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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_in_developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_in_developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementation in developing countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_in_developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-TRIPS_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-TRIPS_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-TRIPS expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-TRIPS_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panel_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panel_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Panel reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panel_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access_to_essential_medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_essential_medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Access to essential medicines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_essential_medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_and_business_method_patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_and_business_method_patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Software and business method patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_and_business_method_patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_treaties_and_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_treaties_and_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Related treaties and laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_treaties_and_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Related organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اتفاقية حول الجوانب التجارية لحقوق الملكية الفكرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية حول الجوانب التجارية لحقوق الملكية الفكرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kah_b%C5%8D%CD%98-e%CC%8Dk_i%C3%BA-koan_%C3%AA_tih-ui_ch%C3%A2i-s%C3%A1n-ko%C3%A2n_hia%CC%8Dp-t%C4%93ng" title="Kah bō͘-e̍k iú-koan ê tih-ui châi-sán-koân hia̍p-tēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kah bō͘-e̍k iú-koan ê tih-ui châi-sán-koân hia̍p-tēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96" title="Пагадненьне аб гандлёвых баках правоў інтэлектуальнай уласнасьці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пагадненьне аб гандлёвых баках правоў інтэлектуальнай уласнасьці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Споразумение относно свързаните с търговията аспекти на правата на интелектуалната собственост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Споразумение относно свързаните с търговията аспекти на правата на интелектуалната собственост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acord_sobre_els_Aspectes_dels_Drets_de_Propietat_Intel%C2%B7lectual_relacionats_amb_el_Comer%C3%A7" title="Acord sobre els Aspectes dels Drets de Propietat Intel·lectual relacionats amb el Comerç – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acord sobre els Aspectes dels Drets de Propietat Intel·lectual relacionats amb el Comerç" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbereinkommen_%C3%BCber_handelsbezogene_Aspekte_der_Rechte_des_geistigen_Eigentums" title="Übereinkommen über handelsbezogene Aspekte der Rechte des geistigen Eigentums – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übereinkommen über handelsbezogene Aspekte der Rechte des geistigen Eigentums" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellektuaalomandi_%C3%B5iguste_kaubandusaspektide_leping" title="Intellektuaalomandi õiguste kaubandusaspektide leping – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Intellektuaalomandi õiguste kaubandusaspektide leping" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Συμφωνία για τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας στον τομέα του εμπορίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμφωνία για τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας στον τομέα του εμπορίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuerdo_sobre_los_Aspectos_de_los_Derechos_de_Propiedad_Intelectual_relacionados_con_el_Comercio" title="Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="موافقت‌نامه جنبه‌های تجاری حقوق مالکیت فکری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موافقت‌نامه جنبه‌های تجاری حقوق مالکیت فکری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_sur_les_aspects_des_droits_de_propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_intellectuelle_qui_touchent_au_commerce" title="Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD_%EA%B4%80%EB%A0%A8_%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%9D%EC%9E%AC%EC%82%B0%EA%B6%8C%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95" title="무역 관련 지식재산권에 관한 협정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무역 관련 지식재산권에 관한 협정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%87%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Մտավոր սեփականության իրավունքների առևտրային ասպեկտների վերաբերյալ համաձայնագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մտավոր սեփականության իրավունքների առևտրային ասպեկտների վերաբերյալ համաձայնագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ट्रिप्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रिप्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_TRIPS" title="Perjanjian TRIPS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian TRIPS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samningur_Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0avi%C3%B0skiptastofnunarinnar_um_hugverkar%C3%A9tt_%C3%AD_vi%C3%B0skiptum" title="Samningur Alþjóðaviðskiptastofnunarinnar um hugverkarétt í viðskiptum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samningur Alþjóðaviðskiptastofnunarinnar um hugverkarétt í viðskiptum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordo_TRIPs" title="Accordo TRIPs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accordo TRIPs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_TRIPS" title="הסכם TRIPS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם TRIPS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPs" title="TRIPs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="TRIPs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%A8%A9%E3%81%AE%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%81%B4%E9%9D%A2%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="知的所有権の貿易関連の側面に関する協定 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="知的所有権の貿易関連の側面に関する協定" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_internasjonale_patentavtalen" title="Den internasjonale patentavtalen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den internasjonale patentavtalen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_shartnomasi" title="TRIPS shartnomasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="TRIPS shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS" title="TRIPS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="TRIPS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordo_TRIPs" title="Acordo TRIPs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acordo TRIPs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Соглашение по торговым аспектам прав интеллектуальной собственности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соглашение по торговым аспектам прав интеллектуальной