CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>D. Malonek - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="_J1ISapKJWAyEW2FGsalOVK7nAuXfnmAVFpHK8e04vYFOAqtkSIph9EWGp4IFHh07d9Q1SYaVaPMxnXESNzWhQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="author" content="d. malonek" /> <meta name="description" content="D. Malonek: 5 Followers, 1 Following, 8 Research papers. Research interests: Motion perception, Visual Cortex, and Form perception." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '075e914b9e16164113b5b9afd7238a56a7292942'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14035,"monthly_visitors":"102 million","monthly_visitor_count":102864795,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":102,"user_count":283272031,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740053971000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740053971000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-40698df34f913bd208bb70f09d2feb7c6286046250be17a4db35bba2c08b0e2f.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-6145545f49b709c1199990a76c559bd4c35429284884cbcb3cf7f1916215e941.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-5e022a2ab081599fcedc76886fa95a606f8073416cae1641695a9906c9a80b81.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-8e43dbfb783947b05fb193bb4a981fdefb46b9285b0cade100b20d38357a3356.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png","has_photo":false,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":13493,"name":"Motion perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception"},{"id":49962,"name":"Visual Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex"},{"id":82283,"name":"Form perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Form_perception"},{"id":305,"name":"Applied Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek","location":"/DMalonek","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/DMalonek","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-79e4983e-326b-4571-8b8f-9ca7d76ef043"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-79e4983e-326b-4571-8b8f-9ca7d76ef043"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">D. Malonek</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="D." data-follow-user-id="39683991" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="39683991"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">5</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-author</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/DMalonek/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://westernsydney.academia.edu/JohnCass"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="John Cass" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/53890/16137/44775109/s200_john.cass.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://westernsydney.academia.edu/JohnCass">John Cass</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Western Sydney University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://mit.academia.edu/NikolaosMellios"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://mit.academia.edu/NikolaosMellios">Nikolaos Mellios</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/FabioCuzzolin"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Fabio Cuzzolin" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/366407/112374/61740579/s200_fabio.cuzzolin.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/FabioCuzzolin">Fabio Cuzzolin</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Oxford Brookes University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://macewan.academia.edu/NicoleAnderson"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Nicole Anderson" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/430922/106228/153334/s200_nicole.anderson.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://macewan.academia.edu/NicoleAnderson">Nicole Anderson</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">MacEwan University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://obs-vlfr.academia.edu/BrianLau"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Brian Lau" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/516973/181102/810851/s200_brian.lau.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://obs-vlfr.academia.edu/BrianLau">Brian Lau</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Sorbonne Universit茅, Universit茅 Pierre et Marie Curie & CNRS</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/SimonCropper"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Simon Cropper" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/656154/227665/266336/s200_simon.cropper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/SimonCropper">Simon Cropper</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Melbourne</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/OlafDimigen"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Olaf Dimigen" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/857839/657177/18703803/s200_olaf.dimigen.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://hu-berlin.academia.edu/OlafDimigen">Olaf Dimigen</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Humboldt Universit盲t zu Berlin</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://sfu-at.academia.edu/MichaelKimmel"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Michael Kimmel" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/891984/326264/386841/s200_michael.kimmel.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://sfu-at.academia.edu/MichaelKimmel">Michael Kimmel</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Sigmund Freud University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://mq.academia.edu/KevinBrooks"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Kevin R Brooks" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1747854/600192/1056634/s200_kevin.brooks.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://mq.academia.edu/KevinBrooks">Kevin R Brooks</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Macquarie University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/NelsonTotah"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Nelson Totah" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2514653/783886/52492829/s200_nelson.totah.