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freedom</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: religious freedom"> <meta name="keywords" content="religious freedom"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="religious freedom"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1649</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: religious freedom</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1649</span> From Protector to Violator: Assessing State's Role in Protecting Freedom of Religion in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manotar%20Tampubolon">Manotar Tampubolon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia is a country that upholds the law, human rights and religious freedom. The freedom that implied in various laws and constitution (Undang-undang 1945) is not necessarily applicable in practice of religious life. In one side, the state has a duty as protector and guarantor of freedom, on the other side, however, it turns into one of the actors of freedom violations of religion minority. State action that interferes freedom of religion is done in various ways both intentionally or negligently or not to perform its obligations in the enforcement of human rights (human rights due diligence). Besides the state, non-state actors such as religious organizations, individuals also become violators of the rights of religious freedom. This article will discuss two fundamental issues that interfere freedom of religion in Indonesia after democratic era. In addition, this article also discusses a comprehensive state policy that discriminates minority religions to manifest their faith. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20freedom" title="religious freedom">religious freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitution" title=" constitution"> constitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minority%20faith" title=" minority faith"> minority faith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20actor" title=" state actor"> state actor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64690/from-protector-to-violator-assessing-states-role-in-protecting-freedom-of-religion-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64690.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1648</span> Religion and the Constitutional Regulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valbona%20Metaj">Valbona Metaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The relationship between the state and the religion is different based on the fact that how powerful is the religion faith in a state and of the influences that affected the views of the constitution drafters according to the constitutional system they were based to draft their constitution. This paper aims at providing, through a comparative methodology, how it is regulated by the constitution the relationship between the state and the religion. The object of this study are the constitutions of Italy as a nation with catholic religious tradition, Greece as a nation with orthodox religion tradition, and Turkey as a nation which represents Muslim religion, while Albania as a nation known for its religious plurality. In particular, the analysis will be focused on the secular or religious principle provided in the constitution of each respective state. This comparative overview intends to discern which of the states analyzed is more tolerant and fully respects the freedom of religion. It results that most of the states subject of this study, despite their religious tradition have chosen the secular principle in their constitutions, but the religious freedom is differently guaranteed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitution" title="constitution">constitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religion" title=" religion"> religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20freedom" title=" religious freedom"> religious freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secular" title=" secular"> secular</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23612/religion-and-the-constitutional-regulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23612.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1647</span> Ambiguity in Anti-conversion Laws in the Indian States – A Limitation to the Freedom of Religion Guaranteed under the Constitution of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roy%20Alex">Roy Alex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dr.%20Shampa%20I%20Dev"> Dr. Shampa I Dev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abstract Nine out of twenty-eight states in India have enacted anti-conversion laws to regulate religious conversions by use of force, allurement, inducement, or fraudulent means. The vagueness of the definitions of the terms used in these laws makes them inconsistent with the provisions of the right to freedom of religion guaranteed by the Constitution. It is a critical question whether these laws protect the religious freedom of groups that are “vulnerable” to missionary inducements, or are they restricting the freedom of citizens to propagate their religion to others or change their religious identity? This article looks into the constitutionality of the anti-conversion laws passed in the Indian States and argues that these laws limit the freedom of religion guaranteed under Article 25 of the Constitution of India. The ambiguity in the anti-conversion laws passed in various states of India is brought out by critically analyzing multiple cases charged under anti-conversion laws. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Freedom%20of%20Religion" title="Freedom of Religion">Freedom of Religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anti-conversion%20Laws" title=" Anti-conversion Laws"> Anti-conversion Laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allurement" title=" allurement"> allurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inducement" title=" inducement"> inducement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20fraudulent%20means." title=" and fraudulent means."> and fraudulent means.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154609/ambiguity-in-anti-conversion-laws-in-the-indian-states-a-limitation-to-the-freedom-of-religion-guaranteed-under-the-constitution-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1646</span> Sociological Review of the Implantation of New Religious Movements in Spain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Del%20Mar%20Ramos-Lorente">María Del Mar Ramos-Lorente</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafael%20Mart%C3%ADnez-Mart%C3%ADn"> Rafael Martínez-Martín</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> More than 40 years have passed since the Spanish Constitution in force today was approved in 1978. The period prior to that Constitution, which marked the transition to democracy, was marked by National Catholicism, which actively limited the existence of religions other than Catholicism in the national territory. The approval of this norm allowed the opening in many aspects, including the religious one. This work will profusely describe the evolution of the appearance of religious minorities in Spain from the moment of the transition, in which the space for religious freedom appears up to the present. The methodology is twofold. On the one hand, qualitative analysis of the legislation has allowed the religious opening. On the other, the quantitative analysis of the NMRs implemented in Spain. The entire analysis establishes the increase in religious organizations as a result, with notable variations across the territory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20religious%20movements" title="new religious movements">new religious movements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20minorities" title=" religious minorities"> religious minorities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociological%20analysis" title=" sociological analysis"> sociological analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spain" title=" Spain"> Spain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156551/sociological-review-of-the-implantation-of-new-religious-movements-in-spain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1645</span> Human Trafficking: Stand for Freedom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhumitha%20Rajasekaran">Madhumitha Rajasekaran </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Freedom is a short, powerful word we take for granted every day. It is hard to fully appreciate freedom when we have never had it snatched away from us. We get to choose our jobs, where we live, what we eat. If we are unhappy at work, we have the freedom to quit and find work elsewhere. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20trafficking" title="human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standing%20for%20freedom" title=" standing for freedom"> standing for freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20work" title=" social work"> social work</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20research" title=" social research"> social research</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18029/human-trafficking-stand-for-freedom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18029.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1644</span> Religious Coercion as Means of Trafficking in Women and Faith Communities’ Role in Ending Such Religious Exploitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoyu%20Stephanie%20Ren">Xiaoyu Stephanie Ren</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the increase of massive migration, economic polarization, as well as increasing awareness and respects for religious freedom in the world, women have become unprecedentedly vulnerable to trafficking involving religious coercion. Such cases can also bring enormous challenges for prosecution in which the prosecutor bears the burden of proving that the victim acted, or not acted in a certain way due to the exploitation of her belief system: (1) Jurors who are nonbelievers tend not to be convinced that something of intangible nature can act as the force to get victim into women trafficking situation; (2) Court more often than not rules in favor of victims in women trafficking cases involving religious exploitation only when there is physical coercion in addition to religious coercion; (3) Female victims are often reluctant to testify at court due to their godly fear and loyalty to trafficker. Using case study methodology, this paper examines the unique characteristics of religious coercion as means of trafficking in women from a legal perspective and proposes multiple ways based on communal beliefs that faith communities, as victims for such crime themselves, can act in order to help to end religious exploitation. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to improve acknowledgment for the role of religious coercion as a sole force for women trafficking situation; to discuss legal hurdles in prosecuting women trafficking cases involving religious coercion; and to propose collaboration across borders among faith communities to end such exploitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20trafficking" title="women trafficking">women trafficking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sex%20violence" title=" sex violence"> sex violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20exploitation" title=" religious exploitation"> religious exploitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faith%20community" title=" faith community"> faith community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosecution" title=" prosecution"> prosecution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108292/religious-coercion-as-means-of-trafficking-in-women-and-faith-communities-role-in-ending-such-religious-exploitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1643</span> The Lightener of Love, the World Peace </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Razzaq%20Azad">Abdul Razzaq Azad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Asad%20Razzaq"> Muhammad Asad Razzaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current study reveals that Muslim society losing their basics concepts of courtesy which are the part of Islam. It is known that Muslims played a key role for providing piece in society throughout the history. Humanities always accept the changes through time, ideologies, ethics and traditions, various religious changes, culture, social behaviors and social problems, attitudes, political situations, literature, historical stress, economic clashes, wars and daily routine’s life. It also observed that religious people have their mind set due to their different religious teachings. All the religions have their different religious teachings which have different approaches for their followers. All the religions have same lesson of peace and prosperity. After 09/11 the entire scenario changed, even tried to connect terrorism and extremism with Islam and Muslims. It created a gap among religions and there was not attempt to use for reducing that gap. There were many meetings called at different places of religious scholars in different countries, but not able to get acceptable results. It also created a gap within the country in different religious sects. In the last 15 years there were14000 people have been killed from different religious incidents and even in different sects’ activities. The current study based on survey from 25 Imams and 10 Khatibs from South Punjab. The results show that they knew the word interfaith harmony and the role of Imams and Khatibs for peace in the inter-religious societies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peace%20religion" title=" peace religion"> peace religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorism" title=" terrorism"> terrorism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extremism" title=" extremism"> extremism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom" title=" freedom"> freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peace" title=" peace"> peace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosperity%20and%20society" title=" prosperity and society"> prosperity and society</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24390/the-lightener-of-love-the-world-peace" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24390.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">495</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1642</span> Freedom and the Value of Games: How to Overcome the Challenges in the Gamification of Necessary Learning Tasks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20May">Jonathan May</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper argues that the value of games relates to the sensation of freedom they create, and this in turn results from their nature as voluntary, non-necessary tasks. Attempts to gamify necessary learning tasks are therefore challenged to create this sensation of freedom and so they often fail to create the pleasure and value found in traditional games. It then demonstrates a route to creating this sensation of freedom through the maximization of varied and creative solutions to such problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamification" title="gamification">gamification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=games" title=" games"> games</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=philosophy%20of%20games" title=" philosophy of games"> philosophy of games</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom" title=" freedom"> freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voluntary%20action" title=" voluntary action"> voluntary action</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=necessity" title=" necessity"> necessity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20of%20games" title=" value of games"> value of games</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151112/freedom-and-the-value-of-games-how-to-overcome-the-challenges-in-the-gamification-of-necessary-learning-tasks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1641</span> The Necessity and Methods of Abolishing Discrimination and Religious Violence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Boroujerdi">Hossein Boroujerdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20R.%20Sadeghi"> Mohammad R. Sadeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Moazen%20Zadeh"> Maryam Moazen Zadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the recent decades, the result of religious prophets has lost its attraction, and theology has become disfigured, so it has been made ugly. Undoubtedly, some of existing non-peaceful and harsh rules and measures within the religious books and contexts have been considered as the reasons and excuses for defamation of religions. Based on library sources and also extensive research in Quran and Islamic narratives, this study has aimed to find some alternative solutions and options to abolish and disregard those religious rules which are in contrary of human right charters and standards. The results have demonstrated that some of inhuman religious punishments such as execution, stoning, whipping as well as religious discriminations and warlike behaviors are in contrary of some other religious contexts and concepts. This finding have proved inadaptability between some religious contexts and religious records. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adjustment%20and%20abolishment" title="adjustment and abolishment">adjustment and abolishment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title=" discrimination"> discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20commands%20and%20laws" title=" religious commands and laws"> religious commands and laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tolerance" title=" tolerance"> tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90909/the-necessity-and-methods-of-abolishing-discrimination-and-religious-violence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1640</span> Freedom with Limitations: The Nature of Free Expression in the European Case-Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laszlo%20Vari">Laszlo Vari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the digital age, the spread of the mobile world and the nature of the cyberspace, offers many new opportunities for the prevalence of the fundamental right to free expression, and therefore, for free speech and freedom of the press; however, these new information communication technologies carry many new challenges. Defamation, censorship, fake news, misleading information, hate speech, breach of copyright etc., are only some of the violations, all of which can be derived from the harmful exercise of freedom of expression, all which become more salient in the internet. Here raises the question: how can we eliminate these problems, and practice our fundamental freedom rightfully? To answer this question, we should understand the elements and the characteristic of the nature of freedom of expression, and the role of the actors whose duties and responsibilities are crucial in the prevalence of this fundamental freedom. To achieve this goal, this paper will explore the European practice to understand instructions found in the case-law of the European Court of Human rights for the rightful exercise of freedom of expression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collision%20of%20rights" title="collision of rights">collision of rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=European%20case-law" title=" European case-law"> European case-law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom%20opinion%20and%20expression" title=" freedom opinion and expression"> freedom opinion and expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media%20law" title=" media law"> media law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom%20of%20information" title=" freedom of information"> freedom of information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20expression" title=" online expression"> online expression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104514/freedom-with-limitations-the-nature-of-free-expression-in-the-european-case-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104514.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1639</span> Academic Freedom Policy: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marlin%20Killen">Marlin Killen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) describes academic freedom as essential to the purposes of research and teaching. The importance of academic freedom as a bedrock foundation that supports the work of the professoriate cannot be overstated, and there have been innumerable challenges that have attempted to curtail it. These challenges come from a variety of sources that span legal, ethical, cultural, institutional, and professional perspective and are amplified by social media, traditional media, and political action efforts. Because of these challenges, the development of a comprehensive institutional policy on academic freedom that addresses the principles, practices, and appropriate responses to modern challenges can be a daunting task. This presentation will focus on a case study of a university’s effort to develop an updated, evolving policy on academic freedom that provides a framework and remedies for contemporary challenges to this critical function in higher education. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20freedom" title="academic freedom">academic freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20freedom%20policy" title=" academic freedom policy"> academic freedom policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education%20policy" title=" higher education policy"> higher education policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139552/academic-freedom-policy-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1638</span> Freedom of Information and Freedom of Expression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Pashaye%20Amiri">Amin Pashaye Amiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Freedom of information, according to which the public has a right to have access to government-held information, is largely considered as a tool for improving transparency and accountability in governments, and as a requirement of self-governance and good governance. So far, more than ninety countries have recognized citizens’ right to have access to public information. This recognition often took place through the adoption of an act referred to as “freedom of information act”, “access to public records act”, and so on. A freedom of information act typically imposes a positive obligation on a government to initially and regularly release certain public information, and also obliges it to provide individuals with information they request. Such an act usually allows governmental bodies to withhold information only when it falls within a limited number of exemptions enumerated in the act such as exemptions for protecting privacy of individuals and protecting national security. Some steps have been taken at the national and international level towards the recognition of freedom of information as a human right. Freedom of information was recognized in a few countries as a part of freedom of expression, and therefore, as a human right. Freedom of information was also recognized by some international bodies as a human right. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled in 2006 that Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights, which concerns the human right to freedom of expression, protects the right of all people to request access to government information. The European Court of Human Rights has recently taken a considerable step towards recognizing freedom of information as a human right. However, in spite of the measures that have been taken, public access to government information is not yet widely accepted as an international human right. The paper will consider the degree to which freedom of information has been recognized as a human right, and study the possibility of widespread recognition of such a human right in the future. It will also examine the possible benefits of such recognition for the development of the human right to free expression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom%20of%20information" title="freedom of information">freedom of information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom%20of%20expression" title=" freedom of expression"> freedom of expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20information" title=" government information"> government information</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23647/freedom-of-information-and-freedom-of-expression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">548</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1637</span> Territorial Influence of Religious Based Armed Conflicts in Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Badru%20Hasan%20Segujja">Badru Hasan Segujja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassiwa%20Shamim"> Nassiwa Shamim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study “Territorial Influence of Religious Based Armed Conflicts in Africa” was in place to identify the influence of religious based armed conflicts, their parsistance and their impact on African societies. The study employed a qualitative research methodology, as data from respondents was descriptively recorded using random sampling technics. The study discovered that, the world is experiencing religious based armed violence where actors fight under the umbrella of freedom fighters where the African continent in particular has been at the pic of such armed violence almost since each countries independence to date. Because of this situation, the Continent is torn apart as families are traumatized by the memories of their dear ones who never survived in yesterdays’ faith based armed violence. The study disvovered that, some of these faith based armed conflicts are caused by factors ranging from undemocratic practices due to poor governance, poverty, Unemployment, religious extremism and radicalism which later turn into intractable violence. Religious armed groups such as, Holly Spirit Movement (HSM), Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda and now Eastern DRC and Central African Republic, ALSHABAB in East Africa, SELEKE and ANTI