собственности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS" title="TRIPS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="TRIPS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS" title="TRIPS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="TRIPS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அறிவுசார் சொத்துரிமைகளின் வணிகம் தொடர்பான அம்சங்கள் குறித்த ஒப்பந்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவுசார் சொத்துரிமைகளின் வணிகம் தொடர்பான அம்சங்கள் குறித்த ஒப்பந்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Угода про торговельні аспекти прав інтелектуальної власності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угода про торговельні аспекти прав інтелектуальної власності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="与贸易有关的知识产权协定 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="与贸易有关的知识产权协定" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International treaty on intellectual property protections</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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For the microprocessor, see <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS architecture</a>. For the German racing driver, see <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Trips" title="Wolfgang von Trips">Wolfgang von Trips</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trip_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trip (disambiguation)">Trip</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">TRIPS Agreement<br />Annex 1C to the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg/200px-World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg/300px-World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg/400px-World_Trade_Organization_Members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> WTO members (where the TRIPS agreement applies)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> WTO and European Union members</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0048BA; color:white;"> </span> WTO observers</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Annex to the <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">15 April 1994<sup id="cite_ref-WTOTRIPS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTOTRIPS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco<sup id="cite_ref-WTOTRIPS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTOTRIPS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1995<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">164 (All WTO members)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">English, French and Spanish</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</b> (<b>TRIPS</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/International_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International agreement">international legal agreement</a> between all the member nations of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO). It establishes minimum standards for the regulation by national governments of different forms of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> (IP) as applied to nationals of other WTO member nations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TRIPS was negotiated at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) between 1989 and 1990<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is administered by the WTO. </p><p>The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the multilateral trading system for the first time and remains the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property to date. In 2001, developing countries, concerned that developed countries were insisting on an overly narrow reading of TRIPS, initiated a round of talks that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a>. The Doha declaration is a WTO statement that clarifies the scope of TRIPS, stating for example that TRIPS can and should be interpreted in light of the goal "to promote access to medicines for all." </p><p>Specifically, TRIPS requires WTO members to provide <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> rights, covering authors and other copyright holders, as well as holders of related rights, namely performers, sound recording producers and broadcasting organisations; <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indications</a>; <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial design law">industrial designs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mask_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask work">integrated circuit layout-designs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">new plant varieties</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade names</a> and undisclosed or <a href="/wiki/Confidential_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidential information">confidential information</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a> and test data. TRIPS also specifies <a href="/wiki/Enforcement" title="Enforcement">enforcement</a> procedures, remedies, and <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a> procedures. Protection and enforcement of all intellectual property rights shall meet the objectives to contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/TRIPS_Agreement" title="Special:EditPage/TRIPS Agreement">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22TRIPS+Agreement%22">"TRIPS Agreement"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22TRIPS+Agreement%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22TRIPS+Agreement%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22TRIPS+Agreement%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22TRIPS+Agreement%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22TRIPS+Agreement%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>TRIPS was negotiated during the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (GATT) in 1986–1994. Its inclusion was the culmination of a program of intense <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Intellectual_Property_Alliance" title="International Intellectual Property Alliance">International Intellectual Property Alliance</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Developed_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nations">developed nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archfilip_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archfilip-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaigns of unilateral economic encouragement under the <a href="/wiki/Generalized_System_of_Preferences" title="Generalized System of Preferences">Generalized System of Preferences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_coercion" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic coercion">coercion</a> under <a href="/wiki/Section_301" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 301">Section 301</a> of the Trade Act played an important role in defeating competing policy positions that were favored by developing countries like Brazil, but also including Thailand, India and Caribbean Basin states. In turn, the US strategy of linking trade policy to intellectual property standards can be traced back to the entrepreneurship of senior management at <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> in the early 1980s, who mobilized corporations in the United States and made maximizing intellectual property privileges the number one priority of trade policy in the United States (Braithwaite and Drahos, 2000, Chapter 7).