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/NelsonTotah">Nelson Totah</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Helsinki</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39683991" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motion_perception"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek","location":"/DMalonek","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/DMalonek","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Motion perception"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8caa9051-f226-4fb1-961b-4a0842ec84c3"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8caa9051-f226-4fb1-961b-4a0842ec84c3"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39683991" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Cortex"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Visual Cortex"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-109b7724-75c8-42d6-b965-58ab98f77073"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-109b7724-75c8-42d6-b965-58ab98f77073"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39683991" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Form_perception"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Form perception"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8276bc4f-ce63-4f5e-8d02-d8936c2b857c"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8276bc4f-ce63-4f5e-8d02-d8936c2b857c"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39683991" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Mathematics"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Applied Mathematics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-52bfaaad-32bf-4faa-b2b4-ec011a40bbb4"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-52bfaaad-32bf-4faa-b2b4-ec011a40bbb4"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by D. Malonek</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592848"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592848/Cerebral_Hemodynamic_Measurements_During_Photic_Stimulation_in_an_Anesthetized_Cat_Model_at_4_7_Tesla"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cerebral Hemodynamic Measurements During Photic Stimulation in an Anesthetized Cat Model at 4.7 Tesla" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592848/Cerebral_Hemodynamic_Measurements_During_Photic_Stimulation_in_an_Anesthetized_Cat_Model_at_4_7_Tesla">Cerebral Hemodynamic Measurements During Photic Stimulation in an Anesthetized Cat Model at 4.7 Tesla</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592848"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592848]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592848']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592848]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592848,"title":"Cerebral Hemodynamic Measurements During Photic Stimulation in an Anesthetized Cat Model at 4.7 Tesla","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592848/Cerebral_Hemodynamic_Measurements_During_Photic_Stimulation_in_an_Anesthetized_Cat_Model_at_4_7_Tesla","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592846"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592846/Anisotropy_A_fundamental_feature_of_intrinsic_connectivity_in_owl_monkey_visual_cortex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Anisotropy: A fundamental feature of intrinsic connectivity in owl monkey visual cortex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592846/Anisotropy_A_fundamental_feature_of_intrinsic_connectivity_in_owl_monkey_visual_cortex">Anisotropy: A fundamental feature of intrinsic connectivity in owl monkey visual cortex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592846"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592846"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592846; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592846]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592846]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592846; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592846']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592846]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592846,"title":"Anisotropy: A fundamental feature of intrinsic connectivity in owl monkey visual cortex","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592846/Anisotropy_A_fundamental_feature_of_intrinsic_connectivity_in_owl_monkey_visual_cortex","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592845"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592845/Optical_Imaging_of_Electrical_Activity_in_the_Living_Mammalian_Cortex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Optical Imaging of Electrical Activity in the Living Mammalian Cortex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592845/Optical_Imaging_of_Electrical_Activity_in_the_Living_Mammalian_Cortex">Optical Imaging of Electrical Activity in the Living Mammalian Cortex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592845"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592845"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592845; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592845]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592845]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592845; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592845']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592845]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592845,"title":"Optical Imaging of Electrical Activity in the Living Mammalian Cortex","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592845/Optical_Imaging_of_Electrical_Activity_in_the_Living_Mammalian_Cortex","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592844"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592844/Interactions_Between_Electrical_Activity_and_Cortical_Microcirculation_Revealed_by_Imaging_Spectroscopy_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Mapping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Interactions Between Electrical Activity and Cortical Microcirculation Revealed by Imaging Spectroscopy: Implications for Functional Brain Mapping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592844/Interactions_Between_Electrical_Activity_and_Cortical_Microcirculation_Revealed_by_Imaging_Spectroscopy_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Mapping">Interactions Between Electrical Activity and Cortical Microcirculation Revealed by Imaging Spectroscopy: Implications for Functional Brain Mapping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Science</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Modern neuroimaging techniques use signals originating from microcirculation to map brain functio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Modern neuroimaging techniques use signals originating from microcirculation to map brain function. In this study, activity-dependent changes in oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and light scattering were characterized by an imaging spectroscopy approach that offers high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Sensory stimulation of cortical columns initiates tissue hypoxia and vascular responses that occur within the first 3 seconds and are highly localized to individual cortical columns. However, the later phase of the vascular response is less localized, spreading over distances of 3 to 5 millimeters.