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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work from 1960 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work_from_1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_Conversion_Laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_Conversion_Laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Energy Conversion Laboratory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_Conversion_Laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_Conversion_Devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_Conversion_Devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Energy Conversion Devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_Conversion_Devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovshinsky_Innovation_LLC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovshinsky_Innovation_LLC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ovshinsky Innovation LLC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovshinsky_Innovation_LLC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Motors_and_the_US_Auto_Battery_Consortium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Motors_and_the_US_Auto_Battery_Consortium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>General Motors and the US Auto Battery Consortium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Motors_and_the_US_Auto_Battery_Consortium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memberships_and_fellowships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memberships_and_fellowships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Memberships and fellowships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memberships_and_fellowships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanford R. Ovshinsky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Robert_Ovshinsky" title="Stanford Robert Ovshinsky – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stanford Robert Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Ovshinsky" title="Stanford Ovshinsky – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanford Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Robert_Ovshinsky" title="Stanford Robert Ovshinsky – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stanford Robert Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="استانفورد اوشینسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استانفورد اوشینسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्टॅनफर्ड ओव्हशिन्स्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टॅनफर्ड ओव्हशिन्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%B1._%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="ستانفورد آر. اوڤشينسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستانفورد آر. اوڤشينسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Ovshinsky" title="Stanford Ovshinsky – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanford Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="スタンフォード・ロバート・オブシンスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタンフォード・ロバート・オブシンスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E7%B6%AD%E8%BE%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="史丹佛·奧維辛斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="史丹佛·奧維辛斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26566#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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inventor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Stanford Robert Ovshinsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SRO_Aug_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SRO_Aug_2005.jpg/220px-SRO_Aug_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SRO_Aug_2005.jpg/330px-SRO_Aug_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SRO_Aug_2005.jpg/440px-SRO_Aug_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1831" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Stanford R. Ovshinsky, August 2005</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Stanford Robert Ovshinsky</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-11-24</span>)</span>November 24, 1922<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 17, 2012<span style="display:none">(2012-10-17)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills, Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">Inventor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">Nickel–metal hydride battery</a> <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">Phase-change memory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Norma Rifkin</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1959)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iris_M._Ovshinsky" title="Iris M. Ovshinsky">Iris M. Ovshinsky</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1960; died 2006)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Rosa Young</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2007)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stanford Robert Ovshinsky</b> (November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prolific_inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolific inventor">inventor</a> who over a span of fifty years was granted well over 400 <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a>, mostly in the areas of energy and information.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn_22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his inventions have had wide-ranging applications. Among the most prominent are: the <a href="/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-metal hydride battery">nickel-metal hydride battery</a>, which has been widely used in <a href="/wiki/Laptop_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laptop computer">laptop computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid car">hybrid cars</a>; flexible thin-film <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">solar energy laminates and panels</a>; flat panel <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal displays</a>; rewritable <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> discs; <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel cell">hydrogen fuel cells</a>; and nonvolatile <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">phase-change memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_33_34_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202_33_34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ovshinsky opened the scientific field of <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a> and disordered materials in the course of his research in the 1940s and 50s in <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a>, neural disease, the nature of intelligence in mammals and machines, and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_silicon" title="Amorphous silicon">Amorphous silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Semiconductors" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductors">semiconductors</a> have become the basis of many technologies and industries. Ovshinsky is also distinguished in being <a href="/wiki/Self-taught" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-taught">self-taught</a>, without formal college or graduate training.