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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Mary_Wollstonecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Mary_Wollstonecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriage to Mary Wollstonecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Mary_Wollstonecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage_and_book_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage_and_book_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second marriage and book publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage_and_book_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_and_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_and_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works and ideas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_and_ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works and ideas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works_and_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice_and_Caleb_Williams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice_and_Caleb_Williams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span><i>Enquiry Concerning Political Justice</i> and <i>Caleb Williams</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice_and_Caleb_Williams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Political writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_political_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_political_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Interpretation of political justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_political_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_with_Malthus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_with_Malthus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Debate with Malthus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_with_Malthus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_in_earthly_immortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_in_earthly_immortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Interest in earthly immortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_in_earthly_immortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Other fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Major non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Godwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ويليام غودوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام غودوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="উইলিয়াম গডউইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইলিয়াম গডউইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Уільям Годвін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Годвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Уилям Годуин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Годуин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Ουίλιαμ Γκόντγουιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίλιαμ Γκόντγουιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویلیام گادوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام گادوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EA%B3%A0%EB%93%9C%EC%9C%88" title="윌리엄 고드윈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 고드윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ուիլյամ Գոդվին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Գոդվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ויליאם גודווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם גודווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಗಾಡ್ವಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಗಾಡ್ವಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Уильям Годвин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уильям Годвин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Godwin" title="Gulielmus Godwin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Godwin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="വില്യം ഗോഡ്വിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യം ഗോഡ്വിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ويليام جودوين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام جودوين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ウィリアム・ゴドウィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ゴドウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AB%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویلیام ګاډوین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویلیام ګاډوین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Годвин, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Годвин, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вилијам Годвин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Годвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Godwin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named William Godwin, see <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Godwin (disambiguation)">William Godwin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Godwin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Godwin_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Godwin_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg/220px-William_Godwin_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Godwin_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg/330px-William_Godwin_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Godwin_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg/440px-William_Godwin_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2627" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Pickersgill" title="Henry William Pickersgill">Henry William Pickersgill</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1756-03-03</span>)</span>3 March 1756<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>, Cambridgeshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1836<span style="display:none">(1836-04-07)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, Middlesex, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hoxton_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxton Academy">Hoxton Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice" title="Enquiry Concerning Political Justice">Enquiry Concerning Political Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Things as They Are</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="29 March 1797">1797</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 September 1797">1797</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Godwin" title="Mary Jane Godwin">Mary Jane Clairmont</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1801)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li> <li>Ethics</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet_as_legislator" title="Poet as legislator">Poet as legislator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Godwin_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Godwin_signature.svg/150px-William_Godwin_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Godwin_signature.svg/225px-William_Godwin_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/William_Godwin_signature.svg/300px-William_Godwin_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" 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.sidebar-list-title{background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-below{text-align:center;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandza_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandza Commune">Strandza Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIP_(company)" title="LIP (company)">LIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Anarchist_Centenary_Celebrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations">Australian Anarchist Centenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Godwin</b> (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a> and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> and the first modern proponent of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin is most famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: <i><a href="/wiki/Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice" title="Enquiry Concerning Political Justice">An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice</a></i>, an attack on <a href="/wiki/Political_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Political institution">political institutions</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams</a></i>, an early mystery novel which attacks <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> privilege. Based on the success of both, Godwin featured prominently in the radical circles of London in the 1790s. He wrote prolifically in the genres of novels, history and <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a> throughout his life. </p><p>In the conservative reaction to <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">British radicalism</a>, Godwin was attacked, in part because of his marriage to the feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> in 1797 and <a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">his candid biography of her</a> after her death from childbirth. Their daughter, later known as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, would go on to write <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> and marry the poet <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>. With his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Godwin" title="Mary Jane Godwin">Mary Jane Clairmont</a>, Godwin set up The Juvenile Library, allowing the family to write their own works for children (sometimes using <i>noms de plume</i>) and translate and publish many other books, some of enduring significance. Godwin has had considerable influence on British literature and literary culture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Godwin was born in <a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, to John and Anne Godwin, becoming the seventh of his