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592844"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592844"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592844; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592844]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592844]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592844; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592844']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592844]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592844,"title":"Interactions Between Electrical Activity and Cortical Microcirculation Revealed by Imaging Spectroscopy: Implications for Functional Brain Mapping","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592844/Interactions_Between_Electrical_Activity_and_Cortical_Microcirculation_Revealed_by_Imaging_Spectroscopy_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Mapping","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592843"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592843/Optical_Imaging_Reveals_the_Functional_Architecture_of_Neurons_Processing_Shape_and_Motion_in_Owl_Monkey_Area_MT"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Optical Imaging Reveals the Functional Architecture of Neurons Processing Shape and Motion in Owl Monkey Area MT" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592843/Optical_Imaging_Reveals_the_Functional_Architecture_of_Neurons_Processing_Shape_and_Motion_in_Owl_Monkey_Area_MT">Optical Imaging Reveals the Functional Architecture of Neurons Processing Shape and Motion in Owl Monkey Area MT</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We have used optical imaging based on intrinsic signals to explore the functional architecture of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We have used optical imaging based on intrinsic signals to explore the functional architecture of owl monkey area MT, a cortical region thought to be involved primarily in visual motion processing. As predicted by previous single-unit reports, we found cortical maps specific for the direction of moving visual stimuli. However, these direction maps were not distributed uniformly across all of area MT. Within the direction-specific regions, the activation produced by stimuli moving in opposite directions overlapped significantly. We also found that stimuli of differing shapes, moving in the same direction, activated different cortical regions within area MT, indicating that direction of motion is not the only parameter according to which area MT of owl monkey is organized. Indeed, we found clear evidence for a robust organization for orientation in area MT. Across all of MT, orientation preference changes smoothly, except at isolated line- or point-shaped discontinuities. Generally, paired regions of opposing direction preference were encompassed within a single orientation domain. The degree of segregation in the orientation maps was 3-5 times that found in direction maps. These results suggest that area MT, like V1 and V2, has a rich and multidimensional functional organization, and that orientation, a shape variable, is one of these dimensions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592843"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592843"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592843; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592843]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592843]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592843; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592843']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592843]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592843,"title":"Optical Imaging Reveals the Functional Architecture of Neurons Processing Shape and Motion in Owl Monkey Area MT","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592843/Optical_Imaging_Reveals_the_Functional_Architecture_of_Neurons_Processing_Shape_and_Motion_in_Owl_Monkey_Area_MT","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592842"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592842/Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_Relationships_between_the_dynamics_of_cortical_blood_flow_oxygenation_and_volume_changes_following_sensory_stimulation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vascular imprints of neuronal activity: Relationships between the dynamics of cortical blood flow, oxygenation, and volume changes following sensory stimulation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855109/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592842/Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_Relationships_between_the_dynamics_of_cortical_blood_flow_oxygenation_and_volume_changes_following_sensory_stimulation">Vascular imprints of neuronal activity: Relationships between the dynamics of cortical blood flow, oxygenation, and volume changes following sensory stimulation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Modern functional neuroimaging methods, such as positron-emission tomography (PET), optical imagi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Modern functional neuroimaging methods, such as positron-emission tomography (PET), optical imaging of intrinsic signals, and functional MRI (fMRI) utilize activity-dependent hemodynamic changes to obtain indirect maps of the evoked electrical activity in the brain. Whereas PET and f low-sensitive MRI map cerebral blood f low (CBF) changes, optical imaging and blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI map areas with changes in the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR). However, the relationship between CBF and HbR during functional activation has never been tested experimentally. Therefore, we investigated this relationship by using imaging spectroscopy and laser-Doppler f lowmetry techniques, simultaneously, in the visual cortex of anesthetized cats during sensory stimulation. We found that the earliest microcirculatory change was indeed an increase in HbR, whereas the CBF increase lagged by more than a second after the increase in HbR. The increased HbR was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in total hemoglobin concentration (Hbt), presumably ref lecting an early blood volume increase. We found that the CBF changes lagged after Hbt changes by 1 to 2 sec throughout the response. These results support the notion of active neurovascular regulation of blood volume in the capillary bed and the existence of a delayed, passive process of capillary filling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a2286949a4e58552e8bda3117f2f056" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47855109,"asset_id":27592842,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855109/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592842"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592842"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592842; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592842]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592842]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592842; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592842']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a2286949a4e58552e8bda3117f2f056" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592842]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592842,"title":"Vascular imprints of neuronal activity: Relationships between the dynamics of cortical blood flow, oxygenation, and volume changes following sensory stimulation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592842/Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_Relationships_between_the_dynamics_of_cortical_blood_flow_oxygenation_and_volume_changes_following_sensory_stimulation","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[{"id":47855109,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855109/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Malonek_D_Dirnagl_U_Lindauer_U_Yamada_K_20160807-19307-q3nf3g.