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his life, his love for science and his social convictions were the primary engines for his inventive work.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, Ovshinsky and his soon-to-be second wife, <a href="/wiki/Iris_M._Ovshinsky" title="Iris M. Ovshinsky">Iris Dibner</a>, founded Energy Conversion Laboratory in a storefront in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, dedicating the laboratory to the solution of important societal problems using science and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focusing on the critical areas of energy and information, their new company, reconstituted in 1964 as <a href="/wiki/Energy_Conversion_Devices" title="Energy Conversion Devices">Energy Conversion Devices</a> (ECD), went on to become a forefront invention and development laboratory whose products have built new industries, many of them aimed at making <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> obsolete. ECD continues (through joint ventures and license partners) to be a leading <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> production firm.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roughly a year after Iris Ovshinsky's death in August 2006, Ovshinsky left ECD and established a new company, Ovshinsky Innovation LLC, devoted to developing the scientific basis for new energy and information technologies. In October 2007 he married Rosa Young, a physicist who had worked at ECD on numerous energy technologies including a hydrogen-powered hybrid car and on Ovshinsky's vision of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">hydrogen-based economy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovshinsky was born and grew up in the industrial town of <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, then at the center of the American rubber industry. The elder son of working-class <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jewish</a> immigrant parents who left <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> around 1905—Benjamin Ovshinsky from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and Bertha Munitz from what is now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>—Ovshinsky became active in social activities at an early age during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_13_15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_13_15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lifelong concern to better the lives of workers and minorities, as well as to advance culture and the interests of industry, derive largely from his father, who was a generous, liberal, and highly cultured activist. With his horse and wagon, and later his truck, Ben Ovshinsky made his living collecting <a href="/wiki/Scrap_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrap metal">scrap metal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foundries" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundries">foundries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_33_34_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202_33_34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on his father's example, and on teachings offered by the Akron <a href="/wiki/Workmen%27s_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Workmen's Circle">Workmen's Circle</a>, an organization mainly of Jewish immigrants who believed in <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, Stan Ovshinsky developed a deep commitment to social values, including <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_14_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_through_the_1950s">Work through the 1950s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work through the 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_as_a_machinist_and_the_Benjamin_Center_Drive">Work as a machinist and the Benjamin Center Drive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work as a machinist and the Benjamin Center Drive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before graduating from high school in June 1941, Ovshinsky worked as a teacher, <a href="/wiki/Tool_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Tool maker">tool maker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a> in various local shops affiliated with the rubber industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_23_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, he and his bride, Norma Rifkin, moved to <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, where Ovshinsky worked for a time in the tool room of a <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear</a> plant in Litchfield, not far from <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>. Returning to <a href="/wiki/Akron" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron">Akron</a> shortly before the end of the war, Ovshinsky eventually established his own machine company, Stanford Roberts, initially in a barn.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he developed and patented his first invention, the Benjamin Center Drive, named after his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_50_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_50-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unique automatic high-speed center drive <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a> had many important uses. After Ovshinsky sold his company to the New Britain Machine Company in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, it was used to help solve the national crisis of making <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shells">artillery shells</a> in large enough volume for wartime needs during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Meanwhile, Ovshinsky continued to develop his growing interest in human and machine intelligence, avidly studying the research literature on <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a>, neurological disease, and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, corresponding briefly with <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoddeson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligent_machines">Intelligent machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intelligent machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, Ovshinsky accepted an offer to move to <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> and work in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a> as the director of research at the <a href="/wiki/Hupmobile" title="Hupmobile">Hupp Motor Company</a>. Continuing his work on intelligent machines, he invented electric power steering, but Hupp's president was opposed to completing the arrangements with <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> to utilize the product. Not long