parents' thirteen children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Philp19937_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Philp19937-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin's family on both sides were middle-class and his parents adhered to a strict form of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. Godwin's mother came from a wealthy family but due to her uncle's frivolities the family wealth was squandered. Fortunately for the family, her father was a successful merchant involved in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_(c._1400%E2%80%931800)" title="Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)">Baltic Sea trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilp19937_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilp19937-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly following William's birth, his father John, a <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>, moved the family to Debenham in Suffolk and later to <a href="/wiki/Guestwick" title="Guestwick">Guestwick</a> in Norfolk, which had a radical history as a <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Roundhead</a> stronghold during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the local <a href="/wiki/Meeting_house" title="Meeting house">meeting house</a>, John Godwin often found himself sitting in "<a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>'s Chair", which had been a gift to the town by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Godwin came from a long line of <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a>, who faced <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a> by the British government, and was inspired by his grandfather and father to take up the dissenting tradition and become a minister himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008192_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008192-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At eleven years old, he became the sole pupil of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Newton_(clergyman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Newton (clergyman) (page does not exist)">Samuel Newton</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hyper-Calvinism" title="Hyper-Calvinism">hard-line Calvinist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Glasite" title="Glasite">disciple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sandeman_(theologian)" title="Robert Sandeman (theologian)">Robert Sandeman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Robinson1980171Thomas20196_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Robinson1980171Thomas20196-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Newton's strict method of <a href="/wiki/School_discipline" title="School discipline">discipline</a> left Godwin with a lasting <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, Godwin internalized the Sandemanian <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>, which emphasised <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192–193_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192–193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Godwin's later renunciation of Christianity, he maintained his Sandemanian roots, which he held responsible for his commitment to rationalism, as well as his <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">stoic personality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin later characterised Newton as, "... a celebrated north country apostle, who, after Calvin damned ninety-nine in a hundred of mankind, has contrived a scheme for damning ninety-nine in a hundred of the followers of Calvin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20196_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20196-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1771, Godwin was finally dismissed by Newton and returned home, but his father died the following year, which prompted his mother to urge him to continue his education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20196–7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20196–7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At seventeen years old, Godwin began <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_academies" title="Dissenting academies">Dissenting Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hoxton" title="Hoxton">Hoxton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193Robinson1980171Thomas20197_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193Robinson1980171Thomas20197-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he studied under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kippis" title="Andrew Kippis">Andrew Kippis</a>, the biographer, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Rees" title="Abraham Rees">Abraham Rees</a>, who was responsible for the <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopaedia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20197_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20197-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hotspot for <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, at the Academy, Godwin familiarized himself with <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Associationism" title="Associationism">approach to psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">scientific method</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">ethical system</a>, which all informed Godwin's philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">immaterialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Godwin had joined the Academy as a committed <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> led him to support the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig opposition</a> and, after reading the works of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, he became a staunch <a href="/wiki/British_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="British republicanism">republican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon familiarised himself with the French <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophes" title="Philosophes">philosophes</a></i>, learning of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s belief in the inherent goodness of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Paul-Henri Thiry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193–194_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193–194-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1778, Godwin graduated from the academy and was quickly appointed as a minister in <a href="/wiki/Ware,_Hertfordshire" title="Ware, Hertfordshire">Ware</a>, where he met <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fawcett" title="Joseph Fawcett">Joseph Fawcett</a>, one of his main direct influences. By 1780, he had been reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Stowmarket" title="Stowmarket">Stowmarket</a>, where he first read <a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Paul-Henri Thiry</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">System of Nature</a></i>, adopting his philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20198_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20198-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But after a conflict with other dissenting ministers of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> over the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharist</a>, he stepped down and left for <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in April 1782,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20198–9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20198–9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resigning his career as a minister to become a <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193–194_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193–194-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_writing">Early writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout 1783, Godwin published a series of written works, beginning with an anonymously-published biography of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt the Elder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194Thomas20199_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194Thomas20199-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by a couple of pro-Whig political pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also briefly attempted to return to ministerial work in <a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield" title="Beaconsfield">Beaconsfield</a>, where he preached that "<a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> should be subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20199_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20199-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, during the opening of a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a>, Godwin gave a politically-charged speech in which he denounced <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state power</a> as "artificial" and exalted the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">libertarian potential of education</a>, which he believed could bring an end to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian governments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin then worked for a spell as a satirical literary critic, publishing <i>The Herald of Literature</i>, in which he reviewed non-existent works by real authors, imitating their writing styles in lengthy quotations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20199–10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20199–10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work on the <i>Herald</i> secured him further work as a critic for <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/English_Review_(18th_century)" title="English