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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant_and_animal_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_and_animal_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Plant and animal waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_and_animal_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animal_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Animal waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Plant waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_plant_and_animal_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_plant_and_animal_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Modified plant and animal waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modified_plant_and_animal_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_derived_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_derived_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Petroleum derived waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_derived_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Montan_wax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montan_wax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Montan wax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montan_wax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyethylene_and_related_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyethylene_and_related_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Polyethylene and related derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyethylene_and_related_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Candles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Candles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wood products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specific examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animal_waxes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_waxes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Animal waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_waxes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetable_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetable_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vegetable waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetable_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mineral waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroleum_waxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroleum_waxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Petroleum waxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroleum_waxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wax</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Was" title="Was – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Was" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9D" title="ሰም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B9" title="شمع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%90%DC%90)" title="ܫܥܘܬܐ (ܡܠܘܐܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܥܘܬܐ (ܡܠܘܐܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mum" title="Mum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85" title="موم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="মোম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%99" title="Балауыҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Балауыҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Воск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Воск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Воск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Воск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Восък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Восък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vosak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%81_(%C3%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BC)" title="Ăвăс (çилĕм) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăвăс (çилĕм)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosk" title="Vosk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vosk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwyr" title="Cwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voks" title="Voks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Voks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachs" title="Wachs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wachs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahad" title="Vahad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_(%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κερί (ουσία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κερί (ουσία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakso" title="Vakso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argizari" title="Argizari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argizari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85" title="موم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cire" title="Cire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ir" title="Céir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A3" title="મીણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મીણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%81%EC%8A%A4" title="왁스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왁스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոմանյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոմանյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="मोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vosak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxo" title="Vaxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vaxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam_(zat)" title="Malam (zat) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malam (zat)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Мыдадз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мыдадз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vax" title="Vax – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vax" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="שעווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malam_(dat)" title="Malam (dat) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Malam (dat)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A3" title="ಮೇಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೇಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ცვილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცვილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Балауыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балауыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasi" title="Lasi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lasi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaski" title="Vaski – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vaski" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%A1kas" title="Vaškas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaškas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scira" title="Scira – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scira" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viasz" title="Viasz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viasz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Восок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Восок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoka" title="Savoka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Savoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മെഴുക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെഴുക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3" title="मेण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilin_(bahan)" title="Lilin (bahan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lilin (bahan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဖယောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖယောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara" title="Sara – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sara" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Was_(substantie)" title="Was (substantie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Was (substantie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="मैन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मैन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81)" title="सी (वस्तु) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सी (वस्तु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9D%8B" title="蝋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蝋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Балоз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Балоз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waaks" title="Waaks – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waaks" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voks" title="Voks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Voks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voks" title="Voks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Voks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mum" title="Mum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woski" title="Woski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Woski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera" title="Cera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C4%83" title="Ceară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ceară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mapa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Воск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylli" title="Dylli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dylli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cira" title="Cira – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cira" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax" title="Wax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%BB" title="ميڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosk" title="Vosk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vosk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Восак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Восак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vosak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaha" title="Vaha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vax" title="Vax – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkit" title="Pagkit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மெழுகு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெழுகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adus" title="Adus – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adus" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Балавыз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Балавыз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82" title="ไข – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไข" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Мум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%B4%E1%8F%92" title="ᎤᏍᏓᎪᏴᏒ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏍᏓᎪᏴᏒ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang" title="Kang – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Воск – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Воск" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Віск – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85" title="موم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1p" title="Sáp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sáp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waks" title="Waks – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Waks" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%A1" title="蜡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蜡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wax_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wax (disambiguation)">Wax (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetyl-palmitate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cetyl-palmitate.svg/250px-Cetyl-palmitate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cetyl-palmitate.svg/330px-Cetyl-palmitate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Cetyl-palmitate.svg/500px-Cetyl-palmitate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cetyl_palmitate" title="Cetyl palmitate">Cetyl palmitate</a>, a typical <a href="/wiki/Wax_ester" title="Wax ester">wax ester</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beeswax_foundation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Beeswax_foundation.jpg/250px-Beeswax_foundation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Beeswax_foundation.jpg/330px-Beeswax_foundation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Beeswax_foundation.jpg/500px-Beeswax_foundation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Commercial <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</a> foundation, made by pressing beeswax between patterned metal rollers</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Waxes</b> are a diverse class of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleable</a> solids near ambient temperatures. They include <a href="/wiki/Higher_alkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher alkanes">higher alkanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, typically with <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting points</a> above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> liquids. Waxes are <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">insoluble</a> in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals and occur in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MODOCeroline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MODOCeroline.jpg/250px-MODOCeroline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MODOCeroline.jpg/330px-MODOCeroline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/MODOCeroline.jpg/500px-MODOCeroline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Ceroline brand wax for floors and furniture, first half of 20th century. From the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Objeto_del_Objeto" title="Museo del Objeto del Objeto">Museo del Objeto del Objeto</a> collection.</figcaption></figure> <p>Waxes are organic compounds that characteristically consist of long <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyl</a> chains, although aromatic compounds may also be present. Natural waxes may contain unsaturated bonds and include various <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_alcohol" title="Primary alcohol">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary alcohol">secondary alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketones">ketones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> and fatty acid <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>. Synthetic waxes often consist of <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologous series</a> of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons (<a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a> or paraffins) that lack <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_and_animal_waxes">Plant and animal waxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plant and animal waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waxes are <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesized</a> by many plants and animals. Those of animal origin typically consist of <a href="/wiki/Wax_ester" title="Wax ester">wax esters</a> derived from a variety of fatty acids and carboxylic alcohols. In waxes of plant origin, characteristic mixtures of unesterified hydrocarbons may predominate over esters.