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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Palaeolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Urban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monumental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monumental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Monumental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monumental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_or_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_or_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rural or garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_or_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawn_cemetery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawn_cemetery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lawn cemetery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawn_cemetery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lawn_beam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawn_beam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Lawn beam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawn_beam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Natural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columbarium_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbarium_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Columbarium wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbarium_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabian_tribal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_tribal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Arabian tribal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_tribal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terraced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terraced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Terraced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terraced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Online memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Customs and practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Customs and practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Customs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Crosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Candles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Toys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grave_digging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grave_digging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Grave digging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grave_digging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemetery_key" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemetery_key"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cemetery key</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemetery_key-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Burial registers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pressures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-use_of_graves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-use_of_graves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Re-use of graves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-use_of_graves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superstitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superstitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Superstitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superstitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cemetery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begraafplaas" title="Begraafplaas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Begraafplaas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedhof" title="Friedhof – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Friedhof" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مقبرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقبرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosal" title="Fosal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fosal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A9%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܒܝܬ ܩܒܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܩܒܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimitiru" title="Chimitiru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chimitiru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementeriu" title="Cementeriu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cementeriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_ima%C3%B1a_uyu" title="Amaya imaña uyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Amaya imaña uyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99biristanl%C4%B1q" title="Qəbiristanlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəbiristanlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কবরস্থান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কবরস্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Могілкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Могілкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Могілкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Могілкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sementeryo" title="Sementeryo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sementeryo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Гробище – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гробище" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groblje" title="Groblje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Groblje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bered" title="Bered – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bered" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementiri" title="Cementiri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cementiri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Çăва – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăва" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sementeryo" title="Sementeryo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sementeryo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%99bitov" title="Hřbitov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hřbitov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynwent" title="Mynwent – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynwent" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravplads" title="Gravplads – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gravplads" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedhof" title="Friedhof – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedhof" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjarchob" title="Kjarchob – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kjarchob" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmistu" title="Kalmistu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalmistu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Νεκροταφείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεκροταφείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementerio" title="Cementerio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cementerio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombejo" title="Tombejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tombejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilerri" title="Hilerri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hilerri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گورستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re" title="Cimetière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cimetière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reilig" title="Reilig – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reilig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladh_(creideamh)" title="Cladh (creideamh) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cladh (creideamh)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemiterio" title="Cemiterio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cemiterio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%98%EC%A7%80" title="묘지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="묘지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C6%99abarta" title="Maƙabarta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Maƙabarta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84)" title="Գերեզմանոց (տարածք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերեզմանոց (տարածք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="क़ब्रिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क़ब्रिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groblje" title="Groblje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Groblje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempat_pemakaman" title="Tempat pemakaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tempat pemakaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeterio" title="Cemeterio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cemeterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafreitur" title="Grafreitur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grafreitur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimitero" title="Cimitero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cimitero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בית קברות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית קברות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuburan" title="Kuburan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuburan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D" title="სასაფლაო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სასაფლაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AF%D9%8F%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ملگُزار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ملگُزار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Зират – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зират" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simity%C3%A8" title="Simityè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Simityè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goristan" title="Goristan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Goristan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Көрүстөн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көрүстөн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Шӹгерлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӹгерлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtina" title="Curtina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Curtina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betahayim" title="Betahayim – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Betahayim" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulcretum" title="Sepulcretum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sepulcretum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaps%C4%93ta" title="Kapsēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kapsēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kierfecht" title="Kierfecht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kierfecht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapin%C4%97s" title="Kapinės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kapinės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temet%C5%91" title="Temető – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Temető" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гробишта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гробишта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="സെമിത്തേരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെമിത്തേരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مقبره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مقبره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkuburan" title="Perkuburan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkuburan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калмоланга – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Калмоланга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ангилал:Оршуулгын газар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ангилал:Оршуулгын газар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သင်္ချိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ချိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begraafplaats" title="Begraafplaats – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Begraafplaats" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begreefplak" title="Begreefplak – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Begreefplak" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0" title="墓地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="墓地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Кешнаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кешнаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravlund" title="Gravlund – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravlund" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravlund" title="Gravlund – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gravlund" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimetyire" title="Chimetyire – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chimetyire" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement%C3%A8ri" title="Cementèri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cementèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шӱгарла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӱгарла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabriston" title="Qabriston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qabriston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قبرستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قبرستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87" title="هدیره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هدیره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmentarz" title="Cmentarz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cmentarz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemit%C3%A9rio" title="Cemitério – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cemitério" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimitir" title="Cimitir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cimitir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santeri" title="Santeri – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Santeri" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayamarka" title="Ayamarka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ayamarka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Теметов – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Теметов" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Кладбище – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кладбище" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campusantu" title="Campusantu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Campusantu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cemetery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قبرستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قبرستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintor%C3%ADn" title="Cintorín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cintorín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokopali%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Pokopališče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pokopališče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyntorz" title="Smyntorz – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Smyntorz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گۆڕستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆڕستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Гробље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гробље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groblje" title="Groblje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Groblje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautausmaa" title="Hautausmaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hautausmaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begravningsplats" title="Begravningsplats – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Begravningsplats" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sementeryo" title="Sementeryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sementeryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="இடுகாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடுகாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Зират – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зират" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гӯристон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гӯристон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezarl%C4%B1k" title="Mezarlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezarlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5" title="Кладовище – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кладовище" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قبرستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قبرستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%C4%A9a_trang" title="Nghĩa trang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghĩa trang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aite" title="Aite – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aite" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamaka" title="Aamaka – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Aamaka" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sementeryo" title="Sementeryo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sementeryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%9F%E5%9C%BA" title="坟场 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="坟场" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="צווינטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צווינטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A0%B4" title="墳場 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="墳場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C4%81" title="Kapā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kapā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A0%B4" title="墳場 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="墳場" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place of burial</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cemetery (disambiguation)">Cemetery (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Resting place" redirects here. For the 1986 TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Resting_Place" title="Resting Place">Resting Place</a>. For the 1951 film, see <a href="/wiki/No_Resting_Place" title="No Resting Place">No Resting Place</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">Rest area</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Graveyard" and "Burial ground" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Graveyard (disambiguation)">Graveyard (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burial_Ground_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burial Ground (disambiguation)">Burial Ground (disambiguation)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cemetery" title="Special:EditPage/Cemetery">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cemetery%22">"Cemetery"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cemetery%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cemetery%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cemetery%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cemetery%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cemetery%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 