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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>"The bush"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_bush"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Skills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design and materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_bush_carpentry_in_situ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_bush_carpentry_in_situ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of bush carpentry <i>in situ</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_bush_carpentry_in_situ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Australian_architecture_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Australian_architecture_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence on Australian architecture and art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_Australian_architecture_and_art-sublist" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 05:56, 22 July 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/43.247.66.161" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/43.247.66.161" data-mw-revid="1235973909"><bdi>43.247.66.161</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:43.247.66.161" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:43.247.66.161">talk</a>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&diff=prev&oldid=1235973909" title="Bush carpentry">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&direction=prev&oldid=1235973909" title="Bush carpentry">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Improvised building methods, in Australian English</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Bush carpentry</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_Detail_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bush_Carpentry_Detail_1.jpg/220px-Bush_Carpentry_Detail_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bush_Carpentry_Detail_1.jpg/330px-Bush_Carpentry_Detail_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bush_Carpentry_Detail_1.jpg/440px-Bush_Carpentry_Detail_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bush carpentry in <a href="/wiki/Maldon,_New_South_Wales" title="Maldon, New South Wales">Maldon, New South Wales</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Places</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia and New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">prehistory</a> to the present day</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data">Bush timber, wire, bark, mud, clay, concrete, stone, etc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uses</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">Dwellings</a>, shops, farm outbuildings</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bush carpentry</b> is an expression used in Australia and New Zealand that refers to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/improvise" class="extiw" title="wikt:improvise">improvised</a> methods of building or repair, using available materials and an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> design, usually in a <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">pioneering</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rural" class="extiw" title="wikt:rural">rural</a> context. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_tradition">The tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase 'bush carpentry' is a familiar Australian usage, but finding an exact description of its practice is rare. The Macquarie Dictionary for example, defines a <i>bush carpenter</i> as a <i>rough amateur carpenter</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and G. A. Wilkes says he is a <i>rough and ready</i> carpenter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Macquarie in turn defines <i>rough-and-ready</i> as <i>rough, rude or crude, but good enough for the purpose.</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wannan says that a bush carpenter is 'a very rough, unorthodox artisan indeed', and includes a sardonic excerpt from Henry Lawson to exemplify it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Bushcraft</i> series Ron Edwards describes hut and furniture building, and 'stockcamp architecture', without once using the phrase 'bush carpentry', though 'rough and ready' recurs. Tocal Agricultural College offers a course in 'Traditional bush timber construction';<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word 'traditional' appears six times in the course outline, but not 'bush carpentry'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cox and Lucas, writing in 1978 of Australian pioneer buildings, remarked: </p> <blockquote><p>"... perhaps because it has been the symbol of hardship and country toil; perhaps because it was thought too crude and rude to be treated seriously as architecture by the academics ... there have been few books and articles written on the subject ... The vernacular, often, is a fragile architectural form, evolved for expedience and resulting—especially in the case of the more primitive examples—in early decay and disappearance ... designed by an amateur, a builder with little training in design and who will be guided by a strict set of conventions developed within his own locality, perhaps paying some attention to fashion, but local only and certainly not international. Within the vernacular building, function is the dominant factor.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A similar and familiar phrase is <i>traditional</i> bush carpentry; this implies that its principles are well-known, but informally transmitted. Like <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, bush carpentry exists within an oral and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demotic" class="extiw" title="wikt:demotic">demotic</a> culture, and is often undocumented. The tradition of Australian inventiveness, however, has an extensive literature: </p> <blockquote><p>"... vigorous attitudes to innovation prevailed in the Colonies in the nineteenth century and established for Australia some significant technological leads. Lessons from these attitudes both underline the continuing importance of the 'lone inventor' and hold relevance for education, management, and technology policies today."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Henry Lawson, "A Day on a Selection" (1896): </p> <blockquote><p>'The dairy is built of rotten box bark—though there is plenty of good stringy-bark within easy distance—and the structure looks as if it wants to lie down and is only prevented by three crooked props on the leaning side; more props will soon be needed in the rear for the dairy shows signs of going in that direction. The milk is set in dishes made of kerosene-tins, cut in halves, which are placed on bark shelves fitted round against the walls. The shelves are not level and the dishes are brought to a comparatively horizontal position by means of chips and bits of bark, inserted under the lower side. The milk is covered by soiled sheets of old newspapers supported on sticks laid across the dishes. This protection is necessary, because the box bark in the roof has crumbled away and left fringed holes—also because the fowls roost up there. Sometimes the paper sags, and the cream may have to be scraped off an article on dairy farming.'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_bush""><span id=".22The_bush.22"></span>"The bush"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "The bush""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldon_Bridge_Under_Deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maldon_Bridge_Under_Deck.jpg/300px-Maldon_Bridge_Under_Deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maldon_Bridge_Under_Deck.jpg/450px-Maldon_Bridge_Under_Deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maldon_Bridge_Under_Deck.jpg/600px-Maldon_Bridge_Under_Deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Bush timber supporting deck of Maldon Suspension Bridge.</figcaption></figure><p>In Australian parlance, 'the bush' includes not only all remote and rural areas, but ways of living there, especially the limitations and hardships endured.