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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pointed, projecting, or elevated anatomical feature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Cusp</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cusp_tips.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cusp_tips.JPG/250px-Cusp_tips.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cusp_tips.JPG/375px-Cusp_tips.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cusp_tips.JPG/500px-Cusp_tips.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="1883" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The teeth of the right side of the mouth, shown contacting the teeth in the opposing jaw with their cusp tips</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cuspis dentis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.1.03.010%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.1.03.010</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=925">925</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma56481">56481</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046513" class="extiw" title="d:Q1046513">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_sections_of_teeth_intl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cross_sections_of_teeth_intl.svg/300px-Cross_sections_of_teeth_intl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cross_sections_of_teeth_intl.svg/450px-Cross_sections_of_teeth_intl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cross_sections_of_teeth_intl.svg/600px-Cross_sections_of_teeth_intl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption> 1. <b>Tooth</b><br /> 2. <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">Enamel</a><br /> 3. <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">Dentin</a><br /> 4. <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">Dental pulp</a><br /> 5. cameral pulp<br /> 6. root pulp<br /> 7. <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">Cementum</a><br /> 8. <a href="/wiki/Crown_(tooth)" title="Crown (tooth)">Crown</a><br /> 9. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cusp</a><br /> 10. Sulcus<br /> 11. <a href="/wiki/Cementoenamel_junction" title="Cementoenamel junction">Neck</a><br /> 12. Root<br /> 13. Furcation<br /> 14. <a href="/wiki/Root_apex_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Root apex (dental)">Root apex</a><br /> 15. <a href="/wiki/Apical_foramen" title="Apical foramen">Apical foramen</a><br /> 16. <a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">Gingival sulcus</a><br /> 17. <a href="/wiki/Periodontium" title="Periodontium">Periodontium</a><br /> 18. <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">Gingiva</a><br /> 19. free or interdental<br /> 20. marginal<br /> 21. alveolar<br /> 22. <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal ligament">Periodontal ligament</a><br /> 23. <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar bone">Alveolar bone</a><br /> 24. Vessels and nerves<br /> 25. dental<br /> 26. periodontal<br /> 27. alveolar through channel</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cusp</b> is a pointed, projecting, or elevated feature. In <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, it is usually used to refer to raised points on the crowns of <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>. The concept is also used with regard to the leaflets of the four <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a>, which has two <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve#Structure" title="Heart valve">cusps</a>, is also known as the bicuspid valve, and the <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> has three cusps. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_humans">In humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cusp is an <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_terms_of_relationship_and_comparison_in_dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry">occlusal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_terms_of_relationship_and_comparison_in_dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry">incisal</a> eminence on a tooth. <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">Canine</a> teeth, otherwise known as <b>cuspids</b>, each possess a single cusp, while <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a>, otherwise known as <b>bicuspids</b>, possess two each. Molars normally possess either four or five cusps. In certain populations the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillary</a> molars, especially <a href="/wiki/First_molar" class="mw-redirect" title="First molar">first molars</a>, will possess a fifth cusp situated on the <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_terms_of_relationship_and_comparison_in_dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonly used terms of relationship and comparison in dentistry">mesiolingual</a> cusp known as the <a href="/wiki/Cusp_of_Carabelli" title="Cusp of Carabelli">Cusp of Carabelli</a>. </p><p>One other variation of the upper first premolar is the 'Uto-Aztecan' upper premolar. It is a bulge on the buccal cusp that is only found in Native American Indians, with highest frequencies of occurrence in Arizona. The name is not a dental term; it comes from a regional linguistic division of Native American Indian language groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cusps_on_the_molars_of_therian_mammals">Cusps on the molars of therian mammals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cusps on the molars of therian mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mammalian_dental_topography" title="Glossary of mammalian dental topography">Glossary of mammalian dental topography</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tooth_Picturewlabels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tooth_Picturewlabels.jpg/400px-Tooth_Picturewlabels.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tooth_Picturewlabels.jpg/600px-Tooth_Picturewlabels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Tooth_Picturewlabels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Right upper molar showing the four main upper molars cusps</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four main cusps found on the <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> of the upper <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">therian</a> mammals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypocone">Hypocone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hypocone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>hypocone</i> is found on the distal lingual side of the tooth. It fits into the grooves of the lower dentition and is an <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> for the overall grinding and tearing of foods using the occlusal (chewing side) of the tooth surface during <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">mastication</a> (chewing). Its strength is due to the thickness of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> which differs among species of hominids. The hypocone appears to have evolved independently more than twenty times in different mammal groups during the Cenozoic period.<sup id="cite_ref-The_hypocone_as_a_key_innovation_in_mammalian_evolution_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_hypocone_as_a_key_innovation_in_mammalian_evolution-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metacone">Metacone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metacone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>metacone</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Cusp_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusp (dentistry)">cusp</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Molars" class="mw-redirect" title="Molars">molars</a> of the upper <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hominids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominids">hominids</a>. It is found at the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">buccal</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> area of the tooth. The crests between the cusps are <a href="/wiki/Adaptations" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptations">adaptations</a> for slicing food during <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">mastication</a> (chewing). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paracone">Paracone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paracone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anterior of the three cusps of a primitive upper molar that in higher forms is the principal anterior and outside cusp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocone">Protocone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protocone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>protocone</i> is founding the <a href="/wiki/Molars" class="mw-redirect" title="Molars">molars</a> of the upper <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Placental" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental">Placental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">Marsupial</a> vertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is found at the mesiolingual area of the tooth. The crests between the cusps are <a href="/wiki/Adaptations" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptations">adaptations</a> for slicing food during <a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">occlusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">mastication</a> (chewing). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamelon_(dentistry)" title="Mamelon (dentistry)">Mamelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusp_of_Carabelli" title="Cusp of Carabelli">Cusp of Carabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talon_cusp" title="Talon cusp">Talon cusp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_hypocone_as_a_key_innovation_in_mammalian_evolution-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_hypocone_as_a_key_innovation_in_mammalian_evolution_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHunterJernvall1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, JP; Jernvall, J (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC40683">"The hypocone as a key innovation in mammalian evolution"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>92</b> (23): 10718–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.92.23.10718">10.1073/pnas.92.23.10718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC40683">40683</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7479871">7479871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=The+hypocone+as+a+key+innovation+in+mammalian+evolution&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=10718-22&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC40683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7479871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.92.23.10718&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Jernvall%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC40683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACusp+%28anatomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gavin Prideaux, "Systematics and Evolution of the Sthenurine Kangaroos" (April 1, 2004). UC Publications in Geological Sciences. Paper vol_146. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucpress/ucpgs/vol_146">http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucpress/ucpgs/vol_146</a> p.16</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cusp_(anatomy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ash, Major M.; Nelson, Stanley. <i>Wheeler'S Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion</i>, 8th edition.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Tooth_anatomy" title="Template:Tooth anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tooth_anatomy" title="Template talk:Tooth anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tooth_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tooth anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dental_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dental_anatomy" title="Dental anatomy">Dental anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nomenclature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dentistry" title="Glossary of dentistry">Glossary of dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Numbering_System" title="Universal Numbering System">Universal Numbering System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Teeth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_teeth" title="Permanent teeth">Permanent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">Deciduous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxillary</a> teeth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incisor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_central_incisor" title="Maxillary central incisor">Central incisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_lateral_incisor" title="Maxillary lateral incisor">Lateral incisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_canine" title="Maxillary canine">Canine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premolar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_first_premolar" title="Maxillary first premolar">First premolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_second_premolar" title="Maxillary second premolar">Second premolar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Molar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_first_molar" title="Maxillary first molar">First molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_second_molar" title="Maxillary second molar">Second molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_tooth" title="Wisdom tooth">Third molar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandibular</a> teeth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incisor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_central_incisor" title="Mandibular central incisor">Central incisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_lateral_incisor" title="Mandibular lateral incisor">Lateral incisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_canine" title="Mandibular canine">Canine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premolar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_first_premolar" title="Mandibular first premolar">First premolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_second_premolar" title="Mandibular second premolar">Second premolar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Molar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_first_molar" title="Mandibular first molar">First molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_second_molar" title="Mandibular second molar">Second molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_tooth" title="Wisdom tooth">Third molar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth#Parts" title="Human tooth">Parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Crown" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_(tooth)" title="Crown (tooth)">Crown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cusp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusp_of_Carabelli" title="Cusp of Carabelli">Cusp of Carabelli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuckerkandl%27s_tubercle_(teeth)" title="Zuckerkandl's tubercle (teeth)">Zuckerkandl's tubercle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_canal" title="Root canal">Root canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apical_foramen" title="Apical foramen">Apical foramen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cementoenamel_junction" title="Cementoenamel junction">Cementoenamel junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental-enamel_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental-enamel junction">Dental-enamel junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">Dentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_papilla" title="Dental papilla">Dental papilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamelon_(dentistry)" title="Mamelon (dentistry)">Mamelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">Dental alveolus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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