Review (18th century)">English Review</a></i> and a commission to translate <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Simon Fraser</a>'s memoirs. In 1784, he published the romantic novels <i>Damon and Delia</i> and <i>Imogen</i>, the latter of which was <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">framed</a> as a translation of a <a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">found manuscript</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">ancient Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201910_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201910-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, he also published <i>Sketches of History</i>, which compiled six of his sermons about the characters of <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazael" title="Hazael">Hazael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1984240_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1984240-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing from <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>, which depicted <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> as a rebel against <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">his creator</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin denounced the Christian God as a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocrat</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> that had no right to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200980Marshall2008194_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200980Marshall2008194-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As his early works were financially unsuccessful, in 1784, William Godwin hoped John Collins, a wealthy owner of a sugar plantation in St. Vincent would fund his writing. He did not succeed but the close connection between Godwin and members of the Collins family continued for fifty years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Collin's eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Harriet_de_Boinville" title="Harriet de Boinville">Harriet de Boinville</a> and William met seventy-two times between 1809 and 1827, and she championed Godwin's <i>An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness</i> (1793) at her salons during that time period.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In further attempts to earn money, Godwin started writing for well-paying Whig journals on <a href="/wiki/Grub_Street" title="Grub Street">Grub Street</a>, starting work as a <a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">political journalist</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Annual_Register" title="New Annual Register">New Annual Register</a></i> after being introduced to <a href="/wiki/George_Robinson_(bookseller)" title="George Robinson (bookseller)">Georgie Robinson</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kippis" title="Andrew Kippis">Andrew Kippis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201910–11_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201910–11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin's work was then picked up by the <i>Political Herald</i>, where he wrote under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola" title="Gaius Mucius Scaevola">Mucius</a>" in order to attack the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201911_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201911-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently reported on the <a href="/wiki/First_Pitt_ministry" title="First Pitt ministry">Pitt ministry</a>'s colonial rule in <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India</a>; penned a history of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> and predicted the outbreak of a <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">revolutionary wave</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194–195_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194–195-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of the <i>Political Herald's</i> editor, Godwin turned down <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a>'s offer of succeeding to the editorship, out of concern that his <a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">editorial independence</a> would be compromised by a direct financial connection to the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201911_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201911-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was through Sheridan that Godwin became acquainted with a life-long friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holcroft" title="Thomas Holcroft">Thomas Holcroft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201911–12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201911–12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose arguments convinced Godwin to finally reject <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and embrace <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200986–87Marshall2008194Thomas201911–12_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200986–87Marshall2008194Thomas201911–12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Godwin took up a <a href="/wiki/Side_job" title="Side job">side job</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Tutoring" title="Tutoring">tutor</a> for the young <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abthorpe_Cooper" title="Thomas Abthorpe Cooper">Thomas Abthorpe Cooper</a>. After a fractious relationship between the two, Godwin eventually became the orphaned boy's <a href="/wiki/Adoption#Parenting" title="Adoption">adoptive father</a>, which altered his style of pedagogy to one that emphasised "an open and honest relationship between tutor and pupil."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201912_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201912-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Godwin was among the <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radicals</a> that enthusiastically welcomed the events as the spiritual successor to Britain's own <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201913_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201913-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Society" title="Revolution Society">Revolution Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200987Thomas201913–14_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200987Thomas201913–14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin met the political activist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/A_Discourse_on_the_Love_of_Our_Country" title="A Discourse on the Love of Our Country">Discourse on the Love of Our Country</a></i> espoused a radical form of <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> that controversially upheld <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_revolution" title="Right of revolution">right of revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201913–14_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201913–14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price's <i>Discourse</i> ignited a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphlet war">pamphlet war</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s publication of his <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i>, which defended <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist conservatism</a> and opposed revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler19841Marshall2008195Thomas201914_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler19841Marshall2008195Thomas201914-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Burke, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> published his <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> with the help of Godwin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1984107–108Marshall2008195Thomas201914–15_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1984107–108Marshall2008195Thomas201914–15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who declared that "the seeds of revolution it contains are so vigorous in their stamina, that nothing can overpower them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201915_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201915-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Godwin's voice remained largely absent from the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_Controversy" title="Revolution Controversy">Revolution Controversy</a>, as he had started writing a work of <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> that developed on his <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical principles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With George Robinson's financial support,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200989–90Thomas201915–16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200989–90Thomas201915–16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin quit his work at the <i>New Annual Register</i> and committed himself wholly to his <i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201915–16_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201915–16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he hoped would condense the "best and most liberal in the <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">science of politics</a> into a coherent system".