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though remote areas in contemporary Australia are easily reachable by air and modern communications, there remains a mythology of the tyranny of distance: tyranny over comfort, sophistication, over civilization itself. The expression <i>bush carpentry</i> includes two criteria of 'remoteness'. The first, that the builder is separated (by lack of formal training) from regular methods of construction. The second, separation (by physical distance) from regular resources such as milled timber, fasteners, specialized tools, and similar manufactured products. Those in both 'remote' circumstances are forced to invent and improvise. They produce a necessary structure or object via unorthodox procedures, and it will be serviceable, if inelegant in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, in an Australian suburb today, a self-taught <i><a href="/wiki/Handyman" title="Handyman">handyman</a></i> might devise and erect a backyard structure using purchased timber, and practising 'bush carpentry'—a <a href="/wiki/Gazebo" title="Gazebo">gazebo</a>, a fernery, a children's playhouse for example—while at the same time, a skilled tradesperson, in a distant <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">run</a> of an outback <a href="/wiki/Station_(Australian_agriculture)" title="Station (Australian agriculture)">cattle station</a>, might be forced to use heavy tree-trunks, saplings, undressed stone and rusty fencing-wire to construct a <a href="/wiki/Cattle_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle race">stock race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two criteria allow the use of manufactured materials—e.g. milled timber—in an irregular manner, and materials other than wood (stone and iron, for example). They exclude the fabrication of large structures like wharves and bridges, built by contracting tradesmen, which incorporate massive tree trunks, even when a manufactured item, e.g. a steel beam, is available (see illustration of Maldon Bridge repaired by government construction team). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skills">Skills</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern scholarship suggests <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Australian Aborigines</a> were the first 'bush carpenters'. From the Aborigines, European settlers learned how to strip bark in large sheets from particular tree species, and use this for roofs and walls.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there are few specific skills required, each must be well-mastered and neatly executed. Bush carpenters may learn from observing the methods, or the evidence of, another person's work, or entirely through their own invention. The scarcity of any reference books with any local applicability is another factor.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ron Edwards asserts that no training at all is required. The requisites are 'a calm mind, reasonable health, and a willingness to learn'. Edwards points out that the early settlers built their homes without prior knowledge and experience, and 'many of these buildings are still in existence a century later'. Edwards adds, 'Confidence in your own ability is the first requirement ... the second is access to knowledge.'<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his autobiography, Sam Weller remarked of a young man who had worked for a period as a <a href="/wiki/Jackaroo_(trainee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackaroo (trainee)">jackaroo</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>"The bush is one of the best educations a young fellow can get if he's interested. That bloke knows livestock, knows how to work them, can cut a straight line with a saw, handle concrete, build a set of yards, fix a motor car—you name it. When you're a hundred miles from town, you can't afford to get a tradesman out for every little job that bobs up. So you've got to slip in and do it yourself ... One of the bosses from a cattle station told me "Sam, if a bloke comes in here in a big hat and <a href="/wiki/Stockman_(Australia)" title="Stockman (Australia)">ringer</a> boots, he's got a job. They can turn their hands to anything. They know how to work and they don't gutsache<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all the time."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Rowlandson-carpenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of man carrying axe, with the prow of a ship visible in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thomas_Rowlandson-carpenter.jpg/220px-Thomas_Rowlandson-carpenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thomas_Rowlandson-carpenter.jpg/330px-Thomas_Rowlandson-carpenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thomas_Rowlandson-carpenter.jpg/440px-Thomas_Rowlandson-carpenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Rowlandson: <br />Naval carpenter, 1799</figcaption></figure> <p>The bush carpenter historically possessed few tools, and rarely any specialized tools. Mann's <i>Emigrant's Guide</i> of 1849 suggests that those heading for Australia's unsettled areas take with them a plentiful supply of a wide variety of tools and <a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">fasteners</a>, but he lists as the very minimum, 'A <a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">hand saw</a>; <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a>; Mortising chisel; Two <a href="/wiki/Auger_(drill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auger (drill)">augers</a>, 1 and 1<sup>1/4</sup> inch; Two <a href="/wiki/Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">maul rings</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Set of <a href="/wiki/Wedge_(mechanical_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge (mechanical device)">wedges</a>; 1 Spade; <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">Pick-axe</a>; Two-foot <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">rule</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chalk_line" title="Chalk line">Chalk line</a>; <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Square</a>; A <a href="/wiki/Plumb-bob" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumb-bob">Plumb Bob</a>.'<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of early settlers had formerly been manual <a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">labourers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">servicemen</a>, and brought with them a sound practical ability and aptitude for 'making do'; others observed or helped and copied their techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freeland observes: </p> <blockquote><p>'With a saw, an axe, a hammer and a spade on his cart and possibly one of the useful little books on construction written especially for him ... he had to do the best he could with the materials that were to hand wherever he stopped. Helped a little by his book, a fair amount by advice and precedent and a great deal by ingenuity and native wit, the settlers developed a surprising number of variations on standard constructional materials and techniques.'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ron Edwards' 1987 list of suggested tools to construct 'stockcamp architecture' include only an axe, <a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">pliers</a>, a hammer and 'perhaps an auger'. Edwards also demonstrates the technique of the <a href="/wiki/Cobb_and_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobb and Co">Cobb & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_hitch_knots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hitch knots">hitch</a> for tightening fencing wire that fastens structural elements(See Fig. 2 below).