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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Natatanging_mga_pahina"><span>Natatanging pahina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng 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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> 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type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Araw+ng+Kalayaan" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Araw+ng+Kalayaan" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Araw+ng+Kalayaan" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Araw+ng+Kalayaan" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kasaysayan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Araw_ng_Watawat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Araw_ng_Watawat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Araw ng Watawat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Araw_ng_Watawat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_karaniwang_gawain_sa_pista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_karaniwang_gawain_sa_pista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mga karaniwang gawain sa pista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_karaniwang_gawain_sa_pista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mga sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_kawing_panlabas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mga kawing panlabas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Talaan ng mga Nilalaman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Araw ng Kalayaan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 17 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="عيد الاستقلال (الفلبين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد الاستقلال (الفلبين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldaw_nin_Katalingkasan" title="Aldaw nin Katalingkasan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aldaw nin Katalingkasan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines) – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Independence Day (Philippines)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_de_la_Independencia_(Filipinas)" title="Día de la Independencia (Filipinas) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Día de la Independencia (Filipinas)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80_(%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80)" title="Անկախության օր (Ֆիլիպիններ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկախության օր (Ֆիլիպիններ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Kemerdekaan_(Filipina)" title="Hari Kemerdekaan (Filipina) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hari Kemerdekaan (Filipina)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldaw_ti_Wayawaya_(Filipinas)" title="Aldaw ti Wayawaya (Filipinas) – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aldaw ti Wayawaya (Filipinas)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorno_dell%27indipendenza_delle_Filippine" title="Giorno dell'indipendenza delle Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giorno dell'indipendenza delle Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E6%97%A5_(%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3)" title="独立記念日 (フィリピン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="独立記念日 (フィリピン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EC%9D%BC_(%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80)" title="독립기념일 (필리핀) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독립기념일 (필리핀)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A0_(%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%81)" title="ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ (ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞꯄꯤꯟ꯭ꯁ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ (ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞꯄꯤꯟ꯭ꯁ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Kemerdekaan_(Filipina)" title="Hari Kemerdekaan (Filipina) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hari Kemerdekaan (Filipina)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_da_Independ%C3%AAncia_(Filipinas)" title="Dia da Independência (Filipinas) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dia da Independência (Filipinas)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B)" title="День независимости (Филиппины) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День независимости (Филиппины)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinernas_sj%C3%A4lvst%C3%A4ndighetsdag" title="Filippinernas självständighetsdag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filippinernas självständighetsdag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1zl%C4%B1k_G%C3%BCn%C3%BC_(Filipinler)" title="Bağımsızlık Günü (Filipinler) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağımsızlık Günü (Filipinler)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%97%A5" title="菲律賓獨立日 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律賓獨立日" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6016007#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Araw_ng_Kalayaan" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Araw_ng_Kalayaan" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ibahin ang baryante o variant ng wika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tagalog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mga tingin"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Araw_ng_Kalayaan"><span>Basahin</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&veaction=edit" title="Baguhin ito [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Baguhin</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=edit" title="Baguhin ang kodigong batayan ng pahinang ito [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Baguhin