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195Thomas201915–16_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195Thomas201915–16-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sixteen months' work, while the revolution in France had culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">execution of Louis XVI</a> and the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">war</a>, Godwin published his <i><a href="/wiki/Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice" title="Enquiry Concerning Political Justice">Enquiry Concerning Political Justice</a></i> in February 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1984149Thomas201916_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1984149Thomas201916-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_to_Mary_Wollstonecraft">Marriage to Mary Wollstonecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage to Mary Wollstonecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamGodwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length profile portrait of a man. His dark clothing blends into the background and his white face is in stark contrast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/220px-WilliamGodwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/330px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/440px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Northcote_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Northcote (painter)">James Northcote</a>, <i>William Godwin,</i> oil on canvas, 1802, the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Godwin first met <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> at the home of their mutual publisher. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a> was hosting a dinner for another of his authors, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, and Godwin remarked years later that on that evening he heard too little of Paine and too much of Wollstonecraft; he did not see her again for some years. In the interim, Wollstonecraft went to live in France to witness the Revolution for herself, and had a child, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a>, with an American adventurer named Gilbert Imlay. In pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a>'s business affairs, Wollstonecraft travelled to Scandinavia, and soon afterwards published <a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">a book based on the voyage</a>. Godwin read it, and later wrote that "If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author, this appears to me to be the book."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Godwin and Wollstonecraft were reintroduced in 1796, their respect for each other soon grew into friendship, sexual attraction, and love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989164–169Marshall2008196Sunstein1975314–320Thomas201955–58Tomalin1992a245–270Wardle1951268ff_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989164–169Marshall2008196Sunstein1975314–320Thomas201955–58Tomalin1992a245–270Wardle1951268ff-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Wollstonecraft became pregnant, they decided to marry so that their child would be considered legitimate by society. Their marriage revealed the fact that Wollstonecraft had never been married to Imlay, and as a result she and Godwin lost many friends. Godwin received further criticism because he had advocated the abolition of marriage in <i>Political Justice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989172–174Marshall2008196–197Sunstein1975330–335Tomalin1992a271–273_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989172–174Marshall2008196–197Sunstein1975330–335Tomalin1992a271–273-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their marriage at <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St. Pancras</a> on 29 March 1797, they moved into two adjoining houses in <a href="/wiki/Somers_Town,_London" title="Somers Town, London">Somers Town</a> so that they could both still retain their independence; they often communicated by notes delivered by servants.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Godwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin">Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin</a> was born in Somers Town on 30 August 1797, the couple's only child.<sup id="cite_ref-TheLifeandLettersofMWS_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheLifeandLettersofMWS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Godwin had hoped for a son and had been planning on naming the child "William".<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin_2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 September 1797 Wollstonecraft died of complications following the birth. By all accounts, it had been a happy and stable, though brief, relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989173Sunstein1975335–340Wardle1951286–292_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989173Sunstein1975335–340Wardle1951286–292-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now Godwin, who had been a bachelor until a few months before, was distraught at the loss of the love of his life. Simultaneously, he became responsible for the care of these two young girls, the new-born Mary and toddler Fanny. </p><p>When Mary was three years old, Godwin left his daughters in the care of James Marshall while he travelled to Ireland. Godwin's tone in his letters demonstrates how much he cared about them. His letters show the stress he placed on giving his two daughters a sense of security. "And now what shall I say for my poor little girls? I hope they have not forgot me. I think of them every day, and should be glad, if the wind was more favourable, to blow them a kiss a-piece from Dublin to the Polygon.. but I have seen none that I love so well or think half so good as my own."<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_2011_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin_2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1800 his play <i><a href="/wiki/Antonio_(play)" title="Antonio (play)">Antonio, or the Soldier's Return</a></i> was put on at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a> without success.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_marriage_and_book_publishing">Second marriage and book publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second marriage and book publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1801, Godwin married his neighbour <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clairmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Jane Clairmont">Mary Jane Clairmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She brought two of her own children into the household, Charles and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire</a>. Journalist <a href="/wiki/H.N._Brailsford" class="mw-redirect" title="H.N. Brailsford">H.N. Brailsford</a> wrote in 1913, "She was a vulgar and worldly woman, thoroughly feminine, and rather inclined to boast of her total ignorance of philosophy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford2009169_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford2009169-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Fanny eventually learned to live with Clairmont, Mary's relationship with her stepmother was tense. Mary writes, "As to Mrs Godwin, something very analogous to disgust arises whenever I mention her",<sup id="cite_ref-TheLifeandLettersofMWS_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheLifeandLettersofMWS-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200">: 200 </span></sup> "A woman I shudder to think of".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1805, the Godwins set up a shop and publishing house called the Juvenile Library, significant in the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature#Origins_of_the_modern_genre" title="Children's literature">history of children's literature</a>. Through this, Godwin wrote children's <a href="/wiki/Primer_(textbook)" title="Primer (textbook)">primers</a> on Biblical and classical history, and using the pseudonym <i>Edward Baldwin</i>, he wrote a variety of books for children, including a version of <a href="/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk" title="Jack and the Beanstalk">Jack and the Beanstalk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a biography of the Irish artist <a href="/wiki/William_Mulready" title="William Mulready">William Mulready</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who illustrated works for them. They kept alive family ties, publishing the first book by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_King" title="Margaret King">Margaret King</a> (then Lady Mount Cashell), who had been a favoured pupil of Mary Wollstonecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They published works never since out of print, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lamb" title="Charles Lamb">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lamb" title="Mary Lamb">Mary Lamb</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Shakespeare" title="Tales from Shakespeare">Tales from Shakespeare</a></i>. The Juvenile Library also translated European authors. The first English edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Family_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Family Robinson">Swiss Family Robinson</a></i> was translated (from the French, not the German) and edited by them.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The business was the family's mainstay for decades. </p><p>In 1807 his tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Faulkener_(play)" title="Faulkener (play)">Faulkener</a></i> was performed at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane without more success than his earlier play.