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data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cemetery" title="Talk:Cemetery">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerepesi_temet%C5%91_Budapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerepesi_temet%C5%91_Budapest.jpg/300px-Kerepesi_temet%C5%91_Budapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerepesi_temet%C5%91_Budapest.jpg/450px-Kerepesi_temet%C5%91_Budapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerepesi_temet%C5%91_Budapest.jpg/600px-Kerepesi_temet%C5%91_Budapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2461" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fiume_Road_Graveyard" title="Fiume Road Graveyard">Kerepesi Cemetery</a>, Budapest, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetery_in_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cemetery_in_China.jpg/220px-Cemetery_in_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cemetery_in_China.jpg/330px-Cemetery_in_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cemetery_in_China.jpg/440px-Cemetery_in_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery in China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetery_in_Kavala,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cemetery_in_Kavala%2C_Greece.jpg/220px-Cemetery_in_Kavala%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cemetery_in_Kavala%2C_Greece.jpg/330px-Cemetery_in_Kavala%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cemetery_in_Kavala%2C_Greece.jpg/440px-Cemetery_in_Kavala%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cemetery</b>, <b>burial ground</b>, <b>gravesite</b>, <b>graveyard</b>, or a green space called a <b>memorial park</b>, is a place where the remains of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">dead</a> people are <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">buried</a> or otherwise interred. The word <i>cemetery</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κοιμητήριον</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sleeping place</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implies that the land is specifically designated as a burial ground and originally applied to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>graveyard</i> is often used interchangeably with cemetery, but a graveyard primarily refers to a burial ground within a <a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>, or in a <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a>, an "above-ground grave" (resembling a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Columbarium" title="Columbarium">columbarium</a>, a niche, or another edifice. In <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western cultures</a>, funeral ceremonies are often observed in cemeteries. These ceremonies or <a href="/wiki/Rites_of_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rites of passage">rites of passage</a> differ according to <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> practices and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> beliefs. Modern cemeteries often include crematoria, and some grounds previously used for both continue as crematoria as a principal use long after the interment areas have been filled. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Palaeolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</a> cave in Morocco is possibly the oldest known cemetery in the world. It was the resting place of at least 34 <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> individuals, the bulk of whom have been dated to 15,100 to 14,000 years ago.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0264">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grave_field" title="Grave field">Grave field</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary art</a></div><p>Neolithic cemeteries are sometimes referred to by the term "<a href="/wiki/Grave_field" title="Grave field">grave field</a>". They are one of the chief sources of information on ancient and prehistoric cultures, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological cultures</a> are defined by their burial customs, such as the </p><p><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bronze Age">European Bronze Age</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cadw.gov.wales/sites/default/files/2019-05/151214-neolithicresource-eng.pdf">[2]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the reopening of graves and manipulation of the corpses or artifacts contained within them was a widespread phenomenon and a common part of the life course of early medieval cemeteries across <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antiquity_2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antiquity_2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reopening of furnished or recent burials occurred over the broad zone of European row-grave-style furnished inhumation burial, especially from the 5th to the 8th centuries CE, which comprised the regions of today's <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and south-eastern <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antiquity_2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antiquity_2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_burial" title="Christian burial">Christian burial</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cemetery" title="Special:EditPage/Cemetery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saints_Innocents_1550_Hoffbauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saints_Innocents_1550_Hoffbauer.jpg/220px-Saints_Innocents_1550_Hoffbauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saints_Innocents_1550_Hoffbauer.jpg/330px-Saints_Innocents_1550_Hoffbauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saints_Innocents_1550_Hoffbauer.jpg/440px-Saints_Innocents_1550_Hoffbauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holy_Innocents%27_Cemetery" title="Holy Innocents' Cemetery">Les Innocents cemetery</a> in 1550.</figcaption></figure> <p>From about the 7th century CE, in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> a burial was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a> and could only take place on <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> church ground. Practices varied, but in continental Europe, bodies were usually buried in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a> until they had <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposed</a>. The bones were then <a href="/wiki/Burial#Exhumation" title="Burial">exhumed</a> and stored in <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuaries</a>, either along the <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcaded</a> bounding walls of the cemetery or within the church under floor slabs and behind walls. </p><p>In most cultures those who were vastly rich, had important <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">professions</a>, were part of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> or were of any other high <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> were usually buried in individual <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypts</a> inside or beneath the relevant <a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">place of worship</a> with an indication of their name, date of death and other biographical data. In Europe, this was often accompanied by a depiction of their <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>. </p><p>Most others were buried in graveyards again divided by social status. Mourners who could afford the work of a <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">stonemason</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstone</a> engraved with a name, dates of birth and death and sometimes other biographical data, and set up over the place of burial. Usually, the more writing and symbols carved on the headstone, the more expensive it was. As with most other human property such as houses and means of transport, richer families used to compete for the <a href="/wiki/Artistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic">artistic</a> value of their family headstone in comparison to others around it, sometimes adding a statue (such as a <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Grief" title="Angel of Grief">weeping angel</a>) on the top of the grave. </p><p>Those who could not pay for a headstone at all usually had some religious symbol made from wood on the place of burial such as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a>; however, this would quickly deteriorate under the rain or snow. Some families hired a <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> and had large crosses made from various <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> put on the places of burial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetery_overlooking_the_Danube,_near_Cernavod%C4%83,_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cemetery_overlooking_the_Danube%2C_near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_Romania.jpg/220px-Cemetery_overlooking_the_Danube%2C_near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cemetery_overlooking_the_Danube%2C_near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_Romania.jpg/330px-Cemetery_overlooking_the_Danube%2C_near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cemetery_overlooking_the_Danube%2C_near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_Romania.jpg/440px-Cemetery_overlooking_the_Danube%2C_near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery overlooking the Danube, near <a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83" title="Cernavodă">Cernavodă</a>, Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the early 19th century, the burial of the dead in graveyards began to be discontinued, due to rapid population growth in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, continued outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> near graveyards and the increasingly limited space in graveyards for new <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">interments</a>. In many European states, burial in graveyards was eventually outlawed altogether through <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>. </p><p>Instead of graveyards, completely new places of burial were established away from heavily populated areas and outside of old towns and city centers. Many new cemeteries became <a href="/wiki/Municipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal">municipally</a> owned or were run by their own corporations, and thus independent from churches and their churchyards. </p><p>In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a> were <a href="/wiki/Burial#Exhumation" title="Burial">exhumed</a> from graveyards and moved into <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuaries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacombs</a>. A large action of this type occurred in 18th century <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> when human remains were transferred from graveyards all over the city to the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs of Paris</a>. The bones of an estimated six million people are to be found there.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early example of a landscape-style cemetery is <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise</a> in Paris. This embodied the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>- rather than church-controlled burial, a concept that spread through the continent of Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic invasions</a>. This could include the opening of cemeteries by private or joint stock companies. The shift to municipal cemeteries or those established by private companies was usually accompanied by the establishing of <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaped</a> burial grounds outside the city (e.g. extramural). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Claudius_Loudon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Claudius_Loudon.png/220px-John_Claudius_Loudon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Claudius_Loudon.png/330px-John_Claudius_Loudon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/John_Claudius_Loudon.png/440px-John_Claudius_Loudon.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Claudius_Loudon" title="John Claudius Loudon">John Claudius Loudon</a>, one of the first professional cemetery designers.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain the movement was driven by dissenters and public health concerns. The <a href="/wiki/Rosary_Cemetery,_Norwich" title="Rosary Cemetery, Norwich">Rosary Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> was opened in 1819 as a burial ground for all religious backgrounds. Similar private non-denominational cemeteries were established near <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialising</a> towns with growing populations, such as <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> (1821) and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> (1825). Each cemetery required a separate <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> for authorisation, although the capital was raised through the formation of <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock companies</a>. </p><p>In the first 50 years of the 19th century the population of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> more than doubled from 1 million to 2.3 million. The small parish churchyards were rapidly becoming dangerously overcrowded, and decaying matter infiltrating the water supply was causing <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a>. The issue became particularly acute after the <a href="/wiki/Cholera_epidemic_of_1831" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera epidemic of 1831">cholera epidemic of 1831</a>, which killed 52,000 people in Britain alone, putting unprecedented pressure on the country's burial capacity. Concerns were also raised about the potential public health hazard arising from the inhalation of gases generated from human <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a> under the then prevailing <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">miasma theory</a> of disease. </p><p>Legislative action was slow in coming, but in 1832 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> finally acknowledged the need for the establishment of large municipal cemeteries and encouraged their construction outside London. The same bill also closed all inner London churchyards to new deposits. The <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Seven,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnificent Seven, London">Magnificent Seven</a>, seven large cemeteries around London, were established in the following decade, starting with <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green</a> in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planner</a> and author <a href="/wiki/John_Claudius_Loudon" title="John Claudius Loudon">John Claudius Loudon</a> was one of the first professional cemetery designers, and his book <i>On the Laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries</i> (1843) was very influential on designers and architects of the period. Loudon himself designed three cemeteries – <a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey_Cemetery" title="Bath Abbey Cemetery">Bath Abbey Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histon_Road_Cemetery,_Cambridge" title="Histon Road Cemetery, Cambridge">Histon Road Cemetery, Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Old_Cemetery" title="Southampton Old Cemetery">Southampton Old Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Burial_Act" title="Burial Act">Burial Act</a> of 1852 legislated for the establishment of the first national system of government-funded municipal cemeteries across the country, opening the way for a massive expansion of burial facilities throughout the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Rural_cemetery" title="Rural cemetery">rural cemeteries</a> became recreational areas in a time before public parks, hosting events from casual picnics to hunts and carriage races.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurmijarvi_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nurmijarvi_cemetery.jpg/220px-Nurmijarvi_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nurmijarvi_cemetery.jpg/330px-Nurmijarvi_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nurmijarvi_cemetery.jpg/440px-Nurmijarvi_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>A cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi" title="Nurmijärvi">Nurmijärvi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG/220px-SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG/330px-SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG/440px-SovietGravesSaaremaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A Soviet military cemetery on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>, Estonia.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kindrogan_family_graveyard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kindrogan_family_graveyard.JPG/157px-Kindrogan_family_graveyard.JPG" decoding="async" width="157" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kindrogan_family_graveyard.JPG/236px-Kindrogan_family_graveyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kindrogan_family_graveyard.JPG/314px-Kindrogan_family_graveyard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Laird's traditional Scottish graveyard at Kindrogan House, Strathardle.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calhan_Colorado_cemetery_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Calhan_Colorado_cemetery_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/157px-Calhan_Colorado_cemetery_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Calhan_Colorado_cemetery_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/236px-Calhan_Colorado_cemetery_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Calhan_Colorado_cemetery_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/314px-Calhan_Colorado_cemetery_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The town cemetery on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Calhan,_Colorado" title="Calhan, Colorado">Calhan, Colorado</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG/220px-HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG/330px-HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG/440px-HillendahlGraveHoustonTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The 1,400 square feet (130 m<sup>2</sup>) plot pictured here has the graves of nineteen members of the Hillendahl family, including one who was interred in 1854, in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Houston" title="Spring Branch, Houston">Spring Branch</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, United States. A descendant of the family sold all of the land around the grave site, but refused to move the actual graves.