after that, Stan and his younger brother Herb Ovshinsky, a talented <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical engineer">mechanical engineer</a>, established a small company called General Automation in a Detroit storefront. There, Stan continued his study of intelligent machines and embarked on early research and development of various energy and information technologies. At the same time, he began studying <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a> and neurological diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of his early writings about <a href="/wiki/Nerve_impulses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve impulses">nerve impulses</a> and the nature of intelligence, he was invited by <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayne State Medical School">Wayne Medical School</a> in June 1955 to participate in pioneering experimental research on the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Ovitron">The Ovitron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Ovitron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1950s, working at General Automation, Ovshinsky brought together these disparate studies in an <a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a>. Crossing <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">scientific disciplines</a> that <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a> traditionally hold separate, including <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, Stan invented, and Herb Ovshinsky helped build, a mechanical model of a <a href="/wiki/Nerve_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve cell">nerve cell</a> – an amorphous thin-film switch they called the Ovitron. Stan <a href="/wiki/Patented" class="mw-redirect" title="Patented">patented</a> the device and the brothers disclosed it publicly in 1959 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. In an attempt to model the learning ability of nerve cells, which Stan recognized as deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">plasticity</a> of the cell's membrane, he drew on his knowledge of surfaces and materials to fashion very thin layers of amorphous material, thus pioneering the use of <a href="/wiki/Nanostructures" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanostructures">nanostructures</a>. He created these layers by combining elements, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Group_16_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 16 elements">Group 16 elements</a> under <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Chalcogenides" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogenides">chalcogenides</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>. He would continue to work with chalcogenides in his inventions for decades to come.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoddeson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_from_1960">Work from 1960</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work from 1960"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_Conversion_Laboratory">Energy Conversion Laboratory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Energy Conversion Laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 1, 1960, Ovshinsky and Iris Miroy Dibner, whom he married soon after his divorce from Norma Rifkin, founded Energy Conversion Laboratory to develop his inventions in the interest of solving societal problems, especially those they identified in the areas of information and energy (e.g. pollution and wars over oil).<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20080420-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iris had a BA in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> from <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>, an MS in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, and a PhD in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_17_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing to work on his atomically designed chalcogenide materials, which Ovshinsky realized offer unique electronic physical mechanisms, he utilized chain structures, cross links, polymeric concepts, and divalent structural bonding with a huge number of unbonded lone pairs to achieve what is now referred to as the Ovshinsky Effect – "an effect that turns special types of glassy, thin films into semiconductors upon application of low voltage."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applying this effect, he built new types of electronic and optical switches, including his <a href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">Ovonic Phase Change Memory</a> and his Threshold Switch. The former would become the basis of his subsequent inventions of rewritable CDs and DVDs and other new computer technologies including his cognitive computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is used in phase change memory that is entering the consumer market in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While others working in the crystalline field were building devices based on bulk materials, Ovshinsky's work in the 1960s and later continued to be based on <a href="/wiki/Thin_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin films">thin films</a> and nanostructures.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing the significance of his results, Ovshinsky applied for a patent on June 21, 1961 and, in 1962, made his first licensing pact on phase-change memory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_Conversion_Devices">Energy Conversion Devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Energy Conversion Devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the spring of 1963, the Ovshinskys had exhausted the savings with which they had initially funded ECL. Before seeking public funding, Stan wanted validation of the importance of his work from a well-recognized scientist. He telephoned <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, a co-inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> and co-discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/BCS_theory" title="BCS theory">BCS theory</a> of superconductivity. Bardeen immediately recognized the importance of Ovshinsky's work but his schedule did not permit him to visit ECL for five months. Stan replied, "We'll be broke by then."<sup id="cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoddeson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his place, Bardeen sent <a href="/wiki/Hellmut_Fritzsche" title="Hellmut Fritzsche">Hellmut Fritzsche</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> physicist. Fritzsche became very positive in his support of Ovshinsky's work and helped attract other scientists to the Ovshinsky laboratory. As Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz later wrote, "There is a mysterious quality in Ovshinsky's persona that attracts people into his sphere, builds life long friendships and awakens deep respect and devotion. Meeting him leaves each person with a deep impression of his superior intellect, his self confidence, his compassion to improve society combined with his certainty that his vision can be realized. His enthusiasm is contagious. In his presence, you feel how exciting it would be to join him in his endeavors."