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the upsurge in Australia of the restoration of so-called <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">'Heritage items'</a>, the techniques of Australian bush carpentry may be moving closer to formal identification and categorization. Tocal College's 2002 list of tools for its 'Traditional bush timber construction' course includes the <a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">broadaxe</a>, adze, <a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">sledge hammer</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wedges, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.charpentiers.culture.fr/tools/shapingtools/bisaigue">morticing axe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Froe" title="Froe">froe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">draw knife</a>, and hand auger.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 772px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timber_framing_adze.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Adze"><img alt="Adze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Timber_framing_adze.png/150px-Timber_framing_adze.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Timber_framing_adze.png/225px-Timber_framing_adze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Timber_framing_adze.png/300px-Timber_framing_adze.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_hand_augers.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Augers"><img alt="Augers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_hand_augers.PNG/108px-19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_hand_augers.PNG" decoding="async" width="108" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_hand_augers.PNG/162px-19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_hand_augers.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_hand_augers.PNG/215px-19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_hand_augers.PNG 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Augers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ax_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Axe"><img alt="Axe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ax_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Ax_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ax_%28PSF%29.png/225px-Ax_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ax_%28PSF%29.png/300px-Ax_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadaxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Broadaxe"><img alt="Broadaxe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Broadaxe.jpg/150px-Broadaxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Broadaxe.jpg/225px-Broadaxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Broadaxe.jpg/300px-Broadaxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Broadaxe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snoreslag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chalkline"><img alt="Chalkline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Snoreslag.jpg/150px-Snoreslag.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Snoreslag.jpg/225px-Snoreslag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Snoreslag.jpg/300px-Snoreslag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chalkline</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schaeleisen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawknife"><img alt="Drawknife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Schaeleisen.jpg/133px-Schaeleisen.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Schaeleisen.jpg/200px-Schaeleisen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Schaeleisen.jpg/267px-Schaeleisen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawknife</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Froe_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Froe"><img alt="Froe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Froe_2.jpg/115px-Froe_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Froe_2.jpg/173px-Froe_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Froe_2.jpg/231px-Froe_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Froe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_handsaw.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Handsaw"><img alt="Handsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_handsaw.png/150px-19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_handsaw.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_handsaw.png/225px-19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_handsaw.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_handsaw.png/300px-19th_century_knowledge_carpentry_and_woodworking_handsaw.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handsaw</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaltaxt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maul"><img alt="Maul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spaltaxt.jpg/90px-Spaltaxt.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spaltaxt.jpg/135px-Spaltaxt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spaltaxt.jpg/180px-Spaltaxt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickaxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pick-axe"><img alt="Pick-axe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pickaxe.jpg/128px-Pickaxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pickaxe.jpg/192px-Pickaxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pickaxe.jpg/256px-Pickaxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="2180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pick-axe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trysquare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Try Square"><img alt="Try Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Trysquare.jpg/133px-Trysquare.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Trysquare.jpg/200px-Trysquare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Trysquare.jpg/267px-Trysquare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Try Square</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedge-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedge"><img alt="Wedge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wedge-1.jpg/150px-Wedge-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wedge-1.jpg/225px-Wedge-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wedge-1.jpg/300px-Wedge-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wedge</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_materials">Design and materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design and materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Structures or objects such as furniture created using bush carpentry techniques often have minimal or even an <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> design. Projects built according to properly drawn plans, for example, architectural <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>, cannot be called examples of bush carpentry. The design of a barn or shed is likely to be intuitive and functional; the settler's <a href="/wiki/Slab_Hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Hut">slab hut</a> derived from the vernacular English <a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">crofter's</a> hut, a simple rectangular walled shelter with one door, and perhaps holes to allow air to enter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the materials at hand for Australian settlers usually included a plentiful supply of <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of fully-grown trees and <a href="/wiki/Sapling#Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapling">saplings</a>, bark, brush or grass, clay, mud and stone. The classic Australian bush carpentry image is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24174251">forked tree trunk used as an upright</a>. </p><p>Nails, bolts or screws were often not available; wooden pegs, wire, or strips of <a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawhide (textile)">greenhide</a> might be used as fasteners. Greenhide strips might also be used as hinges for doors or shutters. Ron Edwards comments that 'Fencing wire was a very popular resource because it was always available. Bolts and long nails were expensive, and had to be ordered from town ... a shed or stockyard would be fastened together with wire and would be stronger than one that was nailed.'