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition depends not only on species, but also on geographic location of the organism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_waxes">Animal waxes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Animal waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best-known animal wax is <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, used in constructing the <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycombs</a> of beehives, but other insects also secrete waxes. A major component of beeswax is myricyl palmitate which is an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> of <a href="/wiki/Triacontanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Triacontanol">triacontanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>. Its melting point is 62–65 °C (144–149 °F). <a href="/wiki/Spermaceti" title="Spermaceti">Spermaceti</a> occurs in large amounts in the head oil of the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>. One of its main constituents is <a href="/wiki/Cetyl_palmitate" title="Cetyl palmitate">cetyl palmitate</a>, another ester of a <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fatty_alcohol" title="Fatty alcohol">fatty alcohol</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">Lanolin</a> is a wax obtained from wool, consisting of esters of <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plant_waxes">Plant waxes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plant waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants secrete waxes into and on the surface of their <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">cuticles</a> as a way to control evaporation, wettability and hydration.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">epicuticular waxes</a> of plants are mixtures of substituted long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, containing alkanes, alkyl esters, fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diols</a>, ketones and aldehydes.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the commercial perspective, the most important plant wax is <a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">carnauba wax</a>, a hard wax obtained from the Brazilian palm <i><a href="/wiki/Copernicia_prunifera" title="Copernicia prunifera">Copernicia prunifera</a></i>. Containing the ester myricyl cerotate, it has many applications, such as confectionery and other food coatings, car and furniture polish, floss coating, and <a href="/wiki/Surfboard_wax" title="Surfboard wax">surfboard wax</a>. Other more specialized vegetable waxes include <a href="/wiki/Jojoba_oil" title="Jojoba oil">jojoba oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candelilla_wax" title="Candelilla wax">candelilla wax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouricury_wax" title="Ouricury wax">ouricury wax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modified_plant_and_animal_waxes">Modified plant and animal waxes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modified plant and animal waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plant and animal based waxes or oils can undergo selective chemical modifications to produce waxes with more desirable properties than are available in the unmodified starting material.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach has relied on green chemistry approaches including olefin metathesis and enzymatic reactions and can be used to produce waxes from inexpensive starting materials like vegetable oils.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_derived_waxes">Petroleum derived waxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Petroleum derived waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a></div> <p>Although many natural waxes contain esters, paraffin waxes are hydrocarbons, mixtures of alkanes usually in a <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologous series</a> of chain lengths. These materials represent a significant fraction of petroleum. They are refined by <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a>. Paraffin waxes are mixtures of saturated n- and iso- <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naphthenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Naphthenes">naphthenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_group" title="Alkyl group">alkyl</a>- and naphthene-substituted aromatic compounds. A typical alkane paraffin wax chemical composition comprises hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub><i>n</i></sub>H<sub>2<i>n</i>+2</sub>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hentriacontane" title="Hentriacontane">hentriacontane</a>, C<sub>31</sub>H<sub>64</sub>. The degree of branching has an important influence on the properties. <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_wax" title="Microcrystalline wax">Microcrystalline wax</a> is a lesser produced petroleum based wax that contains higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. </p><p>Millions of tons of paraffin waxes are produced annually. They are used in foods (such as chewing gum and cheese wrapping), in candles and cosmetics, as non-stick and waterproofing coatings and in polishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montan_wax">Montan wax</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Montan wax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Montan_wax" title="Montan wax">Montan wax</a> is a fossilized wax extracted from coal and <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very hard, reflecting the high concentration of saturated <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> and alcohols. Although dark brown and odorous, they can be purified and bleached to give commercially useful products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyethylene_and_related_derivatives">Polyethylene and related derivatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polyethylene and related derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 1995<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 200 million kilograms of polyethylene waxes were consumed annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polyethylene waxes are manufactured by one of three methods: </p> <ol><li>The direct polymerization of ethylene, potentially including co-monomers;</li> <li>The thermal degradation of high molecular weight polyethylene resin;</li> <li>The recovery of low molecular weight fractions from high molecular weight resin production.