<sup id="cite_ref-SeoulofHouston_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeoulofHouston-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of different styles of cemetery in use. Many cemeteries have areas based on different styles, reflecting the diversity of cultural practices around death and how it changes over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban">Urban</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringk%C3%B8bing_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd,_Ringk%C3%B8bing,_Danmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ringk%C3%B8bing_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd%2C_Ringk%C3%B8bing%2C_Danmark.jpg/220px-Ringk%C3%B8bing_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd%2C_Ringk%C3%B8bing%2C_Danmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ringk%C3%B8bing_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd%2C_Ringk%C3%B8bing%2C_Danmark.jpg/330px-Ringk%C3%B8bing_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd%2C_Ringk%C3%B8bing%2C_Danmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ringk%C3%B8bing_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd%2C_Ringk%C3%B8bing%2C_Danmark.jpg/440px-Ringk%C3%B8bing_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd%2C_Ringk%C3%B8bing%2C_Danmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>Avenue with <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a> in the cemetery by <a href="/wiki/Ringk%C3%B8bing" title="Ringkøbing">Ringkøbing</a>, Jutland, Denmark.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hietaniemi_Cemetery,_Helsinki,_Finland_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hietaniemi_Cemetery%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_2.jpg/220px-Hietaniemi_Cemetery%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hietaniemi_Cemetery%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_2.jpg/330px-Hietaniemi_Cemetery%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hietaniemi_Cemetery%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_2.jpg/440px-Hietaniemi_Cemetery%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Graves at the <a href="/wiki/Hietaniemi_Cemetery" title="Hietaniemi Cemetery">Hietaniemi Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Uusimaa, Finland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The urban cemetery is a burial ground located in the interior of a village, town, or city. Early urban cemeteries were churchyards, which filled quickly and exhibited a haphazard placement of burial markers as <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sextons</a> tried to squeeze new burials into the remaining space. As new burying grounds were established in urban areas to compensate, burial plots were often laid out in a grid to replace the chaotic appearance of the churchyard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMytum200450_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMytum200450-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban cemeteries developed over time into a more landscaped form as part of civic development of beliefs and institutions that sought to portray the city as civilized and harmonious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorpole200311–12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorpole200311–12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban cemeteries were more sanitary (a place to safely dispose of decomposing corpses) than they were aesthetically pleasing. Corpses were usually buried wrapped in cloth, since coffins, burial vaults, and above-ground crypts inhibited the process of decomposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENonini2014390_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENonini2014390-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, urban cemeteries which were heavily used were often very unhealthy. <a href="/wiki/Receiving_vault" title="Receiving vault">Receiving vaults</a> and crypts often needed to be aired before entering, as decomposing corpses used up so much oxygen that even candles could not remain lit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014220_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014220-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sheer stench from decomposing corpses, even when buried deeply, was overpowering in areas adjacent to the urban cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2013362_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2013362-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpton1997131–132_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpton1997131–132-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decomposition of the human body releases significant pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses which can cause disease and illness, and many urban cemeteries were located without consideration for local groundwater. Modern burials in urban cemeteries also release toxic chemicals associated with embalming, such as arsenic, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, and mercury. Coffins and burial equipment can also release significant amounts of toxic chemicals such as arsenic (used to preserve coffin wood) and formaldehyde (used in varnishes and as a sealant) and toxic metals such as copper, lead, and zinc (from coffin handles and flanges).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorAllen2006342–342_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorAllen2006342–342-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban cemeteries relied heavily on the fact that the soft parts of the body would decompose in about 25 years (although, in moist soil, decomposition can take up to 70 years).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeuser2010137_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeuser2010137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If room for new burials was needed, older bones could be dug up and interred elsewhere (such as in an ossuary) to make space for new interments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENonini2014390_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENonini2014390-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not uncommon in some places, such as England, for fresher corpses to be chopped up to aid decomposition, and for bones to be burned to create fertilizer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014219–221_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014219–221-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-use of graves allowed for a steady stream of income, which enabled the cemetery to remain well-maintained and in good repair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorpole20038_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorpole20038-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all urban cemeteries engaged in re-use of graves, and cultural taboos often prevented it. Many urban cemeteries have fallen into disrepair and become overgrown, as they lacked endowments to fund perpetual care. Many urban cemeteries today are thus home to wildlife, birds, and plants which cannot be found anywhere else in the urban area, and many urban cemeteries in the late 20th century touted their role as an environmental refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorpole2003173_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorpole2003173-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForman2014357–358_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman2014357–358-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many urban cemeteries are characterized by multiple burials in the same grave. Multiple burials is a consequence of the limited size of the urban cemetery, which cannot easily expand due to adjacent building development. It was not uncommon for an urban cemetery to begin adding soil to the top of the cemetery to create new burial space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monumental">Monumental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monumental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cemetery" title="Special:EditPage/Cemetery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genova-Staglieno-IMG_2049.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Genova-Staglieno-IMG_2049.JPG/220px-Genova-Staglieno-IMG_2049.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Genova-Staglieno-IMG_2049.JPG/330px-Genova-Staglieno-IMG_2049.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Genova-Staglieno-IMG_2049.JPG/440px-Genova-Staglieno-IMG_2049.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Monument of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Monumental_Cemetery_of_Staglieno" title="Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno">Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy, one of the most spectacular of a number of Italian cemeteries featuring large-scale sculpture.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Brecheret_-_T%C3%BAmulo_de_Ol%C3%ADvia_Guedes_Penteado.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Victor_Brecheret_-_T%C3%BAmulo_de_Ol%C3%ADvia_Guedes_Penteado.JPG/220px-Victor_Brecheret_-_T%C3%BAmulo_de_Ol%C3%ADvia_Guedes_Penteado.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Victor_Brecheret_-_T%C3%BAmulo_de_Ol%C3%ADvia_Guedes_Penteado.JPG/330px-Victor_Brecheret_-_T%C3%BAmulo_de_Ol%C3%ADvia_Guedes_Penteado.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Victor_Brecheret_-_T%C3%BAmulo_de_Ol%C3%ADvia_Guedes_Penteado.JPG/440px-Victor_Brecheret_-_T%C3%BAmulo_de_Ol%C3%ADvia_Guedes_Penteado.JPG 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>An artwork in a tomb by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Brecheret" title="Victor Brecheret">Victor Brecheret</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cemit%C3%A9rio_da_Consola%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Cemitério da Consolação">Cemitério da Consolação</a>, an example of monumental cemetery in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>monumental cemetery</i> is the traditional style of cemetery where headstones or other monuments made of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> or similar materials rise vertically above the ground (typically around 50 cm but some can be over 2 metres high). Often the entire grave is covered by a slab, commonly <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, but it can be more expensive materials such as <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, and/or has its boundaries delimited by a fence which may be made of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>. Where a number of family members are buried together (either vertically or horizontally), the slab or boundaries may encompass a number of graves. </p><p>Monumental cemeteries are often regarded as unsightly due to the random collection of monuments and headstones they contain. Also, as maintenance of the headstones is the responsibility of family members (in the absence of a proscribed Perpetual Care and Maintenance Fund), over time many headstones are forgotten about and decay and become damaged. For cemetery authorities, monumental cemeteries are difficult to maintain. While cemeteries often have grassed areas between graves, the layout of graves makes it difficult to use modern equipment such as ride-on lawn mowers in the cemetery. Often the maintenance of grass must be done by more labour-intensive (and therefore expensive) methods. In order to reduce the labour cost, devices such as <a href="/wiki/String_trimmer" title="String trimmer">string trimmers</a> are increasingly used in cemetery maintenance,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but such devices can damage the monuments and headstones. Cemetery authorities dislike the criticism they receive for the deteriorating condition of the headstones, arguing that they have no responsibility for the upkeep of headstones, and typically disregard their own maintenance practices as being one of the causes of that deterioration. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_or_garden">Rural or garden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rural or garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_cemetery._Kashgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Muslim_cemetery._Kashgar.jpg/220px-Muslim_cemetery._Kashgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Muslim_cemetery._Kashgar.jpg/330px-Muslim_cemetery._Kashgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Muslim_cemetery._Kashgar.jpg/440px-Muslim_cemetery._Kashgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A Muslim cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, Xinjiang, China.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newport_Cemetery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Newport_Cemetery.JPG/220px-Newport_Cemetery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Newport_Cemetery.JPG/330px-Newport_Cemetery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Newport_Cemetery.JPG/440px-Newport_Cemetery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_Burying_Ground_and_Island_Cemetery" title="Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery">Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MD.BOUALAM_photographer_a_muslim_cemetery_at_sunset_Marrakesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/MD.BOUALAM_photographer_a_muslim_cemetery_at_sunset_Marrakesh.jpg/220px-MD.BOUALAM_photographer_a_muslim_cemetery_at_sunset_Marrakesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/MD.BOUALAM_photographer_a_muslim_cemetery_at_sunset_Marrakesh.jpg/330px-MD.BOUALAM_photographer_a_muslim_cemetery_at_sunset_Marrakesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/MD.BOUALAM_photographer_a_muslim_cemetery_at_sunset_Marrakesh.jpg/440px-MD.BOUALAM_photographer_a_muslim_cemetery_at_sunset_Marrakesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>A Muslim cemetery at sunset in <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, Morocco</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_2009_HuaLien_City_Roadside_Cemetery_FRD_8181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Taiwan_2009_HuaLien_City_Roadside_Cemetery_FRD_8181.jpg/220px-Taiwan_2009_HuaLien_City_Roadside_Cemetery_FRD_8181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Taiwan_2009_HuaLien_City_Roadside_Cemetery_FRD_8181.jpg/330px-Taiwan_2009_HuaLien_City_Roadside_Cemetery_FRD_8181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Taiwan_2009_HuaLien_City_Roadside_Cemetery_FRD_8181.jpg/440px-Taiwan_2009_HuaLien_City_Roadside_Cemetery_FRD_8181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4046" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>A roadside cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_stone2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grave_stone2.JPG/220px-Grave_stone2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grave_stone2.JPG/330px-Grave_stone2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Grave_stone2.JPG/440px-Grave_stone2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>A cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_era_graves_Pemaquid_Cemetery,_Pemaquid,_Maine_image_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Colonial_era_graves_Pemaquid_Cemetery%2C_Pemaquid%2C_Maine_image_4.jpg/220px-Colonial_era_graves_Pemaquid_Cemetery%2C_Pemaquid%2C_Maine_image_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Colonial_era_graves_Pemaquid_Cemetery%2C_Pemaquid%2C_Maine_image_4.jpg/330px-Colonial_era_graves_Pemaquid_Cemetery%2C_Pemaquid%2C_Maine_image_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Colonial_era_graves_Pemaquid_Cemetery%2C_Pemaquid%2C_Maine_image_4.jpg/440px-Colonial_era_graves_Pemaquid_Cemetery%2C_Pemaquid%2C_Maine_image_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> graves in <a href="/wiki/Pemaquid,_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemaquid, Maine">Pemaquid, Maine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khachkars.jpg/220px-Khachkars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khachkars.jpg/330px-Khachkars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Khachkars.jpg/440px-Khachkars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noratus_cemetery" title="Noratus cemetery">Noratus cemetery</a>, a medieval <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> cemetery with a large number of early <a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">khachkars</a>. The cemetery has the largest cluster of khachkars in the country.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rural_cemetery" title="Rural cemetery">Rural cemetery</a></div> <p>The rural cemetery or garden cemetery<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeels200321_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeels200321-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a style of burial ground that uses landscaping in a park-like setting. It was conceived in 1711 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architect</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, who advocated the creation of landscaped burial grounds which featured well-planned walkways which gave extensive access to graves and planned plantings of trees, bushes, and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren's idea was not immediately accepted. But by the early 1800s, existing churchyards were growing overcrowded and unhealthy, with graves stacked upon each other or emptied and reused for new burials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeDecker2009145,_148_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeDecker2009145,_148-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reaction to this, the first "garden" cemetery – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> – opened in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200332_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200332-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because these cemeteries were usually on the outskirts of town (where land was plentiful and cheap), they were called "<a href="/wiki/Rural_cemetery" title="Rural cemetery">rural cemeteries</a>", a term still used to describe them today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeDecker2009145,_148_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeDecker2009145,_148-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept quickly spread across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMickey201317_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMickey201317-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm/220px--Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm/Merry_Cemetery_VP8.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merry_Cemetery" title="Merry Cemetery">Merry Cemetery</a>, Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>Garden/rural cemeteries were not necessarily outside city limits. When land within a city could be found, the cemetery was enclosed with a wall to give it a garden-like quality. These cemeteries were often not sectarian, nor co-located with a house of worship. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a> movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercelloniVercelloni2010198_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercelloniVercelloni2010198-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they often looked like attractive parks. The first garden/rural cemetery in the United States was <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> near <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, founded by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson200130_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson200130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the establishment of Mount Auburn, dozens of other "rural" cemeteries were established in the United States – perhaps in part because of Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a>'s dedication address – and there were dozens of dedication addresses,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the famous <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> of President Abraham Lincoln. </p><p>The cost of building a garden/rural cemetery often meant that only the wealthy could afford burial there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney2014102_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney2014102-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, garden/rural cemeteries often feature above-ground monuments and memorials, <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbarium" title="Columbarium">columbaria</a>. The excessive filling of rural/garden cemeteries with elaborate above-ground memorials, many of dubious artistic quality or taste, created a backlash which led to the development of the lawn cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMytum200451_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMytum200451-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="lawn_cemetery"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawn_cemetery">Lawn cemetery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lawn cemetery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a review of British burial and death practises, Julie Rugg wrote that there were "four closely interlinked factors that explain the 'invention' and widespread adoption of the lawn cemetery: the deterioration of the Victorian cemetery; a self-conscious rejection of Victorian aesthetics in favour of modern alternatives; resource difficulties that, particularly after World War II, increasingly constrained what might be achieved in terms of cemetery maintenance; and growing professionalism in the field of cemetery management."<sup id="cite_ref-Rugg2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rugg2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, lawn cemeteries comprise a number of graves in a lawn setting with trees and gardens on the perimeter. <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Strauch" title="Adolph Strauch">Adolph Strauch</a> introduced this style in 1855 in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While aesthetic appeal to family members has been the primary driver for the development of lawn cemeteries, cemetery authorities initially welcomed this new style of cemetery enthusiastically, expecting easier maintenance. Selecting (or grading) the land intended for a lawn cemetery so that it is completely flat allows the use of large efficient <a href="/wiki/Mower" title="Mower">mowers</a> (such as ride-on mowers or lawn tractors) - the plaques (being horizontally set in the ground) lie below the level of the blades and are not damaged by the blades. In practice, while families are often initially attracted to the uncluttered appearance of a lawn cemetery, the common practice of placing <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> (sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vases</a>) and increasingly other items (e.g. small <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toys</a> on children's graves) re-introduces some clutter to the cemetery and makes it difficult to use the larger <a href="/wiki/Mower" title="Mower">mowers</a>. While cemetery authorities increasingly impose restrictions on the nature and type of objects that can be placed on lawn graves and actively remove prohibited items, grieving families are often unwilling to comply with these restrictions and become very upset if the items are removed. Another problem with lawn cemeteries involves grass over-growth over time: the <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> can grow over and cover the plaque, to the distress of families who can no longer easily locate the grave. Grasses that propagate by an above-ground <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolon</a> (runner) can cover a plaque very quickly. Grasses that propagate by a below-ground <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> tend not to cover the plaque as easily. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CalvaryCemeteryQueens_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CalvaryCemeteryQueens_edit.jpg/220px-CalvaryCemeteryQueens_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CalvaryCemeteryQueens_edit.jpg/330px-CalvaryCemeteryQueens_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CalvaryCemeteryQueens_edit.jpg/440px-CalvaryCemeteryQueens_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(Queens,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary Cemetery (Queens, New York)">Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Cernavod%C4%83,_cemetery,_Danube_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_cemetery%2C_Danube_%282%29.jpg/220px-Near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_cemetery%2C_Danube_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_cemetery%2C_Danube_%282%29.jpg/330px-Near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_cemetery%2C_Danube_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_cemetery%2C_Danube_%282%29.jpg/440px-Near_Cernavod%C4%83%2C_cemetery%2C_Danube_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Overgrown cemetery overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, Romania</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lawn_beam">Lawn beam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lawn beam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cemetery" title="Special:EditPage/Cemetery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The lawn beam cemetery, a recent development, seeks to solve the problems of the lawn cemetery while retaining many of its benefits. Low (10–15 cm) raised <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> slabs (beams) are placed across the cemetery. <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative plaques">Commemorative plaques</a> (usually standardised in terms of size and materials similar to lawn cemeteries) stand on these beams adjacent to each grave. As in a lawn cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> grows over the graves themselves. The areas between the beams are wide enough to permit easy mowing with a larger mower. As the mower blades are set lower than the top of the beam and the mowers do not go over the beam, the blades cannot damage the plaques. Up on the beam, the plaques cannot be easily overgrown by grass, and spaces between the plaques permit families to place flowers and other objects out of reach of the mowing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural">Natural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Natural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Natural_burial#Environmental_issues_with_conventional_burial" title="Natural burial">Environmental impact of conventional burial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></div> <p>A <i>natural cemetery,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Eco-cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-cemetery">eco-cemetery</a>,</i> <i>green cemetery</i> or <i>conservation cemetery</i>, is a new style of cemetery as an area set aside for <a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">natural burials</a> (with or without <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffins</a>). Natural burials are motivated by a desire to be environmentally conscious with the body rapidly decomposing and becoming part of the natural environment without incurring the environmental cost of traditional burials. Certifications may be granted for various levels of green burial. Green burial certifications are issued in a tiered system reflecting level of natural burial practice. Green burial certification standards designate a cemetery as Hybrid, Natural, or Conservation Burial Grounds. </p><p>Many scientists have argued that natural burials would be a highly efficient use of land if designed specifically to save endangered habitats, ecosystems and species.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposite has also been proposed. Instead of letting natural burials permanently protect wild landscapes, others have argued that the rapid decomposition of a natural burial, in principle, allows for the quick re-use of grave sites in comparison with conventional burials. However, it is unclear if reusing cemetery land will be culturally acceptable to most people. </p><p>In keeping with the intention of "returning to nature" and the early re-use potential, natural cemeteries do not normally have conventional grave markings such as <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstones</a>. Instead, exact GPS recordings and or the placing of a tree, bush or rock often marks the location of the dead, so grieving family and friends can visit the precise location of a grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbarium_wall">Columbarium wall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Columbarium wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cemetery" title="Special:EditPage/Cemetery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG/220px-Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG/330px-Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG/440px-Lawnton-columbarium-wall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A columbarium wall at <a href="/wiki/Lawnton,_Queensland" title="Lawnton, Queensland">Lawnton, Queensland</a>, showing empty niches, plaques and flower holders</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Columbarium" title="Columbarium">Columbarium</a> walls</i> are a common feature of many cemeteries, reflecting the increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>. While cremated remains can be kept at home by families in <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a> or scattered in some significant or attractive place, neither of these approaches allows for a long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">commemorative plaque</a> to honour the dead nor provide a place for the wider circle of friends and family to come to <a href="/wiki/Mourn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourn">mourn</a> or visit. Therefore, many cemeteries now provide walls (typically of <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">rendered</a> brick construction) with a rectangular array of niches, with each niche being big enough to accommodate a person's cremated remains. Columbarium walls are a very space-efficient use of land in a cemetery compared with burials and a niche in a columbarium wall is a much cheaper alternative to a burial plot. A small plaque (about 15 cm x 10 cm) can be affixed across the front of each niche and is generally included as part of the price of a niche. As the writing on the plaques has to be fairly small to fit on the small size of the plaque, the design of columbarium walls is constrained by the ability of visitors to read the plaques. Thus, the niches are typically placed between 1 metre to 2 metres above the ground so the plaques can be easily read by an adult. Some columbarium walls have niches going close to ground level, but these niches are usually unpopular with families as it is difficult to read the plaque without bending down very low (something older people in particular find difficult or uncomfortable to do). </p><p>As with graves, the niches may be assigned by the cemetery authorities or families may choose from the unoccupied niches available. It is usually possible to purchase (or pay a deposit) to reserve the use of adjacent niches for other family members. The use of adjacent niches (vertically or horizontally) usually permits a larger plaque spanning all the niches involved, which provides more space for the writing. As with graves, there may be separate columbarium walls for different religions or for war veterans. As with lawn cemeteries, the original expectation was that people would prefer the uncluttered simplicity of a wall of plaques, but the practice of leaving <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> is very entrenched. Mourners leave flowers (and other objects) on top of columbarium walls or at the base, as close as they can to the plaque of their family member. In some cases, it is possible to squeeze a piece of wire or string under the plaque allowing a flower or small posy to be placed on the plaque itself or clips are glued onto the plaque for that purpose. Newer designs of columbarium walls take this desire to leave flowers into account by incorporating a metal clip or loop beside each plaque, typically designed to hold a single flower stem or a small posy. As the flowers decay, they simply fall to the ground and do not create a significant maintenance problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetry_of_Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church_founded_by_St._Thomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cemetry_of_Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church_founded_by_St._Thomas.jpg/220px-Cemetry_of_Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church_founded_by_St._Thomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cemetry_of_Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church_founded_by_St._Thomas.jpg/330px-Cemetry_of_Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church_founded_by_St._Thomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cemetry_of_Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church_founded_by_St._Thomas.jpg/440px-Cemetry_of_Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church_founded_by_St._Thomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Family cemeteries in India</figcaption></figure> <p>While uncommon today, family (or private) cemeteries were a matter of practicality during the settlement of America. If a municipal or religious cemetery had not been established, settlers would seek out a small plot of land, often in wooded areas bordering their fields, to begin a family plot. Sometimes, several families would arrange to bury their dead together. While some of these sites later grew into true cemeteries, many were forgotten after a family moved away or died out. </p><p>Today, it is not unheard of to discover groupings of tombstones, ranging from a few to a dozen or more, on undeveloped land. As late 20th-century suburban sprawl pressured the pace of development in formerly rural areas, it became increasingly common for larger exurban properties to be encumbered by "religious easements", which are legal requirements for the property owner to permit periodic maintenance of small burial plots located on the property but technically not owned with it. Often, cemeteries are relocated to accommodate building. However, if the cemetery is not relocated, descendants of people buried there may visit the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also the practice of families with large estates choosing to create private cemeteries in the form of burial sites, <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a> on their property; the mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> is an example of this practice. Burial of a body at a site may protect the location from redevelopment, with such estates often being placed in the care of a <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(charity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (charity)">foundation</a>. In the United States, state regulations have made it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, to start private cemeteries; many require a plan to care for the site in perpetuity. Private cemeteries are nearly always forbidden on incorporated residential zones. Many people will bury a beloved pet on the family property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabian_tribal">Arabian tribal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arabian tribal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the Saudis in <a href="/wiki/Al_Baha" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Baha">Al Baha</a> are Muslims, and this is reflected in their cemetery and <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> customs. "The southern tribal hinterland of Baha – home to especially the Al-<a href="/wiki/Ghamdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghamdi">Ghamdi</a> and Al-<a href="/wiki/Zahran_tribe" title="Zahran tribe">Zahrani</a> tribes – has been renowned for centuries for their tribal <a href="/wiki/Cemeteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemeteries">cemeteries</a> that are now slowly vanishing", according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq Al-Awsat</a></i> newspaper: "One old villager explained how tribal cemeteries came about. 'People used to die in large numbers and very rapidly one after the other because of diseases. So the villagers would dig graves close by burying members of the same family in one area. That was how the family and tribal burial grounds came about... If the family ran out of space, they would open old graves where family members had been buried before and add more people to them. </p><p>This process is known as <i>khashf</i>. During famines and outbreaks of epidemics huge numbers of people would die and many tribes faced difficulties in digging new graves because of the difficult weather. In the past, some Arab winters lasted for more than six months and would be accompanied with much rain and fog, impeding movement. But due to tribal rivalries many families would guard their cemeteries and put restrictions on who was buried in them. Across Baha, burial grounds have been constructed in different ways. Some cemeteries consist of underground vaults or concrete burial chambers with the capacity of holding many bodies simultaneously. Such vaults include windows for people to peer through and are usually decorated ornately with text, drawings, and patterns. At least one resident believes that the graves unique in the region because many are not oriented toward <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, and therefore must pre-date <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terraced">Terraced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Terraced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graves are terraced in <a href="/wiki/Yagoto_Cemetery" title="Yagoto Cemetery">Yagoto Cemetery</a>, which is an urban cemetery situated in a hilly area in Nagoya, Japan, effectively creating stone walls blanketing hillsides.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cross_Bones" title="Cross Bones">Cross Bones</a> is a burial ground for prostitutes in London. The <a href="/wiki/Neptune_Memorial_Reef" title="Neptune Memorial Reef">Neptune Memorial Reef</a> is an underwater columbarium near <a href="/wiki/Key_Biscayne" title="Key Biscayne">Key Biscayne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_memorials">Online memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Online memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s and 2010s, it has become increasingly common for cemeteries and funeral homes to offer online services. There are also stand-alone online "cemeteries" such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovereverafter.com/">DiscoverEverAfter</a> <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Headstones" title="Canadian Headstones">Canadian Headstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interment.net" title="Interment.net">Interment.net</a>, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cemetery.org">World Wide Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs_and_practices">Customs and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Customs and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cemetery" title="Special:EditPage/Cemetery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowers">Flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_%C3%89dith_Piaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_grave_of_%C3%89dith_Piaf.