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/220px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/330px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/440px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797)</figcaption></figure> <p>The eldest of Godwin's children was <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (1794–1816), who committed suicide as a young woman. Charles Gaulis Clairmont<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended up as Chair of English literature at <a href="/wiki/Vienna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna University">Vienna University</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and taught sons of the royal family; news of his sudden death in 1849 distressed <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Godwin (1797–1851) gained fame as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i>. Half a year younger than her was <a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>, Mary Jane's only daughter, to whom she showed favouritism. The youngest, and the only child of the second marriage, was <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin_the_Younger" title="William Godwin the Younger">William Godwin the Younger</a> (1803–1832). Godwin sent him first to <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_School" title="Charterhouse School">Charterhouse School</a> and then to various other establishments of a practical bent. Nonetheless, he eventually earned his living by the pen. He died at 29, leaving the manuscript of a novel, which Godwin saw into print. All of Godwin's children who lived into adulthood worked as writers or educators, carrying on his legacy and that of his wives. Only two of them had children who in turn survived: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Percy Florence Shelley</a>, and the son and daughter of Charles. Godwin did not welcome the birth of <a href="/wiki/Allegra_Byron" title="Allegra Byron">Allegra Byron</a>, but Claire's only child died aged five. </p><p>Godwin had high hopes for Mary, giving her a more rigorous intellectual experience than most women of her period, and describing her as "very intelligent". He wished to give his daughter a more "masculine education" and prepared her to be a writer. However, Godwin withdrew his support as Mary became a woman and pursued her relationship with <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary's first two novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</a></i>, may be seen as a reaction to her childhood. Both explore the role of the father in the child's socialisation and the control the father has on the child's future.<sup id="cite_ref-HideousProgeny_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HideousProgeny-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelley's last two novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a></i>, re-evaluate the father-daughter relationship. They were written at a time when Shelley was raising <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">her only surviving child</a> alone and supporting her ageing father. In both novels, the daughter eludes the father's control by giving him the traditional maternal figure he asks for. This relationship gives the daughter control of the father.<sup id="cite_ref-HideousProgeny_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HideousProgeny-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Godwin was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a> position as Office Keeper and Yeoman Usher of the Receipt of the Exchequer,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came with <a href="/wiki/Grace_and_favour" title="Grace and favour">grace and favour</a> accommodation in <a href="/wiki/New_Palace_Yard" title="New Palace Yard">New Palace Yard</a>, part of the complex of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, i.e. the Houses of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his duties was to oversee the <a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweep" title="Chimney sweep">sweeping of the chimneys</a> of these extensive buildings. On 16 October 1832, a fire broke out and most of <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">the Palace burned down</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Butler" title="Marilyn Butler">Marilyn Butler</a> concluded her review of a 1980 biography of Godwin by comparing him favourably to <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>: Godwin was more successful in his opposition to the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later years, Godwin came to expect support and consolation from his daughter. Two of the five children he had raised had pre-deceased him, and two more lived abroad. Mary responded to his expectations and she cared for him until he died in 1836. </p><p>In 1836, Harriet de Boinville described Godwin's death, in a letter to his daughter Mary, as "the extinction of a mastermind. ... Everything is interesting which relates to such a man, one of the gifted few under whose moral influences society is now vibrating."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_memorials">Legacy and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Godwin was buried next to Mary Wollstonecraft in the graveyard of St Pancras, the church where they had married in 1797. His second wife outlived him, and eventually was buried there too. The three share a gravestone. In the 1850s, Mary Shelley's only surviving child, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Percy Florence Shelley</a>, had the remains of Godwin and Wollstonecraft moved from what had become a run-down area of the capital to the more salubrious surroundings of Bournemouth, to <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Bournemouth#Notable_worshippers_and_burials" title="St Peter's Church, Bournemouth">his family tomb at St Peter's Church</a>. </p><p>The surviving manuscripts for many of Godwin's best-known works are held in the Forster Collection at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>. The V&A's manuscripts for <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleygodwinarchive.org/contents/political_justice/">Political Justice</a></i> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleygodwinarchive.org/contents/caleb_williams/">Caleb Williams</a></i> were both digitised in 2017 and are now included in the Shelley-Godwin Archive.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His birthplace, Wisbech, has two memorials to him. A cul-de-sac was named in his honour Godwin Close, and a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">wall plaque</a> adorns a building adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Angles_Theatre" title="Angles Theatre">Angles Theatre</a> in Alexandra Road. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_ideas">Works and ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works and ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice_and_Caleb_Williams"><i>Enquiry Concerning Political Justice</i> and <i>Caleb Williams</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Caleb Williams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1793, while the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> was in full swing, Godwin published his great work on <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Justice">Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness</a></i>. The first part of this book was largely a recap of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> – a critique of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. Godwin acknowledged the influence of Burke for this portion. The rest of the book is Godwin's positive vision of how an anarchist (or <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minarchist</a>) society might work. <i>Political Justice</i> was extremely influential in its time: after the writings of Burke and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a>, Godwin's was the most popular written response to the French Revolution. Godwin's work was seen by many as illuminating a middle way between the fiery extremes of Burke and Paine. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a> famously said that there was no need to censor it, because at over £1 it was too costly for the average Briton to buy. However, as was the practice at the time, numerous "<a href="/wiki/London_Corresponding_Society" title="London Corresponding Society">corresponding societies</a>" took up <i>Political Justice</i>, either sharing it or having it read to the illiterate members. Eventually, it sold over 4000 copies and brought literary fame to Godwin. </p><p>Godwin augmented the influence of <i>Political Justice</i> with the publication of a novel that proved equally popular, <i><a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams</a></i>. This tells the story of a servant who finds out a dark secret about Falkland, his aristocratic master, and is forced to flee because of his knowledge. <i>Caleb Williams</i> is essentially the first thriller:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008196_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008196-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin wryly remarked that some readers were consuming in a night what took him over a year to write. Not the least of its merits is a portrait of the justice system of England and Wales at the time and a prescient picture of domestic espionage. His literary method, as he described it in the introduction to the novel, also proved influential: Godwin began with the conclusion of Caleb being chased through Britain, and developed the plot backwards. Dickens and Poe both commented on Godwin's ingenuity in doing this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_writing">Political writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to a <a href="/wiki/1794_Treason_Trials" title="1794 Treason Trials">treason trial</a> of some of his fellow <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)#United_Kingdom" title="Jacobin (politics)">British Jacobins</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holcroft" title="Thomas Holcroft">Thomas Holcroft</a>, Godwin wrote <i>Cursory Strictures on the Charge Delivered by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Chief Justice of the Common Pleas">Lord Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Eyre_(judge)" title="James Eyre (judge)">Eyre</a> to the Grand Jury, 2 October 1794</i> in which he forcefully argued that the prosecution's concept of "constructive treason" allowed a