<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less usual building materials include flattened steel <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> containers used as wall cladding, or such containers filled with sand and used as <a href="/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete masonry unit">building blocks</a>. Sheets of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (cloth)">hessian</a> have also been used as walls, for coolness.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the word <i>carpenter</i> shows that it derives from 'a carriage maker', and later, 'one who builds frameworks';<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, the term 'bush carpentry' does not necessarily imply that wood is the only material involved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_bush_carpentry_in_situ">Examples of bush carpentry <i>in situ</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples of bush carpentry in situ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldon_NSW_Shed_North_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Maldon_NSW_Shed_North_View.jpg/450px-Maldon_NSW_Shed_North_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Maldon_NSW_Shed_North_View.jpg/675px-Maldon_NSW_Shed_North_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Maldon_NSW_Shed_North_View.jpg/900px-Maldon_NSW_Shed_North_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>This machinery shed located at <a href="/wiki/Maldon,_New_South_Wales" title="Maldon, New South Wales">Maldon, NSW</a> provides several examples of bush carpentry practice. Despite its amateur constructional methods and <i>ad hoc</i> design, it is not yet in danger of collapse. The shed can be tentatively dated to 1900–1915, but subsequent repairs have used materials manufactured in later decades; it may also incorporate materials from an older structure on the original site.</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 879px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_Gable_End_South.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 1: The frame is constructed from the trunks of trees and saplings, probably obtained in the nearby Maldon Gorge."><img alt="Fig. 1: The frame is constructed from the trunks of trees and saplings, probably obtained in the nearby Maldon Gorge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bush_Carpentry_Gable_End_South.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_Gable_End_South.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bush_Carpentry_Gable_End_South.jpg/338px-Bush_Carpentry_Gable_End_South.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bush_Carpentry_Gable_End_South.jpg/450px-Bush_Carpentry_Gable_End_South.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 1:</b> The frame is constructed from the trunks of trees and saplings, probably obtained in the nearby Maldon Gorge.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_Wire_As_Fasteners.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 2: Fencing wire is frequently used as a fastener. The Cobb & Co. hitch is much in evidence."><img alt="Fig. 2: Fencing wire is frequently used as a fastener. The Cobb & Co. hitch is much in evidence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bush_Carpentry_Wire_As_Fasteners.jpg/179px-Bush_Carpentry_Wire_As_Fasteners.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bush_Carpentry_Wire_As_Fasteners.jpg/269px-Bush_Carpentry_Wire_As_Fasteners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bush_Carpentry_Wire_As_Fasteners.jpg/359px-Bush_Carpentry_Wire_As_Fasteners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 2:</b> Fencing wire is frequently used as a fastener. The Cobb & Co. hitch is much in evidence.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_3A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 3: The peaked roof has conventional ridge-pole framing, using milled timber."><img alt="Fig. 3: The peaked roof has conventional ridge-pole framing, using milled timber." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bush_Carpentry_3A.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_3A.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bush_Carpentry_3A.jpg/338px-Bush_Carpentry_3A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bush_Carpentry_3A.jpg/450px-Bush_Carpentry_3A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 3:</b> The peaked roof has conventional ridge-pole framing, using milled timber.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 4: The only joinery in use is the half-lap; there are a few housing joints."><img alt="Fig. 4: The only joinery in use is the half-lap; there are a few housing joints." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bush_Carpentry_Pole.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bush_Carpentry_Pole.jpg/338px-Bush_Carpentry_Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bush_Carpentry_Pole.jpg/450px-Bush_Carpentry_Pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 4:</b> The only joinery in use is the <a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">half-lap</a>; there are a few <a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">housing joints</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 5: The top-plate in the eastern wall is a length of steel pipe. Some steel pipes are used as uprights."><img alt="Fig. 5: The top-plate in the eastern wall is a length of steel pipe. Some steel pipes are used as uprights." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bush_Carpentry_5.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bush_Carpentry_5.jpg/338px-Bush_Carpentry_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bush_Carpentry_5.jpg/450px-Bush_Carpentry_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 5:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">top-plate</a> in the eastern wall is a length of steel pipe. Some steel pipes are used as <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">uprights</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 6: Rough-cast plinths of concrete have been used as footing for the uprights. Some have been cast directly on the ground."><img alt="Fig. 6: Rough-cast plinths of concrete have been used as footing for the uprights. Some have been cast directly on the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bush_Carpentry_6.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bush_Carpentry_6.jpg/338px-Bush_Carpentry_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bush_Carpentry_6.jpg/450px-Bush_Carpentry_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 6:</b> Rough-cast <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinths</a> of concrete have been used as <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">footing</a> for the uprights. Some have been cast directly on the ground.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 7: One such footing consists of a 44-gallon drum filled with concrete."><img alt="Fig. 7: One such footing consists of a 44-gallon drum filled with concrete." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bush_Carpentry_3.jpg/112px-Bush_Carpentry_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bush_Carpentry_3.jpg/169px-Bush_Carpentry_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bush_Carpentry_3.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 7:</b> One such footing consists of a <a href="/wiki/55_gallon_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="55 gallon drum">44-gallon drum</a> filled with concrete.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_Wire_Trusses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 8: Instead of trusses or joists to brace the walls and support the roof, strands of fencing wire are stretched between the top-plates and tensioned with turnbuckles."><img alt="Fig. 8: Instead of trusses or joists to brace the walls and support the roof, strands of fencing wire are stretched between the top-plates and tensioned with turnbuckles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bush_Carpentry_Wire_Trusses.jpg/250px-Bush_Carpentry_Wire_Trusses.