<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many famous scientists who came regularly to ECL as friends or collaborators over the next years, were <a href="/wiki/David_Adler_(physicist)" title="David Adler (physicist)">David Adler</a>, Bardeen, Arthur Bienenstock, <a href="/wiki/Morrel_H._Cohen" title="Morrel H. Cohen">Morrel H. Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Nevill_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Nevill Mott">Sir Nevill Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isadore_I._Rabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Isadore I. Rabi">Isadore I. Rabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull_(materials_scientist)" title="David Turnbull (materials scientist)">David Turnbull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_68_69_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_68_69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaiken_28_29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaiken_28_29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some joined as consultants or as members of the Board of Directors. Meanwhile, the ECL community developed a uniquely productive, non-hierarchical, multicultural, international environment, reflecting Stan and Iris' social values. In 1964, Stan and Iris changed the laboratory's name to Energy Conversion Devices and moved the company to larger quarters in <a href="/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy, Michigan</a>. </p><p>The company continued to develop electronic memory, batteries, and solar cells, reinvesting almost every penny of profit into the scientific study of a wide variety of problems, much of which later became the basis of lucrative industries, e.g., flat screen <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displays" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal displays">liquid crystal displays</a>. In time, license fees to ECD began to grow, especially when amorphous silicon was used to make solar cells "by the mile," with an approach that originated from Ovshinsky's non-silver photographic film work.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_33_34_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202_33_34-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It led to the bold approach of using the first continuous web photovoltaic machine, designed and built under Stan's direction by Herb Ovshinsky and a small group in the machine division. Generations of machines later resulted in sufficient money to reach Ovshinsky's objective of building a 30 megawatt machine, rather than a 5 megawatt machine. Despite considerable skepticism toward the machine, it is now being cloned very successfully by ECD in new plants.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20080420-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECD also saw profits from the nickel metal hydride batteries, which were important for a time in laptop computers and continue to be important in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid gas-electric automobiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20080420-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovshinsky_Innovation_LLC">Ovshinsky Innovation LLC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ovshinsky Innovation LLC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 16, 2006, Iris Ovshinsky, Stan's wife and partner of almost fifty years, died suddenly while swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Ovshinsky retired from ECD and launched a new company with Rosa Young, whom he later married. At Ovshinsky Innovation LLC, he continued his work on information and energy science, in strong relationships with colleagues and with industrial partners (for example, Ovonyx, which is developing phase-change semiconductor memory). Ovshinsky Innovation is currently focusing on a new kind of photovoltaic plant based on a new concept promising to lower the cost of photovoltaic energy sources below that of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoddeson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter innovation would help realize his long-term goal over the last half-century to make fossil fuels obsolete while, at the same time, providing countless jobs in new industries. </p><p>ECD has been recognized as the company that "developed solar roofing shingles in the 1990s," and making "the best available flexible thin film in the world," in addition to being one of the first companies to work on <a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics" title="Building-integrated photovoltaics">building-integrated photovoltaics</a> (<a href="/wiki/BIPV" class="mw-redirect" title="BIPV">BIPV</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-Kho_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kho-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his independent and radical contributions to science, he has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaiken_2-7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaiken_2-7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his many inventions in <a href="/wiki/Digital_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital memory">digital memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, battery technology, optical media, and solid hydrogen storage, and his hundreds of basic scientific patents, he has often been compared with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_20061202-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_20080420-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the area of alternatives to fossil fuel, his pioneering work has caused many writers to refer to him as "the modern world's most important energy visionary."<sup id="cite_ref-Carson_VVV_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson_VVV-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Motors_and_the_US_Auto_Battery_Consortium">General Motors and the US Auto Battery Consortium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General Motors and the US Auto Battery Consortium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GM_EV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GM_EV.jpg/220px-GM_EV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GM_EV.jpg/330px-GM_EV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/GM_EV.jpg/440px-GM_EV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The Ovonics technology was acquired by General Motors for use in its EV1 electric car, but production was ended shortly after the NiMH batteries began to replace the lead-acid batteries of earlier models</figcaption></figure> <p>In an interview in the 2006 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i>, Ovshinsky stated that in the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Auto_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto industry">auto industry</a> created the US Auto Battery Consortium (USABC) to stifle the development of electric vehicle technology by preventing the dissemination of knowledge about Ovshinsky's battery-related patents to the public through the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB).<sup id="cite_ref-TheCarThatCould_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCarThatCould-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ovshinsky, the auto industry falsely suggested that NiMH technology was not yet ready for widespread use in road cars.<sup id="cite_ref-ocweekly20030515_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocweekly20030515-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the USABC, including <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, threatened to take legal action against Ovshinsky if he continued to promote NiMH's potential for use in BEVs, and if he continued to lend test batteries to <a href="/wiki/Solectria_Sunrise" title="Solectria Sunrise">Solectria</a>, a start-up electric vehicle maker that was not part of the USABC. Critics argue that the Big Three were more interested in convincing CARB members that electric vehicles were not technologically and commercially viable.<sup id="cite_ref-TheCarThatCould_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCarThatCould-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> acquired a controlling interest in <a href="/wiki/Ovonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovonics">Ovonics</a>'s battery development and manufacture, including patents controlling the manufacture of large <a href="/wiki/Nickel_metal_hydride_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel metal hydride battery">NiMH batteries</a>. The original intent of the equity alliance was to develop NiMH batteries for GM's <a href="/wiki/EV1" class="mw-redirect" title="EV1">EV1</a> BEV. Sales of GM-Ovonics batteries were later taken over by GM manager and critic of CARB John Williams, leading Ovshinsky to wonder whether his decision to sell to GM had been naive.<sup id="cite_ref-TheCarThatCould_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCarThatCould-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EV1 program was shut down by GM before the new NiMH battery could be commercialized, despite field tests that indicated the Ovonics battery extended the EV1's range to over 150 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-TheCarThatCould_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCarThatCould-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His last public appearance was at Louis Riel School in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Ovshinsky died of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> on October 17, 2012, aged 89 in <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills, Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With more than 300 publications on his <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">curriculum vitae</a>, Ovshinsky has won many prizes for his contributions to science and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_22_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn_22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memberships_and_fellowships">Memberships and fellowships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Memberships and fellowships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Society_of_Detroit" title="Engineering Society of Detroit">Engineering Society of Detroit</a></li> <li>Member of the Director's Council at the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2005 Innovation Award for Energy and the Environment by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solar_Energy_Society" title="American Solar Energy Society">American Solar Energy Society</a> Hoyt Clarke Hottel Award</li> <li>Karl W. Böer Solar Energy Medal of Merit</li> <li>International Association for Hydrogen Energy Sir William Grove Award</li> <li>2007 Walston Chubb Award for Innovation, presented by <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Xi" title="Sigma Xi">Sigma Xi</a>, the Research Society</li> <li>Frederick Douglass/Eugene V. Debs Award (2006)</li> <li>Engineering Society of Detroit Lifetime Achievement Award (2008)</li> <li>Environmental Hall of Fame 2008 Award, Solar Thin Film Category, Father of Thin-Film Solar Energy</li> <li>IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Presidential Citation in recognition of a long and outstanding record of pioneering accomplishments and service to the profession (2009)</li> <li>2009 Thomas Midgley Award from the Detroit Section of the American Chemical Society</li> <li>Nominated as a finalist for the prestigious <a href="/wiki/European_Inventor_Award" title="European Inventor Award">European Inventor Award</a> 2012 by the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a> for his development of NiMH batteries. The award was launched in 2006 as the first European prize to distinguish inventors who have made "an outstanding contribution to innovation, economy and society."</li> <li>Named "Hero for the Planet" by <i><a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a></i> magazine (1999), with Iris Ovshinsky <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Chemistry">Hero of Chemistry</a> 2000 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a></li> <li>Inducted into the 2005 Solar Hall of Fame</li> <li>Diesel Gold Medal presented by the German Inventors Association (Deutscher Erfinderverband), in recognition of his discovery of the semiconductor switching effect in disordered and amorphous materials (1968)</li> <li>Honorary Calgarian award at Louis Riel School in Calgary, Canada (May 24, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Doctorate">Honorary Doctorate</a> of Engineering degree from <a href="/wiki/Kettering_University" title="Kettering University">Kettering University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a> (December 11, 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a> (May 1, 2010)</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate in Science from <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a> (May 7, 2009)</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Engineering from <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> (May 16, 2009)</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Ovidius_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovidius University">Ovidius University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Constanţa">Constanţa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (June 30, 2009)</li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Science from <a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology" title="New York Institute of Technology">New York Institute of Technology</a>, Old Westbury, New York (May 18, 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Doctorate of Science from <a href="/wiki/Kean_University" title="Kean University">Kean University</a>, Union, New Jersey (May 8, 2007)</li> <li>In 2015, Ovshinsky was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovshinsky appeared in the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i>, as well as in parts 1 and 3 of the episode "Hydrogen Hopes" of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Alda" title="Alan Alda">Alan Alda</a>'s television series <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American_Frontiers" title="Scientific American Frontiers">Scientific American Frontiers</a></i>. The website of <i>Scientific American Frontiers</i> makes "Hydrogen Hopes" available for viewing at no charge, as well as the text of an interview with Stan and Iris Ovshinsky.