CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anglo-Frisian languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8ba640de-f212-4224-8cff-e57b7cd5685b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anglo-Frisian_languages","wgTitle":"Anglo-Frisian languages","wgCurRevisionId":1258384261,"wgRevisionId":1258384261,"wgArticleId":2784208,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with Scots IPA","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2022","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from December 2009","All articles needing additional references","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Scots-language text","Articles containing West Frisian-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text", "Articles containing Low German-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Anglo-Frisian languages","West Germanic languages","North Sea Germanic"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anglo-Frisian_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":2784208,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5329170","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg/1200px-Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1168"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg/800px-Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="778"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg/640px-Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="623"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anglo-Frisian languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anglo-Frisian_languages rootpage-Anglo-Frisian_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anglo-Frisian+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anglo-Frisian+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anglo-Frisian+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anglo-Frisian+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Anglic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frisian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frisian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Frisian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frisian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-Frisian_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-Frisian_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anglo-Frisian developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-Frisian_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparisons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparisons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparisons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers_in_Anglo-Frisian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_in_Anglo-Frisian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Numbers in Anglo-Frisian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_in_Anglo-Frisian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_in_English,_West_Riding_Yorkshire,_Scots,_Yola,_West_Frisian,_Dutch,_German_and_West-Flemish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_in_English,_West_Riding_Yorkshire,_Scots,_Yola,_West_Frisian,_Dutch,_German_and_West-Flemish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Words in English, West Riding Yorkshire, Scots, Yola, West Frisian, Dutch, German and West-Flemish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_in_English,_West_Riding_Yorkshire,_Scots,_Yola,_West_Frisian,_Dutch,_German_and_West-Flemish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_grouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_grouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative grouping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglo-Frisian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelfresisca_spr%C7%A3ca" title="Angelfresisca sprǣca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Angelfresisca sprǣca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أنجلو-فريزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنجلو-فريزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_anglo-frisonas" title="Luengas anglo-frisonas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas anglo-frisonas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_anglofrisies" title="Llingües anglofrisies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües anglofrisies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_dil_qrupu" title="Anglo-Frisian dil qrupu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anglo-Frisian dil qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آنقلو-فریسی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنقلو-فریسی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Англа-фрызскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англа-фрызскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Англа-фрыскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Англа-фрыскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Англо-фризийски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англо-фризийски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_anglofr%C3%ADsies" title="Llengües anglofrísies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües anglofrísies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglofriesische_Sprachen" title="Anglofriesische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglofriesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αγγλοφριζικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλοφριζικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_anglofrisias" title="Lenguas anglofrisias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas anglofrisias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglofrisa_lingvaro" title="Anglofrisa lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anglofrisa lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های آنگلو-فریسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های آنگلو-فریسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_anglo-frisonnes" title="Langues anglo-frisonnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues anglo-frisonnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%B5%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="앵글로프리지아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앵글로프리지아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%B8-%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անգլո-ֆրիզյան լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլո-ֆրիզյան լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglofrizijski_jezici" title="Anglofrizijski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anglofrizijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Anglo-Frisia" title="Rumpun bahasa Anglo-Frisia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Anglo-Frisia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engilfr%C3%ADsnesk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Engilfrísnesk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Engilfrísnesk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_anglo-frisoni" title="Lingue anglo-frisoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue anglo-frisoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C4%BCu-fr%C4%ABzu_valodas" title="Angļu-frīzu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Angļu-frīzu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C5%B3-fryz%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Anglų-fryzų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglų-fryzų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglofr%C3%ADz_nyelvek" title="Anglofríz nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anglofríz nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Англофризиски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англофризиски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Anglo-Frisian" title="Bahasa Anglo-Frisian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Anglo-Frisian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Fries" title="Anglo-Fries – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anglo-Fries" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-freeske_spr%C3%A5ken" title="Anglo-freeske språken – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Anglo-freeske språken" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="アングロ・フリジア語群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アングロ・フリジア語群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Fresk" title="Anglo-Fresk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Anglo-Fresk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-frisiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Anglo-frisiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anglo-frisiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_anglofryzyjskie" title="Języki anglofryzyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki anglofryzyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_anglo-fr%C3%ADsias" title="Línguas anglo-frísias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas anglo-frísias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Англо-фризские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-фризские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisie_leids" title="Anglo-Frisie leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anglo-Frisie leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglofr%C3%A4isk" title="Anglofräisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Anglofräisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_Anglo-Frisiane" title="Gjuhët Anglo-Frisiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët Anglo-Frisiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anglo-Frisian languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglofrisiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Anglofrisiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anglofrisiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Friz_dilleri" title="Anglo-Friz dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anglo-Friz dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Англо-фризькі мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англо-фризькі мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Anh-Frisia" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Anh-Frisia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Anh-Frisia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84" title="盎格鲁-弗里斯兰语组 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盎格鲁-弗里斯兰语组" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5329170#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anglo-Frisian_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Anglo-Frisian_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&oldid=1258384261" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Anglo-Frisian_languages&id=1258384261&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnglo-Frisian_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnglo-Frisian_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anglo-Frisian_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5329170" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of West Germanic languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Anglo-Frisian languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anglo-Frisian+languages%22">"Anglo-Frisian languages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anglo-Frisian+languages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anglo-Frisian+languages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anglo-Frisian+languages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anglo-Frisian+languages%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anglo-Frisian+languages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Anglo-Frisian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Originally <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast from <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>; today worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Anglo-Frisian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/angl1264">angl1264</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg/250px-Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg/375px-Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg/500px-Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Approximate present day distribution of the Anglo-Frisian languages in Europe. <p>Anglic: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffa500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D2691E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" title="History of the Scots language">Scots</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000066; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3366CC; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66CCFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></div> Hatched areas indicate where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Anglo-Frisian languages</b> are the Anglic (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a>†, and <a href="/wiki/Yola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola language">Yola</a>†) and <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a>) varieties of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>. </p><p>The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinct from other West Germanic languages due to several <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a>: besides the <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a>, which is present in <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> as well, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_brightening" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian brightening">Anglo-Frisian brightening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Old_English#Palatalization" title="Phonological history of Old English">palatalization</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> are for the most part unique to the modern Anglo-Frisian languages: </p> <ul><li>English <i>cheese</i>, Scots <i><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">cheese</i></span></i> and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> <i><span title="West Frisian-language text"><i lang="fy">tsiis</i></span></i>, but <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">kaas</i></span></i>, Low German <i><span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Kees</i></span></i>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Käse</i></span></i></li> <li>English <i>church</i>, and West Frisian <i><span title="West Frisian-language text"><i lang="fy">tsjerke</i></span></i>, but Dutch <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">kerk</i></span></i>, Low German <i><span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Kerk</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Kark</i></span></i>, and German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kirche</i></span></i>, though Scots <i><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">kirk</i></span></i></li> <li>English <i>sheep</i>, Scots <i><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">sheep</i></span></i> and West Frisian <i><span title="West Frisian-language text"><i lang="fy">skiep</i></span></i>, but Dutch <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schaap</i></span> (pl. <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schapen</i></span>), Low German <span title="Low German-language text"><i lang="nds">Schaap</i></span>, German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schaf</i></span> (pl. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schafe</i></span>)</li></ul> <p>The grouping is usually implied as a separate branch in regards to the <a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">tree model</a>. According to this reading, English and Frisian would have had a proximal ancestral form in common that no other attested group shares. The early Anglo-Frisian varieties, like <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, and the third Ingvaeonic group at the time, the ancestor of Low German <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>, were spoken by intercommunicating populations. While this has been cited as a reason for a few traits exclusively shared by Old Saxon and either Old English or Old Frisian,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a genetic unity of the Anglo-Frisian languages beyond that of an <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">Ingvaeonic</a> subfamily cannot be considered a majority opinion. In fact, the groupings of Ingvaeonic and West Germanic languages are highly debated, even though they rely on much more innovations and evidence. Some scholars consider a Proto-Anglo-Frisian language as disproven, as far as such postulates are falsifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the close ties and strong similarities between the Anglic and the Frisian grouping are part of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a>. Therefore, the concept of Anglo-Frisian languages can be useful and is today employed without these implications.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geography isolated the settlers of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, except from contact with communities capable of open water navigation. This resulted in more <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> influences during the development of <a href="/wiki/Late_Modern_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern English">Late Modern English</a>, whereas the modern Frisian languages developed under contact with the southern Germanic populations, restricted to the continent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proposed Anglo-Frisian family tree is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Anglo-Frisian</b> <ul><li>Anglic <ul><li>South Anglic<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Central English <ul><li>West Central English</li> <li>East Central English</li></ul></li> <li>Southern English</li></ul></li> <li>North Anglic<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Scots" title="Insular Scots">Insular Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Scots" title="Northern Scots">Northern Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Scots" title="Central Scots">Central Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Scots" title="Southern Scots">Southern Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric Scots">Doric Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern English <ul><li>Northumbrian English</li> <li>Lower Northern English</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Irish Anglo-Norman<sup id="cite_ref-Hickey2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickey2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickey2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingalian language">Fingalian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola language">Yola</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog Frisian</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>South Frisian</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a> <ul><li>Ems Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Weser Frisian <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> <ul><li>Mainland North Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bökingharde Frisian">Bökingharde Frisian</a> <ul><li>West Mooring</li> <li>East Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand Frisian</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Insular North Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt Frisian</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt North Frisian</a></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum North Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr North Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligoland Frisian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglic_languages">Anglic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anglic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Englishes" title="World Englishes">World Englishes</a></div> <p><b>Anglic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Insular Germanic</b>, or <b>English languages</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encompass <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and all the <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">linguistic varieties</a> descended from it. These include <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_Modern_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern English">Late Modern English</a>; <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Scots" title="Modern Scots">Modern Scots</a>; and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola language">Yola</a> dialects in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a> are not generally included, as mainly only their <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> and not necessarily their grammar, phonology, etc. comes from <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Modern_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern English">Late Modern English</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English </a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian Old English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mercian_Old_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercian Old English">Mercian Old English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Old_English" title="Kentish Old English">Kentish Old English</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_Old_English" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxon Old English">West Saxon Old English</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Northern <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle English">Early Middle English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Midland <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle English">Early Middle English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle English">Early Middle English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Southern <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle English">Early Middle