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike other agreements on intellectual property, TRIPS has a powerful enforcement mechanism. States can be disciplined through the WTO's <a href="/wiki/WTO_Dispute_Settlement_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Dispute Settlement Body">dispute settlement</a> mechanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TRIPS requires member states to provide strong protection for intellectual property rights. For example, under TRIPS: </p> <ul><li>Copyright terms must extend at least 50 years, unless based on the life of the <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>. (Art. 12 and 14)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Copyright must be granted automatically, and not based upon any "<a href="/wiki/Copyright_formalities" title="Copyright formalities">formality</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">registrations</a>, as specified in the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a>. (Art. 9)</li> <li>Computer programs must be regarded as "literary works" under copyright law and receive the same terms of protection.</li> <li>National <a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">exceptions to copyright</a> (such as "<a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>" in the United States) are constrained by the <a href="/wiki/Berne_three-step_test" title="Berne three-step test">Berne three-step test</a>.</li> <li>Patents must be granted for "inventions" in all "fields of technology" provided they meet all other patentability requirements (although exceptions for certain public interests are allowed (Art. 27.2 and 27.3)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and must be enforceable for at least 20 years (Art 33).</li> <li>Exceptions to exclusive rights must be limited, provided that a normal exploitation of the work (Art. 13) and normal exploitation of the patent (Art 30) is not in conflict.</li> <li>No unreasonable prejudice to the legitimate interests of the right holders of computer programs and patents is allowed.</li> <li>Legitimate interests of third parties have to be taken into account by patent rights (Art 30).</li> <li>In each state, intellectual property laws may not offer any benefits to local citizens which are not available to citizens of other TRIPS signatories under the principle of <a href="/wiki/National_treatment" title="National treatment">national treatment</a> (with certain limited exceptions, Art. 3 and 5).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TRIPS also has a <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation clause">most favored nation clause</a>.</li></ul> <p>The TRIPS Agreement incorporates by reference the provisions on copyright from the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a> (Art 9), with the exception of moral rights. It also incorporated by reference the substantive provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a> (Art 2.1). The TRIPS Agreement specifically mentions that software and databases are protected by copyright, subject to originality requirement (Art 10). </p><p>Article 10 of the Agreement stipulates: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971).</li> <li>Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection, which shall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself.</li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_in_developing_countries">Implementation in developing countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Implementation in developing countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The obligations under TRIPS apply equally to all member states; however, <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> were allowed extra time to implement the applicable changes to their national laws, in two tiers of transition according to their level of development. The transition period for developing countries expired in 2005. The transition period for <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> to implement TRIPS was extended to 2013, and until 1 January 2016 for pharmaceutical patents, with the possibility of further extension.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has therefore been argued that the TRIPS standard of requiring all countries to create strict intellectual property systems will be detrimental to poorer countries' development.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that it is, <i>prima facie</i>, in the strategic interest of most if not all underdeveloped nations to use the flexibility available in TRIPS to legislate the weakest IP laws possible.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This has not happened in most cases. A 2005 report by the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> found that many developing countries have not incorporated TRIPS flexibilities (compulsory licensing, parallel importation, limits on data protection, use of broad research and other exceptions to patentability, etc.) into their legislation to the extent authorized under Doha.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is likely caused by the lack of legal and technical expertise needed to draft legislation that implements flexibilities, which has often led to developing countries directly copying developed country IP legislation,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or relying on technical assistance from the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO), which, according to critics such as <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>, encourages them to implement stronger intellectual property monopolies. </p><p>Banerjee and Nayak<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows that TRIPS has a positive effect on R&D expenditure of Indian pharmaceutical firms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-TRIPS_expansion">Post-TRIPS expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-TRIPS expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the baseline <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> standards created by the TRIPS agreement, many nations have engaged in bilateral agreements to adopt a higher standard of protection. These collection of standards, known as TRIPS+ or TRIPS-Plus, can take many forms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General objectives of these agreements include: </p> <ul><li>The creation of <a href="/wiki/Anti-circumvention_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-circumvention laws">anti-circumvention laws</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> systems. This was achieved through the 1996 <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization_Copyright_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty">World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty</a> (WIPO Treaty) and the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a>.</li> <li>More stringent restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory licenses</a> for patents.</li> <li>More aggressive patent enforcement. This effort has been observed more broadly in proposals for WIPO and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> rules on intellectual property enforcement. The 2001 <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">EU Copyright Directive</a> was to implement the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty.</li> <li>The campaign for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Broadcasts_and_Broadcasting_Organizations_Treaty" title="Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty">WIPO Broadcasting Treaty</a> that would give broadcasters (and possibly webcasters) exclusive rights over the copies of works they have distributed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panel_reports">Panel reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Panel reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i>WTO 10th Anniversary, Highlights of the first decade, Annual Report 2005</i> page 142,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the first ten years, 25 complaints have been lodged leading to the panel reports and appellate body reports on TRIPS listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>2005 Panel Report</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> – Protection of <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical Indications</a> for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs.</li></ul></li> <li><i>2000 Panel Report</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part 2<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2000 Appellate Body Report<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> – Term of Patent Protection.</li></ul></li> <li><i>2000 Panel Report</i>, Part 1:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Part 2<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – Section 110(5) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Copyright Law">US Copyright Act</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>2000 Panel Report</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Canada – Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products.</li></ul></li> <li><i>2001 Panel Report</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2002 Appellate Body Report<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>United States – Section 211 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnibus_Appropriations_Act_of_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998 (page does not exist)">Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>1998 Panel Report</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> – Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products.</li></ul></li> <li><i>1998 Panel Report</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> – Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>TRIPs imposed on the entire world the dominant intellectual property regime in the United States and Europe, as it is today. I believe that the way that intellectual property regime has evolved is not good for the United States and the EU; but even more, I believe it is not in the interest of the developing countries.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Making_Globalization_Work" title="Making Globalization Work">Making Globalization Work</a></i>, §4</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Since TRIPS came into force, it has been subject to criticism from <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a>. Though some of this criticism is against the WTO generally, many advocates of trade liberalisation also regard TRIPS as poor policy. TRIPS's wealth concentration effects (moving money from people in developing countries to copyright and patent owners in developed countries), and its imposition of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">artificial scarcity</a> on the citizens of countries that would otherwise have had weaker intellectual property laws, are common bases for such criticisms. Other criticism has focused on the failure of TRIPS to accelerate investment and technology flows to low-income countries, a benefit advanced by WTO members in the lead-up to the agreement's formation. Statements by the World Bank indicate that TRIPS has not led to a demonstrable acceleration of investment to low-income countries, though it may have done so for middle-income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Filippetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Filippetti (page does not exist)">Andrea Filippetti</a> have argued that the main motive for TRIPS was a decline in the competitiveness of the technology industry in the United States, Japan, and the European Union against <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging markets</a>, which it largely failed to abate. They instead argue that the main supporters and beneficiaries of TRIPS were IP-intensive multinational corporations in these countries, and that TRIPS enabled them to <a href="/wiki/Outsource" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsource">outsource</a> key operations to emerging markets.<sup id="cite_ref-archfilip_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archfilip-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archibugi and Filippetti also argue that the importance of TRIPS, and intellectual property in general, in the process of generation and diffusion of knowledge and innovation has been overestimated by its supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-archfilip_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archfilip-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This point has been supported by United Nations findings indicating many countries with weak protection routinely benefit from strong levels of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s (during which the patent life of drugs was extended by six years) showed that while total number of products registered increased slightly, the mean innovation index remained unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to that, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Baten" title="Jörg Baten">Jörg Baten</a>, Nicola Bianchi and <a href="/wiki/Petra_Moser" title="Petra Moser">Petra Moser</a> (2017) find historical evidence that under certain circumstances compulsory licensing – a key mechanism to weaken intellectual property rights that is covered by Article 31 of the TRIPS – may indeed be effective in promoting invention by increasing the threat of competition in fields with low pre-existing levels of competition. They argue, however, that the benefits from weakening intellectual property rights strongly depend on whether the governments can credibly commit to using it only in exceptional cases of emergencies since firms may invest less in R&D if they expect repeated episodes of compulsory licensing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TRIPS-plus conditions mandating standards beyond TRIPS have also been the subject of scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">FTA</a> agreements contain conditions that limit the ability of governments to introduce competition for generic producers. In particular, the United States has been criticised for advancing protection well beyond the standards mandated by TRIPS. The United States Free Trade Agreements with Australia, Morocco and Bahrain have extended patentability by requiring patents be available for new uses of known products.