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855109/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_R.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47855109/Malonek_D_Dirnagl_U_Lindauer_U_Yamada_K_20160807-19307-q3nf3g-libre.pdf?1470560221=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_R.pdf\u0026Expires=1740057571\u0026Signature=KKVAFNz2k2ohqF~yfNNb-UhE1xb1hkRcBEItGhO0D~xyYEZDVLkxGHQalAvIi-PPSpuArzCHQVFnNVD8mNuIz~QhbWJmMFwdJVnt29lt1a5xwXvDa3yOFwATV1vDIgliGInCiY4Zbz55h-Y2ZEebdIAPgPAtEvajxx96iOvH8wyldKnvoDLv4EH4ciJHYORJuMld~E6UOTnIyf0Y42MehMDgenTaQ-NEM8eY1J3AXNIxsMQf79wEy58NY-VDGZOyOcWKacBx66ygUsvGO2aOSbLvoLQoTKsGexTi6-DdnFH5poyxLBwTbkXnyPjJrCCKf2XcvE-i0PkBdsyOwM6zdw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592841"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592841/Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functional_Domains_in_Area_17_and_Across_the_Area_17_18_Border_in_Cat_Visual_Cortex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Optical Imaging of the Layout of Functional Domains in Area 17 and Across the Area 17/18 Border in Cat Visual Cortex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855110/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592841/Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functional_Domains_in_Area_17_and_Across_the_Area_17_18_Border_in_Cat_Visual_Cortex">Optical Imaging of the Layout of Functional Domains in Area 17 and Across the Area 17/18 Border in Cat Visual Cortex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European Journal of Neuroscience</span><span>, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Optical imaging based on intrinsic signals was used to investigate the functional architecture c ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Optical imaging based on intrinsic signals was used to investigate the functional architecture c 00, Israel cat area 17 and the border between areas 17 and 18. The visual stimuli were gratings of different spatial frequencies moving at different angles, in different directions and with different speeds. In area 17 the iso-orientation domains were usually organized in patches rather than as elongated bands. Patches with different orientation preferences were arranged radially forming 'pinwheels' around 'orientation centres'. The pinwheel density was -1.7-fold higher than in area 18. To explore clustering according to direction of motion, stimuli having the same orientation but moving in opposite directions were used. These two stimuli yielded very similar activity maps giving no indication of robust directionality clustering. Using near infrared light we were able to simultaneously image oculardominance and iso-orientation domains. A quantitative assessment of the relative strengths of the two subsystems showed that in upper cortical layers clustering according to orientation preference was three-fold stronger than clustering according to ocular dominance. The functional organization of spatial frequency was also examined. When we compared the activated regions by stimuli having different spatial frequency and moving at different velocities we observed that neurons were clustered also in these respects. We also investigated the functional architecture at the area 17/18 border and found that orientation maps at both sides of the border were not independent of each other. The map of area 17 smoothly blended into that of area 18. Similarly, the preferred spatial frequency of the neurons changed gradually over a distance of -0.8 mm at the region of the area 17/18 border.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="27b1482cae1810c57ac7bfdc93d16f37" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47855110,"asset_id":27592841,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855110/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592841"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592841"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592841; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592841]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592841]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592841; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592841']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "27b1482cae1810c57ac7bfdc93d16f37" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592841]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592841,"title":"Optical Imaging of the Layout of Functional Domains in Area 17 and Across the Area 17/18 Border in Cat Visual Cortex","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592841/Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functional_Domains_in_Area_17_and_Across_the_Area_17_18_Border_in_Cat_Visual_Cortex","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[{"id":47855110,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855110/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.1460-9568.1995.tb00720.x20160807-31148-nazs9q.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855110/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47855110/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00720.x20160807-31148-nazs9q-libre.pdf?1470560224=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOptical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functio.pdf\u0026Expires=1739942871\u0026Signature=fbUiz5RjSC09rf9Qc2E9HHOMjZElwCTYTuXGopQhL4UV~TIQkvWXvU6OQqt~YiEtuGaB8jEeaMjqeCJU7WkYRmeo5gxY77AnGCEYkcBMYn9T0IbOVueo~YAg6t6IzHoCW5yJekl9hOB77Zpf8oicjO0cnkzuKIYOB1BSLSqbuhcdqrRCqKFY5FM1x30YOc5BtG2zQIBf1d9wFUJZXQOa-R2sPkHrKUWBj8hZTVFBEYSElsc6OQZSh2ysjbHXBUAqlvvTGALAJTIjlNMx8VtmuJxxJ2ANwk5Z1IYHPQshrk5GKo4306YPTeD5uLqLAkhXnmvHv~4HuYW4YXlRop00DA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="19285861"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/19285861/Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_curves_The_predicted_responses_of_several_cortical_cell_types_to_drifting_gratings_stimuli"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: The predicted responses of several cortical cell types to drifting gratings stimuli" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42100319/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/19285861/Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_curves_The_predicted_responses_of_several_cortical_cell_types_to_drifting_gratings_stimuli">Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: The predicted responses of several cortical cell types to drifting gratings stimuli</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek">D. Malonek</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/HedvaSpitzer">Hedva Spitzer</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biological Cybernetics</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The responses to visual stimuli of simple cortical cells show linear spatial summation within and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The responses to visual stimuli of simple cortical cells show linear spatial summation within and between their receptive field subunits. Complex cortical cells do not show this linearity. We analyzed the simulated responses to drifting sinusoidal grating stimuli of simple and of several types of complex cells. The complex cells, whose responses are seen to be half-wave rectified before pooling, have receptive fields consisting of two or more DOG (difference-of-Gaussians) shaped subunits. In both cases of stimulation by contrast-reversal gratings or drifting gratings, the cells&amp;#39; response as a function of spatial frequency is affected by the subunit distances 2 lambda and the stimulation frequency omega. Furthermore, an increased number of subunits (a larger receptive field) yields a narrower peak tuning curve with decreased modulation depth for many of the spatial frequencies. The average and the peak response tuning curves are compared for the different receptive field types.