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_%C3%89dith_Piaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_grave_of_%C3%89dith_Piaf.jpg/330px-The_grave_of_%C3%89dith_Piaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_grave_of_%C3%89dith_Piaf.jpg/440px-The_grave_of_%C3%89dith_Piaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Flowers left on the grave of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf" title="Édith Piaf">Édith Piaf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Western countries, and many others,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (May 2014)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> visitors to graves commonly leave <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>, especially during major holidays and on birthdays or relevant anniversaries. Cemeteries usually dispose of these flowers after a few weeks in order to keep the space maintained. Some companies offer perpetual flower services, to ensure a grave is always decorated with fresh flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers may often be planted on the grave as well, usually immediately in front of the gravestone. For this purpose <a href="/wiki/Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses">roses</a> are highly common. </p><p>In some regions flowers are put out at specific times called <a href="/wiki/Decoration_Day_(Appalachia_and_Liberia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoration Day (Appalachia and Liberia)">Decoration Days</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stones">Stones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buttenhausen-5815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Buttenhausen-5815.jpg/220px-Buttenhausen-5815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Buttenhausen-5815.jpg/330px-Buttenhausen-5815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Buttenhausen-5815.jpg/440px-Buttenhausen-5815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Small stones on a gravestone in a Jewish cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Visitors to loved ones interred in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">Jewish cemeteries</a> often leave a small stone on the top of the headstone. There are prayers said at the gravesite, and the stone is left on the visitor's departure. It is done as a show of respect; as a general rule, flowers are not placed at Jewish graves. Flowers are fleeting; the symbology inherent in the use of a stone is to show that the love, honor, memories, and soul of the loved one are eternal. This practice is seen in the closing scene of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_List" title="Schindler's List">Schindler's List</a></i>, although in that case it is not on a Jewish grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crosses">Crosses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Crosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poppies_Mounted_on_Wooden_Crosses_for_Remembrance_Day_2003_MOD_45143469.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Poppies_Mounted_on_Wooden_Crosses_for_Remembrance_Day_2003_MOD_45143469.jpg/220px-Poppies_Mounted_on_Wooden_Crosses_for_Remembrance_Day_2003_MOD_45143469.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Poppies_Mounted_on_Wooden_Crosses_for_Remembrance_Day_2003_MOD_45143469.jpg/330px-Poppies_Mounted_on_Wooden_Crosses_for_Remembrance_Day_2003_MOD_45143469.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Poppies_Mounted_on_Wooden_Crosses_for_Remembrance_Day_2003_MOD_45143469.jpg/440px-Poppies_Mounted_on_Wooden_Crosses_for_Remembrance_Day_2003_MOD_45143469.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Wooden crosses with remembrance poppies on them</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/War_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="War graves">War graves</a> will commonly have small timber <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_cross" title="Remembrance cross">remembrance crosses</a> left with a <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_poppy" title="Remembrance poppy">red poppy</a> attached to its centre. These will often have messages written on the cross. More formal visits will often leave a poppy wreath. Jewish war graves are sometimes marked by a timber <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candles">Candles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Candles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints_Day_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA,_2014_lights_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/All_Saints_Day_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%2C_2014_lights_02.jpg/220px-All_Saints_Day_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%2C_2014_lights_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/All_Saints_Day_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%2C_2014_lights_02.jpg/330px-All_Saints_Day_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%2C_2014_lights_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/All_Saints_Day_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%2C_2014_lights_02.jpg/440px-All_Saints_Day_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%2C_2014_lights_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Grave candles in the Old Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>Placing burning <a href="/wiki/Grave_candle" title="Grave candle">grave candles</a> on the cemetery to commemorate the dead is a very common tradition in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> nations, for example, Poland. It is mostly practised on <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a>. The traditional grave candles are called <i>znicz</i> in Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-tvp_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar practice of grave candles is also used in Eastern Orthodox Christian nations, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toys">Toys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Toys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the American South, graves of children are often decorated with emblems of childhood. These include favorite toys, balloons, seasonal decorations, religious figurines, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_management">Contemporary management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Contemporary management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UA_students_participate_in_cemetery_cleanup_for_Veterans_Day.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/UA_students_participate_in_cemetery_cleanup_for_Veterans_Day.png/220px-UA_students_participate_in_cemetery_cleanup_for_Veterans_Day.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/UA_students_participate_in_cemetery_cleanup_for_Veterans_Day.png/330px-UA_students_participate_in_cemetery_cleanup_for_Veterans_Day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/UA_students_participate_in_cemetery_cleanup_for_Veterans_Day.png/440px-UA_students_participate_in_cemetery_cleanup_for_Veterans_Day.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Volunteers cleaning a gravestone in <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa, Alabama</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, cemetery management only involves the allocation of land for burial, the digging and filling of graves, and the maintenance of the grounds and landscaping. The construction and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstones</a> and other grave monuments are usually the responsibilities of surviving families and friends. However, increasingly, many people regard the resultant collection of individual headstones, concrete slabs and fences (some of which may be decayed or damaged) to be aesthetically unappealing, leading to new cemetery developments either standardising the shape or design of headstones or plaques, sometimes by providing a standard shaped marker as part of the service provided by the cemetery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grave_digging">Grave digging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Grave digging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cemetery authorities normally employ a full-time staff of <a href="/wiki/Gravedigger" title="Gravedigger">caretakers</a> to dig graves. The term <i>gravedigger</i> is still used in casual speech, though many cemeteries have adopted the term <i>caretaker</i>, since their duties often involve maintenance of the cemetery grounds and facilities. The employment of skilled personnel for the preparation of graves is done not only to ensure the grave is dug in the correct location and at the correct depth, but also to relieve families from having to dig the grave for a recently dead relative, and as a matter of public safety, in order to prevent inexperienced visitors from injuring themselves, to ensure unused graves are properly covered, and to avoid legal liability that would result from an injury related to an improperly dug or uncovered grave. </p><p>Preparation of the grave is usually begins before mourners arrive for the burial. The cemetery caretakers fill the grave after the burial, generally after the mourners have departed. Mechanical equipment, such as <a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoes</a>, are used to reduce labour cost of digging and filling, but some hand shovelling may still be required. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> the minimum depth from the surface to the highest lid is 36 inches (91 cm). There must be 6 inches (15 cm) between each coffin, which on average is 15 inches (38 cm) high. If the soil is free-draining and porous, only 24 inches (61 cm) of soil on top is required. Coffins may be interred at lesser depths or even above ground as long as they are encased in a concrete chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1977, double graves were dug to 8 feet (240 cm) and singles to 6 feet (180 cm). As a single grave is now dug to 54 inches (140 cm), old cemeteries contain many areas where new single graves can be dug on "old ground". This is considered a valid method of resource management and provides income to keep older cemeteries viable, thus forestalling the need for permanent closure, which would result in a reduction of their work force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemetery_key">Cemetery key</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cemetery key"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messing_Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel_eines_Pfarrers_mit_Einh%C3%A4ndigungsschein_und_Etui_-_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Messing_Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel_eines_Pfarrers_mit_Einh%C3%A4ndigungsschein_und_Etui_-_1935.jpg/220px-Messing_Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel_eines_Pfarrers_mit_Einh%C3%A4ndigungsschein_und_Etui_-_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Messing_Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel_eines_Pfarrers_mit_Einh%C3%A4ndigungsschein_und_Etui_-_1935.jpg/330px-Messing_Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel_eines_Pfarrers_mit_Einh%C3%A4ndigungsschein_und_Etui_-_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Messing_Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel_eines_Pfarrers_mit_Einh%C3%A4ndigungsschein_und_Etui_-_1935.jpg/440px-Messing_Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel_eines_Pfarrers_mit_Einh%C3%A4ndigungsschein_und_Etui_-_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4192" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption> Brass cemetery key of a pastor, with handover document and sheath — around 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>The key is a central element of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keys of death and hell as a metaphor and synonym for these often stands the cemetery key. Today it is also integrated in many games as the "graveyard key holder".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_registers">Burial registers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Burial registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually there is a legal requirement to maintain records regarding the burials (or interment of ashes) within a cemetery. These burial registers usually contain (at a minimum) the name of the person buried, the date of burial and the location of the burial plots within the cemetery, although some contain far more detail. The <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, one of the United States' largest military cemeteries, has a registry, <i>The ANC Explorer</i>, which contains details such as photographs of the front and back of the tombstones.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burial registers are an important resource for <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use">Land use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to physically manage the space within the cemetery (to avoid burials in existing graves) and to record locations in the burial register, most cemeteries have some systematic layout of graves in rows, generally grouped into larger sections as required. Often the cemetery displays this information in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a>, which is used both by the cemetery administration in managing their land use and also by friends and family members seeking to locate a particular grave within the cemetery.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1745&context=law_urbanlaw">[3]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressures">Pressures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pressures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City-of-the-Dead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/City-of-the-Dead.jpg/220px-City-of-the-Dead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/City-of-the-Dead.jpg/330px-City-of-the-Dead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/City-of-the-Dead.jpg/440px-City-of-the-Dead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>A tomb retrofitted as a residence in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo)" title="City of the Dead (Cairo)">City of the Dead</a>. Cairo's City of the Dead is a centuries-old cemetery that has become home to as many as 1 million Egyptians during the last decades.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cemetery authorities face a number of tensions in regard to the management of cemeteries. </p><p>One issue relates to cost. Traditionally, a single payment is made at the time of burial, but the cemetery authority incurs expenses in cemetery maintenance over many decades. Many cemetery authorities find that their accumulated funds are not sufficient for the costs of long-term maintenance. This shortfall in funds for maintenance results in three main options: charge much higher prices for new burials, obtain some other kind of public subsidy, or neglect maintenance. For cemeteries without space for new burials, the options are even more limited. Public attitudes towards subsidies are highly variable. People with family buried in local cemeteries are usually quite concerned about neglect of cemetery maintenance and will usually argue in favour of public subsidy of local cemetery maintenance, whereas other people without personal connection to the cemetery often argue that public subsidies of private cemeteries is an inappropriate use of their taxes. Some jurisdictions require a certain amount of money be set aside in perpetuity and invested so that the interest earned can be used for maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Planet_Money_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planet_Money-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue relates to limited amount of land. In many larger towns and cities, the older cemeteries which were initially considered to be large often run out of space for new burials and there is no vacant adjacent land available to extend the cemetery or even land in the same general area to create new cemeteries. New cemeteries are generally established on the periphery of towns and cities, where large tracts of land are still available. However, people often wish to be buried in the same cemetery as other relatives, and are not interested in being buried in new cemeteries with which there is no sense of connection to their family, creating pressure to find more space in existing cemeteries. </p><p>A third issue is the maintenance of monuments and headstones, which are generally the responsibility of families, but often become neglected over time. Decay and damage through vandalism or cemetery maintenance practices can render monuments and headstones either unsafe or at least unsightly. On the other hand, some families do not forget the grave but constantly visit, leaving behind flowers, plants, and other decorative items that create their own maintenance problem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-use_of_graves">Re-use of graves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Re-use of graves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_cemetery_DSCN1581.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Madrid_cemetery_DSCN1581.jpg/220px-Madrid_cemetery_DSCN1581.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Madrid_cemetery_DSCN1581.jpg/330px-Madrid_cemetery_DSCN1581.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Madrid_cemetery_DSCN1581.jpg/440px-Madrid_cemetery_DSCN1581.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery excavations, like this one in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, can alleviate overcrowding.</figcaption></figure> <p>All of these issues tend to put pressure on the re-use of grave sites within cemeteries. The re-use of graves already used for burial can cause considerable upset to family members. Although the authorities might declare that the grave is sufficiently old that there will be no human remains still present, nonetheless many people regard the re-use of graves (particularly their family's graves) as a <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">desecration</a>. Also re-use of a used grave involves the removal of any monuments and headstones, which may cause further distress to families (although families will typically be allowed to take away the monuments and headstones if they wish). </p><p>On the other hand, cemetery authorities are well aware that many old graves are forgotten and not visited and that their re-use will not cause distress to anyone. However, there may be some older graves in a cemetery for whom there are local and vocal descendants who will mount a public campaign against re-use. One pragmatic strategy is to publicly announce plans to re-use older graves and invite families to respond if they are willing or not. Re-use then only occurs where there are no objections allowing the "forgotten" graves to be re-used. Sometimes the cemetery authorities request a further payment to avoid re-use of a grave, but often this backfires politically. </p><p>A practical problem with regard to contacting families is that the person who initially purchased the burial plot(s) may have subsequently died and locating living family members, if any, many decades later is virtually impossible (or at least prohibitively expensive). Public notice about the proposed re-use of graves may or may not reach family members living further afield who may object to such practices. Therefore, it is possible that re-use could occur without family awareness. </p><p>Some cemeteries did foresee the need for re-use and included in their original terms and conditions a limited tenure on a grave site and most new cemeteries follow this practice, having seen the problems faced by older cemeteries. Common practice in Europe is to place bones in an <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a> after the proscribed burial period is over.