judge to construe <i>any</i> behaviour as treasonous. It paved the way for a major victory for the Jacobins, as they were acquitted. </p><p>However, Godwin's own reputation was eventually besmirched after 1798 by the conservative press, in part because he chose to write a candid biography of his late wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>, including accounts of her two suicide attempts and her affair (before her relationship with Godwin) with the American adventurer <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a>, which resulted in the birth of <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a>. </p><p>Godwin, stubborn in his practice, practically lived in secret for 30 years because of his reputation. However, in its influence on writers such as Shelley, who read the work on multiple occasions between 1810 and 1820,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELocke1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfantasyofreasonl0000lockpage246_246]_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELocke1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfantasyofreasonl0000lockpage246_246]-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a>, <i>Political Justice</i> takes its place with <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Emile:_or,_On_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile: or, On Education">Émile</a></i> as a defining anarchist and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation_of_political_justice">Interpretation of political justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interpretation of political justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the words "political justice" the author meant "the adoption of any principle of morality and truth into the practice of a community," and the work was therefore an inquiry into the principles of society, government, and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morals</a>. For many years Godwin had been "satisfied that monarchy was a species of government unavoidably corrupt," and from desiring a government of the simplest construction, he gradually came to consider that "government by its very nature counteracts the improvement of original mind," demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-statist</a> beliefs that would later be considered <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a>. </p><p>Believing in the perfectibility of the human race, that there are no innate principles, and therefore no original propensity to evil, he considered that "our virtues and our vices may be traced to the incidents which make the history of our lives, and if these incidents could be divested of every improper tendency, vice would be extirpated from the world." All control of man by man was more or less intolerable, and the day would come when each man, doing what seems right in his own eyes, would also be doing what is in fact best for the community, because all will be guided by principles of pure reason. </p><p>Such optimism was combined with a strong <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> to support Godwin's belief that the evil actions of men are solely reliant on the corrupting influence of social conditions, and that changing these conditions could remove the evil in man. This is similar to the ideas of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, concerning the shortcomings of women as due to discouragement during their upbringing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> remarked of Godwin that when "<a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">speaking of property</a>, he stated that the rights of every one 'to every substance capable of contributing to the benefit of a human being' must be regulated by justice alone: the substance must go '<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">to him who most wants it</a>'. His conclusion was communism."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_with_Malthus">Debate with Malthus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Debate with Malthus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1798, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i> in response to Godwin's views on the "perfectibility of society". Malthus wrote that populations are inclined to increase in times of plenty, and that only distress, from causes such as food shortages, disease, or war, serves to stem population growth. Populations in his view are therefore always doomed to grow until distress is felt, at least by the poorer segment of the society. Consequently, poverty was felt to be an inevitable phenomenon of society.</p><blockquote><p>Let us imagine for a moment Mr. Godwin's beautiful system of equality realized in its utmost purity, and see how soon this difficulty might be expected to press under so perfect a form of society.... Let us suppose all the causes of misery and vice in this island removed. War and contention cease. Unwholesome trades and manufactories do not exist. Crowds no longer collect together in great and pestilent cities.... Every house is clean, airy, sufficiently roomy, and in a healthy situation.... And the necessary labours of agriculture are shared amicably among all. The number of persons, and the produce of the island, we suppose to be the same as at present. The spirit of benevolence, guided by impartial justice, will divide this produce among all the members of the society according to their wants....With these extraordinary encouragements to population, and every cause of depopulation, as we have supposed, removed, the numbers would necessarily increase faster than in any society that has ever yet been known....<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Malthus went on to argue that under such ideal conditions, the population could conceivably double every 25 years. However, the food supply could not continue doubling at this rate for even 50 years. The food supply would become inadequate for the growing population, and then:</p><blockquote><p>...the mighty law of self-preservation expels all the softer and more exalted emotions of the soul.... The corn is plucked before it is ripe, or secreted in unfair proportions; and the whole black train of vices that belong to falsehood are immediately generated. Provisions no longer flow in for the support of the mother with a large family. The children are sickly from insufficient food.... No human institutions here existed, to the perverseness of which Mr. Godwin ascribes the original sin of the worst men. No opposition had been produced by them between public and private good. No monopoly had been created of those advantages which reason directs to be left in common. No man had been goaded to the breach of order by unjust laws. Benevolence had established her reign in all hearts: and yet in so short a period as within fifty years, violence, oppression, falsehood, misery, every hateful vice, and every form of distress, which degrade and sadden the present state of society, seem to have been generated by the most imperious circumstances, by laws inherent in the nature of man, and absolutely independent of it human regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i>Political Justice</i> Godwin had acknowledged that an increase in the standard of living as he envisioned could cause population pressures, but he saw an obvious solution to avoiding distress: "project a change in the structure of human action, if not of human nature, specifically the eclipsing of the desire for sex by the development of intellectual pleasures".<sup id="cite_ref-Medema_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medema-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1798 version of his essay, Malthus specifically rejected this possible change in human nature. In the second and subsequent editions, however, he wrote that widespread <i>moral restraint,</i> i.e., postponement of marriage and pre-nuptial celibacy (<a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">sexual abstinence</a>), could reduce the tendency of a population to grow until distress was felt.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin also saw new technology as being partly responsible for the future change in human nature into more intellectually developed beings. He reasoned that increasing technological advances would lead to a decrease in the amount of time individuals spent on production and labour, and thereby, to more time spent on developing "their intellectual and moral faculties".<sup id="cite_ref-Medema_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medema-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of population growing exponentially, Godwin believed that this moral improvement would outrun the growth of population. Godwin pictured a social utopia where society would reach a level of sustainability and engage in "voluntary communism".