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="eb0afa844d4fee99b28e0e62b38c24a3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42100319,"asset_id":19285861,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42100319/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="19285861"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19285861"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19285861; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19285861]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19285861]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19285861; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='19285861']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "eb0afa844d4fee99b28e0e62b38c24a3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=19285861]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":19285861,"title":"Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: The predicted responses of several cortical cell types to drifting gratings stimuli","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19285861/Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_curves_The_predicted_responses_of_several_cortical_cell_types_to_drifting_gratings_stimuli","owner_id":39540796,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39540796,"first_name":"Hedva","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Spitzer","page_name":"HedvaSpitzer","domain_name":"telaviv","created_at":"2015-12-01T05:02:06.780-08:00","display_name":"Hedva Spitzer","url":"https://telaviv.academia.edu/HedvaSpitzer"},"attachments":[{"id":42100319,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42100319/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bf00204702.pdf20160204-16919-1m9ylj2","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42100319/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_cur.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42100319/bf00204702-libre.pdf20160204-16919-1m9ylj2?1454635836=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DResponse_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_cur.pdf\u0026Expires=1740057571\u0026Signature=ST4NbtR3zXWDRQhIYkNSTGSvYAKIOW6B14fLGecLR492MHkoR7GVa6oEg7yqlQkwDds6UWA~DTPRnIrRKh-u-O~kzt9px3SxzVhZHhWlWErV0FjyAS4q6D7mJqsm-A0eyoixei4ypr~lkQL-8RYNc5LGxNp6G3LinvQHpyjEwQ9ARfitvU2mCwTddQGCZVStOag7jjoWIz1Rrsxw~IZTHuyCw-f4ItEXiYMGXzr174MtTA1zf2q0Eq9qbQJeWQH5p0tsKMSJgfOXZTICSPco6WeS7nw5FOFVOmRP~iyTv~ywX0xyKgZuutxA1ifUuiFEcaEZaFARf4ElM1CsCXQtMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="4218876" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592848"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592848/Cerebral_Hemodynamic_Measurements_During_Photic_Stimulation_in_an_Anesthetized_Cat_Model_at_4_7_Tesla"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cerebral Hemodynamic Measurements During Photic Stimulation in an Anesthetized Cat Model at 4.7 Tesla" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592848/Cerebral_Hemodynamic_Measurements_During_Photic_Stimulation_in_an_Anesthetized_Cat_Model_at_4_7_Tesla">Cerebral Hemodynamic Measurements During Photic Stimulation in an Anesthetized Cat Model at 4.7 Tesla</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592848"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592848]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592848']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592848]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592848,"title":"Cerebral Hemodynamic Measurements During Photic Stimulation in an Anesthetized Cat Model at 4.7 Tesla","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592848/Cerebral_Hemodynamic_Measurements_During_Photic_Stimulation_in_an_Anesthetized_Cat_Model_at_4_7_Tesla","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592846"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592846/Anisotropy_A_fundamental_feature_of_intrinsic_connectivity_in_owl_monkey_visual_cortex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Anisotropy: A fundamental feature of intrinsic connectivity in owl monkey visual cortex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592846/Anisotropy_A_fundamental_feature_of_intrinsic_connectivity_in_owl_monkey_visual_cortex">Anisotropy: A fundamental feature of intrinsic connectivity in owl monkey visual cortex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592846"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592846"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592846; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592846]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592846]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592846; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592846']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592846]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592846,"title":"Anisotropy: A fundamental feature of intrinsic connectivity in owl monkey visual cortex","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592846/Anisotropy_A_fundamental_feature_of_intrinsic_connectivity_in_owl_monkey_visual_cortex","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592845"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592845/Optical_Imaging_of_Electrical_Activity_in_the_Living_Mammalian_Cortex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Optical Imaging of Electrical Activity in the Living Mammalian Cortex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592845/Optical_Imaging_of_Electrical_Activity_in_the_Living_Mammalian_Cortex">Optical Imaging of Electrical Activity in the Living Mammalian Cortex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592845"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592845"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592845; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592845]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592845]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592845; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592845']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592845]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592845,"title":"Optical Imaging