BALAKA in Central African Republic, BOKO HARAM in Nigeria, JANJAWEED in Sudan and Republic of Chad, Sudaneess Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) in Southern Sudan, Alqaida Mission in Islamic Magreeb (AQIIM) in Mali coupled with acute racism of Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda or Burundi and Xenophobic Nationalism in (South Africa). The study futher discovered that, the component of “freedom fighters” has strongly made these groups maintain the ground without fear of any repucation, which situation has resulted into children and women becoming disproportionally victims and the response of international communities to the violence is inadequate. The study concludes that, dialogue for peace is better than going for wars. The study recommends that, in order to restore peace on the African continent and elsewhere in the world, UN should recommend the teaching of peace values in schools, pre-conflict early warnings must be well attended, actors must refrain from using religious lebles, democracy, unemployment and poverty issues should as well be addressed to avoid unnessesary conflicts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence" title="influence">influence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious" title=" religious"> religious</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=armed" title=" armed"> armed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflicts" title=" conflicts"> conflicts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156956/territorial-influence-of-religious-based-armed-conflicts-in-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1636</span> Religious Insurgency in Nigeria: A Bane to National Unity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayoola%20Adediran%20Amos">Ayoola Adediran Amos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigeria as a secular state that is characterized with various religions namely: Christianity, Islam and African Religion. Each of the religion adherents often claim that their religion is the only means of gaining eternity while others who do not belong to their sect may not be opportuned. Religious doctrine within those religious sects is another source of insurgency which serves as a threat to the unity of Nigeria. Similarly, Boko Haram Religious group has become a threat to the unity of the country in which its root has both political and religious undertones. Primary and secondary sources of collecting data were used. Historical method allowed enquiry into the past events and improvement to the current experience. Both published and unpublished theses were used. Interview was also conducted as part of the secondary sources. It was observed that all aspects of the system in Nigeria were affected with this scourge of religious unrest. i.e. education, political, economic and a host of others. Finally, it was recommended that religious leaders should be given adequate orientation on the needs not to preach against other religious groups. Government of Nigeria should not give priority to one religion at the expense of others. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insurgency" title="insurgency">insurgency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20unity" title=" national unity"> national unity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious" title=" religious"> religious</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threat" title=" threat "> threat </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24951/religious-insurgency-in-nigeria-a-bane-to-national-unity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24951.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1635</span> Millenial Muslim Women’s Views on Religious Identity and Religious Leaders: The Role of the State on Religious Issues and Religious Radicalism in Jakarta</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achmad%20Muchadam%20Fahham">Achmad Muchadam Fahham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sony%20Hendra%20Permana"> Sony Hendra Permana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Millennial Muslims are a generation of young people between 20-30 years. They will play an important role in various aspects of life for the next 10 to 20 years. In Indonesia, the population of this generation is quite large and in the next ten to twenty years they will occupy strategic position in various fields of social, economic and political life. One of the characteristics of the millenials generation are always connected to the internet and independence to learn anything from the internet. In terms of religion, the majority of millennial are Muslim. In digital era, the generation of millenial Muslim is vulnerable to the influence of radical Islamic thinking because of their easy access to that thought on social media, new media, and the books they read. This study seeks to examine the religious views of millennial Muslim women in four main focuses, namely religious identity, religious leaders, the role of the state on religious issues, and religious radicalism. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach, the data collection was carried out by the interview method. The study was conducted in Jakarta, mainly in religious study groups located in several mosques and shopping center in Jakarta. This study is expected to portray the religious views of millennial Muslim women, especially their commitment to Islamic identity, their views on the authority of religious leaders, the role of the state in various religious problems, and religious radicalism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=millenial%20Muslims" title="millenial Muslims">millenial Muslims</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radicalism" title=" radicalism"> radicalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muslim%20mowen" title=" muslim mowen"> muslim mowen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20identity" title=" religious identity"> religious identity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99194/millenial-muslim-womens-views-on-religious-identity-and-religious-leaders-the-role-of-the-state-on-religious-issues-and-religious-radicalism-in-jakarta" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1634</span> Religious Identity in the Diaspora: Peculiarities of Religious Consciousness and Behavior of Armenians in Tbilisi and Tehran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nelli%20R.%20Khachaturian">Nelli R. Khachaturian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of modern societies is largely associated with ethno-religious processes. The study of diasporas through the prism of religious processes is primarily aimed at identifying the impact of religious consciousness and behavior on the processes of reproduction of ethnic identity. Most often, it is religion that is associated with ethnic culture and historical heritage. Due to the peculiarities of the country of residence, different segments of the same ethnic group may demonstrate different religious consciousness and behavior. This paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of the religious behavior and consciousness of the representatives of the Armenian communities of Tbilisi and Tehran, based on the data obtained from the large-scale ethnic-sociological studies realized from 2013 to 2017 in Tehran and Tbilisi in the context of various spheres of public relations. Such research experience is of interest not only for understanding the dynamics of ethno-religious processes in the diasporas but also for understanding the role of religion as one of the most important factors in the formation of the mechanisms of self-preservation of an ethnic group, its current state and development prospects in the context of its own, different ethnic and / or foreign religious (non-confessional) environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armenian%20ethnicity" title="Armenian ethnicity">Armenian ethnicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armenian%20diaspora" title=" Armenian diaspora"> Armenian diaspora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20consciousness" title=" religious consciousness"> religious consciousness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20behavior" title=" religious behavior"> religious behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armenian%20community%20of%20Tbilisi" title=" Armenian community of Tbilisi"> Armenian community of Tbilisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armenian%20community%20of%20Tehran" title=" Armenian community of Tehran"> Armenian community of Tehran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189203/religious-identity-in-the-diaspora-peculiarities-of-religious-consciousness-and-behavior-of-armenians-in-tbilisi-and-tehran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1633</span> Challenges to Press