ang wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=history" title="Nakaraang pagbabago sa pahinang ito [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tingnan ang kasaysayan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga kagamitan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga kagamitan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga aksyon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Araw_ng_Kalayaan"><span>Basahin</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&veaction=edit" title="Baguhin ito [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Baguhin</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=edit" title="Baguhin ang kodigong batayan ng pahinang ito [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Baguhin ang wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=history"><span>Tingnan ang kasaysayan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pangkalahatan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Ano_ang_nakakawing_dito/Araw_ng_Kalayaan" title="Talaan ng mga pahinang wiking nakaturo rito. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Mga nakaturo rito</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Nakakawing_ng_kamakailang_pagbabago/Araw_ng_Kalayaan" rel="nofollow" title="Mga huling binago sa mga kaugnay na pahina mula sa pahinang ito [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Kaugnay na pagbabago</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=tl" title="Magkarga ng mga larawan o iba pang midya [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Mag-upload ng file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&oldid=2087832" title="Ibigay ang palagiang kawing para sa kasalukuyang bersyon ng pahinang ito"><span>Permanenteng link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Impormasyon ng pahina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2151589">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{.mw-parser-output .ns-0 .hatnote{display:none}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Para iba pang mga Araw ng Kalayaan, tingnan ang <a href="/wiki/Tala_ng_mga_pambansang_araw_ng_kalayaan" title="Tala ng mga pambansang araw ng kalayaan">Tala ng mga pambansang araw ng kalayaan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1971697">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Araw ng Kalayaan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Aguinaldo_Shrine_(Kawit,_Cavite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aguinaldo_Shrine_%28Kawit%2C_Cavite%29.jpg/240px-Aguinaldo_Shrine_%28Kawit%2C_Cavite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aguinaldo_Shrine_%28Kawit%2C_Cavite%29.jpg/360px-Aguinaldo_Shrine_%28Kawit%2C_Cavite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aguinaldo_Shrine_%28Kawit%2C_Cavite%29.jpg/480px-Aguinaldo_Shrine_%28Kawit%2C_Cavite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Ang <a href="/wiki/Dambanang_Aguinaldo" title="Dambanang Aguinaldo">Dambanang Aguinaldo</a> kung saan inihayag ni <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas mula sa Espanya</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ipinagdiriwang ng</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas">Pilipinas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uri</th><td class="infobox-data">Pambansa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kahalagahan</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Pagpapahayag ng kalayaan mula sa kolonisasyon ng mga Kastila</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mga pagdiriwang</th><td class="infobox-data">Araw ng Kalayaan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Petsa</th><td class="infobox-data">Hunyo 12, 1898</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ang <b>Araw ng Kalayaan</b> o <b>Araw ng Kasarinlan</b> ay isa sa mga taunang pagdiriwang sa Pilipinas na ginaganap tuwing Hunyo 12 bilang pag-alala ng <a href="/wiki/Pamamahayag_ng_Kalayaan_ng_Pilipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamamahayag ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas">Pamamahayag ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas</a> mula sa <a href="/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya">Espanya</a> noong Hunyo 12, 1898. Isa itong Pambansang Araw ng pagdiriwang sa Pilipinas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:NDS_reverse_5_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NDS_reverse_5_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg/220px-NDS_reverse_5_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NDS_reverse_5_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg/330px-NDS_reverse_5_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NDS_reverse_5_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg/440px-NDS_reverse_5_Philippine_peso_bill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Ang Pagpapahayag ng <a href="/wiki/Pagpapahayag_ng_Kalayaan_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pagpapahayag ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas">Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas</a> noong 12 Hunyo 1898, na isinasalarawan sa likod ng limang pisong papel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang araw ng paggunita ng kasarinlan ay nag-iba-iba sa buong kasaysayan ng bansa. Ang pinakaunang tala ay noong 12 Abril 1895, kung kailan tumungo sina Emilio Jacinto, Restituto Javier, Guillermo Masangkay, Aurelio Tolentino, Faustino Manalak, Pedro Zabala at iba pang mga Katipunero sa Kuweba ng Pamitinan sa <a href="/wiki/Montalban,_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Montalban, Rizal">Montalban, Rizal</a> upang tanggapin ang mga bagong kasapi ng <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>. Sinulat ni Bonifacio ang <i>Viva la independencia Filipina!