<sup id="cite_ref-Medema_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medema-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In July 1820, Godwin published <i>Of Population: An Enquiry Concerning the Power of Increase in the Numbers of Mankind</i> as a rebuttal to Malthus' essays. Godwin's main argument was against Malthus' notion that population tends to grow exponentially. Godwin believed that for population to double every twenty-five years (as Malthus had asserted had occurred in the United States, due to the expanse of resources available there), every married couple would have to have at least eight children, given the rate of childhood deaths. Godwin himself was one of thirteen children, but he did not observe the majority of couples in his day having eight children. He therefore concluded:</p><blockquote><p>In reality, if I had not taken up the pen with the express purpose of confuting all the errors of Mr Malthus's book, and of endeavouring to introduce other principles, more cheering, more favourable to the best interests of mankind, and better prepared to resist the inroads of vice and misery, I might close my argument here, and lay down the pen with this brief remark, that, when this author shall have produced from any country, the United States of North America not excepted, a register of marriages and births, from which it shall appear that there are on an average eight births to a marriage, then, and not till then, can I have any just reason to admit his doctrine of the geometrical ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-Medema_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medema-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_in_earthly_immortality">Interest in earthly immortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interest in earthly immortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his first edition of <i>Political Justice</i> Godwin included arguments favouring the possibility of "earthly immortality" (what would now be called <a href="/wiki/Physical_immortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical immortality">physical immortality</a>), but later editions of the book omitted this topic. Although the belief in such a possibility is consistent with his philosophy regarding perfectibility and human progress, he probably dropped the subject because of political expedience when he realised that it might discredit his other views.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Damon and Delia, A Tale</i> (1784)</li> <li><i>Imogen: A Pastoral Romance From the Ancient British</i> (1784)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams</a></i> (1794)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Leon_(novel)" title="St. Leon (novel)">St. Leon</a></i> (1799)</li> <li><i>The Looking Glass: A True History of the Early Years of an Artist</i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fleetwood_(novel)" title="Fleetwood (novel)">Fleetwood</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandeville_(novel)" title="Mandeville (novel)">Mandeville</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cloudesley" title="Cloudesley">Cloudesley: A Tale</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i>Deloraine</i> (1833)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_fiction">Other fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Antonio: A Tragedy In Five Acts (1800) – play</li> <li>Fables, Ancient And Modern: Adapted For The Use Of Children (1840) – posthumously published</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_non-fiction">Major non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Justice">Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness</a></i> (1793)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Enquirer_(Godwin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Enquirer (Godwin) (page does not exist)">The Enquirer</a></i> (London: <a href="/wiki/George_Robinson_(1737%E2%80%931801)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Robinson (1737–1801)">George Robinson</a>, 1797; rev. 1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i>Life of Geoffrey Chaucer</i> (1804)</li> <li><i>The Pantheon: Or, Ancient History of the Gods of Greece and Rome</i> (1814)</li> <li><i>Lives Of Edward And John Philips, Nephews And Pupils Of Milton</i> (1815)</li> <li><i>Life of Lady Jane Grey, and of Lord Guildford Dudley, Her Husband</i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Commonwealth_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Commonwealth (book) (page does not exist)">History of the Commonwealth (book)</a></i> (1824–1828)</li> <li><i>Thoughts on Man, his Nature, Productions, and Discoveries, Interspersed with some particulars respecting the author</i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Necromancers" title="Lives of the Necromancers">Lives of the Necromancers</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i>Transfusion</i> (1835)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family_tree_of_William_Godwin" title="Template:Family tree of William Godwin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family_tree_of_William_Godwin" title="Template talk:Family tree of William Godwin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family_tree_of_William_Godwin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family tree of William Godwin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Family tree of William Godwin</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Lethbridge,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Lethbridge, 1st Baronet">Sir John Lethbridge</a><br />(1746–1815)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Mary Jane Vial Clairmont<br />(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1766</span>–1841)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Godwin</a><br />(1756–1836)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a><br />(1759–1797)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(1754?–1828)</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Byron" title="Lady Byron">Lady Byron</a><br />(1792–1860)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a><br />(1789–1824)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a><br />(1798–1879)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin_the_Younger" title="William Godwin the Younger">William Godwin the Younger</a><br />(1803–1832)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a><br />(1797–1851)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a><br />(1792–1822)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a><br />(1794–1816)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a><br />(1815–1852)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Allegra_Byron" title="Allegra Byron">Allegra Byron</a><br />(1817–1822)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">William<br />(1816–1819)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Clara Everina<br />(1817–1818)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a><br />(1819–1888)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Clara<br />(1815–1815)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> <p><b>Source:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTomalin1992" class="citation book cs1">Tomalin, Claire (1992) [1980]. <i>Shelley and His World</i>. Penguin. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140171525" title="Special:BookSources/0140171525"><bdi>0140171525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shelley+and+His+World&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0140171525&rft.aulast=Tomalin&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilp2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Philp, Mark (20 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/">"William Godwin"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Godwin&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-05-20&rft.aulast=Philp&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fgodwin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Philp19937-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Philp19937_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 192; <a href="#CITEREFPhilp1993">Philp 1993</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilp19937-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilp19937_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhilp1993">Philp 1993</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Jones2004" class="citation book cs1">Harry Jones (2004). <i>Free-thinkers & Trouble-makers</i>. Wisbech Society. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free-thinkers+%26+Trouble-makers&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Wisbech+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Harry+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008192-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008192_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Robinson1980171Thomas20196-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192Robinson1980171Thomas20196_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 192; <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1980">Robinson 1980</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192–193-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008192–193_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20196-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20196_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1980">Robinson 1980</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20196–7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20196–7_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193Robinson1980171Thomas20197-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193Robinson1980171Thomas20197_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 193; <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1980">Robinson 1980</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20197-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1980171Thomas20197_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1980">Robinson 1980</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200979Marshall2008193_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193–194-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193–194_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008193–194_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20198-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20198_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20198–9-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20198–9_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194Thomas20199-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194Thomas20199_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20199-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20199_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20199–10-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20199–10_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201910-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201910_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1984240-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1984240_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1984">Marshall 