Freedom in Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awais%20Ahmad">Awais Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> People of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) remains underrepresented in Pakistan’s mainstream media and their miseries and concerns are unheard and unnoticed. Rising the incidents of human rights violation in KP province of Pakistan, and its absence in the mainstream media has raised many questions on the clause of press freedom known as 19/A in the constitution of Pakistan, that has claimed freedom of speech to all Pakistani citizens. Using a ‘think a loud’ research technique, senior most journalists of KP have been interviewed to get to know reasons of why and how Pashtun’s voices have been silenced in a democratic country where individual’s opinion is considered more powerful, and they can exercise freedom to protest and speak-up for their rights. The information collected from the journalists has been used to evaluate press freedom in KP and FATA by applying the institutional theory. The paper evaluates different recent cases where Pashtun journalists, media outlets and social activists were being punished for criticizing authorities and military establishment. This study also explores that the perception of local journalists regarding press freedom and what are the factors they consider it restrictions while they perform their duties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=press%20freedom" title="press freedom">press freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=federally%20administered%20tribal%20areas%20%28fata%29" title=" federally administered tribal areas (fata)"> federally administered tribal areas (fata)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=khyber%20pakhtunkhwa%20%28kp%29" title=" khyber pakhtunkhwa (kp)"> khyber pakhtunkhwa (kp)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20establishment" title=" military establishment"> military establishment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167654/challenges-to-press-freedom-in-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167654.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1632</span> Religious Diversity, Tolerance, and Understanding: Strategies to Restore Peace in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Emilia%20Aboekwe">Mary Emilia Aboekwe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nigeria is a country with different ethnic groups and diverse religious affiliations. Owing to these differences, there continue to arise at various points and times conflicts. Lives and unquantifiable amounts of property have been lost as a result. It is the aim of this paper to show that despite these diverse religious affiliations, there can be unity and peace. The paper using a phenomenological approach, argues that religion is fundamentally oriented towards peace. Hence, one who is truly religious is to be disposed towards peaceful coexistence. This paper advocates tolerance, respect, appreciation, love, willingness to cooperate, accepting other persons with all they have in common but their differences as well. In other words, there is need for dialogue between the religions, involving inter-religious conference and possible inter-religious prayer services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dialogue" title="dialogue">dialogue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity" title=" diversity"> diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tolerance" title=" tolerance"> tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=understanding." title=" understanding."> understanding.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154232/religious-diversity-tolerance-and-understanding-strategies-to-restore-peace-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1631</span> Impact of Religious Struggles on Life Satisfaction among Young Muslims: The Mediating Role of Psychological Wellbeing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarwat%20Sultan">Sarwat Sultan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frasat%20Kanwal"> Frasat Kanwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Motasem%20Mirza"> Motasem Mirza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The impact of religiosity on people’s lives has always been found complex because some of them turn to religion to get comfort and relief from their fear, guilt, and illness, whereas some become away due to the perception that God is revengeful and distant for their conduct. The overarching aim of this study was to know whether the relationship between religious struggles (comfort/strain) and life satisfaction is mediated by psychological well-being. The participants of this study were 529 Muslim students who provided their responses on the measures of religious comfort/strain, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction. Results revealed that religious comfort predicted well-being and life satisfaction positively, while religious strain predicted negatively. Findings showed that psychological well-being mediated the prediction of religious comfort and strain for life satisfaction. These findings have implications for students’ mental health because their teachers and professionals can enhance their well-being by teaching them positive aspects of religion and God. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitude%20towards%20god" title="attitude towards god">attitude towards god</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20comfort" title=" religious comfort"> religious comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20strain" title=" religious strain"> religious strain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20satisfaction" title=" life satisfaction"> life satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20wellbeing" title=" psychological wellbeing"> psychological wellbeing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184104/impact-of-religious-struggles-on-life-satisfaction-among-young-muslims-the-mediating-role-of-psychological-wellbeing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184104.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1630</span> Examining the Perceptions of Religious Stakeholders Towards Religious Tourism Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sotiroula%20Liasidou">Sotiroula Liasidou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katerina%20Pericleous"> Katerina Pericleous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zanete%20Garanti"> Zanete Garanti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="></a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traveling for religious and pilgrimage purposes consists of an early-stage motivation for the historical development of tourism. Sacred places have become important attractions for local and foreign visitors, and many countries invest in the development of religious and pilgrimage tourism. Cyprus has a rich tradition as an important place for the establishment and diffusion of the Christian Orthodox Religion (Greek). Being considered the ‘island of Saints’, Cyprus sets strong foundations to be recognised as a spiritual destination of devotion for visitors interested in discovering the roots and the spiritual essence of the Christian Orthodox Religion. The paper elucidates on bringing together the fact of whether tourism in sacred places affects spirituality and religiosity. Thus, the aim is to consider the perceptions of the main religious stakeholders, including monastery abbots, in relation to the development of religious tourism. The aim of the study is fulfilled by incorporating questionnaires targeting the responses of the involved religious key players and stakeholders. The results of the study are indicative and provide an understanding in terms of religious tourism as an important product by interpreting the stance of religious stakeholders. In general, religious leaders support tourism in religious sites and argue that spirituality and holiness can be maintained as long there is a policy that is followed both by religious and tourism policymakers. Undoubtedly, establishing Cyprus as a religious tourism destination would bring many economic and social benefits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20tourism" title="religious tourism">religious tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pilgrimage" title=" pilgrimage"> pilgrimage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cyprus" title=" Cyprus"> Cyprus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Orthodox%20Religion" title=" Christian Orthodox Religion"> Christian Orthodox Religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sacred%20places" title=" sacred places"> sacred