</i> o <i>Mabuhay ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas</i> sa pader ng kuweba upang ipahayag ang layunin ng lihim na samahan. Namuno din si Bonifacio sa <a href="/wiki/Sigaw_sa_Pugad_Lawin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin">Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin</a> na siyang naghudyat sa <a href="/wiki/Rebolusyong_Pilipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebolusyong Pilipino">Rebolusyong Pilipino</a>. Dito pinunit ng mga kasapi ng Katipunan sa pamumuno ni Bonifacio ang kanilang mga sedula bilang pagtutol sa pananakop ng mga Kastila. </p><p>Noong 1896 ay sumiklab ang Rebolusyong Pilipino at noong Disyembre 1897 ay nagkasundo ang mga mananakop na Kastila at mga rebolusyonaryo sa ilalim ng <a href="/wiki/Kasunduan_sa_Biak-na-Bato" title="Kasunduan sa Biak-na-Bato">Kasunduan sa Biak-na-Bato</a>. Bilang pagsunod sa kasunduan, pinatapon sa <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> sina <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> at iba pang mga pinuno ng himagsikan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa pagsiklab ng <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Espanyol-Amerikano" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano">Digmaang Espanyol-Amerikano</a>, naglayag si Komodoro <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a> mula Hong Kong patungo sa <a href="/wiki/Look_ng_Maynila" title="Look ng Maynila">Look ng Maynila</a> at pinamunuan ang iskuwadra ng Hukbong Pandagat ng Amerika. Noong 1 Mayo 1898 ay nagapi ni Dewey ang Hukbong Dagat ng mga Kastila sa <a href="/wiki/Labanan_sa_Look_ng_Maynila" title="Labanan sa Look ng Maynila">Labanan sa Look ng Maynila</a>, na siyang nagtapos sa pamumuno ng Kastila sa Pilipinas. Sa buwan ding iyon ay inihatid ng Hukbong Dagat ng Amerika si Aguinaldo pabalik ng Pilipinas.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakarating si Aguinaldo sa Cavite noong 19 Mayo 1898 at tinipon ang mga puwersang rebolusyonaryo. Bandang Hunyo 1898 ay inisip ni Aguinaldo na magpahayag ng kasarinlan upang bigyan ng lakas ng loob ang mga taong-bayan na labanan ang mga Kastila at gayundin upang himukin ang ibang mga bansa na kilalanin ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas. </p><p>Noong 5 Hunyo 1898, naglabas si Aguinaldo ng isang kautusan na nagtatakda sa 12 Hunyo 1898 bilag araw ng pagpapahayag ng kasarinlan. Pinamunuan ni Aguinaldo ang nasabing kaganapan sa kaniyang tirahan sa Kawit, Cavite na noon ay kilala bilang Cavite El Viejo. Ang <i>Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino</i> ay taimtim na binasa ng patnugot nito na si Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, na nagsilbing tagapayo sa digmaan ni Aguinaldo at kaniyang espesyal na delegado. Ang kapahayagan na naglalaman ng 21 pahina ay nilagdaan ng 97 mga Pilipino, na tinalaga ni Aguinaldo, at isang retiradong opisyal ng artilerya ng hukbong Amerika na si Koronel L.M. Johnson. Ang watawat ay opisyal na winagayway sa unang pagkakataon bandang 4:20 ng hapon, habang pinapatugtog ng banda ng San Francisco de Malabon ang <a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Marcha Nacional Filipina</a>. </p><p>Ang proklamasyon noong 1 Agosto 1898 ay niratipika ng 190 mga pangulo ng bayan mula sa 16 mga probinsya na kontrolado ng hukbong rebolusyonaryo. Muli itong niratipika noong 29 Setyembre 1898 ng <a href="/wiki/Kongreso_ng_Malolos" title="Kongreso ng Malolos">Kongreso ng Malolos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ngunit hindi kinilala ng ibang mga bansa, maging ng Estados Unidos o ng Espanya, ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas. Kinalaunan ay sinuko ng Espanya ang kapuluan ng Pilipinas sa Estados Unidos sa ilalim ng <a href="/wiki/Kasunduan_sa_Paris_(1898)" title="Kasunduan sa Paris (1898)">Kasunduan sa Paris</a>. Hindi kinilala ng Pamahalaang Rebolusyonaryo ng Pilipinas ang kasunduan at kinalaunan ay <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Pilipino-Amerikano" class="mw-redirect" title="Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano">nagpahayag ng digmaan laban sa Amerika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa ilalim ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasunduan_sa_Maynila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasunduan sa Maynila (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kasunduan sa Maynila</a> ay pinagkaloob ng <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas noong 4 Hulyo, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang petsa ng 4 Hulyo ay pinili ng Estados Unidos dahil ito ang petsa ng Araw ng Kalayaan ng Estados Unidos, at ang petsang ito ay ginugunita din sa Pilipinas bilang kaniyang <i>Araw ng Kalayaan</i> hanggang 1962. Noong 12 Mayo 1962, naglabas si Pangulong <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> ng Proklamasyon ng Pangulo Blg 28, na siyang nagtatakda sa 12 Hunyo bilang natatanging pista opisyal sa buong Pilipinas, "... bilang paggunita sa kapahayagan ng sambayanan sa kanilang likas at di-mapagkakait na karapatan sa kalayaan at kasarinlan.<sup id="cite_ref-bibingka-jun12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibingka-jun12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" Noong 4 Agosto 1964 ay isinabatas ang Batas Republika Blg 4166 na nagtatakda sa 4 Hulyo bilang "Araw ng Republika ng Pilipinas", sa 12 Hunyo bilang "Araw ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas", at hinihimok ang lahat ng mga mamamayan ng Pilipinas na gunitain ang huling nabanggit ng naaayon.