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TRIPS agreement allows the grant of compulsory licenses at a nation's discretion. TRIPS-plus conditions in the United States' FTAs with Australia, Jordan, Singapore and Vietnam have restricted the application of compulsory licenses to emergency situations, antitrust remedies, and cases of public non-commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_essential_medicines">Access to essential medicines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Access to essential medicines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most visible conflict has been over <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> drugs in <a href="/wiki/AIDS_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS in Africa">Africa</a>. Despite the role that patents have played in maintaining higher drug costs for public health programs across Africa, this controversy has not led to a revision of TRIPS. Instead, an interpretive statement, the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a>, was issued in November 2001, which indicated that TRIPS should not prevent states from dealing with public health crises and allowed for <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory licenses</a>. After Doha, <a href="/wiki/PhRMA" class="mw-redirect" title="PhRMA">PhRMA</a>, the United States and to a lesser extent other developed nations began working to minimize the effect of the declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, at the Fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha, several <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) members proposed changes to Articles 27 and 31 of the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">TRIPS Agreement</a>, aiming to strike a balance between patent protection for pharmaceuticals and the impact of such protection on drug prices. This initiative led to the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a>, which reaffirmed the sovereign right of WTO members to grant compulsory licenses for pharmaceuticals. The Declaration also acknowledged the struggles faced by countries with limited pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities in utilizing compulsory licensing under TRIPS, signaling perceived limitations within the original TRIPS framework. Following two years of intense negotiations, the TRIPS Council responded by implementing the Waiver Decision in 2003, which temporarily allowed WTO members to grant compulsory licenses free from the restrictions of TRIPS Articles 31(f) and 31(h). The principles of this decision were later codified into TRIPS through the Amendment Protocol of 2005, which introduced Article 31bis, effectively becoming law in 2017 post-ratification by two-thirds of WTO members. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights#Article_31bis" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Article 31bis</a> allows a WTO member with insufficient or no manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector (the "Importing State") to import patented pharmaceutical products produced under a special export <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_license" title="Compulsory license">compulsory license</a> granted by another WTO member (the "Exporting State"). It is structured as a dialogical interaction between an Importing State and an Exporting State and has specific procedural requirements. The Exporting State can issue an export compulsory license exempt from Article 31(f) restrictions, but the license must comply with several specific terms. Developed WTO members can opt-out from being Importing States, but the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the potential shortfalls of this decision as several developed countries struggled with inadequate vaccine production capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosato2023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosato2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the US Bush administration changed its position, concluding that generic treatments might in fact be a component of an effective strategy to combat HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush created the <a href="/wiki/PEPFAR" class="mw-redirect" title="PEPFAR">PEPFAR</a> program, which received $15 billion from 2003 to 2007, and was reauthorized in 2008 for $48 billion over the next five years. Despite wavering on the issue of compulsory licensing, PEPFAR began to distribute generic drugs in 2004–05. </p><p>In 2020, conflicts re-emerged over patents, copyrights and trade secrets related to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a>, diagnostics and treatments. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> proposed that WTO grant a temporary waiver to enable more widespread production of the vaccines, since suppressing the virus as quickly as possible benefits the entire world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waivers would be in addition to the existing, but cumbersome, flexibilities in TRIPS allowing countries to impose compulsory licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 100 developing nations supported the waiver but it was blocked by the G7 members.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This blocking was condemned by 400 organizations including <a href="/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors Without Borders">Doctors Without Borders</a> and 115 members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2022, after extensive involvement of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the WTO instead adopted a watered-down agreement that focuses only on vaccine patents, excludes high-income countries and China, and contains few provisions that are not covered by existing flexibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_and_business_method_patents">Software and business method patents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Software and business method patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_patents_under_TRIPS_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Software patents under TRIPS Agreement">Software patents under TRIPS Agreement</a></div> <p>Another controversy has been over the TRIPS Article 27 requirements for patentability "in all fields of technology", and whether or not this necessitates the granting of <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_method_patent" title="Business method patent">business method patents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_TRIPS_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parties to the TRIPS Agreement">List of parties to the TRIPS Agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_treaties_and_laws">Related treaties and laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related treaties and laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement" title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a> (ACTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_enforcement_of_intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights">EU Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights</a> (IPRED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_Law_Treaty" title="Patent Law Treaty">Patent Law Treaty</a> (PLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_Patent_Law_Treaty" title="Substantive Patent Law Treaty">Substantive Patent Law Treaty</a> (SPLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Round Agreement Act">Uruguay Round Agreement Act</a> of the United States (URAA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_organizations">Related organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Related organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Committee" title="Intellectual Property Committee">Intellectual