossetia Selatan">Ossetia Selatan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_tanggungan" title="Wilayah tanggungan">Tanggungan</a> dan wilayah lain</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Denmark</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Faroe" title="Kepulauan Faroe">Kepulauan Faroe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Finland</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Aland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Aland">Kepulauan Aland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Norway</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:relative"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">United Kingdom</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_dan_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri dan Dhekelia">Akrotiri dan Dhekelia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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