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bush_Carpentry_Wire_Trusses.jpg/375px-Bush_Carpentry_Wire_Trusses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bush_Carpentry_Wire_Trusses.jpg/500px-Bush_Carpentry_Wire_Trusses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 8:</b> Instead of <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a> to brace the walls and support the roof, strands of fencing wire are stretched between the top-plates and tensioned with <a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">turnbuckles</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 9: The northern gable-end was fashioned by nailing sheets of galvanized iron onto a sub-frame. Insecurely fastened to the main structure, it has fallen out."><img alt="Fig. 9: The northern gable-end was fashioned by nailing sheets of galvanized iron onto a sub-frame. Insecurely fastened to the main structure, it has fallen out." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bush_Carpentry_10.jpg/200px-Bush_Carpentry_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bush_Carpentry_10.jpg/300px-Bush_Carpentry_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bush_Carpentry_10.jpg/400px-Bush_Carpentry_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 9:</b> The northern <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gable-end</a> was fashioned by nailing sheets of <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron" title="Corrugated galvanised iron">galvanized iron</a> onto a sub-frame. Insecurely fastened to the main structure, it has fallen out.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_Block_Bolt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 10: Steel bolts secure the main structural members. One was too long, and a spacing block has been used as a washer."><img alt="Fig. 10: Steel bolts secure the main structural members. One was too long, and a spacing block has been used as a washer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bush_Carpentry_Block_Bolt.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_Block_Bolt.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bush_Carpentry_Block_Bolt.jpg/338px-Bush_Carpentry_Block_Bolt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bush_Carpentry_Block_Bolt.jpg/450px-Bush_Carpentry_Block_Bolt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 10:</b> Steel bolts secure the main structural members. One was too long, and a spacing block has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Washer_(hardware)" title="Washer (hardware)">washer</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 11: These split slabs may derive from an older, drop-slab structure. Nail holes are present, and the ends have been chamfered."><img alt="Fig. 11: These split slabs may derive from an older, drop-slab structure. Nail holes are present, and the ends have been chamfered." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bush_Carpentry_16.jpg/250px-Bush_Carpentry_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bush_Carpentry_16.jpg/375px-Bush_Carpentry_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bush_Carpentry_16.jpg/500px-Bush_Carpentry_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 11:</b> These split slabs may derive from an older, drop-slab structure. Nail holes are present, and the ends have been <a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">chamfered</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Carpentry_Concrete_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fig. 12: A concrete footing is used instead of, or has replaced, a bottom-plate."><img alt="Fig. 12: A concrete footing is used instead of, or has replaced, a bottom-plate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bush_Carpentry_Concrete_Plate.jpg/225px-Bush_Carpentry_Concrete_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bush_Carpentry_Concrete_Plate.jpg/338px-Bush_Carpentry_Concrete_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bush_Carpentry_Concrete_Plate.jpg/450px-Bush_Carpentry_Concrete_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Fig. 12:</b> A concrete footing is used instead of, or has replaced, a <a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">bottom-plate</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Australian_architecture_and_art">Influence on Australian architecture and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence on Australian architecture and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cox & Freeland believe that early structures created using bush carpentry had a profound influence on Australian industrial architecture: </p> <blockquote><p>"Because they are uncomplicated buildings, built by unlettered people in the most direct way, using the materials readily to hand, they often have a character and honesty that are rare and sometimes missing from their more erudite architectural betters. Because they are made of a material with which everyone has a deep-rooted harmony, because they are put together in ways that are easily understood and because their forms are readily comprehended, they are universal buildings whose roughness and even whose frequent dilapidation give them a powerful emotional appeal and impact. They are buildings to be felt rather than reasoned ... Cement works, mines, the railways and factories spawned a large variety of store houses and storage bins, towers and poppet heads, workshops and condensers. Framed up in peeled tree trunks or massive balks of hardwood bolted together, their skeletons of columns, beams and braces had the same forthrightness and frankness of the rural buildings ... sited out in the country where they would seldom be seen, or in ugly industrial areas, or along the waterfront where buildings were not expected to be beautiful they, like the rural buildings, were built with an eye solely to meeting their utilitarian purpose in the most direct and purposeful way. Because of this, they frequently succeeded in being outstandingly beautiful. Through the industrial buildings, the functional tradition of the countryside unknowingly and unconsciously was passed into the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The cartoons of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Jolliffe" title="Eric Jolliffe">Eric Jolliffe</a>, especially those based on his character <i>Saltbush Bill</i> include many examples of bush carpentry; the farm where much of <i>Saltbush Bill</i> is set has houses, furniture and other rural structures—barns, stockyards, gallows—all built using bush carpentry means and materials. Joliffe set himself the task of preserving much of Australia's rural heritage by producing sketches and paintings of such structures.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Australian_literature_and_music">In Australian literature and music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Australian literature and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is often a sardonic or comical note in Australian fiction when bush carpentry is mentioned or described; possibly because there is no comedy or satire residing in competency. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alexander_Browne" title="Thomas Alexander Browne">Rolf Boldrewood's</a> <i>Robbery Under Arms</i>(1881) is an exception: </p> <blockquote><p>'... It was a snug hut enough, for father was a good bush carpenter, and didn't turn his back to any one for splitting and fencing, hut-building and shingle-splitting; he had had a year or two at sawing, too ... he took great pride ... and said it was the best-built hut within fifty miles. He split every slab, cut every post and wallplate and rafter himself, with a man to help him at odd times; and after the frame was up, and the bark on the roof, he camped underneath and finished every bit of it – chimney, flooring, doors, windows, and partitions – by himself.'