Property Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confusing_similarity" title="Confusing similarity">Confusing similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property in the People's Republic of China">Intellectual property in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sound_Recording_Trade_Disputes" title="Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes">Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trade_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of international trade topics">List of international trade topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">List of parties to international copyright agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Dispute_160" title="World Trade Organization Dispute 160">World Trade Organization Dispute 160</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WTOTRIPS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WTOTRIPS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WTOTRIPS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/31bis_trips_01_e.htm">"TRIPS Agreement (as amended on 23 January 2017)"</a>. <i>World Trade Organization</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018010631/https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/31bis_trips_01_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Organization&rft.atitle=TRIPS+Agreement+%28as+amended+on+23+January+2017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs_e%2Flegal_e%2F31bis_trips_01_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel2_e.htm">"WTO – intellectual property – overview of TRIPS Agreement"</a>. <i>World Trade Organization</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225010149/https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/intel2_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Organization&rft.atitle=WTO+%E2%80%93+intellectual+property+%E2%80%93+overview+of+TRIPS+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Ftrips_e%2Fintel2_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601004151/http://www.iipa.com/trips.html">"WTO TRIPS implementation"</a>. <i>International Intellectual Property Alliance</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iipa.com/trips.html">the original</a> on 1 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Intellectual+Property+Alliance&rft.atitle=WTO+TRIPS+implementation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iipa.com%2Ftrips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See TRIPS Art. 1(3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGervais2012" class="citation book cs1">Gervais, Daniel (2012). <i>The TRIPS Agreement: Negotiating History</i>. London: Sweet & Maxwell. pp. Part I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+TRIPS+Agreement%3A+Negotiating+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Part+I&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gervais&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archfilip-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archfilip_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archfilip_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archfilip_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibugiFilippetti2010" class="citation journal cs1">Archibugi, D.; Filippetti, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220707/http://www.danielearchibugi.org/downloads/papers/IPRglobalization.pdf">"The globalization of intellectual property rights: Four learned lessons and four thesis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Global Policy</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 137–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2010.00019.x">10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00019.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielearchibugi.org/downloads/papers/IPRglobalization.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Policy&rft.atitle=The+globalization+of+intellectual+property+rights%3A+Four+learned+lessons+and+four+thesis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-149&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2010.00019.x&rft.aulast=Archibugi&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Filippetti%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielearchibugi.org%2Fdownloads%2Fpapers%2FIPRglobalization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSell2003" class="citation book cs1">Sell, Susan K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/private-power-public-law/A480277793E812D6A1A71C63C3A16C9A"><i>Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511491665">10.1017/cbo9780511491665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81914-5"><bdi>978-0-521-81914-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Power%2C+Public+Law%3A+The+Globalization+of+Intellectual+Property+Rights&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511491665&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81914-5&rft.aulast=Sell&rft.aufirst=Susan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fprivate-power-public-law%2FA480277793E812D6A1A71C63C3A16C9A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04_e.htm">"intellectual property (TRIPS) – agreement text – standards"</a>. WTO. 15 April 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024852/https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Unnecessary+Proposal%3A+A+WTO+Waiver+of+Intellectual+Property+Rights+for+COVID-19+Vaccines&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Ffree-trade-bulletin%2Funnecessary-proposal-wto-waiver-intellectual-property-rights-covid-19-vaccines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/02/g7-leaders-are-shooting-themselves-in-the-foot-by-failing-to-tackle-global-vaccine-access/">"G7 leaders are shooting themselves in the foot by failing to tackle global vaccine access"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G7+leaders+are+shooting+themselves+in+the+foot+by+failing+to+tackle+global+vaccine+access&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2021%2F02%2Fg7-leaders-are-shooting-themselves-in-the-foot-by-failing-to-tackle-global-vaccine-access%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietromarchi2021" class="citation web cs1">Pietromarchi, Virginia (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/1/can-a-waiver-on-ip-rights-solve-vaccine">"Patently unfair: Can waivers help solve COVID vaccine inequality?"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Patently+unfair%3A+Can+waivers+help+solve+COVID+vaccine+inequality%3F&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.aulast=Pietromarchi&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F3%2F1%2Fcan-a-waiver-on-ip-rights-solve-vaccine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covid19response.org/trips-waiver/">"TRIPS Waiver | Covid-19 Response"</a>. <i>covid19response.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=covid19response.org&rft.atitle=TRIPS+Waiver+%7C+Covid-19+Response&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcovid19response.org%2Ftrips-waiver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.devex.com/news/wto-finally-agrees-on-a-trips-deal-but-not-everyone-is-happy-103476">"WTO finally agrees on a TRIPS deal. But not everyone is happy"</a>. <i>Devex</i>. 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Devex&rft.atitle=WTO+finally+agrees+on+a+TRIPS+deal.