of Electrical Activity in the Living Mammalian Cortex","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592845/Optical_Imaging_of_Electrical_Activity_in_the_Living_Mammalian_Cortex","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592844"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592844/Interactions_Between_Electrical_Activity_and_Cortical_Microcirculation_Revealed_by_Imaging_Spectroscopy_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Mapping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Interactions Between Electrical Activity and Cortical Microcirculation Revealed by Imaging Spectroscopy: Implications for Functional Brain Mapping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592844/Interactions_Between_Electrical_Activity_and_Cortical_Microcirculation_Revealed_by_Imaging_Spectroscopy_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Mapping">Interactions Between Electrical Activity and Cortical Microcirculation Revealed by Imaging Spectroscopy: Implications for Functional Brain Mapping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Science</span><span>, 1996</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Modern neuroimaging techniques use signals originating from microcirculation to map brain functio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Modern neuroimaging techniques use signals originating from microcirculation to map brain function. In this study, activity-dependent changes in oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and light scattering were characterized by an imaging spectroscopy approach that offers high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. Sensory stimulation of cortical columns initiates tissue hypoxia and vascular responses that occur within the first 3 seconds and are highly localized to individual cortical columns. However, the later phase of the vascular response is less localized, spreading over distances of 3 to 5 millimeters.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592844"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592844"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592844; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592844]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592844]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592844; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592844']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592844]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592844,"title":"Interactions Between Electrical Activity and Cortical Microcirculation Revealed by Imaging Spectroscopy: Implications for Functional Brain Mapping","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592844/Interactions_Between_Electrical_Activity_and_Cortical_Microcirculation_Revealed_by_Imaging_Spectroscopy_Implications_for_Functional_Brain_Mapping","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592843"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592843/Optical_Imaging_Reveals_the_Functional_Architecture_of_Neurons_Processing_Shape_and_Motion_in_Owl_Monkey_Area_MT"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Optical Imaging Reveals the Functional Architecture of Neurons Processing Shape and Motion in Owl Monkey Area MT" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592843/Optical_Imaging_Reveals_the_Functional_Architecture_of_Neurons_Processing_Shape_and_Motion_in_Owl_Monkey_Area_MT">Optical Imaging Reveals the Functional Architecture of Neurons Processing Shape and Motion in Owl Monkey Area MT</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</span><span>, 1994</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We have used optical imaging based on intrinsic signals to explore the functional architecture of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We have used optical imaging based on intrinsic signals to explore the functional architecture of owl monkey area MT, a cortical region thought to be involved primarily in visual motion processing. As predicted by previous single-unit reports, we found cortical maps specific for the direction of moving visual stimuli. However, these direction maps were not distributed uniformly across all of area MT. Within the direction-specific regions, the activation produced by stimuli moving in opposite directions overlapped significantly. We also found that stimuli of differing shapes, moving in the same direction, activated different cortical regions within area MT, indicating that direction of motion is not the only parameter according to which area MT of owl monkey is organized. Indeed, we found clear evidence for a robust organization for orientation in area MT. Across all of MT, orientation preference changes smoothly, except at isolated line- or point-shaped discontinuities. Generally, paired regions of opposing direction preference were encompassed within a single orientation domain. The degree of segregation in the orientation maps was 3-5 times that found in direction maps. These results suggest that area MT, like V1 and V2, has a rich and multidimensional functional organization, and that orientation, a shape variable, is one of these dimensions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592843"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592843"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592843; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592843]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592843]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592843; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592843']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592843]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592843,"title":"Optical Imaging Reveals the Functional Architecture of Neurons Processing Shape and Motion in Owl Monkey Area MT","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592843/Optical_Imaging_Reveals_the_Functional_Architecture_of_Neurons_Processing_Shape_and_Motion_in_Owl_Monkey_Area_MT","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592842"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592842/Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_Relationships_between_the_dynamics_of_cortical_blood_flow_oxygenation_and_volume_changes_following_sensory_stimulation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Vascular imprints of neuronal activity: Relationships between the dynamics of cortical blood flow, oxygenation, and volume changes following sensory stimulation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855109/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592842/Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_Relationships_between_the_dynamics_of_cortical_blood_flow_oxygenation_and_volume_changes_following_sensory_stimulation">Vascular imprints of neuronal activity: Relationships between the dynamics of cortical blood flow, oxygenation, and volume changes following sensory stimulation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Modern functional neuroimaging methods, such as positron-emission tomography (PET), optical imagi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Modern functional