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovshinsky was profiled as "Japan's American Genius" in the PBS series <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)"><i>NOVA</i></a> (October 1987). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_McMaster" title="Harold McMaster">Harold McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_encumbrance_of_large_automotive_NiMH_batteries" title="Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries">Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cohn_22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_22_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_22_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Avery Cohn, "A Revolution Fueled by the Sun," <i>Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies</i> (Spring 2008): p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Econ_20061202_33_34-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_33_34_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_33_34_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_33_34_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Edison of our Age?" <i>The Economist</i>, December 2, 2006, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellmut Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz, <i>Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius</i> (Singapore: World Scientific, 2008), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Econ_20061202-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ_20061202_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Edison of our Age?" <i>The Economist</i>, December 2, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_3_5_51_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellmut Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz, <i>Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius</i> (Singapore: World Scientific, 2008), pp. 3, 5, 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Fialka, "Power Surge: After Decades, A Solar Pioneer Sees Spark in Sales" <i>Wall Street Journal,</i> November 27, 2006; >"The Edison of our Age?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_13_15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_13_15_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George S. Howard, <i> Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World</i> (Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006), pp. 13, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_14-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_14_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George S. Howard, <i> Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World</i> (Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_23-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_23_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George S. Howard, <i> Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World</i> (Notre Dame: AcademicPublications, 2006), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margot Hornblower, "Listen, Detroit: You'll Get a Charge Out of This," <i>Time,</i> Heroes for the Planet, February 22, 1999, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_50-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_50_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George S. Howard, <i> Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World</i> (Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoddeson-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoddeson_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview with Stanford and Iris Ovshinsky by Lillian Hoddeson, January 4–5, 2006, July 19–20, 2006, and August 16, 2006, available in Hoddeson's private collection, Urbana, IL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_20080420-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_20080420_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran, "Invent," <i>The New York Times Magazine,</i> April 20, 2008, The green issue.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritzsche_Schwartz_17-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Schwartz_17_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellmut Fritzsche and Brian Schwartz, <i>Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius</i> (Singapore: World Scientific, 2008), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">v 1.1 of the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllyn_Malventano2017" class="citation web cs1">Allyn Malventano (2 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcper.com/reviews/Editorial/How-3D-XPoint-Phase-Change-Memory-Works/Selectors-Scaleability-and-Conclusion">"How 3D XPoint Phase-Change Memory Works | Selectors, Scaleability, and Conclusion"</a>. <i>www.pcper.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pcper.com&rft.atitle=How+3D+XPoint+Phase-Change+Memory+Works+%7C+Selectors%2C+Scaleability%2C+and+Conclusion&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft.au=Allyn+Malventano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcper.com%2Freviews%2FEditorial%2FHow-3D-XPoint-Phase-Change-Memory-Works%2FSelectors-Scaleability-and-Conclusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+R.+Ovshinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_68_69-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_68_69_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George S. 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Ovshinsky, 79, Partner in Cleaner Auto Technology, is Dead," New York Times, September 5, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kho-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kho_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Kho, "Energy Conversion Devices' turnaround: Is BIPV finally ready to take off?" <i>Renewable Energy World</i>, January 16, 2009 and Dominique Browning, "Extreme Makeover: White House Edition," <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, January 16, 2009, W1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaiken_2-7-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaiken_2-7_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harley Shaiken, "The Einstein of alternative energy?" and Harley Shaiken, "Jumpstarting the Americas," <i>Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies</i> (Fall 2008): pp. 2-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_VVV-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_VVV_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iain Carson and Vijay V. 