<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a>, "The Darling River" (1900): </p> <blockquote><p>"The boat we were on was built and repaired above deck after the different ideas of many bush carpenters, of whom the last seemed by his work to have regarded the original plan with a contempt only equalled by his disgust at the work of the last carpenter but one. The wheel was boxed in, mostly with round sapling-sticks fastened to the frame with bunches of nails and spikes of all shapes and sizes, most of them bent. The general result was decidedly picturesque in its irregularity, but dangerous to the mental welfare of any passenger who was foolish enough to try to comprehend the design; for it seemed as though every carpenter had taken the opportunity to work in a little abstract idea of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Steele_Rudd" title="Steele Rudd">Steele Rudd's</a>, <i>Back at Our Selection,</i> (1906) the sequence of stories beginning with "Dave's New House" and ending with "Dad Forgets the Past" have a socio-historical sub-text emphasizing the progress of rural Australia from pioneering to prosperity. In the first story, Dad Rudd, though now a wealthy farmer, builds Dave and his new wife Lily a house, using materials salvaged from a neighbour's derelict slab hut. Dad still thinks like a pioneer: he constructs the house himself, using only the materials available, and spending little or no money. However, Lily's mother is outraged that her daughter is expected to live in 'a pile of dirty old slabs and shingles ... a hole!' Dad Rudd is shamed into hiring proper building contractors and erecting a fine cottage, at a cost of 'three hundred pounds'; indeed, in freeing himself from the penuriousness he knew as a penniless settler, Dad over-furnishes Dave's house such that even Mother 'shook her head disapprovingly'.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>E. O. Schlunke's <i>The Enthusiastic Prisoner</i> (1955) shows two bush carpenters at work. One is a lazy Australian farmer who is assigned an Italian <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> as a laborer. The Italian is far more energetic, and tackles dozens of neglected farming tasks, becoming in effect the manager. In one episode, they re-roof a shed using bush carpentry: </p> <blockquote> <p>'When they climbed the roof Pietro discovered that half the sheets were loose. Henry gave him the nails and directed him to nail down the flapping sheet. But Pietro was hunting round for causes. He discovered that the rafters were rotting and demonstrated it by giving one a hard hit with the hammer. It split from end to end and a couple of sheets immediately blew off the roof. </p><p>They spent the afternoon cutting trees in the scrub and trimming them for rafters, though nothing had been farther from Henry's intention and inclination. He cut down a few little trees while Pietro cut a lot of big ones. Pietro always took the heavier end when they loaded the rails, but even so, Henry became exhausted. Round about four o'clock he decided to go home. </p><p>"Sufficient", he said. </p><p>Pietro consulted a diagram he had made. </p><p>"No sufficient", he said. "Ancora four." </p><p>... They finished re-roofing the shed by the week-end. Pietro wanted to know if they would cut some fence-posts next week to repair the fences. Henry thought of how he would suffer if he had to work on the other end of a cross-cut saw with a tireless bear like Pietro. </p><p>"No", he said, "some other work." </p><p> But he didn't like the way Pietro looked at him, so he decided to hide the cross-cut saw.'<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The folk song <i>Stringbark and Greenhide</i> describes successful bush carpentry using both these materials: </p> <blockquote> <p><i>If you want to build a hut, to keep out wind and weather,</i><br /> <i>Stringy bark will make it snug, and keep it well together;</i><br /> <i>Greenhide, if it's used by you, will make it all the stronger,</i><br /> <i>For if you tie it with greenhide, it's sure to last the longer.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p>The folk song <i>Old Bark Hut</i> is of another opinion: </p> <blockquote> <p><i>In the summertime when the weather's warm this hut is nice and cool</i><br /> <i>And you'll find the gentle breezes blowing in through every hole</i><br /> <i>You can leave the old door open or you can leave it shut</i><br /> <i>There's no fear of suffocation in the old bark hut</i> </p><p><i>In an old bark hut in an old bark hut</i><br /> <i>There's no fear of suffocation in the old bark hut.</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shacks,_cabins_and_weekenders"><span id="Shacks.2C_cabins_and_weekenders"></span>Shacks, cabins and weekenders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shacks, cabins and weekenders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1920s to the 1970s, the average Australian family aimed to own a 'weekender', in addition to their suburban dwelling. (In New Zealand, a weekender is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Bach_(New_Zealand)" title="Bach (New Zealand)">bach</a></i>). On a block of land close to a beach, near a coastal village, or other place of recreation like a river, lake or mountain, a family might erect a '<a href="/wiki/Shack" title="Shack">shack</a>', or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cabin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cabin">cabin</a>, usually with their own hands, often using materials brought from their city residence, or obtained nearby. Shacks and cabins used as weekenders were sometimes built illegally, in remote or inaccessible areas, for example, within <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National Parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weekenders were not always constructed according to the local council's <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building code</a>; they were often excellent examples of bush carpentry. </p><p>Government organizations usually ignored the presence and the irregular construction of such weekenders, provided the users behaved responsibly. Municipal councils did not charge these shack-builders <a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">rates</a>, and did not provide services like water supply, power, sewerage or garbage disposal. By the 1980s, however, as Australia's population increased, many former coastal villages had become towns, or the suburbs of nearby towns. Many Australians had retired to live cheaply in their weekender,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing increasing pressure on local infrastructure and community services.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing pressure was then placed on the owners and occupiers of weekenders to destroy or replace their shack with a properly constructed dwelling.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founding of the National Parks and Wildlife Service in 1967 introduced a policy of cabin removal. Owners have subsequently sought to have their cabins declared heritage structures, 'uncommon and endangered examples of vernacular weekender architecture construction' and of 'the limitations imposed by the natural environment and isolated location' i.e. examples of bush carpentry.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bush carpentry may lack a literature due to its perceived inferiority as a practice, e.g. the catalogue of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/">Australian National Library</a> has no Subject Heading for <i>Bush Carpentry</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Similar <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> expressions in English include 'the boondocks'; 'the tall rhubarbs'; 'the sticks'; all implying remoteness and lack of sophistication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The increasing availability today of prefabricated structures in kit form make both examples less and less likely, but the expression remains in use.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The toughness and intractability of Australian hardwoods discouraged attempts at detailed joinery. Fancy, carved <a href="/wiki/Bargeboard" title="Bargeboard">bargeboards</a> were never a feature of settlers' dwellings, and <a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">whittling</a> never became an Australian pioneer's pastime.