neuroimaging methods, such as positron-emission tomography (PET), optical imaging of intrinsic signals, and functional MRI (fMRI) utilize activity-dependent hemodynamic changes to obtain indirect maps of the evoked electrical activity in the brain. Whereas PET and f low-sensitive MRI map cerebral blood f low (CBF) changes, optical imaging and blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI map areas with changes in the concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR). However, the relationship between CBF and HbR during functional activation has never been tested experimentally. Therefore, we investigated this relationship by using imaging spectroscopy and laser-Doppler f lowmetry techniques, simultaneously, in the visual cortex of anesthetized cats during sensory stimulation. We found that the earliest microcirculatory change was indeed an increase in HbR, whereas the CBF increase lagged by more than a second after the increase in HbR. The increased HbR was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in total hemoglobin concentration (Hbt), presumably ref lecting an early blood volume increase. We found that the CBF changes lagged after Hbt changes by 1 to 2 sec throughout the response. These results support the notion of active neurovascular regulation of blood volume in the capillary bed and the existence of a delayed, passive process of capillary filling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a2286949a4e58552e8bda3117f2f056" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47855109,"asset_id":27592842,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855109/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592842"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592842"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592842; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592842]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592842]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592842; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592842']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a2286949a4e58552e8bda3117f2f056" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592842]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592842,"title":"Vascular imprints of neuronal activity: Relationships between the dynamics of cortical blood flow, oxygenation, and volume changes following sensory stimulation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592842/Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_Relationships_between_the_dynamics_of_cortical_blood_flow_oxygenation_and_volume_changes_following_sensory_stimulation","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[{"id":47855109,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855109/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Malonek_D_Dirnagl_U_Lindauer_U_Yamada_K_20160807-19307-q3nf3g.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855109/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Vascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_R.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47855109/Malonek_D_Dirnagl_U_Lindauer_U_Yamada_K_20160807-19307-q3nf3g-libre.pdf?1470560221=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVascular_imprints_of_neuronal_activity_R.pdf\u0026Expires=1740057571\u0026Signature=KKVAFNz2k2ohqF~yfNNb-UhE1xb1hkRcBEItGhO0D~xyYEZDVLkxGHQalAvIi-PPSpuArzCHQVFnNVD8mNuIz~QhbWJmMFwdJVnt29lt1a5xwXvDa3yOFwATV1vDIgliGInCiY4Zbz55h-Y2ZEebdIAPgPAtEvajxx96iOvH8wyldKnvoDLv4EH4ciJHYORJuMld~E6UOTnIyf0Y42MehMDgenTaQ-NEM8eY1J3AXNIxsMQf79wEy58NY-VDGZOyOcWKacBx66ygUsvGO2aOSbLvoLQoTKsGexTi6-DdnFH5poyxLBwTbkXnyPjJrCCKf2XcvE-i0PkBdsyOwM6zdw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27592841"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592841/Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functional_Domains_in_Area_17_and_Across_the_Area_17_18_Border_in_Cat_Visual_Cortex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Optical Imaging of the Layout of Functional Domains in Area 17 and Across the Area 17/18 Border in Cat Visual Cortex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855110/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27592841/Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functional_Domains_in_Area_17_and_Across_the_Area_17_18_Border_in_Cat_Visual_Cortex">Optical Imaging of the Layout of Functional Domains in Area 17 and Across the Area 17/18 Border in Cat Visual Cortex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European Journal of Neuroscience</span><span>, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Optical imaging based on intrinsic signals was used to investigate the functional architecture c ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Optical imaging based on intrinsic signals was used to investigate the functional architecture c 00, Israel cat area 17 and the border between areas 17 and 18. The visual stimuli were gratings of different spatial frequencies moving at different angles, in different directions and with different speeds. In area 17 the iso-orientation domains were usually organized in patches rather than as elongated bands. Patches with different orientation preferences were arranged radially forming 'pinwheels' around 'orientation centres'. The pinwheel density was -1.7-fold higher than in area 18. To explore clustering according to direction of motion, stimuli having the same orientation but moving in opposite directions were used. These two stimuli yielded very similar activity maps giving no indication of robust directionality clustering. Using near infrared light we were able to simultaneously image oculardominance and iso-orientation domains. A quantitative assessment of the relative strengths of the two subsystems showed that in upper cortical layers clustering according to orientation preference was three-fold stronger than clustering according to ocular dominance. The functional organization of spatial frequency was also examined. When we compared the activated regions by stimuli having different spatial frequency and moving at different velocities we observed that neurons were clustered also in these respects. We also investigated the functional architecture at the area 17/18 border and found that orientation maps at both sides of the border were not independent of each other. The map of area 17 smoothly blended into that of area 18. Similarly, the preferred spatial frequency of the neurons changed gradually over a distance of -0.8 mm at the region of the area 17/18 border.