English</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center">Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle English">Early Middle English</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Northern <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Midland <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Southern <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center">Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Middle English">Late Middle English</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Northern <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Midland <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Southern <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Yola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola language">Yola</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Scots" title="Modern Scots">Modern Scots</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern English">Late Modern English</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frisian_languages">Frisian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frisian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a></div> <p>The Frisian languages are a group of languages spoken by about 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Frisian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisian people">Frisian people</a> on the southern fringes of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>, by far the most spoken of the three main branches with 875,840 total speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Free_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Free-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constitutes an official language in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>. <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> is spoken on some <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_Islands" title="North Frisian Islands">North Frisian Islands</a> and parts of mainland <a href="/wiki/North_Frisia" title="North Frisia">North Frisia</a> in the northernmost <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nordfriesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordfriesland">Nordfriesland</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Bight" title="German Bight">German Bight</a>, both part of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> state (Heligoland is part of its mainland <a href="/wiki/Pinneberg_(district)" title="Pinneberg (district)">district of Pinneberg</a>). North Frisian has approximately 8,000 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian language</a> is spoken by only about 2,000 people;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speakers are located in <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a> in Germany.<br /> There are no known East Frisian dialects, but there are three dialects of West Frisian and ten of North Frisian. </p> <ul><li>West Frisian dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Free_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Free-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)</li> <li>South or Southwest Frisian (Súdhoeksk)</li> <li>Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)</li></ul></li> <li>North Frisian dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Insular dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylt Frisian">Sylt Frisian</a> (Söl'ring)</li> <li>Föhr-Amrum Frisian (Fering, Öömrang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligolandic_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Heligolandic Frisian">Heligolandic Frisian</a> (Halunder)</li></ul></li> <li>Mainland dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde Frisian</a> (Wiringhiirder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bökingharde Frisian">Bökingharde Frisian</a> (Mooringer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde Frisian</a> (Karrharder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde Frisian</a> (Gooshiirder) <ul><li>Northern Goesharde Frisian (incl. Hooringer Fräisch & Hoolmer Freesch)</li> <li>Central Goesharde Frisian</li> <li>Southern Goesharde Frisian (extinct since early 1980s)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen Frisian</a> (Halifreesk)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-Frisian_developments">Anglo-Frisian developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anglo-Frisian developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a summary of the major sound changes affecting vowels in chronological order.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For additional detail, see <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Old_English" title="Phonological history of Old English">Phonological history of Old English</a>. That these were simultaneous and in that order for all Anglo-Frisian languages is considered disproved by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Backing and nasalization of West Germanic <i>a</i> and <i>ā</i> before a nasal consonant</li> <li>Loss of <i>n</i> before a spirant, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">lengthening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> of preceding vowel</li> <li>Single form for present and preterite plurals</li> <li><i>A-fronting</i>: West Germanic <i>a</i>, <i>ā</i> > <i>æ</i>, <i>ǣ</i>, even in the diphthongs <i>ai</i> and <i>au</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_brightening" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian brightening">Anglo-Frisian brightening</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*k</span></span> and <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*g</span></span> before front vowels (but not phonemicization of palatals)</li> <li><i>A-restoration</i>: <i>æ</i>, <i>ǣ</i> > <i>a</i>, <i>ā</i> under the influence of neighboring consonants<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Second fronting</i>: OE dialects (except <a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a>) and Frisian <i>ǣ</i> > <i>ē</i></li> <li><i>A-restoration</i>: <i>a</i> restored before a back vowel in the following syllable (later in the <a href="/wiki/Southumbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southumbrian">Southumbrian</a> dialects); Frisian <i>æu</i> > <i>au</i> > Old Frisian <i>ā</i>/<i>a</i></li> <li>OE breaking; in West Saxon palatal diphthongization follows</li> <li><i>i</i>-mutation followed by <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>; Old Frisian breaking follows</li> <li>Phonemicization of palatals and <a href="/wiki/Assibilation" title="Assibilation">assibilation</a>, followed by second fronting in parts of West Mercia</li> <li>Smoothing and <a href="/wiki/Back_mutation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Back mutation (linguistics)">back mutation</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers_in_Anglo-Frisian_languages">Numbers in Anglo-Frisian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Numbers in Anglo-Frisian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the words for the numbers one to 12 in the Anglo-Frisian languages, with Dutch, West-Flemish and German included for comparison: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>11 </th> <th>12 </th></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>one </td> <td>two </td> <td>three </td> <td>four </td> <td>five </td> <td>six </td> <td>seven </td> <td>eight </td> <td>nine </td> <td>ten </td> <td>eleven </td> <td>twelve </td></tr> <tr> <th>West Riding Yorkshire </th> <td>one </td> <td>two </td> <td>three </td> <td>fower </td> <td>five </td> <td>six </td> <td>seven </td> <td>eight </td> <td>nine </td> <td>ten </td> <td>(e)leven </td> <td>twelve </td></tr> <tr> <th>Scots<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>ane<br />ae*<br />een </td> <td>twa </td> <td>trey<br />three </td> <td>fower </td> <td>five </td> <td>seks<br />sax </td> <td>seiven </td> <td>aicht </td> <td>nine </td> <td>ten </td> <td>eleiven </td> <td>twaal </td></tr> <tr> <th>Yola </th> <td>oan </td> <td>twye </td> <td>dhree </td> <td>vour </td> <td>veeve </td> <td>zeese </td> <td>zeven </td> <td>ayght </td> <td>neen </td> <td>dhen </td> <td>ellven </td> <td>twalve </td></tr> <tr> <th>West Frisian </th> <td>ien </td> <td>twa </td> <td>trije </td> <td>fjouwer </td> <td>fiif </td> <td>seis </td> <td>sân </td> <td>acht </td> <td>njoggen </td> <td>tsien </td> <td>alve </td> <td>tolve </td></tr> <tr> <th>West-Flemish </th> <td>jin </td> <td>twi </td> <td>drieje </td> <td>viere </td> <td>vuvve </td> <td>zesse </td> <td>zeevne </td> <td>achte </td> <td>neegn </td> <td>tiene </td> <td>elve </td> <td>twolve </td></tr> <tr> <th>Saterland Frisian </th> <td>aan (m.)<br />een (f., n.) </td> <td>twäin (m.)<br />two (f., n.) </td> <td>träi (m.)<br />trjo (f., n.) </td> <td>fjauer </td> <td>fieuw </td> <td>säks </td> <td>sogen </td> <td>oachte </td> <td>njúgen </td> <td>tjoon </td> <td>alven </td> <td>twelig </td></tr> <tr> <th>North Frisian (Mooring dialect) </th> <td>iinj<br />ån </td> <td>tou<br />tuu </td> <td>trii<br />tra </td> <td>fjouer </td> <td>fiiw </td> <td>seeks </td> <td>soowen </td> <td>oocht </td> <td>nüügen </td> <td>tiin </td> <td>alwen </td> <td>tweelwen </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dutch </th> <td>een </td> <td>twee </td> <td>drie </td> <td>vier </td> <td>vijf </td> <td>zes </td> <td>zeven </td> <td>acht </td> <td>negen </td> <td>tien </td> <td>elf </td> <td>twaalf </td></tr> <tr> <th>High German </th> <td>eins </td> <td>zwei </td> <td>drei </td> <td>vier </td> <td>fünf </td> <td>sechs </td> <td>sieben </td> <td>acht </td> <td>neun </td> <td>zehn </td> <td>elf </td> <td>zwölf </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* <i>Ae</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[eː]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jeː]</a></span> is an adjectival form used before nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_in_English,_West_Riding_Yorkshire,_Scots,_Yola,_West_Frisian,_Dutch,_German_and_West-Flemish"><span id="Words_in_English.2C_West_Riding_Yorkshire.2C_Scots.2C_Yola.2C_West_Frisian.2C_Dutch.2C_German_and_West-Flemish"></span>Words in English, West Riding Yorkshire, Scots, Yola, West Frisian, Dutch, German and West-Flemish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Words in English, West Riding Yorkshire, Scots, Yola, West Frisian, Dutch, German and West-Flemish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>West Riding Yorkshire</th> <th>Scots</th> <th>Yola</th> <th>West Frisian</th> <th>Dutch</th> <th>German</th> <th>West-Flemish </th></tr> <tr> <td>day</td> <td>day</td> <td>day</td> <td>dei</td> <td>dei</td> <td>dag</td> <td>Tag</td> <td>dah </td></tr> <tr> <td>world</td> <td>warld</td> <td>warld</td> <td>eord</td> <td>wrâld</td> <td>wereld</td> <td>Welt</td> <td>wèreld </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain</td> <td>rain</td> <td>rain</td> <td>rhyne</td> <td>rein</td> <td>regen</td> <td>Regen</td> <td>rinne </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>blooid</td> <td>bluid</td> <td>blooed</td> <td>bloed</td> <td>bloed</td> <td>Blut</td> <td>bloed </td></tr> <tr> <td>alone</td> <td>aloan</td> <td>alane</td> <td>alane</td> <td>allinne</td> <td>alleen</td> <td>allein</td> <td>oaljinne </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td>stoan</td> <td>stane</td> <td>sthoan</td> <td>stien</td> <td>steen</td> <td>Stein</td> <td>stjin </td></tr> <tr> <td>snow</td> <td>snaw</td> <td>snaw</td> <td>sneow</td> <td>snie</td> <td>sneeuw</td> <td>Schnee</td> <td>snji(w) </td></tr> <tr> <td>summer</td> <td>summer</td> <td>simmer</td> <td>zimmer</td> <td>simmer</td> <td>zomer</td> <td>Sommer</td> <td>zomer </td></tr> <tr> <td>way</td> <td>way</td> <td>wey</td> <td>wye</td> <td>wei</td> <td>weg</td> <td>Weg</td> <td>weh </td></tr> <tr> <td>almighty</td> <td>almeety</td> <td>awmichtie</td> <td>aulmichty</td> <td>almachtich</td> <td>almachtig</td> <td>allmächtig</td> <td>oalmahtih </td></tr> <tr> <td>ship</td> <td>ship</td> <td>ship</td> <td>zhip</td> <td>skip</td> <td>schip</td> <td>Schiff</td> <td>skip/sjgip </td></tr> <tr> <td>nail</td> <td>nail</td> <td>nail</td> <td>niel</td> <td>neil</td> <td>nagel</td> <td>Nagel</td> <td>noagle </td></tr> <tr> <td>old</td> <td>owd</td> <td>auld</td> <td>yola</td> <td>âld</td> <td>oud</td> <td>alt</td> <td>oed </td></tr> <tr> <td>butter</td> <td>butter</td> <td>butter</td> <td>buther</td> <td>bûter</td> <td>boter</td> <td>Butter</td> <td>beuter </td></tr> <tr> <td>cheese</td> <td>cheese</td> <td>cheese</td> <td>cheese</td> <td>tsiis</td> <td>kaas</td> <td>Käse</td> <td>koas </td></tr> <tr> <td>apple</td> <td>apple</td> <td>aiple</td> <td>appel</td> <td>apel</td> <td>appel</td> <td>Apfel</td> <td>apple </td></tr> <tr> <td>church</td> <td>church (older kurk)</td> <td>kirk</td> <td>chourche</td> <td>tsjerke</td> <td>kerk</td> <td>Kirche</td> <td>kerke </td></tr> <tr> <td>son</td> <td>son</td> <td>son</td> <td>zon</td> <td>soan</td> <td>zoon</td> <td>Sohn</td> <td>zeune </td></tr> <tr> <td>door</td> <td>door</td> <td>door</td> <td>dher</td> <td>doar</td> <td>deur</td> <td>Tür</td> <td>deure </td></tr> <tr> <td>good</td> <td>gooid</td> <td>guid</td> <td>gooude</td> <td>goed</td> <td>goed</td> <td>gut</td> <td>hoed </td></tr> <tr> <td>fork</td> <td>fork</td> <td>fork</td> <td>vork</td> <td>foarke</td> <td>vork</td> <td>Gabel <br /> Forke (dated)</td> <td>vork </td></tr> <tr> <td>sib</td> <td>sib (obsolete)</td> <td>sib</td> <td>meany / sibbe (dated)</td> <td>sibbe</td> <td>sibbe (dated)</td> <td>Sippe</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>together</td> <td>together</td> <td>taegither</td> <td>agyther</td> <td>tegearre</td> <td>samen <br /> tegader</td> <td>zusammen</td> <td>tegoare </td></tr> <tr> <td>morn(ing)</td> <td>morn(in)</td> <td>morn(in)</td> <td>arich</td> <td>moarn</td> <td>morgen</td> <td>Morgen</td> <td>morhn </td></tr> <tr> <td>until, till</td> <td>whol</td> <td>until, till</td> <td>del</td> <td>oant</td> <td>tot</td> <td>bis</td> <td>tot </td></tr> <tr> <td>where</td> <td>wheer</td> <td>whaur<sup><i>or whare</i></sup></td> <td>fidie</td> <td>wêr</td> <td>waar</td> <td>wo</td> <td>woa(r)(e) </td></tr> <tr> <td>key</td> <td>key</td> <td>key<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>kei / kie</td> <td>kaai</td> <td>sleutel</td> <td>Schlüssel</td> <td>sleutle </td></tr> <tr> <td>have been (was)</td> <td>wor</td> <td>wis</td> <td>was</td> <td>ha west</td> <td>ben geweest</td> <td>bin gewesen</td> <td>zy(n)/è gewist </td></tr> <tr> <td>two sheep</td> <td>two sheep</td> <td>twa sheep</td> <td>twye zheep</td> <td>twa skiep</td> <td>twee schapen</td> <td>zwei Schafe</td> <td>twi skoapn </td></tr> <tr> <td>have</td> <td>have/heve/ha</td> <td>hae</td> <td>ha</td> <td>hawwe</td> <td>hebben</td> <td>haben</td> <td>èn </td></tr> <tr> <td>us</td> <td>uz</td> <td>us</td> <td>ouse</td> <td>ús</td> <td>ons</td> <td>uns</td> <td>oes </td></tr> <tr> <td>horse</td> <td>hoss</td> <td>horse</td> <td>caule</td> <td>hynder <br />hoars (rare)</td> <td>paard <br />ros (dated)</td> <td>Pferd <br /> Ross (dated)</td> <td>pèrd </td></tr> <tr> <td>bread</td> <td>breead</td> <td>breid</td> <td>breed</td> <td>brea</td> <td>brood</td> <td>Brot</td> <td>brwot </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair</td> <td>hair</td> <td>hair</td> <td>haar</td> <td>hier</td> <td>haar</td> <td>Haar</td> <td>oar </td></tr> <tr> <td>heart</td> <td>heart</td> <td>hert</td> <td>hearth</td> <td>hert</td> <td>hart</td> <td>Herz</td> <td>èrte </td></tr> <tr> <td>beard</td> <td>beard</td> <td>beard</td> <td>bearde</td> <td>burd</td> <td>baard</td> <td>Bart</td> <td>board </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon</td> <td>mooin</td> <td>muin</td> <td>mond</td> <td>moanne</td> <td>maan</td> <td>Mond</td> <td>moane </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>maath, gob</td> <td>mooth</td> <td>meouth</td> <td>mûn</td> <td>mond</td> <td>Mund</td> <td>moend </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>ear, lug</td> <td>ear, lug (colloquial)</td> <td>lug</td> <td>ear</td> <td>oor</td> <td>Ohr</td> <td>wore/ôre </td></tr> <tr> <td>green</td> <td>green</td> <td>green</td> <td>green</td> <td>grien</td> <td>groen</td> <td>grün</td> <td>groene </td></tr> <tr> <td>red</td> <td>red</td> <td>reid</td> <td>reed</td> <td>read</td> <td>rood</td> <td>rot</td> <td>rwod/rôd </td></tr> <tr> <td>sweet</td> <td>sweet</td> <td>sweet</td> <td>sweet</td> <td>swiet</td> <td>zoet</td> <td>süß</td> <td>zoet </td></tr> <tr> <td>through</td> <td>through/thrugh</td> <td>throu<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>draugh</td> <td>troch</td> <td>door</td> <td>durch</td> <td>deur </td></tr> <tr> <td>wet</td> <td>weet</td> <td>weet</td> <td>weate</td> <td>wiet</td> <td>nat</td> <td>nass</td> <td>nat </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>ee</td> <td>ee</td> <td>ei / iee</td> <td>each</td> <td>oog</td> <td>Auge</td> <td>wooge/ôoge </td></tr> <tr> <td>dream</td> <td>dreeam</td> <td>dream</td> <td>dreem</td> <td>dream</td> <td>droom</td> <td>Traum</td> <td>droom </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouse</td> <td>maase</td> <td>moose</td> <td>meouse</td> <td>mûs</td> <td>muis</td> <td>Maus</td> <td>muzze </td></tr> <tr> <td>house</td> <td>haase</td> <td>hoose</td> <td>heouse</td> <td>hûs</td> <td>huis</td> <td>Haus</td> <td>hus </td></tr> <tr> <td>it goes on</td> <td>it goes/goas on</td> <td>it gaes/gangs on</td> <td>it goath an</td> <td>it giet oan</td> <td>het gaat door</td> <td>es geht weiter/los</td> <td>tgoa deure </td></tr> <tr> <td>good day</td> <td>gooid day</td> <td>guid day</td> <td>gooude dei</td> <td>goeie (dei)</td> <td>goedendag</td> <td>guten Tag</td> <td>goein dah </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_grouping">Alternative grouping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative grouping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a>, also known as Ingvaeonic, is a proposed grouping of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> that encompasses <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Sea Germanic grouping may be regarded as an alternative to Anglo-Frisian, or as ancestral to it. </p><p>Since Anglo-Frisian features occur in Low German – especially in its older stages such as Old Saxon – some scholars regard the North Sea Germanic classification as more meaningful than a sharp division into Anglo-Frisian and Low German. In other words, because Old Saxon came under strong Old High German and Old Low Franconian influence at an early stage, it lost some North Sea Germanic features,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it had previously shared with Old English and Old Frisian. </p><p>North Sea Germanic is not thought of as a monolithic <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a>, but rather as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extinction of two little-attested and presumably North Sea Germanic languages, Old <a href="/wiki/Anglian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglian dialects">Old Anglian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jutes#Language_and_writing" title="Jutes">Old Jutish</a>, in their homelands (modern <a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig" title="Southern Schleswig">southern Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> respectively), mat have led to a form of "<a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">survivorship bias</a>" in classification. Since Old Anglian and Jutish were, like Old Saxon, direct ancestors of Old English, it might follow that Old Saxon, Old Anglian and/or Jutish were more closely related to English than any of them was to Frisian (or vice versa). </p><p>North Sea Germanic, as a hypothetical grouping, was first proposed in <i>Nordgermanen und Alemannen</i> (1942) by the German linguist and philologist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Friedrich Maurer</a> (1898–1984), as an alternative to the strict <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree diagrams</a> that had become popular following the work of the 19th-century linguist <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> and which assumed the existence of an Anglo-Frisian group.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depending on dialect 1. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[en]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jɪn]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[in]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[wan]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[*eː]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jeː]</a></span> 2. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[twɑː]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[twɔː]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tweː]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[twaː]</a></span> 3. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[θrəi]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[θriː]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[triː]</a></span> 4. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈfʌu(ə)r]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[fuwr]</a></span> 5. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[faiːv]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[fɛv]</a></span> 6. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[saks]</a></span> 7. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈsiːvən]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈseːvən]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈsəivən]</a></span> 8. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ext]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɛçt]</a></span> 9. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[nəin]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[nin]</a></span> 10. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tɛn]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depending on dialect <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kiː]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kəi]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depending on dialect <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[θruː]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sco-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[θrʌu]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <i>Anglo-Saxon</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStiles2018" class="citation book cs1">Stiles, Patrick (2018-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/57114915/9Remarks_Anglo-Fris.pdf"><i>Friesische Studien II: Beiträge des Föhrer Symposiums zur Friesischen Philologie vom 7.