<sup id="cite_ref-RA4166_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA4166-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Araw_ng_Watawat">Araw ng Watawat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Araw ng Watawat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Araw ng Watawat"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:PH_flags_near_ccp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PH_flags_near_ccp.jpg/250px-PH_flags_near_ccp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PH_flags_near_ccp.jpg/330px-PH_flags_near_ccp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PH_flags_near_ccp.jpg/500px-PH_flags_near_ccp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Mga watawat ng Pilipinas sa posteng kawayan</figcaption></figure> <p>Bago pa man ang taong 1964, ang 12 Hunyo ay ginugunita na bilang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Watawat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Araw ng Watawat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Araw ng Watawat</a> sa Pilipinas. Noong 1965 ay naglabas si Diosdado Macapagal ng Proklamasyon Blg 374, na siyang naglilipat ng Pambansang Araw ng Watawat sa 28 Mayo. Ito ang araw kung kailan noong 1898 ay unang winagayway ang <a href="/wiki/Watawat_ng_Pilipinas" title="Watawat ng Pilipinas">Watawat ng Pilipinas</a> sa labanan sa Alapan, Imus, Cavite. Noong 1994, naglabas si Pangulong Fidel V. Ramos ng Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg 179, na siyang nagpapalawig ng paggunita nito mula 28 Mayo hanggang sa Araw ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas sa 12 Hunyo, at siyang nag-uutos din sa lahat ng mga kagawaran, sangay, ahensya, tanggapan, ari-arian, mga korporasyon, at maging lokal na yunit ng pamahalaan at maging mga pribadong establisyimento na ipakita ang Pambansang Watawat sa lahat ng mga pampublikong gusali, institusyon ng pamahalaan at mga opisyal na tirahan sa mga araw na iyon, at pinag-uutuos ang Kagawaran ng Edukasyon sa pakikipagtuluingan ng pribadong sektor, <i>non-government organization</i> at maging mga grupong sosyo-sibiko na makilahok sa pagpapakita ng Pambansang Watawat sa lahat ng mga pampublikong liwasan, at kung maaari, sa lahat ng mga pribadong gusali at mga tirahan bilang paggunita sa pambansang kasarinlan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_karaniwang_gawain_sa_pista">Mga karaniwang gawain sa pista</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga karaniwang gawain sa pista" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mga karaniwang gawain sa pista"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang pista opisyal na ito ay karaniwang ginugugol ng mga Pilipino upang magsama ang mga magkakamag-anak o mga kaibigan sa mga aktibidad sa panlabas o panloob. Lahat ng mga tanggapan ng pamahalaan at mga paaralan, at maging ilan sa mga establisyimentong pang-komersyo, ang sarado sa araw na ito. Bilang pagsunod sa batas, ang Watawat ng Pilipinas na unang winagayway noong 1898, ay nakapalamuti sa mga tahanan at establisyimento mula 28 Mayo, Araw ng Watawat, o sa petsang tinatakda ng Pambansang Komisyong Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas, na siyang nagsisilbi bilang tagapanguna sa mga pagdiriwang, hanggang sa ika-30 ng buwan. Ang pagpapailaw ng mga kuwitis ay karaniwan. Taon-taon ay ginugunita sa Kawit, Cavite ang pagsasadula ng pagwagayway ng watawat sa Dambana ni Aguinaldo at ang pagbasa ng Pagpapahayag ng Kasarinlan ng Pilipinas. Sa ibayong dagat ay nagtitipon ang mga Pilipino tuwing 12 Hunyo upang gunitain ito sa publiko, at kalimitan ay may kasama itong parada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHalstead1898" class="citation book cs1">Halstead, Murat (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC"><i>The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=126">126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Philippines+and+Our+New+Possessions%2C+Including+the+Ladrones%2C+Hawaii%2C+Cuba+and+Porto+Rico&rft.pages=126&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Halstead&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DlIQcwt7g2wkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAraw+ng+Kalayaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agoncillo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Agoncillo_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo,1990" class="citation book cs1">Agoncillo,, Teodor A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod"><i>History of the Filipino people</i></a> (ika-[8th ed.]. (na) edisyon). Quezon City: Garotech. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/page/157">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-9718711064" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-9718711064"><bdi>978-9718711064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Filipino+people&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=%5B8th+ed.%5D.&rft.pub=Garotech&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9718711064&rft.aulast=Agoncillo%2C&rft.aufirst=Teodor+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffilipin00teod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAraw+ng+Kalayaan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_extra_punctuation" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: extra punctuation">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041209/http://pcdspo.gov.ph/downloads/2012/06/06112012-Ratification-of-Philippine-Independence-by-the-Municipal-Presidents-August-1-1898.pdf">"Archive copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcdspo.gov.ph/downloads/2012/06/06112012-Ratification-of-Philippine-Independence-by-the-Municipal-Presidents-August-1-1898.pdf">orihinal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> noong 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2015-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcdspo.gov.ph%2Fdownloads%2F2012%2F06%2F06112012-Ratification-of-Philippine-Independence-by-the-Municipal-Presidents-August-1-1898.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAraw+ng+Kalayaan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Ojeda, Jaime. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/ojeda.html">"The Spanish–American War of 1898: A Spanish View."</a> Library of Congress: Hispanic Division.