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="27b1482cae1810c57ac7bfdc93d16f37" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47855110,"asset_id":27592841,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855110/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27592841"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27592841"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592841; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592841]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27592841]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27592841; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27592841']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "27b1482cae1810c57ac7bfdc93d16f37" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27592841]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27592841,"title":"Optical Imaging of the Layout of Functional Domains in Area 17 and Across the Area 17/18 Border in Cat Visual Cortex","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27592841/Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functional_Domains_in_Area_17_and_Across_the_Area_17_18_Border_in_Cat_Visual_Cortex","owner_id":39683991,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39683991,"first_name":"D.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Malonek","page_name":"DMalonek","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-12-03T06:46:30.830-08:00","display_name":"D. Malonek","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek"},"attachments":[{"id":47855110,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47855110/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.1460-9568.1995.tb00720.x20160807-31148-nazs9q.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47855110/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Optical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47855110/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00720.x20160807-31148-nazs9q-libre.pdf?1470560224=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOptical_Imaging_of_the_Layout_of_Functio.pdf\u0026Expires=1739942871\u0026Signature=fbUiz5RjSC09rf9Qc2E9HHOMjZElwCTYTuXGopQhL4UV~TIQkvWXvU6OQqt~YiEtuGaB8jEeaMjqeCJU7WkYRmeo5gxY77AnGCEYkcBMYn9T0IbOVueo~YAg6t6IzHoCW5yJekl9hOB77Zpf8oicjO0cnkzuKIYOB1BSLSqbuhcdqrRCqKFY5FM1x30YOc5BtG2zQIBf1d9wFUJZXQOa-R2sPkHrKUWBj8hZTVFBEYSElsc6OQZSh2ysjbHXBUAqlvvTGALAJTIjlNMx8VtmuJxxJ2ANwk5Z1IYHPQshrk5GKo4306YPTeD5uLqLAkhXnmvHv~4HuYW4YXlRop00DA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="19285861"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/19285861/Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_curves_The_predicted_responses_of_several_cortical_cell_types_to_drifting_gratings_stimuli"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: The predicted responses of several cortical cell types to drifting gratings stimuli" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42100319/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/19285861/Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_curves_The_predicted_responses_of_several_cortical_cell_types_to_drifting_gratings_stimuli">Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: The predicted responses of several cortical cell types to drifting gratings stimuli</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek">D. Malonek</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/HedvaSpitzer">Hedva Spitzer</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biological Cybernetics</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The responses to visual stimuli of simple cortical cells show linear spatial summation within and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The responses to visual stimuli of simple cortical cells show linear spatial summation within and between their receptive field subunits. Complex cortical cells do not show this linearity. We analyzed the simulated responses to drifting sinusoidal grating stimuli of simple and of several types of complex cells. The complex cells, whose responses are seen to be half-wave rectified before pooling, have receptive fields consisting of two or more DOG (difference-of-Gaussians) shaped subunits. In both cases of stimulation by contrast-reversal gratings or drifting gratings, the cells&amp;#39; response as a function of spatial frequency is affected by the subunit distances 2 lambda and the stimulation frequency omega. Furthermore, an increased number of subunits (a larger receptive field) yields a narrower peak tuning curve with decreased modulation depth for many of the spatial frequencies. The average and the peak response tuning curves are compared for the different receptive field types.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="eb0afa844d4fee99b28e0e62b38c24a3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":42100319,"asset_id":19285861,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42100319/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="19285861"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19285861"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19285861; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19285861]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19285861]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19285861; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='19285861']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "eb0afa844d4fee99b28e0e62b38c24a3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=19285861]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":19285861,"title":"Response histogram shapes and tuning curves: The predicted responses of several cortical cell types to drifting gratings stimuli","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19285861/Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_curves_The_predicted_responses_of_several_cortical_cell_types_to_drifting_gratings_stimuli","owner_id":39540796,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":39540796,"first_name":"Hedva","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Spitzer","page_name":"HedvaSpitzer","domain_name":"telaviv","created_at":"2015-12-01T05:02:06.780-08:00","display_name":"Hedva Spitzer","url":"https://telaviv.academia.edu/HedvaSpitzer"},"attachments":[{"id":42100319,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/42100319/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"bf00204702.pdf20160204-16919-1m9ylj2","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42100319/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Response_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_cur.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/42100319/bf00204702-libre.pdf20160204-16919-1m9ylj2?1454635836=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DResponse_histogram_shapes_and_tuning_cur.pdf\u0026Expires=1740057571\u0026Signature=ST4NbtR3zXWDRQhIYkNSTGSvYAKIOW6B14fLGecLR492MHkoR7GVa6oEg7yqlQkwDds6UWA~DTPRnIrRKh-u-O~kzt9px3SxzVhZHhWlWErV0FjyAS4q6D7mJqsm-A0eyoixei4ypr~lkQL-8RYNc5LGxNp6G3LinvQHpyjEwQ9ARfitvU2mCwTddQGCZVStOag7jjoWIz1Rrsxw~IZTHuyCw-f4ItEXiYMGXzr174MtTA1zf2q0Eq9qbQJeWQH5p0tsKMSJgfOXZTICSPco6WeS7nw5FOFVOmRP~iyTv~ywX0xyKgZuutxA1ifUuiFEcaEZaFARf4ElM1CsCXQtMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "beb1155baf12afe4408f9c0832b136d1fa9518f9f7d155abcb221c1c01249a1a", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="43fxWrVz6Y4sWZ4mwdMyEGkOJXKHqre7FCJdGqxwrJQa0rO-jhvlac9e6T3TAe9d1mrprDbOm5iMvm_1IxiY5w" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://independent.academia.edu/DMalonek" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="cAxw8ZRDtcxyI1QYvj_W5Ogdl-hW3MJLrUr5B6585LeJqTIVryu5K5EkIwOs7QupV3lbNue47mg11svoIRTQxA" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>