–8. April 1994</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NOWELE Supplement Series. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fnss.12">10.1075/nss.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7838-059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7838-059-3"><bdi>978-87-7838-059-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-23</span></span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friesische+Studien+II%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+des+F%C3%B6hrer+Symposiums+zur+Friesischen+Philologie+vom+7.%E2%80%938.+April+1994&rft.series=NOWELE+Supplement+Series&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fnss.12&rft.isbn=978-87-7838-059-3&rft.aulast=Stiles&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F57114915%2F9Remarks_Anglo-Fris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2017" class="citation book cs1">Hines, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1013723499"><i>Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-063-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-063-0"><bdi>978-1-78744-063-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1013723499">1013723499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frisians+and+their+North+Sea+Neighbours.&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1013723499&rft.isbn=978-1-78744-063-0&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1013723499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudgill-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1990" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (1990). <i>The dialects of England</i>. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631139176" title="Special:BookSources/0631139176"><bdi>0631139176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dialects+of+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.%2C+USA&rft.pub=B.+Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0631139176&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickey2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hickey2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2005" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Raymond (2005). <i>Dublin English: Evolution and Change</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 196–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-4895-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-4895-8"><bdi>90-272-4895-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin+English%3A+Evolution+and+Change&rft.pages=196-198&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-272-4895-8&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickey2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hickey2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2002" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Raymond (2002). <i>A Source Book for Irish English</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027237530" title="Special:BookSources/9027237530"><bdi>9027237530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+for+Irish+English&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9027237530&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2834">"Glottolog 4.8 - Irish Anglo-Norman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. Leipzig, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.8131084">10.5281/zenodo.8131084</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717050346/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2834">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Irish+Anglo-Norman&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.8131084&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Feast2834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Anglic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (2007). <i>From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070</i>. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1234-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-1234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Pictland+to+Alba%2C+789%E2%80%931070&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+New+Edinburgh+History+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1234-5&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Derrick McClure <i>Scots its range of Uses</i> in A. J. Aitken, Tom McArthur, Languages of Scotland, W. and R. Chambers, 1979. p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Burns McArthur, The English Languages, Cambridge University Press, 1998. p.203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_Free-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_Free_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_Free_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fry/">"Frisian | Ethnologue Free"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frisian+%26%23124%3B+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ffry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/frr/">"Frisian, Northern | Ethnologue Free"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frisian%2C+Northern+%26%23124%3B+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ffrr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/stq/">"Saterfriesisch | Ethnologue Free"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saterfriesisch+%26%23124%3B+Ethnologue+Free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fstq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulk1998" class="citation book cs1">Fulk, Robert D. (1998). "The Chronology of Anglo-Frisian Sound Changes". In Bremmer Jr., Rolf H.; Johnston, Thomas S.B.; Vries, Oebele (eds.). <i>Approaches to Old Frisian Philology</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopoi. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chronology+of+Anglo-Frisian+Sound+Changes&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Old+Frisian+Philology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Rodopoi&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Fulk&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrantDixon1921" class="citation book cs1">Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921). <i>Manual of Modern Scots</i>. Cambridge: University Press. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Modern+Scots&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Dixon%2C+James+Main&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some include <a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>. Cf. Bremmer (2009:22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunskeÅrhammar2001" class="citation book cs1">Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Nils, eds. (2001). <i>Handbuch des Friesischen: = Handbook of Frisian studies</i>. Tübingen: Niemeyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-484-73048-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-484-73048-9"><bdi>978-3-484-73048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Friesischen%3A+%3D+Handbook+of+Frisian+studies&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Niemeyer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-484-73048-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full discussion of the areal changes involved and their relative chronologies, see Voyles (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanistik.uni-freiburg.de/auer/?Geschichte_des_Lehrstuhls">"Friedrich Maurer (Lehrstuhl für Germanische Philologie – Linguistik)"</a>. Germanistik.uni-freiburg.