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That is, made a <a href="/wiki/Seachange_(demography)" title="Seachange (demography)">seachange</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Macquarie Dictionary</i> 1981 edition, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkes, <i>The Australian Language</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mac. Dict.</i> 1981, p. 1504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wannan, <i>Australian Folklore</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/profarm/courses/traditional-bush-timber-construction">One day Tocal College course</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2013">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, 1978. Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyal. "Invention and Innovation in Australia ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/inventions/">Australian inventions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416135914/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/inventions/">Archived</a> 16 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawson, <i>While the Billy Boils</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Sidney, 1978. <i>The Australian Language</i>. Chapter IV. Currawong. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908001-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-908001-06-1">0-908001-06-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkes, G. A. 1987. <i>A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms</i>. Fontana. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-635719-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-635719-9">0-00-635719-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dingle, T. "Necessity the Mother of Invention" in Troy, pp. 61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, John. <i>The Great Australian Dream</i>. First and fourth chapters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis 5.03.3; Freeland p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bushcraft</i> 3, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">complain; find fault, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whinge" class="extiw" title="wikt:whinge">whinge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weller, Sam. <i>Old Bastards I Have Met</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iron collars that prevent damage to a maul's handle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, cited in Cox, <i>Rude Timber Buildings</i> p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dingle, T. "Necessity the Mother of Invention" in Troy, pp. 61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeland, pp. 102–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, <i>Bushcrafts 2</i> p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traditional timber-splitting used a maul; a sledge-hammer is a more general purpose tool</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/profarm/courses/traditional-bush-timber-construction">Tocal Bush Timber Construction course</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2013">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an5370187">Slab hut and floor plan, 1840</a> N.L.A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards notes that shortage of suitable <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>, which can be worked with simple tools, made the traditional <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a> a less familiar sight on the Australian scene. Edwards, <i>Bushcrafts</i> 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bushcrafts</i> 2, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, <i>Bushcrafts</i> 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shorter Oxford Dictionary</i> Third ed. 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox <i>Rude Timber Buildings</i>. Foreword; p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/3567">Eric Jolliffe bio.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113121442/http://blogs.abc.net.au/nt/2009/12/remembering-the-lost-art-of-eric-joliffe-.html">"Cartoon examples"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abc.net.au/nt/2009/12/remembering-the-lost-art-of-eric-joliffe-.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cartoon+examples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abc.net.au%2Fnt%2F2009%2F12%2Fremembering-the-lost-art-of-eric-joliffe-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+carpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013085529/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/boldrewood/rolf/robbery/chapter1.html">"<i>Robbery Under Arms</i>, Chapter 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/b/boldrewood/rolf/robbery/chapter1.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robbery+Under+Arms%2C+Chapter+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fb%2Fboldrewood%2Frolf%2Frobbery%2Fchapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+carpentry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qB52N8bFLwUC&dq=%22with+a+contempt+only+equalled+by+his+disgust%22&pg=PA48"><i>Over the Sliprails</i> at Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudd, <i>Back at Our Selection</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlunke, E. O. 1955. <i>The man in the silo : and other stories.</i> Angus and Robertson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are many variations in the words of these songs. See Edwards, Ron. 1991. <i>Great Australian Folk Songs</i> Ure Smith Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7254-0861-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7254-0861-8">0-7254-0861-8</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipwea.org.au/.../Sharples_TheChangingCoastProvidingRoomNaturalAdjustments.pdf">Holiday shacks in Tasmania built by 'squatters'</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alga.asn.au/submissions/2005/coastalInf.php">Retirees in coastal towns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722194032/http://www.alga.asn.au/submissions/2005/coastalInf.php">Archived</a> 22 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodc.tas.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=242">Illegal Building Works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004071955/http://www.bodc.tas.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=242">Archived</a> 4 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LC20041116041">NSW Parliament – Royal National Park Cabins</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/CMPRoyalNPCabinsC-G.pdf">Royal National Park, Coastal Cabins Areas Management Plan</a>. Retrieved 7 July 2010</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_and_further_reading">Bibliography and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Archer, Cameron, <i>et al.</i> 2002. <i>Conservation of Timber Buildings and Fences at Tocal</i>. C. B. Alexander College, Tocal. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7313-0557-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7313-0557-4">0-7313-0557-4</a></li> <li>Archer, John. 1996. <i>The Great Australian Dream: the history of the Australian house.</i> HarperCollins, Pymble. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-19003-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-207-19003-8">0-207-19003-8</a></li> <li>Baker, Sidney J. 1966. <i>The Australian Language: an examination of the English language and English speech as used in Australia, from convict days to the present ...</i> Currawong, Sydney.</li> <li>Berry, D.W. & Gilbert, S.H. 1981. <i>Pioneer Building Techniques in South Australia.</i> Adelaide, Gilbert-Partners, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9594160-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9594160-0-5">0-9594160-0-5</a></li> <li>Cox, P., & Freeland, J. 1969. <i>Rude timber buildings in Australia.</i> Thames and Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-34035-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-34035-8">0-500-34035-8</a></li> <li>Cox, P., & Lucas, C. 1978. <i>Australian Colonial Architecture.