<sup id="cite_ref-Planet_Money_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planet_Money-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, even when the cemetery has the legal right to re-use a grave, strong public opinion often forces the authorities to back down on that re-use. Also, even when cemeteries have a limited tenure provision in place, funding shortages can force them to contemplate re-use earlier than the original arrangements provided for. </p><p>Another type of grave site considered for re-use are empty plots purchased years ago but never used. In principle it would seem easier to "re-use" such grave sites as there can be no claims of desecration, but often this is made complicated by the legal rights to be buried obtained by the pre-purchase, as any limited tenure clause only takes effect after there has been a burial. Again, cemetery authorities suspect that in many cases the holders of these burial rights are probably dead and that nobody will exercise that burial right, but again some families are aware of the burial rights they possess and do intend to exercise them as and when family members die. Again the difficulty of being unable to locate the holders of these burial rights complicates the re-use of those graves. </p><p>As historic cemeteries begin to reach their capacity for full burials, alternative memorialization, such as collective memorials for cremated individuals, is becoming more common. Different cultures have different attitudes to destruction of cemeteries and use of the land for construction. In some countries it is considered normal to destroy the graves, while in others the graves are traditionally respected for a century or more. In many cases, after a suitable period of time has elapsed, the headstones are removed and the now former cemetery is converted to a recreational park or construction site. A more recent trend, particularly in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> cities, involves constructing high-rise buildings to house graves.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cemeteries in the US may be relocated if the land is required for other reasons. For instance, many cemeteries in the southeastern United States were relocated by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> from areas about to be flooded by dam construction.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cemeteries may also be moved so that the land can be reused for transportation structures,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even private development.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cemetery relocation is not necessarily possible in other parts of the world; in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada, for instance, the <i>Cemetery Act</i> expressly forbids the relocation of cemeteries or the mass exhumation of marked graves for any reason whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has caused significant problems in the provision of transportation services to the southern half of <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, as the main southbound road connecting the south end of the city with downtown threads through a series of cemeteries founded in the 1930s. The <a href="/wiki/C-Train" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Train">light rail transit</a> line running to the south end eventually had to be built directly under the road. </p><p>In Singapore, burials are limited to 15 years before graves are exhumed. This has led to a preference of cremation over burial among Singaporeans.<sup id="cite_ref-2018Stats_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018Stats-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superstitions">Superstitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Superstitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cemetery" title="Special:EditPage/Cemetery">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetery,_Galisteo,_New_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cemetery%2C_Galisteo%2C_New_Mexico.jpg/220px-Cemetery%2C_Galisteo%2C_New_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cemetery%2C_Galisteo%2C_New_Mexico.jpg/330px-Cemetery%2C_Galisteo%2C_New_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cemetery%2C_Galisteo%2C_New_Mexico.jpg/440px-Cemetery%2C_Galisteo%2C_New_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Cemetery gate, <a href="/wiki/Galisteo,_New_Mexico" title="Galisteo, New Mexico">Galisteo, New Mexico</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In many countries, cemeteries are places believed to hold both <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> characteristics, being used, usually at night times, as an altar in supposed <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> ceremonies or similarly clandestine happenings, such as devil worshipping, grave-robbing (gold teeth and jewelry are preferred), thrilling sex encounters, or drug and alcohol abuse not related to the cemetery <a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">aura</a>. </p><p>The legend of <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombies</a>, as romanticized by <a href="/wiki/Wade_Davis_(anthropologist)" title="Wade Davis (anthropologist)">Wade Davis</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_and_the_Rainbow_(book)" title="The Serpent and the Rainbow (book)">The Serpent and the Rainbow</a></i>, is not exceptional among cemetery myths, as cemeteries are believed to be places where witches and sorcerers get skulls and bones needed for their sinister rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Afro-Brazilian urban mythos (such as <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>), there is a character loosely related to cemeteries and its <a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">aura</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Pilintra" title="Zé Pilintra">Zé Pilintra</a> (in fact, Zé Pilintra is more related to bohemianism and night life than with cemeteries, where the reigning entity is <i>Exu Caveira</i> or <i>Exu Cemitério</i>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Voodoo</a> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Samedi" title="Baron Samedi">Baron Samedi</a>).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Macumba">[4]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-06-17_Elazig_Mezarligi-930-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old graveyard in Elazığ, Turkey."><img alt="Old graveyard in Elazığ, Turkey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2013-06-17_Elazig_Mezarligi-930-2.jpg/138px-2013-06-17_Elazig_Mezarligi-930-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2013-06-17_Elazig_Mezarligi-930-2.jpg/207px-2013-06-17_Elazig_Mezarligi-930-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2013-06-17_Elazig_Mezarligi-930-2.jpg/276px-2013-06-17_Elazig_Mezarligi-930-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old graveyard in <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a>, Turkey.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erlangen-Eltersdorf_Friedhof_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cemetery in Franconia, Germany."><img alt="Cemetery in Franconia, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Erlangen-Eltersdorf_Friedhof_001.JPG/331px-Erlangen-Eltersdorf_Friedhof_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="221" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Erlangen-Eltersdorf_Friedhof_001.JPG/496px-Erlangen-Eltersdorf_Friedhof_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Erlangen-Eltersdorf_Friedhof_001.JPG/662px-Erlangen-Eltersdorf_Friedhof_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, Germany.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graveyard_at_the_Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary_in_Bandel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graveyard at the Basilica of the Holy Rosary in Bandel, West Bengal."><img alt="Graveyard at the Basilica of the Holy Rosary in Bandel, West Bengal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Graveyard_at_the_Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary_in_Bandel.jpg/280px-Graveyard_at_the_Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary_in_Bandel.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Graveyard_at_the_Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary_in_Bandel.jpg/420px-Graveyard_at_the_Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary_in_Bandel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Graveyard_at_the_Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary_in_Bandel.jpg/560px-Graveyard_at_the_Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary_in_Bandel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graveyard at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_Rosary,_Bandel" title="Basilica of the Holy Rosary, Bandel">Basilica of the Holy Rosary</a> in Bandel, West Bengal.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holland_Cemetery,_Oklahoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holland Cemetery, a rural cemetery in northeast Oklahoma."><img alt="Holland Cemetery, a rural cemetery in northeast Oklahoma." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Holland_Cemetery%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/280px-Holland_Cemetery%2C_Oklahoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Holland_Cemetery%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/420px-Holland_Cemetery%2C_Oklahoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Holland_Cemetery%2C_Oklahoma.jpg/560px-Holland_Cemetery%2C_Oklahoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holland Cemetery, a rural cemetery in northeast <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jednorozec_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A village cemetery in Jednorożec, Poland."><img alt="A village cemetery in Jednorożec, Poland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jednorozec_cemetery.jpg/277px-Jednorozec_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jednorozec_cemetery.jpg/416px-Jednorozec_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jednorozec_cemetery.jpg/554px-Jednorozec_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A village cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Jednoro%C5%BCec" title="Jednorożec">Jednorożec</a>, Poland.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_cemetery_Worms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewish cemetery "Heiliger Sand" in Worms, Germany."><img alt="Jewish cemetery "Heiliger Sand" in Worms, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jewish_cemetery_Worms.jpg/280px-Jewish_cemetery_Worms.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jewish_cemetery_Worms.jpg/420px-Jewish_cemetery_Worms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jewish_cemetery_Worms.jpg/560px-Jewish_cemetery_Worms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewish cemetery "Heiliger Sand" in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms, Germany</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Jewish_Cemetery,_Prague_047.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prague's Old Jewish Cemetery is the last resting place for more than 100,000 people who had been buried here since the 15th century."><img alt="Prague's Old Jewish Cemetery is the last resting place for more than 100,000 people who had been buried here since the 15th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Old_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Prague_047.jpg/157px-Old_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Prague_047.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Old_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Prague_047.jpg/236px-Old_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Prague_047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Old_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Prague_047.jpg/315px-Old_Jewish_Cemetery%2C_Prague_047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Old_Jewish_Cemetery,_Prague" title="Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague">Old Jewish Cemetery</a> is the last resting place for more than 100,000 people who had been buried here since the 15th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemeterybelltower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A belltower at Forest Home Cemetery, in Fifield, Wisconsin. Tolling bells during funerals has been customary in some places around the world."><img alt="A belltower at Forest Home Cemetery, in Fifield, Wisconsin. Tolling bells during funerals has been customary in some places around the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cemeterybelltower.jpg/157px-Cemeterybelltower.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cemeterybelltower.jpg/235px-Cemeterybelltower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cemeterybelltower.jpg/314px-Cemeterybelltower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="3296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A belltower at Forest Home Cemetery, in <a href="/wiki/Fifield,_Wisconsin" title="Fifield, Wisconsin">Fifield, Wisconsin</a>. Tolling bells during funerals has been customary in some places around the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taguig_City_MNL_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila American Cemetery and Memorial, the largest American military cemetery outside of the United States."><img alt="Manila American Cemetery and Memorial, the largest American military cemetery outside of the United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Taguig_City_MNL_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg/317px-Taguig_City_MNL_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Taguig_City_MNL_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg/475px-Taguig_City_MNL_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Taguig_City_MNL_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg/634px-Taguig_City_MNL_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="3068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manila_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila American Cemetery and Memorial">Manila American Cemetery and Memorial</a>, the largest American military cemetery outside of the United States.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpse_road" title="Corpse road">Corpse road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_cemetery" title="Pet cemetery">Pet cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Prison cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cemeteries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of cemeteries by country">Lists of cemeteries by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacomb">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">Churchyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coemeterium" title="Coemeterium">Coemeterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium" title="Columbarium">Columbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_field" title="Grave field">Grave field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">Mass grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">Ossuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmarked_grave" title="Unmarked grave">Unmarked grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_grave" title="War grave">War grave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=koimhth/rion"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κοιμητήριον</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=cemetery">"cemetery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=cemetery&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcemetery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-cemetery" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/29562">"cemetery"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cemetery&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F29562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpendran2011" class="citation news cs1">Upendran, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Know+Your+English%3A+Difference+between+%27graveyard%27+and+%27cemetery%27&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.aulast=Upendran&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fknow-your-english%2Fknow-your-english-difference-between-graveyard-and-cemetery%2Farticle2568640.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatdifferencebetween.com/cemetery-and-graveyard/">"What's the Difference Between Cemetery and Graveyard"</a>. <i>WhatDifferenceBetween</i>. 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CBS News. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beckettstreetcemetery.org.uk&rft.atitle=Friends+of+Beckett+Street+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeckettstreetcemetery.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D21%26Itemid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Greenfield2011" class="citation web cs1">Rebecca Greenfield (March 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/03/our-first-public-parks-the-forgotten-history-of-cemeteries/71818/">"Our First Public Parks: The Forgotten History of Cemeteries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120090836/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/03/our-first-public-parks-the-forgotten-history-of-cemeteries/71818/">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12+Strange+but+Genteel+Pleasure+Grounds%3A+Tourist+and+Leisure+Uses+of+Nineteenth-Century+Rural+Cemeteries&rft.btitle=Cemeteries+%26+Gravemarkers&rft.pages=293-328&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado%2C+Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46nqxw.19%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt46nqxw.19&rft.isbn=9780874211603&rft.au=Blanche+Linden-Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46nqxw.19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeoulofHouston-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeoulofHouston_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lomax, John Nova. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.houstonpress.com/houstoned/2008/01/the_seoul_of_houston_the_weath.php">The Seoul of Houston: The Weather Was Not the Strong Point on Long Point</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829102912/http://blogs.houstonpress.com/houstoned/2008/01/the_seoul_of_houston_the_weath.php">Archived</a> 2008-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Press" title="Houston Press">Houston Press</a></i>. January 30, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMytum200450-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMytum200450_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMytum2004">Mytum 2004</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorpole200311–12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorpole200311–12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorpole2003">Worpole 2003</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENonini2014390-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENonini2014390_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENonini2014390_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNonini2014">Nonini 2014</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014220-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014220_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlanders2014">Flanders 2014</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2013362-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2013362_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2013">Carroll 2013</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpton1997131–132-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpton1997131–132_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpton1997">Upton 1997</a>, p. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorAllen2006342–342-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorAllen2006342–342_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylorAllen2006">Taylor & Allen 2006</a>, pp. 342–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeuser2010137-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeuser2010137_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeuser2010">Meuser 2010</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014219–221-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlanders2014219–221_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlanders2014">Flanders 2014</a>, pp. 219–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorpole20038-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorpole20038_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorpole2003">Worpole 2003</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorpole2003173-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorpole2003173_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorpole2003">Worpole 2003</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForman2014357–358-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForman2014357–358_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForman2014">Forman 2014</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeels200321-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeels200321_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeels2003">Keels 2003</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rensslaer1891" class="citation journal cs1">van Rensslaer, M. G. (June 3, 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBggAQAAMAAJ&q=Christopher+Wren+cemetery+rural+Yew+trees&pg=PA254">"Garden and Forest"</a>. <i>Sir Christopher Wren as Gardener</i>: 254–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sir+Christopher+Wren+as+Gardener&rft.atitle=Garden+and+Forest&rft.pages=254-255&rft.date=1891-06-03&rft.aulast=van+Rensslaer&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBggAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DChristopher%2BWren%2Bcemetery%2Brural%2BYew%2Btrees%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeDecker2009145,_148-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeDecker2009145,_148_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeDecker2009145,_148_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeDecker2009">LeeDecker 2009</a>, pp. 145, 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200332-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200332_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2003">Thomas 2003</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMickey201317-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMickey201317_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMickey2013">Mickey 2013</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVercelloniVercelloni2010198-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVercelloniVercelloni2010198_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVercelloniVercelloni2010">Vercelloni & Vercelloni 2010</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson200130-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson200130_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgson2001">Hodgson 2001</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brophy, Alfred (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/road-to-gettysburg-address.pdf">"The Road to the Gettysburg Address"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Florida State University Law Review</i>. <b>43</b>: 831–905. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124025412/http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/road-to-gettysburg-address.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+State+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+the+Gettysburg+Address&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=831-905&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblurblawg.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Froad-to-gettysburg-address.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarney2014102-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarney2014102_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarney2014">Harney 2014</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMytum200451-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMytum200451_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMytum2004">Mytum 2004</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rugg2006-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rugg2006_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugg2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rugg, Julie (2006). "Lawn cemeteries: the emergence of a new landscape of death". <i>Urban History</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 213–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0963926806003786">10.1017/S0963926806003786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9268">0963-9268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145306627">145306627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+History&rft.atitle=Lawn+cemeteries%3A+the+emergence+of+a+new+landscape+of+death&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-233&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145306627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0963-9268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0963926806003786&rft.aulast=Rugg&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1989" class="citation book cs1">Sears, John F. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zr_D9wJtULQC"><i>Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century</i></a>. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558491625" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558491625"><bdi>978-1558491625</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2013</span>. <q>First introduced in 1855 by Adolph Strauch, superintendent of the Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, the park or lawn cemetery featured open, uncluttered expanses of lawn rather than the uneven, wooded, picturesque scenery of the rural cemetery. [...] By the final decades of the nineteenth century, the park cemetery would become the dominant form of American burial ground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Places%3A+American+Tourist+Attractions+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1558491625&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzr_D9wJtULQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldenMcDonald-Madden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Matthew H.; McDonald-Madden, Eve (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12421">"Conservation from the Grave: Human Burials to Fund the Conservation of Threatened Species"</a>. <i>Conservation Letters</i>. <b>11</b> (1): e12421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ConL...11E2421H">2018ConL...11E2421H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12421">10.1111/conl.12421</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-263X">1755-263X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Letters&rft.atitle=Conservation+from+the+Grave%3A+Human+Burials+to+Fund+the+Conservation+of+Threatened+Species&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e12421&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1755-263X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fconl.12421&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ConL...11E2421H&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Matthew+H.&rft.au=McDonald-Madden%2C+Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fconl.12421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrophy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brophy, Alfred (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lawreview">"Grave Matters: The Ancient Rights of the Graveyard"</a>. <i>BYU Law Review</i>. <b>2006</b> (6). Article 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109123947/http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lawreview">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYU+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Grave+Matters%3A+The+Ancient+Rights+of+the+Graveyard&rft.volume=2006&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=Article+2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Brophy&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.byu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2295%26context%3Dlawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span> The "ancient right" of the graveyard is that descendants of those buried on private property have – in many states – an implied easement "in gross" to visit that cemetery. The boundaries of this right, in terms of how frequently descendants (and in a few states other interested people) may visit and for how long, vary by state. In a few southern states, this is provided by legislation; in more states, it is protected by common law decisions. In some states, the right is not yet established by either statute or cases, although it seems likely that in an appropriate challenge most, maybe all, states will recognize at least limited rights of access. See Brophy, <i>supra</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/278677">"Tradition of Family Cemeteries Disappearing From Tribal Areas"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>. September 9, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061604/http://www.arabnews.com/node/278677">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Tradition+of+Family+Cemeteries+Disappearing+From+Tribal+Areas&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F278677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--7orpdr10a.tokyo/2017/06/23/a-giant-terraced-cemetery-in-nagoya/">"名古屋市の霊園 a giant terraced cemetery in Nagoya – 元東京人の名古屋まち歩き"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105092401/http://xn--7orpdr10a.tokyo/2017/06/23/a-giant-terraced-cemetery-in-nagoya/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E5%B8%82%E3%81%AE%E9%9C%8A%E5%9C%92+a+giant+terraced+cemetery+in+Nagoya+%E2%80%93+%E5%85%83%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A1%E6%AD%A9%E3%81%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--7orpdr10a.tokyo%2F2017%2F06%2F23%2Fa-giant-terraced-cemetery-in-nagoya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmreef.com/overview/">"About the Reef"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202020106/https://www.nmreef.com/overview/">Archived</a> February 2, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Neptune Memorial Reef.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lives Lived: Michael Stanley Kibbee, M.Sc., P.Eng. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>, March 20, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cemetery.org/">"Internet WayBack Machine (World Wide Cemetery)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001852/http://cemetery.org/">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+WayBack+Machine+%28World+Wide+Cemetery%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcemetery.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182251/http://www.cannonfalls.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=23820">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"City cemetery draws visitors for 150 years"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cannonfalls.com/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=23820">the original</a> on December 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22City+cemetery+draws+visitors+for+150+years%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cannonfalls.com%2Fmain.asp%3FSectionID%3D1%26SubSectionID%3D1%26ArticleID%3D23820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tvp-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tvp_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bialystok.tvp.pl/8984919/zaduszkowe-tradycje">"Zaduszkowe tradycje"</a>. <i>TVP Białystok</i> (in Polish). November 2, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001832/http://bialystok.tvp.pl/8984919/zaduszkowe-tradycje">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVP+Bia%C5%82ystok&rft.atitle=Zaduszkowe+tradycje&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbialystok.tvp.pl%2F8984919%2Fzaduszkowe-tradycje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeane2009" class="citation book cs1">Jeane, D. Gregory (2009). "Cemeteries". In Hinson, Glenn; Ferris, William (eds.). <i>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife</i>. UNC Press. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cemeteries&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Culture%3A+Volume+14%3A+Folklife&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jeane&rft.aufirst=D.+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local Authorities Cemeteries Order 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnz.de/region/biebergemuend/streit-um-einen-friedhofsschlussel-2770819-JY809083">"Streit um einen Friedhofsschlüssel"</a>. <i>gnz.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410104552/https://www.gnz.de/region/biebergemuend/streit-um-einen-friedhofsschlussel-2770819-JY809083">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnz.de&rft.atitle=Streit+um+einen+Friedhofsschl%C3%BCssel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnz.de%2Fregion%2Fbiebergemuend%2Fstreit-um-einen-friedhofsschlussel-2770819-JY809083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spieletipps.de/tipps-54729-final-fantasy-7-remake-alle-auftraege-neben-storys-mit-loesungen/13/">"Final Fantasy 7 Remake | Alle Aufträge und Nebenstorys"</a>. <i>spieletipps.de</i>. October 4, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410083150/https://www.spieletipps.de/tipps-54729-final-fantasy-7-remake-alle-auftraege-neben-storys-mit-loesungen/13/">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spieletipps.de&rft.atitle=Final+Fantasy+7+Remake+%26%23124%3B+Alle+Auftr%C3%A4ge+und+Nebenstorys&rft.date=2020-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spieletipps.de%2Ftipps-54729-final-fantasy-7-remake-alle-auftraege-neben-storys-mit-loesungen%2F13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328221858/http://publicrecords.onlinesearches.com/public-records-blog/2012/11/01/arlington-national-cemetery-burial-database-goes-online/">"Arlington National Cemetery Records Go Online"</a>. <i>OnlineSearches</i>. November 1, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicrecords.onlinesearches.com/public-records-blog/2012/11/01/arlington-national-cemetery-burial-database-goes-online/">the original</a> on March 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnlineSearches&rft.atitle=Arlington+National+Cemetery+Records+Go+Online&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicrecords.onlinesearches.com%2Fpublic-records-blog%2F2012%2F11%2F01%2Farlington-national-cemetery-burial-database-goes-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512183701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/africa/1858022.stm">"Tomb with a view"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. BBC News. March 6, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/africa/1858022.stm">the original</a> on May 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Tomb+with+a+view&rft.date=2002-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fcrossing_continents%2Fafrica%2F1858022.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planet_Money-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Planet_Money_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Planet_Money_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/xYDYDThuJe4">"Can Your Cemetery Really Bury You Forever?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Money" title="Planet Money">Planet Money</a></i>. NPR. April 18, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYDYDThuJe4">the original</a> on October 30, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planet+Money&rft.atitle=Can+Your+Cemetery+Really+Bury+You+Forever%3F&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxYDYDThuJe4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111140859/http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/nc/ne/?id=101659">"New trend: Cemetery Skyscrapers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a></i>. Archived from the original on November 11, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emporis&rft.atitle=New+trend%3A+Cemetery+Skyscrapers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fen%2Fbu%2Fnc%2Fne%2F%3Fid%3D101659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826114007/http://tva.gov/river/landandshore/culturalresources/cemeteries.htm">"Cemeteries Relocated by TVA"</a>. <i>TVA.org</i>. Tennessee Valley Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tva.gov/river/landandshore/culturalresources/cemeteries.htm">the original</a> on August 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVA.org&rft.atitle=Cemeteries+Relocated+by+TVA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tva.gov%2Friver%2Flandandshore%2Fculturalresources%2Fcemeteries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207234456/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5020426">"O'Hare Growth May Mean Moving a Cemetery"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. November 19, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5020426">the original</a> on December 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=O%27Hare+Growth+May+Mean+Moving+a+Cemetery&rft.date=2005-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5020426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clgrabbit.blogspot.com/2009/05/st-johannes-cemetery-relocation.html">St. Johannes Cemetery Relocation.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708031357/http://clgrabbit.blogspot.com/2009/05/st-johannes-cemetery-relocation.html">Archived</a> July 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed July 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/daily/local/114640.php">"Remains in 19th century graves downtown ID'd as soldiers".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531231402/http://tucsoncitizen.com/daily/local/114640.php">Archived</a> May 31, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Tucson Citizen</i>, April 17, 2009. Accessed July 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plattecountycitizen.com/PDF/7-4-07_News_Articles.pdf">"Cemetery Relocation Battle Ongoing".