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Feder (October 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/technology/stanford-ovshinsky-an-inventor-compared-to-edison-dies-at-89.html?hpw&_r=0">"Stanford R. Ovshinsky Dies at 89, a Self-Taught Maverick in Electronics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-19</span></span>. <q>... died on Wednesday at his home in Bloomfield Hills, Mich. He was 89. The cause was prostate cancer, his son Harvey said. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Stanford+R.+Ovshinsky+Dies+at+89%2C+a+Self-Taught+Maverick+in+Electronics&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft.au=Barnaby+J.+Feder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F19%2Ftechnology%2Fstanford-ovshinsky-an-inventor-compared-to-edison-dies-at-89.html%3Fhpw%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+R.+Ovshinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeata_Mostafavi2010" class="citation news cs1">Beata Mostafavi (9 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2010/12/kettering_university_and_unive.html">"Kettering University and University of Michigan-Flint to hold commencement ceremonies; Energy icon Stanford Ovshinsky to be honored"</a>. <i>The Flint Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYIT+Announces+2008+Speakers+and+Honorary+Degree+Recipients&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsli.com%2F2008%2F05%2F01%2Fnyit-announces-2008-speakers-and-honorary-degree-recipients%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+R.+Ovshinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chedd-angier.com/frontiers/season15.html">"Stanford R. Ovshinsky, on season 15 , episode 6"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American_Frontiers" title="Scientific American Frontiers">Scientific American Frontiers</a></i>. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 2005. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060101000000/http://www.pbs.org/saf/1506">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+American+Frontiers&rft.pub=Chedd-Angier+Production+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chedd-angier.com%2Ffrontiers%2Fseason15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanford+R.+Ovshinsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hoddeson, Lillian, and Peter Garrett. <i>The Man Who Saw Tomorrow: The Life and Inventions of Stanford R. Ovshinsky.</i> Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018.</li> <li>Henderson, Tom. <i>Crain's Detroit Business,</i> "Quest for 'holy grail' of solar drives Ovshinsky" January 2–8, 2012, vol. 28, no. 1.</li> <li>Sigma Xi 125th Anniversary Interview. "Stanford R. Ovshinsky (1990)," interviewed by Greg P. Smestad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sigmaxi.org/about/125th/OvshinskyInterview.shtml">[1]</a></li> <li><i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.</i> "Stanford Ovshinsky: Pursuing solar electricity at a cost equal to or lower than that of coal electricity", May 2011 vol. 67 no. 3 1-7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bos.sagepub.com/content/67/3/1.full.pdf+html">[2]</a></li> <li>Fisher, Lawrence M. "Stan Ovshinsky's Solar Revolution" <i>strategy+business</i>, Spring 2011: 62–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.strategy-business.com/article/11111?rssid=innovation&gko=ddb47">[3]</a></li> <li>Herbert, Bob. "Signs of Hope" <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>, November 24, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/24/opinion/24herbert.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1299791071-Bh++B403Uk7yCHtyS0665Q">[4]</a></li> <li>Carson, Iain and Vijay Vaitheeswaran. <i>Zoom: The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future</i>. Hachette, New York: Twelve, 2007.</li> <li>Cohn, Avery. "A Revolution Fueled by the Sun" <i>Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies</i> (Spring 2008): 22–24.</li> <li>"The Edison of our Age?" <i>The Economist,</i> December 2, 2006.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.economist.com/search/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_RPTNPGS">[5]</a></li> <li>Fialka, John. "Power Surge: After Decades, A Solar Pioneer Sees Spark in Sales." <i>Wall Street Journal,</i> November 27, 2006.</li> <li>Fritzsche, Hellmut, and Brian Schwartz. <i>Stanford R. Ovshinsky: The Science and Technology of an American Genius.</i> Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2008.</li> <li>Hornblower, Margot. "Listen, Detroit: You'll Get a Charge Out of This." <i>TIME</i>, February 22, 1999, Heroes for the Planet.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051218190648/http://www.time.com/time/reports/environment/heroes/heroesgallery/0,2967,ovshinsky,00.html">[6]</a></li> <li>Howard, George S. <i> Stan Ovshinsky and the Hydrogen Economy:…Creating a Better World.</i> Notre Dame: Academic Publications, 2006.</li> <li>Kridel, Tim. "Meet Stan Ovshinsky, the Energy Genius." <i>Mother Earth News</i> (October/ November 2006), Issue 218.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.motherearthnews.com/Renewable-Energy/2006-10-01/Meet-Stan-Ovshinsky-the-Energy-Genius.aspx">[7]</a></li> <li>Kho, Jennifer. "Energy Conversion Devices' Turnaround: Is BIPV Finally Ready to Take Off?" <i>Renewable Energy World</i>, January 16, 2009.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/story?id=54510">[8]</a></li> <li>Shaiken, Harley. "The Einstein of Alternative Energy?" <i>Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies</i> (Spring 2008): 28–31.</li> <li>Shaiken, Harley. "Jumpstarting the Americas." <i>Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies</i> (Fall 2008): 2–7.</li> <li>Vaitheeswaran, Vijay V. "Invent." <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>, April 20, 2008, The Green Issue.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/magazine/20invent-t.html?scp=7&sq=Ovshinsky&st=cse">[9]</a></li> <li>Carlisle, Norman. "The Ovshinsky Invention" <i>Science & Mechanics,</i> (February 1970): 38–40.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_R._Ovshinsky&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stanford_Ovshinsky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stanford Ovshinsky">Stanford Ovshinsky</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/CityClubofCleveland?ob=0%22%22#p/u/13/WaooeqKwE7I">The City Club of Cleveland, September 23, 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123162803/http://www.oninnovation.org/innovators/detail.aspx?innovator=Ovshinsky">OnInnovation, Stan Ovshinsky Visionary of Solar-Hydrogen-Based Economy, The Henry Ford.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155508/http://clas.berkeley.edu/Events/spring2008/04-08-08-ovshinsky/video.html">Stanford R. 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