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Maurer+%28Lehrstuhl+f%C3%BCr+Germanische+Philologie+%E2%80%93+Linguistik%29&rft.pub=Germanistik.uni-freiburg.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanistik.uni-freiburg.de%2Fauer%2F%3FGeschichte_des_Lehrstuhls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurer1942" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maurer, Friedrich (1942). <i>Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde</i> (in German). Strasbourg: Hünenburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordgermanen+und+Alemannen%3A+Studien+zur+Sprachgeschichte%2C+Stammes-+und+Volkskunde&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pub=H%C3%BCnenburg&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuler2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Euler" title="Wolfram Euler">Euler, Wolfram</a> (2013). <i>Das Westgermanische</i> [<i>West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction</i>] (in German). London/Berlin: Verlag Inspiration Un Ltd. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9812110-7-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9812110-7-8"><bdi>978-3-9812110-7-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Westgermanische&rft.place=London%2FBerlin&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Verlag+Inspiration+Un+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-9812110-7-8&rft.aulast=Euler&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingeTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Ringe, Don</a>; Taylor, Ann (2014). <i>The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199207848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199207848"><bdi>978-0199207848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Old+English+-+A+Linguistic+History+of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199207848&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Frisian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_English" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_English" title="Template:History of English"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_English" title="Template talk:History of English"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_English" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of English"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">Proto-West-Germanic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Old_English" title="Kentish Old English">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Phonological_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">Phonological history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_vowels" title="Phonological history of English vowels">Vowels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩"><i>A</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /l/">Changes before historic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">Changes before historic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close back vowels">Close back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close front vowels">Close front vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">Diphthongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_open_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English open back vowels">Open back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisyllabic_laxing" title="Trisyllabic laxing">Trisyllabic laxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants" title="Phonological history of English consonants">Consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">Clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping"><i>H</i>-dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization"><i>L</i>-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8ng%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩"><i>Ng</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization"><i>T</i>-glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩"><i>Th</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">stopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩"><i>Wh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&oldid=1258384261">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&oldid=1258384261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Category:Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Germanic_languages" title="Category:West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Sea_Germanic" title="Category:North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Scots_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Scots IPA">Pages with Scots IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2009">Articles needing additional references from December 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scots-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scots-language text">Articles containing Scots-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_West_Frisian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing West Frisian-language text">Articles containing West Frisian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Low_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Low German-language text">Articles containing Low German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 12:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Frisian_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-lxzkk","wgBackendResponseTime":123,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.858","walltime":"1.053","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4260,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":211391,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5253,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":84389,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 875.471 1 -total"," 18.05% 158.026 12 Template:Cite_book"," 15.81% 138.403 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 15.33% 134.186 1 Template:Germanic_languages"," 15.16% 132.741 18 Template:Lang"," 9.29% 81.314 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 8.74% 76.524 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.48% 74.231 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.24% 72.135 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 7.58% 66.341 1 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.512","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24117676,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-59bnt","timestamp":"20241122141413","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anglo-Frisian languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Frisian_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5329170","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5329170","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-28T14:12:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T12:01:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ed\/Anglo-Frisian_distribution_map.svg","headline":"group of West Germanic languages"}</script> </body> </html>