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509064851/http://www.plattecountycitizen.com/PDF/7-4-07_News_Articles.pdf">Archived</a> May 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Platte County Citizen</i>, July 4, 2007. Accessed July 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alberta.ca/cemeteries-registration.aspx">"Cemeteries registration"</a>. <i>alberta.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105092359/https://www.alberta.ca/cemeteries-registration.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alberta.ca&rft.atitle=Cemeteries+registration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alberta.ca%2Fcemeteries-registration.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018Stats-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2018Stats_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cremation.org.uk/Singapore-2018">"Singapore Cremation Statistics 2018"</a>. <i>cremation.org.uk</i>. The Cremation Society of Great Britain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111091002/https://www.cremation.org.uk/Singapore-2018">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cremation.org.uk&rft.atitle=Singapore+Cremation+Statistics+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cremation.org.uk%2FSingapore-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/after-death/crypt-burial-system">"Crypt Burial System"</a>. <i>nea.gov.sg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111090959/https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/after-death/crypt-burial-system">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The New Burial Policy, introduced in 1998 to address the issue of land scarcity, limits burial to 15 years. After this period, graves will be exhumed and the remains cremated or re-interred, depending on one's religious requirements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nea.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Crypt+Burial+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov.sg%2Four-services%2Fafter-death%2Fcrypt-burial-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1985" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Wade (1985). <i>The Serpent and the Rainbow</i>. Simon & Schuster (August 5, 1997). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684839295" title="Special:BookSources/9780684839295"><bdi>9780684839295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+and+the+Rainbow&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+%28August+5%2C+1997%29&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780684839295&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor2010" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Norman L. (2010). <i>After We Die: The Life and Times of the Human Cadaver</i>. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589017139" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589017139"><bdi>978-1589017139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+We+Die%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Human+Cadaver&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1589017139&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmack2002" class="citation book cs1">Carmack, Sharon DeBartolo (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yourguidetocemet00carm"><i>Your Guide to Cemetery Research</i></a></span>. Betterway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558705890" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558705890"><bdi>978-1558705890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Guide+to+Cemetery+Research&rft.pub=Betterway+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1558705890&rft.aulast=Carmack&rft.aufirst=Sharon+DeBartolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyourguidetocemet00carm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2013" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JDG0K9RiUvwC"><i>Here Is Where: Discovering America's Great Forgotten History</i></a>. New York: Crown Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307463999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307463999"><bdi>978-0307463999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+Is+Where%3A+Discovering+America%27s+Great+Forgotten+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Archetype&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0307463999&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJDG0K9RiUvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Colvin" title="Howard Colvin">Colvin, Howard</a> (1991). <i>Architecture and the After-Life</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+the+After-Life&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurl2002" class="citation book cs1">Curl, James Stevens (2002). <i>Death and Architecture</i>. Gloucestershire: Sutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Architecture&rft.place=Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggener2010" class="citation book cs1">Eggener, Keith (2010). <i>Cemeteries</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393731699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393731699"><bdi>978-0393731699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cemeteries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0393731699&rft.aulast=Eggener&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtlin1984" class="citation book cs1">Etlin, Richard A. (1984). <i>The Architecture of Death: the transformation of the cemetery in eighteenth-century Paris</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Death%3A+the+transformation+of+the+cemetery+in+eighteenth-century+Paris&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Etlin&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanders2014" class="citation book cs1">Flanders, Judith (2014). <i>The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London</i>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250040213" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250040213"><bdi>978-1250040213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+City%3A+Everyday+Life+in+Dickens%27+London&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1250040213&rft.aulast=Flanders&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForman2014" class="citation book cs1">Forman, Richard T.T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQSuAgAAQBAJ"><i>Urban Ecology: Science of Cities</i></a>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107007000" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107007000"><bdi>978-1107007000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Ecology%3A+Science+of+Cities&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107007000&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQSuAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2001" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Janet Burnett (2001). <i>Greek Funerary Sculpture. Catalogue of the Collection at the Getty Villa</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Funerary+Sculpture.+Catalogue+of+the+Collection+at+the+Getty+Villa&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Janet+Burnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarney2014" class="citation book cs1">Harney, Marion (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swErAwAAQBAJ&q=garden+cemetery+wealthy&pg=PA102"><i>Gardens and Landscapes in Historic Building Conservation</i></a>. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118508121" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118508121"><bdi>978-1118508121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardens+and+Landscapes+in+Historic+Building+Conservation&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1118508121&rft.aulast=Harney&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswErAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgarden%2Bcemetery%2Bwealthy%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2001" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Larry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ9zKN7YZbgC&q=%22garden+cemetery%22&pg=PA39"><i>The Garden Lover's Guide to Canada</i></a>. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568982793" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568982793"><bdi>978-1568982793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+Lover%27s+Guide+to+Canada&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1568982793&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZ9zKN7YZbgC%26q%3D%2522garden%2Bcemetery%2522%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeels2003" class="citation book cs1">Keels, Thomas H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzNvCR4_-2YC&q=rural+cemetery+Pere+Lachaise&pg=PA21"><i>Philadelphia Graveyards and Cemeteries</i></a>. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738512297" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738512297"><bdi>978-0738512297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Graveyards+and+Cemeteries&rft.place=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0738512297&rft.aulast=Keels&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzNvCR4_-2YC%26q%3Drural%2Bcemetery%2BPere%2BLachaise%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeDecker2009" class="citation book cs1">LeeDecker, Charles H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRcFQ_gBNI8C&q=rural+cemetery+Pere+Lachaise&pg=PA140">"Preparing for an Afterlife of Earth: The Transformation of Mortuary Behavior in Nineteenth-Century North America"</a>. In Majewski, Teresita; <a href="/wiki/David_Gaimster" title="David Gaimster">Gaimster, David R. M.</a> (eds.). <i>International Handbook of Historical Archaeology</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387720685" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387720685"><bdi>978-0387720685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preparing+for+an+Afterlife+of+Earth%3A+The+Transformation+of+Mortuary+Behavior+in+Nineteenth-Century+North+America&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0387720685&rft.aulast=LeeDecker&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRcFQ_gBNI8C%26q%3Drural%2Bcemetery%2BPere%2BLachaise%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeuser2010" class="citation book cs1">Meuser, Helmut (2010). <i>Contaminated Urban Soils</i>. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048193271" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048193271"><bdi>978-9048193271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contaminated+Urban+Soils&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9048193271&rft.aulast=Meuser&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickey2013" class="citation book cs1">Mickey, Thomas J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAUhK8rptIcC&q=rural+cemetery+Pere+Lachaise&pg=PA17"><i>America's Romance With the English Garden</i></a>. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0821420355" title="Special:BookSources/978-0821420355"><bdi>978-0821420355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Romance+With+the+English+Garden&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0821420355&rft.aulast=Mickey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEAUhK8rptIcC%26q%3Drural%2Bcemetery%2BPere%2BLachaise%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMytum2004" class="citation book cs1">Mytum, Harold (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks8j9E2BI9sC&q=garden+cemetery+monuments&pg=PA51"><i>Mortuary Monuments and Burial Grounds of the Historic Period</i></a>. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306480751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306480751"><bdi>978-0306480751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortuary+Monuments+and+Burial+Grounds+of+the+Historic+Period&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0306480751&rft.aulast=Mytum&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKs8j9E2BI9sC%26q%3Dgarden%2Bcemetery%2Bmonuments%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNonini2014" class="citation book cs1">Nonini, Donald Macon (2014). <i>A Companion to Urban Anthropology</i>. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118378649" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118378649"><bdi>978-1118378649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Urban+Anthropology&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1118378649&rft.aulast=Nonini&rft.aufirst=Donald+Macon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury" class="citation web cs1">Salisbury, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthartist.com">"From My Death May Life Come Forth. A Feasibility Study of the Woodland Cemetery in Canada"</a>. <i>Earthartist.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earthartist.com&rft.atitle=From+My+Death+May+Life+Come+Forth.+A+Feasibility+Study+of+the+Woodland+Cemetery+in+Canada&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthartist.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorAllen2006" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Richard; Allen, Alistair (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArldvUKbzJwC&pg=PA343">"Waste Disposal and Landfill: Potential Hazards and Information Needs"</a>. In Schmoll, Oliver; Howard, Guy; Chilton, John; Chorus, Ingrid (eds.). <i>Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-Water Sources</i>. Cornwall, U.K.: World Health Organisation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843390794" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843390794"><bdi>978-1843390794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waste+Disposal+and+Landfill%3A+Potential+Hazards+and+Information+Needs&rft.btitle=Protecting+Groundwater+for+Health%3A+Managing+the+Quality+of+Drinking-Water+Sources&rft.place=Cornwall%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=World+Health+Organisation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1843390794&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Allen%2C+Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArldvUKbzJwC%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Jeannie B. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nakedbarbieswarr00jean"><i>Naked Barbies, Warrior Joes, and Other Forms of Visible Gender</i></a></span>. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nakedbarbieswarr00jean/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252028540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252028540"><bdi>978-0252028540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naked+Barbies%2C+Warrior+Joes%2C+and+Other+Forms+of+Visible+Gender&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0252028540&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jeannie+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnakedbarbieswarr00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton1997" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Dell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gY8oWsN_kUYC">"The Urban Cemetery and the Urban Community: The Origin of the New Orleans Cemetery"</a>. In adams, Annmarie; McMurry, Sally Ann (eds.). <i>Exploring Everyday Landscapes</i>. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870499838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870499838"><bdi>978-0870499838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Cemetery+and+the+Urban+Community%3A+The+Origin+of+the+New+Orleans+Cemetery&rft.btitle=Exploring+Everyday+Landscapes&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+Tenn.&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0870499838&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Dell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgY8oWsN_kUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVercelloniVercelloni2010" class="citation book cs1">Vercelloni, Matteo; Vercelloni, Virgilio (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Epvl2zMfzssC&pg=PA198"><i>Inventing the Garden</i></a>. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1606060476" title="Special:BookSources/978-1606060476"><bdi>978-1606060476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Garden&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1606060476&rft.aulast=Vercelloni&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Vercelloni%2C+Virgilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEpvl2zMfzssC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorpole2003" class="citation book cs1">Worpole, Ken (2003). <i>Last Landscapes: the architecture of the cemetery in the West</i>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861891617" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861891617"><bdi>978-1861891617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Landscapes%3A+the+architecture+of+the+cemetery+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1861891617&rft.aulast=Worpole&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurch2022" class="citation news cs1">Burch, Audra D. S. (October 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/15/us/nearly-erased-by-history-african-americans-search-for-lost-graves.html?smid=url-share">"Nearly 'Erased by History': African Americans Search for Lost Graves. Families and volunteers seek out and restore abandoned cemeteries as a way of recovering their own personal stories"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nearly+%27Erased+by+History%27%3A+African+Americans+Search+for+Lost+Graves.+Families+and+volunteers+seek+out+and+restore+abandoned+cemeteries+as+a+way+of+recovering+their+own+personal+stories&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=Audra+D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F15%2Fus%2Fnearly-erased-by-history-african-americans-search-for-lost-graves.html%3Fsmid%3Durl-share&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACemetery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemetery&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cemetery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cemetery">cemetery</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cemeteries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cemeteries">Cemeteries</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cemetery" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cemetery">Cemetery</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cemeteries#Q39614" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Cemeteries">Cemeteries</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Real_estate_developments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Real_estate_developments" title="Template talk:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Real_estate_developments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate developments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_commercial_developments" title="Category:Planned commercial developments">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/16px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/24px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998005697">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284977505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007864">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637738">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mezarlik">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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