</li></ol> <p>Each production technique generates products with slightly different properties. Key properties of low molecular weight polyethylene waxes are viscosity, density and melt point. </p><p>Polyethylene waxes produced by means of degradation or recovery from polyethylene resin streams contain very low molecular weight materials that must be removed to prevent volatilization and potential fire hazards during use. Polyethylene waxes manufactured by this method are usually stripped of low molecular weight fractions to yield a flash point >500 °F (>260 °C). Many polyethylene resin plants produce a low molecular weight stream often referred to as low polymer wax (LPW). LPW is unrefined and contains volatile oligomers, corrosive catalyst and may contain other foreign material and water. Refining of LPW to produce a polyethylene wax involves removal of oligomers and hazardous catalyst. Proper refining of LPW to produce polyethylene wax is especially important when being used in applications requiring FDA or other regulatory certification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waxes are mainly consumed industrially as components of complex formulations, often for coatings. The main use of polyethylene and polypropylene waxes is in the formulation of colourants for <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>. Waxes confer matting effects (i.e., to confer non-glossy finishes) and wear resistance to paints. Polyethylene waxes are incorporated into inks in the form of dispersions to decrease friction. They are employed as <a href="/wiki/Release_agent" title="Release agent">release agents</a>, find use as slip agents in furniture, and confer corrosion resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candles">Candles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Candles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montana_10_bg_061905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Montana_10_bg_061905.jpg/250px-Montana_10_bg_061905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Montana_10_bg_061905.jpg/330px-Montana_10_bg_061905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Montana_10_bg_061905.jpg/500px-Montana_10_bg_061905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Wax candle</figcaption></figure> <p>Waxes such as <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, and hard fats such as <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> are used to make <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a>, used for lighting and decoration. Another fuel type used in candle manufacturing includes <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soy_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy wax">Soy wax</a> is made by the hydrogenation process using soybean oil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_products">Wood products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wood products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waxes are used as finishes and coatings for wood products.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beeswax is frequently used as a lubricant on drawer slides where wood to wood contact occurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/250px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/330px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/500px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3278" /></a><figcaption>A wax coating makes this <a href="/wiki/Manila_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila hemp">Manila hemp</a> waterproof.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavalampe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lavalampe.jpg/110px-Lavalampe.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lavalampe.jpg/165px-Lavalampe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lavalampe.jpg/220px-Lavalampe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">lava lamp</a> is a novelty item that contains wax melted from below by a bulb. The wax rises and falls in decorative, molten blobs.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">Sealing wax</a> was used to close important documents in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">Wax tablets</a> were used as writing surfaces. There were different types of wax in the Middle Ages, namely four kinds of wax (<a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a>), "ordinary" waxes from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, unrefined waxes and colored waxes (red, white, and green).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cosman_Jones_2008_p._10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosman_Jones_2008_p.-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waxes are used to make <a href="/wiki/Waxed_paper" title="Waxed paper">waxed paper</a>, impregnating and <a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">coating paper</a> and card to waterproof it or make it resistant to staining, or to modify its surface properties. Waxes are also used in <a href="/wiki/Shoe_polish" title="Shoe polish">shoe polishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood polish">wood polishes</a>, and automotive polishes, as <a href="/wiki/Mold_release_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold release agent">mold release agents</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mold_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold making">mold making</a>, as a coating for many <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheeses</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Waterproof" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterproof">waterproof</a> leather and fabric. Wax has been used since antiquity as a temporary, removable model in <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and other materials. </p><p>Wax with colorful pigments added has been used as a medium in <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic painting</a>, and is used today in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grease_pencil" title="Grease pencil">china markers</a> and colored <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencils</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon paper</a>, used for making duplicate <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewritten</a> documents was coated with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a> suspended in wax, typically <a href="/wiki/Montan_wax" title="Montan wax">montan wax</a>, but has largely been superseded by <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">computer printers</a>. In another context, <a href="/wiki/Lipstick" title="Lipstick">lipstick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mascara" title="Mascara">mascara</a> are blends of various fats and waxes colored with pigments, and both <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a> are used in other <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ski_wax" title="Ski wax">Ski wax</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>. Also, the sports of surfing and <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often use wax to enhance the performance. </p><p>Some waxes are considered food-safe and are used to coat wooden cutting boards and other items that come into contact with food. Beeswax or coloured synthetic wax is used to decorate <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">Easter eggs</a> in Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and the Czech Republic. <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a> is used in making chocolate covered sweets. </p><p>Wax is also used in <a href="/wiki/Wax_bullet" title="Wax bullet">wax bullets</a>, which are used as simulation aids, and for <a href="/wiki/Wax_sculpture" title="Wax sculpture">wax sculpturing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_examples">Specific examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Specific examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_waxes_2">Animal waxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Animal waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a> – produced by <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_wax" title="Chinese wax">Chinese wax</a> – produced by the <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insect</a> <i>Ceroplastes ceriferus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">Lanolin</a> (wool wax) – from the <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a> wax – from the <a href="/wiki/Lac_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac insect">lac insect</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kerria_lacca" title="Kerria lacca">Kerria lacca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermaceti" title="Spermaceti">Spermaceti</a> – from