</i> Lansdowne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86302-343-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86302-343-7">1-86302-343-7</a></li> <li>Baglin, Douglass, Mullins, Barbara. 1973. <i>Rough as Guts</i> Eclipse, Dee Why. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85895-088-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85895-088-7">978-0-85895-088-7</a></li> <li>Edwards, Ron. 1988. <i>Bushcraft 1: Australian Traditional Bush Crafts.</i> Rams Skull Press, Kuranda. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909901-74-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-909901-74-0">0-909901-74-0</a></li> <li>Edwards, Ron. 1988. <i>Bushcraft 2: Skills of the Australian Bushman.</i> Rams Skull Press, Kuranda. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909901-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-909901-75-9">0-909901-75-9</a></li> <li>Edwards, Ron. 1987. <i>Bushcraft 3: More Australian Traditional Bush Crafts.</i> Rams Skull Press, Kuranda. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909901-67-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-909901-67-8">0-909901-67-8</a></li> <li>Fearn-Wannan, W. 1970. <i>Australian Folklore: a Dictionary of Lore, Legends and Popular Allusions</i> Lansdowne, Melbourne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7018-0088-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7018-0088-7">0-7018-0088-7</a>. p. 109.</li> <li>Freeland, J. M. 1974. <i>Architecture in Australia.</i> Pelican, 1974.</li> <li>Herman, Morton. 1954. <i>The Early Australian Architects and Their Work.</i> Angus and Robertson, Sydney.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Mann" title="Robert James Mann">Mann, Robert James</a>. 1849. <i>Mann's emigrant's guide to Australia : including the colonies of New South Wales, Port Philip, South Australia, Western Australia, and Moreton Bay</i> London : William Strange.</li> <li>Moyal, A. 1987. "Invention and Innovation in Australia: the historian's lens". <i>Prometheus</i>, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp 92–110</li> <li>Rudd, Steele. 1973. <i>Our New Selection; Sandy's Selection; Back at Our Selection</i>. Lloyd O'Neil, Sydney. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85558-416-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85558-416-5">0-85558-416-5</a></li> <li>Troy, P. (ed.) 2000. <i>A History of European Housing in Australia.</i> Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77733-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77733-X">0-521-77733-X</a></li> <li>Walker, M. 1978. <i>Pioneer Crafts of Early Australia.</i> Macmillan, Melbourne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-25191-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-25191-1">0-333-25191-1</a></li> <li>Weller, Sam. 1979. <i>Old Bastards I Have Met</i>. Sampal Investments, Charters Towers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27238">Welsh, Peter. <i>Woodworking Tools 1600–1900</i></a> At Project Gutenberg.</li> <li>Wilkinson, G. B. 1849. <i>The working man's handbook to South Australia, with advice to the farmer, and detailed information for the several class of labourers and artisans.</i> London : Murray.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_Articles">Newspaper Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Newspaper Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Building and Bushwork for Selectors, Squatters, and Others</i> a series of articles by Frederick Harrison, appearing in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-title52">The Australian Town and Country Journal</a> during June–August 1881. </p> <blockquote><p>THE object of the papers prepared for publication under the above heading is to provide, in a concise form, information constantly required by employers and employed especially in the country districts of Australia. The reason for adapting the subjects specially to bush requirements is obvious. Take up any English work, and the materials specified, such as stone, lime, timber, &c, are those indigenous to or easily obtained in that country. But that does not answer for the bush, where the materials available on the spot must be utilized.</p></blockquote> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70956355">Part I : Introduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70956861">Part II : Materials – Timber</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70957293">Part III : Felling Timber</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70957644">Part IV : Sawing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70958500">Part V : Brickmaking</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70959366">Part VI : Floors</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_images:_Australia">Historical images: Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical images: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24698483">Bush carpenter at work</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24189329">Bush carpentry: pig sty</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24189949">Bush carpentry: bark hut frame</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24142927">Bush carpentry: meat house</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24164790">Bush carpentry: slab hut</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24166288">Bush carpentry: bark hut</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24170439">Bush carpentry: slab homestead</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24170584">Bush carpentry: houses and stockyards</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an24171435">Bush carpentry: outdoor kitchen</a> N.L.A. Australian Inland Mission Collection</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_images:_New_Zealand">Historical images: New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical images: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/historic/by-region/nelson-tasman/nelson-lakes/booths-cottage/">Booths Cottage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic.org.nz/TheRegister/RegisterSearch/RegisterResults.aspx?RID=7620&m=advanced">Kaikawaka Villa</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links">Other links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_carpentry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodging" title="Bodging">Bodging</a>, furniture carpentry done with green, unseasoned wood</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQHR14817" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600042">"Bowen River Hotel (entry 600042)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register" title="Queensland Heritage Register">Queensland Heritage Register</a></i>. Queensland Heritage Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Heritage+Register&rft.atitle=Bowen+River+Hotel+%28entry+600042%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.ehp.qld.gov.au%2Fheritage-register%2Fdetail%2F%3Fid%3D600042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+carpentry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hutsvictoria.org.au/">Victorian High Country Huts Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626042301/http://www.michaelbgreen.com.au/node/126">Urban Bush Carpenters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fennerschool-associated.anu.edu.au/fpt/nwfp/slabhuts/slabhuts2.html">Colonial Slab Hut construction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.convictcreations.com/culture/architect.htm">Australian architecture – being good or being different</a> 'Australian eucalypts are wonky. Any builder using them just had to accept that there would be gaps in their walls ...'</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706104205/http://www.gayhawkes.com.au/furniture.html">Gay Hawkes Bush Carpentry sculpture</a> 'From timbers which are cast off from another life she fashions objects which cleverly identify Australia and Australians.'</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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