places</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monasteries" title=" monasteries"> monasteries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146649/examining-the-perceptions-of-religious-stakeholders-towards-religious-tourism-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1629</span> Cinematic Liberty vs. Offending Social, Religious Beliefs: With Special Reference to the Controversial Contents in Cinema and Print Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Govind%20Ji%20Pandey">Govind Ji Pandey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The divergent opinions in the society are important for its development but with reasonable restrictions. The world recently witnessed one of the most violent protests by a group against the editor and publisher of the magazine ‘Charlie Hebdo’ for publishing cartoon of their religious leader. The supporter of freedom of speech and expression around the world were in shock and termed it the strongest attack against the free speech. People all around the world condemned the killing of the journalists but many soft voices from several corners were also coming for reasonable restrictions on the freedom of speech and expression. Of late, Indian society has witnessed many protests and supports of films with controversial content. It is the beauty of the Indian democracy which gives an opportunity to all for discussion and debate on any issue that challenges established social norms. However, many organizations as well as individuals misuse it for their personal benefits. There have been many film directors who faced protest from several quarters for their controversial themes. This research aims at analyzing the controversial contents published in print media and shown in films. To understand the nature and frequency of such media reports, content analysis technique is used. The research also highlights the perception of the public regarding the controversies. For getting the popular opinion on the coverage of controversial content in cinema and print media, five hundred people from Lucknow, UP, India were randomly selected. The findings of this research are important to understand the response of media and society towards the controversial content presented in cinema and print media. The research highlights that how a handful of people curb free speech in a democratic country like India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cinema" title="cinema">cinema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=censor%20board" title=" censor board"> censor board</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20speech" title=" free speech"> free speech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liberty" title=" liberty"> liberty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social-religious%20beliefs" title=" social-religious beliefs"> social-religious beliefs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36371/cinematic-liberty-vs-offending-social-religious-beliefs-with-special-reference-to-the-controversial-contents-in-cinema-and-print-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1628</span> The Dialectic of Law and Politics for George Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djehich%20Mohamed%20Yousri">Djehich Mohamed Yousri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to address the dialectic of law and politics in the philosophy of the state of the philosopher Hegel by addressing the concept of law, which refers to its general meaning to the set of rules and legislation that man sets to apply them within society, as it is considered one of the primary and necessary conditions for the functioning of And organizing social life, when it defines the rights and duties of every individual belonging to the state, by approaching it with central concepts in political philosophy, such as the state, freedom and the people. The most prominent result that we reached through our analysis of the details of the problematic research is the relationship between law and politics in the philosophical system of Hegel; on the one hand, We find that the state is rational only to the extent that it resorts to the law and works under it, and the latter does not realize its essence and effectiveness unless it is extracted from the customs, traditions, and culture of the people so that it does not conflict with the ideal goal of its existence, which is to achieve freedom and protect it from all possible. A state does not mean at all to reduce the freedom of the people, so there is no conflict between law and freedom. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hegel" title="hegel">hegel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20law" title=" the law"> the law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=country" title=" country"> country</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom" title=" freedom"> freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=citizen" title=" citizen"> citizen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161831/the-dialectic-of-law-and-politics-for-george-friedrich-wilhelm-hegel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1627</span> Religious Reform and Secularism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djehich%20Mohamed%20Yousri">Djehich Mohamed Yousri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Religious Reform and Secularism present the title of the research paper (Religious Reform and Secularism) is the subject of this research paper. The researcher proceeded to address it through three main axes, in addition to an introduction and a conclusion that indicated the most important results of the study. Where the first axis dealt with the concept of the secular, while the second axis dealt with religious reform, and we devoted the third axis to discussing the relationship between them. It is a treatment that requires the researcher, at the level of methodology, to critically rethink the concepts of (religious) and (secular), and accompany the radical revisions that have been made in the field of (post-secular) studies in this regard. The paper concluded that caution should be exercised in dealing with the terms "religious reform" and "secularism". There are different and diverse viewpoints on (religious reform) and on (secularism) as well, and therefore it is wrong, according to the perspective of the paper, to deal with either of them as representing one comprehensive, homogeneous, closed and semantically stable category. ) or (secularism) with a set of diverse and divergent points of view from each other, a path that ultimately leads to confusion, confusion, ambiguity and misunderstanding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secularism" title="secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-secularism" title=" post-secularism"> post-secularism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20reform" title=" religious reform"> religious reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concept%20of%20religion" title=" concept of religion"> concept of religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20concept%20of%20secularism" title=" the concept of secularism"> the concept of secularism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161787/religious-reform-and-secularism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1626</span> Impacto of Communism Policy on Religion Identity in Pogradec District, Albania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gjergji%20Buzo">Gjergji Buzo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the communist policy about tangible and intangible religious heritage in Pogradec District, Albania. The district of Pogradec lies in the southeast of Albania and consists of the municipality, located on the shore of Ohrid Lake, and 7 Administrative Units, with a population of about 61,530 inhabitants. From the statistical data provided by the Institute of Statistics, the city of Pogradec has 55.9% Muslims, 19.9% Orthodox, 1.4% Catholic and 1.1% Bektashi. While the religious affiliation in the Administrative Unit is as follows: Muslim 72.1%, Orthodox 3.32%, Catholic 1.18%, Bektashi 0.2%. The percentages are approximate values, taking into consideration that 13.8% of the total population preferred not to answer the question on religion and that for 2.4% of the persons who answered, the information provided was not relevant or stated. The percentage of the persons who declared themselves as believers without belonging to any religion was 5.5 and the persons who declared themselves as a non-believer and not belonging to any religion was 2.5. Number of persons who declared themselves as evangelists was 0.1% and the number of them declared as "other Christians" was 0.1%. About 80% of the population believe in God, and most of them practice one of the monotheist religions. We have divided religious practices into three major periods. The first is until 1967, when different religions were practiced in Pogradec in harmony with each other; the second is the period 1967-1990, during which the practice of religion was prohibited, and the period after 1990, when religious freedom was restored. This article is focused on the communist period 1967-1990 when Albania (and Pogradec as part of it) became the only atheist country in the world. The object of the study is the impact of these policies on spiritual and material religious identity. The communist regime destroyed or transformed the religious objects, whether Islamic or Christian and prohibited practicing religious rituals in Albania. They followed an education policy with an atheistic spirituality among young people, characterizing religion as opium for the people. All these left traces on the people and brought a deformation of the religious identity. In order to better understand the reality of that time and how this policy was experienced by the people, we conducted a survey in Pogradect District with the participation of 1000 people. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communism%20policy" title="communism policy">communism policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritage" title=" heritage"> heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title=" identity"> identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religion" title=" religion"> religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistics" title=" statistics"> statistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=survey" title=" survey"> survey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171508/impacto-of-communism-policy-on-religion-identity-in-pogradec-district-albania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1625</span> The Ordinary Way of the Appeal in Penalty Part</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkadir%20Elhaouari">Abdelkadir Elhaouari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The priciest thing in human life since his birth is his freedom, basing on this idea, the conflict exists till now, the fight against oppression, injustice, tyranny and slavery, searching for freedom and political resistances, and this makes the freedom is deeply related to the defense for its existence all over years. This project attempts using any way to preserve this freedom, and building and maintaining bases and rules to organize this life. Appeal is a one of the most important method that human uses to protect his freedom, and we will mention in this thesis our attempt to clarify this aspect to the individual. We can say that the law does not know just one color or one logic, and is not based on one rule to be taken by heart, but the law is neutrality, the diversity, abstraction and diligence diversity. The penal law is a valued law and it deserves to be studied and searched more… so that to attempt to master it. Our thesis is just a brief explanation of an important point in this law, where we attempt to clarify and simplify the image to the normal person, so that he can preserve his rights, and we hope that we had succeeded to choose the right topic for that. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=appeal" title="appeal">appeal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penalization" title=" penalization"> penalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judgement" title=" judgement"> judgement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal" title=" criminal "> criminal </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44833/the-ordinary-way-of-the-appeal-in-penalty-part" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1624</span> A Secular Advent: A Video-Ethnographic Study of the Preparations for Christmas in Swedish Preschools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunde%20Puskas">Tunde Puskas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anita%20Andersson"> Anita Andersson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Swedish early childhood education research, the issues related to religious identifications and practices have often been marginalized or relegated either to the realm of diversity and multiculturalism or to the realm of national traditions. This paper is part of a research project about whether religion is considered as part of Swedish cultural heritage in Swedish preschools. Our aim in this paper is to explore how a Swedish preschool balance between keeping the education non-confessional and at the same time introducing the traditions associated with advent and Christmas. Christmas was chosen because of the religious background of the holiday and because it is a tradition widely celebrated in Swedish preschools. In Swedish education system, the concept of freedom of religion is understood in the sense that education is declared to be non-confessional. Nevertheless, as the major state holidays in Sweden are tied to Lutheran Christian traditions, and according to the curriculum preschool educators, are given the task to pass on a cultural heritage, defined in terms of values, traditions, history, language, and knowledge, it is the preschool teams or individual preschool teachers who determine whether and to what extent religious considerations are/ought to be seen as part of the cultural heritage the preschool passes on. The data consists of ten video taped observations from two preschools. The video data was transcribed and the transcripts were thereafter analysed through content analysis. In the analysis, we draw on the concept of banal religiosity that has helped us to draw attention to the workings of religious considerations that are so familiar that they rarely are noticed as religious and on Ninian Smart’s theory on the dimensions of religion. The analysis shows that what the adults actually do with religion fulfils six of seven dimensions common to religious traditions as outlined by Smart. At the same time, Christmas is performed as a lived tradition within which the commercial and religious rituals intersect and result in a banal, national religiosity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secular%20advent" title="secular advent">secular advent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=banal%20religiosity" title=" banal religiosity"> banal religiosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimensions%20of%20religion" title=" dimensions of religion"> dimensions of religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rites" title=" rites"> rites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83020/a-secular-advent-a-video-ethnographic-study-of-the-preparations-for-christmas-in-swedish-preschools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83020.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1623</span> Economic Analysis of Interaction Freedom, Institutions and Development in the countries of North Africa: Amartya Sen Approach of Capability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Essardi%20Omar">Essardi Omar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Razzouk%20Redouane"> Razzouk Redouane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The concept of freedom requires notice of countries all over the world to consider welfare and the quality of life. Despite, many economics efforts in the field of development literature, they have often failed to incorporate the ideas of freedom and rights into their theoretical and empirical work. However, with Amartya Sen’s approach of capability and researches, we can provide a basis for moving forward in theory and measure of development. Indeed, with an approach based on the correlation and the analysis of data, particularly on the tool of principle component analysis, we are going to study assessments of World Bank, Freedom House, Fraster institute, and MINEFE experts. Our empirical objective is to reveal the existence of the institutional and freedom characteristics related to the development of the emergent countries. In order to help us to explain the recent performance reached by Central and Eastern Europe and Latine America in compared with the case of countries of North Africa. To do this, first we will try to build indicators based on dilemma liberties /institutions. Second we will introduce institutional variables and freedom variables to make comparisons in freedom, quality of institutions and development in the countries observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedoms" title="freedoms">freedoms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=institutions" title=" institutions"> institutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=approach%20of%20capability" title=" approach of capability"> approach of capability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principle%20component%20analysis" title=" principle component analysis "> principle component analysis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16325/economic-analysis-of-interaction-freedom-institutions-and-development-in-the-countries-of-north-africa-amartya-sen-approach-of-capability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1622</span> Critical