the head cavities and blubber of the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetable_waxes">Vegetable waxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vegetable waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayberry_wax" title="Bayberry wax">Bayberry wax</a> – from the <a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">surface wax</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">fruits</a> of the bayberry shrub, <i><a href="/wiki/Myrica_faya" title="Myrica faya">Myrica faya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelilla_wax" title="Candelilla wax">Candelilla wax</a> – from the Mexican shrubs <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_cerifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphorbia cerifera">Euphorbia cerifera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_antisyphilitica" title="Euphorbia antisyphilitica">Euphorbia antisyphilitica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba wax</a> – from the leaves of the carnauba palm, <i><a href="/wiki/Copernicia_cerifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicia cerifera">Copernicia cerifera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_wax" title="Castor wax">Castor wax</a> – catalytically hydrogenated <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a></li> <li>Esparto wax – a byproduct of making paper from <a href="/wiki/Esparto_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Esparto grass">esparto grass</a> (<i>Macrochloa tenacissima</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a> – a vegetable <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> (not a true wax), from the berries of <i>Rhus</i> and <i>Toxicodendron</i> species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jojoba_oil" title="Jojoba oil">Jojoba oil</a> – a liquid <a href="/wiki/Wax_ester" title="Wax ester">wax ester</a>, from the seed of <i>Simmondsia chinensis</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouricury_wax" title="Ouricury wax">Ouricury wax</a> – from the Brazilian feather palm, <i><a href="/wiki/Syagrus_coronata" title="Syagrus coronata">Syagrus coronata</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_wax" title="Rice bran wax">Rice bran wax</a> – obtained from <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a> (<i>Oryza sativa</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy wax">Soy wax</a> – from soybean oil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow_tree" title="Tallow tree">Tallow tree</a> wax – from the seeds of the tallow tree <i>Triadica sebifera</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_waxes">Mineral waxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mineral waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceresin" title="Ceresin">Ceresin</a> waxes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montan_wax" title="Montan wax">Montan wax</a> – extracted from <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown coal">brown coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozocerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozocerite">Ozocerite</a> – found in lignite beds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_wax" title="Peat wax">Peat waxes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroleum_waxes">Petroleum waxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Petroleum waxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a> – made of long-chain <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_wax" title="Microcrystalline wax">Microcrystalline wax</a> – with very fine crystalline structure</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slip_melting_point" title="Slip melting point">Slip melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_acid" title="Wax acid">Wax acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_argument" title="Wax argument">Wax argument</a>, or the "ball of wax example", is a thought experiment originally articulated by Renė Descartes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ull-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Riemenschneider1 and Hermann M. Bolt (2005). "Esters, Organic". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. 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V.; Gustafsson, Linda M.; Nordblad, Mathias; Börjesson, Pål; Mattiasson, Bo; Adlercreutz, Patrick (2005-11-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b510815b">"Wax esters produced by solvent-free energy-efficient enzymatic synthesis and their applicability as wood coatings"</a>. <i>Green Chemistry</i>. <b>7</b> (12): 837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb510815b">10.1039/b510815b</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-9270">1463-9270</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209163653/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2005/GC/b510815b">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.blackspell.co.uk&rft.atitle=How+To+Make+Skateboard+Wax%3A+A+Home+DIY+Guide&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblackspell.co.uk%2Fhow-to-make-skateboard-wax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Antioxidant">Antioxidants</a> & <a href="/wiki/Acidity_regulator" title="Acidity regulator">Acidity regulators</a> (E300–399)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">Thickeners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_additive#Categories" title="Food additive">stabilisers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a> (E400–499)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> <a href="/wiki/Acidity_regulator" title="Acidity regulator">regulators</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anticaking_agent" title="Anticaking agent">anticaking agents</a> (E500–599)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavour enhancers</a> (E600–699)</li> <li><b>Miscellaneous (E900–999)</b></li> <li>Additional chemicals (E1000–1599)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waxes</a> (E900–909)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazing_agent" title="Glazing agent">Synthetic glazes</a> (E910–919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_treatment_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour treatment agent">Improving agents</a> (E920–929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gases</a> (E930–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sweeteners</a> (E950–969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foaming_agent" title="Foaming agent">Foaming agents</a> (E990–999)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polydimethylsiloxane" title="Polydimethylsiloxane">Dimethyl polysiloxane</a> (E900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a> (E901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelilla_wax" title="Candelilla wax">Candelilla wax</a> (E902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba wax</a> (E903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a> (E904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffins</a> (E905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">Mineral oil</a> (E905a)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">Vaseline</a> (E905b)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_wax" title="Microcrystalline wax">Microcrystalline wax</a> (E905c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoin resin">Gum benzoic</a> (E906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Crystalline wax</a> (E907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_wax" title="Rice bran wax">Rice bran wax</a> (E908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products870" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> 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