+But+not+everyone+is+happy&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.devex.com%2Fnews%2Fwto-finally-agrees-on-a-trips-deal-but-not-everyone-is-happy-103476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Braithwaite and Drahos, <i>Global Business Regulation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2000</li> <li>Westkamp, 'TRIPS Principles, Reciprocity and the Creation of Sui-Generis-Type Intellectual Property Rights for New Forms of Technology' [2003] 6(6) The Journal of World Intellectual Property 827–859, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1422-2213">1422-2213</a></li> <li>Banerjee and Nayak, 'Effects of trade related intellectual property rights on the research and development expenditure of Indian pharmaceutical industry' [2014] 5 Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 89–94.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzam,_M.2016" class="citation book cs1">Azam, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/476/intellectual-property-and-public-health-in-the-developing-world"><i>Intellectual Property and Public Health in the Developing World</i></a>. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2FOBP.0093">10.11647/OBP.0093</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-228-8"><bdi>978-1-78374-228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+and+Public+Health+in+the+Developing+World&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2FOBP.0093&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-228-8&rft.au=Azam%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fproduct%2F476%2Fintellectual-property-and-public-health-in-the-developing-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATRIPS+Agreement" class="Z3988"></span> A <b>free</b> textbook for download.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRIPS_Agreement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf">TRIPS agreement</a> (PDF version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/31bis_trips_01_e.htm">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (html version)</li> <li>World Trade Organization links <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_01_e.htm">World Trade Organization – Official Text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm">World Trade Organization – TRIPS gateway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterfall.lis.uiuc.edu/dl/classes/auditorium/sellfeb08_08.ram">Audio presentation by Professor Susan Sell, George Washington University, on intellectual property rights in the global context.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326144102/http://waterfall.lis.uiuc.edu/dl/classes/auditorium/sellfeb08_08.ram">Archived</a> 26 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201171831/http://shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org/wto-trips-agreements">WTO TRIPS Agreement profile on database of Market Governance Mechanisms</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Programs_Directive" title="Computer Programs Directive">Computer Programs Directive</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rental_Directive" title="Rental Directive">Rental Directive</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_and_Cable_Directive" title="Satellite and Cable Directive">Satellite and Cable Directive</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Copyright Duration Directive</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_Directive" title="Database Directive">Database Directive</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_Access_Directive" title="Conditional Access Directive">Conditional Access Directive</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Directive_2000" title="Electronic Commerce Directive 2000">Electronic Commerce Directive 2000</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resale_Rights_Directive" title="Resale Rights Directive">Resale Rights Directive</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_re-use_of_public_sector_information" title="Directive on the re-use of public sector information">Directive on the re-use of public sector information</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directive" title="Enforcement Directive">Enforcement Directive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Term Directive">Copyright Term Directive</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Regulation_1383/2003" title="Customs Regulation 1383/2003">Customs Regulation 1383/2003</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_mark_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Trade mark law of the European Union">Trade mark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_trade_mark_law" title="United Kingdom trade mark law">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_trade_mark" title="European Union trade mark">European Union trade mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Marks_Directive" title="Trade Marks Directive">Trade Marks Directive</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Produits_Nestl%C3%A9_S.A._v._Cadbury_UK_Limited" title="Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited">Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Patent law of the European Union">Patent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_patent_law" title="German patent law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_in_the_Netherlands" title="Patent law in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Romania" title="Intellectual property in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_biotechnological_inventions" title="Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions">Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_patent_law" title="European patent law">European patent law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_patent" title="Unitary patent">Unitary patent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">Designs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague Agreement</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_designs" title="Directive on the legal protection of designs">Directive on the legal protection of designs</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_on_Community_designs" title="Regulation on Community designs">Regulation on Community designs</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">Geographical indications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected designation of origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_speciality_guaranteed" title="Traditional speciality guaranteed">Traditional speciality guaranteed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_secrets_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade secrets in the European Union (page does not exist)">Trade secrets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets">Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets">German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Agreement_for_the_Protection_of_Appellations_of_Origin_and_their_International_Registration" title="Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration">Lisbon Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid system">Madrid system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TRIPS Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br />Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the 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href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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