Analysis of Ideology of Non-Religious Spirituality (SBNR) Case Study of Sam Harris’ Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Samiullah">Muhammad Samiullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Religion and spirit always goes side by side. In this era spirit and religion are studied separately with thought of an anti-religious phenomenon is there with its vast impacts. Non-religious mind and religious one have a lot of things that differs, they have spiritual struggles.so there is theme arises that is in the name of non-religious spirituality(SBNR). The thinking prevailing in west and now in east in reverse of the religious institutional thought and spirituality. Religious disputes created an image to the world that is nontolerant and companionate, rising a question of god existence and self-existence. Thus giving rise in Atheism, nihilism, free thinking. The thinking of spirituality also gone in another side with superstitions and spiritual meditation. Christian religious bodies and scholar criticized the stance with their religious aspect but there should be an Islamic counter narrative should be there. Here in this dissertation the phenomenon is addressed and analyzed in respect with some of the literature presented from 2014 till present year. The phenomenon was not analyzed before in broader sense. There are some introductory and static views presented in this regard. So there is a literature gap to be filled by this effort, the Muslim counter narrative is still not there though Christians do their part. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SBNR" title="SBNR">SBNR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-spirituality" title=" non-spirituality"> non-spirituality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superstitions" title=" superstitions"> superstitions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sam%20Harris" title=" Sam Harris"> Sam Harris</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155070/critical-analysis-of-ideology-of-non-religious-spirituality-sbnr-case-study-of-sam-harris-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1621</span> The Impact of Financial News and Press Freedom on Abnormal Returns around Earnings Announcements in Greater China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Chen%20Wei">Yu-Chen Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang-Cheng%20Lu"> Yang-Cheng Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-Chi%20Lin"> I-Chi Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the impacts of news sentiment and press freedom on abnormal returns during the earnings announcement in greater China including the Shanghai, Shenzhen and Taiwan stock markets. The news sentiment ratio is calculated by using the content analysis of semantic orientation. The empirical results show that news released prior to the event date may decrease the cumulative abnormal returns prior to the earnings announcement regardless of whether it is released in China or Taiwan. By contrast, companies with optimistic financial news may increase the cumulative abnormal returns during the announcement date. Furthermore, the difference in terms of press freedom is considered in greater China to compare the impact of press freedom on abnormal returns. The findings show that, the freer the press is, the more negatively significant will be the impact of news on the abnormal returns, which means that the press freedom may decrease the ability of the news to impact the abnormal returns. The intuition is that investors may receive alternative news related to each company in the market with greater press freedom, which proves the efficiency of the market and reduces the possible excess returns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=news" title="news">news</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=press%20freedom" title=" press freedom"> press freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greater%20China" title=" Greater China"> Greater China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earnings%20announcement" title=" earnings announcement"> earnings announcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abnormal%20returns" title=" abnormal returns"> abnormal returns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8585/the-impact-of-financial-news-and-press-freedom-on-abnormal-returns-around-earnings-announcements-in-greater-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8585.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1620</span> Islam in Nation Building: Case Studies of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Etibar%20Guliyev">Etibar Guliyev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Durdana%20Jafarli"> Durdana Jafarli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The breakdown of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the 9/11 attacks resulted in the global changes created a totally new geopolitical situation for the Muslim populated republics of the former Soviet Union. Located between great powers such as China and Russia, as well as theocratic states like Iran and Afghanistan, the newly independent Central Asian states were facing a dilemma to choose a new politico-ideological course for development. Policies dubbed Perestroyka and Glasnost leading to the collapse of the world’s once superpower brought about a considerable rise in the national and religious self-consciousness of the Muslim population of the USSR where the religion was prohibited under the strict communist rule. Moreover, the religious movements prohibited during the Soviet era acted as a part of national straggle to gain their freedom from Moscow. The policies adopted by the Central Asian countries to manage the religious revival and extremism in their countries vary dramatically from each other. As Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are located between Russia and China and hosting a considerable number of the Russian population, these countries treated Islamic revival more tolerantly trying benefit from it in the nation-building process. The importance of the topic could be explained with the fact that it investigates an alternative way of management of religious activities and movements. The recent developments in the Middle East, Syria and Iraq in particular, and the fact that hundreds of fighters from the Central Asian republics joined the ISIL terrorist organization once again highlights the implications of the proper regulation of religious activities not only for domestic, but also for regional and global politics. The paper is based on multiple research methods. The process trace method was exploited to better understand the Russification and anti-religious policies to which the Central Asian countries were subject during the Soviet era. The comparative analyse method was also used to better understand the common and distinct features of the politics of religion of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and the rest of the Central Asian countries. Various legislation acts, as well as secondary sources were investigated to this end. Mostly constructivist approach and a theory suggesting that religion supports national identity when there is a third cohesion that threatens both and when elements of national identity are weak. Preliminary findings suggest that in line with policies aimed at gradual reduction of Russian influence, as well as in the face of ever-increasing migration from China, the mentioned countries incorporated some Islamic elements into domestic policies as a part and parcel of national culture. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan did not suppress religious activities, which was case in neighboring states, but allowed in a controlled way Islamic movements to have a relatively freedom of action which in turn led to the less violent religious extremism further boosting national identity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identity" title="identity">identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islam" title=" Islam"> Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nationalism" title=" nationalism"> nationalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terrorism" title=" terrorism"> terrorism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94016/islam-in-nation-building-case-studies-of-kazakhstan-and-kyrgyzstan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94016.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20freedom&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20freedom&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20freedom&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20freedom&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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