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koenig, Louis W. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/27547849">"The Presidency of William McKinley"</a> by Lewis L. Gould: Review. <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>, Vol. 12, No. 3: pg. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf"><i>TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, United Nations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf">inarkibo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mula sa orihinal noong 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2007-12-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TREATY+OF+GENERAL+RELATIONS+BETWEEN+THE+UNITED+STATES+OF+AMERICA+AND+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+THE+PHILIPPINES.+SIGNED+AT+MANILA%2C+ON+4+JULY+1946&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funtreaty.un.org%2Funts%2F1_60000%2F1%2F6%2F00000254.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAraw+ng+Kalayaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibingka-jun12-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bibingka-jun12_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFDiosdado_Macapagal" class="citation cs2">Diosdado Macapagal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm"><i>Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day</i></a>, Philippine History Group of Los Angeles<span class="reference-accessdate">, nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2009-11-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclamation+No.+28+Declaring+June+12+as+Philippine+Independence+Day&rft.pub=Philippine+History+Group+of+Los+Angeles&rft.au=Diosdado+Macapagal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibingka.com%2Fphg%2Fdocuments%2Fjun12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAraw+ng+Kalayaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RA4166-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RA4166_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4166.html"><i>AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE, AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY, FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY-NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE</i></a>, Chanrobles Law Library, August 4, 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">, nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2009-11-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AN+ACT+CHANGING+THE+DATE+OF+PHILIPPINE+INDEPENDENCE+DAY+FROM+JULY+FOUR+TO+JUNE+TWELVE%2C+AND+DECLARING+JULY+FOUR+AS+PHILIPPINE+REPUBLIC+DAY%2C+FURTHER+AMENDING+FOR+THE+PURPOSE+SECTION+TWENTY-NINE+OF+THE+REVISED+ADMINISTRATIVE+CODE&rft.pub=Chanrobles+Law+Library&rft.date=1964-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Frepublicacts%2Frepublicactno4166.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAraw+ng+Kalayaan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ph/2014/05/27/the-flag-days-may-28-to-june-12/">The Flag Days: May 28 to June 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812160216/https://www.gov.ph/2014/05/27/the-flag-days-may-28-to-june-12/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2014-08-12 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., May 27, 2014, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ph/1994/05/24/executive-order-no-179-s-1994/">Executive Order No. 179, s. 1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222030012/http://www.gov.ph/1994/05/24/executive-order-no-179-s-1994/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2017-02-22 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., May 24, 1994, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_kawing_panlabas">Mga kawing panlabas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga kawing panlabas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Araw_ng_Kalayaan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Mga kawing panlabas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://tl.wikisource.org/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Wikisource</figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Ang <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" class="extiw" title="en:Wikisource">Wikisource</a> ay may orihinal na tekstong kaugnay ng lathalaing ito: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine Declaration of Independence</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://tl.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Wikisource</figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Ang <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" class="extiw" title="en:Wikisource">Wikisource</a> ay may orihinal na tekstong kaugnay ng lathalaing ito: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila (1946)</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Republic_Act_No._4166" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Republic Act No. 4166">Republic Act No. 4166</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_2695" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Proclamation 2695">Proclamation 2695</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ph/">Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/">Naka-arkibo</a> 2012-01-01 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.com/phg/misc/july4.htm">July 4, 1946: True Philippine Independence Day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.com/phg/misc/july4not.htm">The Independence Day That Wasn't</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/whyjun12.htm">June 12, 1898 as Independence Day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991009202835/http://www.oneworld.org/ips2/june98/05_37_013.html">PHILIPPINES: Torn Between Two Colonisers -- Spain and America</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" 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