1984</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200980Marshall2008194-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200980Marshall2008194_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marion Kingston Stocking, ed. <i>The Clairmont Correspondence: Letters of Claire Clairmont, Charles Clairmont, and Fanny Imlay Godwin</i>, 1808-1834 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), vol. 1, p. 6, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Jefferson Hogg, <i>The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley,</i> in Humbert Wolfe, ed., <i>The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley</i> (London: Dent, 1933), vol. II, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201910–11-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201910–11_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201911-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201911_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201911_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194–195-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008194–195_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201911–12-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201911–12_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200986–87Marshall2008194Thomas201911–12-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200986–87Marshall2008194Thomas201911–12_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, pp. 86–87; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201912-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201912_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201913-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201913_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200987Thomas201913–14-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200987Thomas201913–14_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, pp. 87; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201913–14-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201913–14_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler19841Marshall2008195Thomas201914-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler19841Marshall2008195Thomas201914_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1984">Butler 1984</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1984107–108Marshall2008195Thomas201914–15-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1984107–108Marshall2008195Thomas201914–15_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1984">Butler 1984</a>, pp. 107–108; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201915-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201915_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200989–90Thomas201915–16-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford200989–90Thomas201915–16_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, pp. 89–90; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas201915–16-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas201915–16_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195Thomas201915–16-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008195Thomas201915–16_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 195; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1984149Thomas201916-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1984149Thomas201916_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1984">Butler 1984</a>, p. 149; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Author+of+A+Vindication+of+the+Rights+of+Woman&rft.pages=95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989164–169Marshall2008196Sunstein1975314–320Thomas201955–58Tomalin1992a245–270Wardle1951268ff-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989164–169Marshall2008196Sunstein1975314–320Thomas201955–58Tomalin1992a245–270Wardle1951268ff_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Clair1989">St. Clair 1989</a>, pp. 164–169; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 196; <a href="#CITEREFSunstein1975">Sunstein 1975</a>, pp. 314–320; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2019">Thomas 2019</a>, pp. 55–58; <a href="#CITEREFTomalin1992a">Tomalin 1992a</a>, pp. 245–270; <a href="#CITEREFWardle1951">Wardle 1951</a>, pp. 268ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989172–174Marshall2008196–197Sunstein1975330–335Tomalin1992a271–273-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989172–174Marshall2008196–197Sunstein1975330–335Tomalin1992a271–273_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Clair1989">St. Clair 1989</a>, pp. 172–174; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, pp. 196–197; <a href="#CITEREFSunstein1975">Sunstein 1975</a>, pp. 330–335; <a href="#CITEREFTomalin1992a">Tomalin 1992a</a>, pp. 271–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunstein has printed several of these letters in order so that the reader can follow Wollstonecraft and Godwin's conversation (321ff.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheLifeandLettersofMWS-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheLifeandLettersofMWS_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheLifeandLettersofMWS_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall, Julian. The Life and Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. London: R. Bentley and Son, 1889. PDF.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwin_2011-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_2011_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_2011_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Godwin, William The Letters of William Godwin. Ed. Pamela Clemit. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. PDF.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989173Sunstein1975335–340Wardle1951286–292-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESt._Clair1989173Sunstein1975335–340Wardle1951286–292_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSt._Clair1989">St. Clair 1989</a>, p. 173; <a href="#CITEREFSunstein1975">Sunstein 1975</a>, pp. 335–340; <a href="#CITEREFWardle1951">Wardle 1951</a>, pp. 286–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker_&_Craddock1849" class="citation book cs1">Walker & Craddock (1849). <i>The History of Wisbech and the Fens</i>. Richard Walker. p. 480.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Wisbech+and+the+Fens&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Richard+Walker&rft.date=1849&rft.au=Walker+%26+Craddock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbert" class="citation web cs1">Colbert, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.wlv.ac.uk/btw/authors/1055">"Mary Jane Godwin (Author, Translator) – British Travel Writing"</a>. <i>University of Wolverhampton</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716053902/http://www4.wlv.ac.uk/btw/authors/1055">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wolverhampton&rft.atitle=Mary+Jane+Godwin+%28Author%2C+Translator%29+%E2%80%93+British+Travel+Writing&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.wlv.ac.uk%2Fbtw%2Fauthors%2F1055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrailsford2009169-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrailsford2009169_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrailsford2009">Brailsford 2009</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJump1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jump, Harriet (1 October 1999). "Monstrous stepmother: Mary Shelley and Mary Jane Godwin". <i>Women's Writing</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 297–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09699089900200094">10.1080/09699089900200094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22624188">22624188</a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A woman I shudder to think of" (1814)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Writing&rft.atitle=Monstrous+stepmother%3A+Mary+Shelley+and+Mary+Jane+Godwin&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=297-308&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09699089900200094&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22624188&rft.aulast=Jump&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation book cs1">Jones, William B. (2001). <i>Classics Illustrated: A Cultural History</i> (Hardback) (Abridged ed.). McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1077-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classics+Illustrated%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1077-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1988" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Sally (1988). <i>Victorian Britain (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia</i>. p. 516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Britain+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=516&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=34919">"Margaret Jane King Moore: Stories of Old Daniel: or Tales of Wonder and Delight"</a>. <i>The Literary Encyclopedia. Volume 1.2.4: Irish Writing and Culture, 400–present</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021253/https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=34919">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia.+Volume+1.2.4%3A+Irish+Writing+and+Culture%2C+400%E2%80%93present.&rft.atitle=Margaret+Jane+King+Moore%3A+Stories+of+Old+Daniel%3A+or+Tales+of+Wonder+and+Delight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fsworks.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D34919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2015" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Daniel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb66BwAAQBAJ&q=godwin+children+publisher&pg=PA234"><i>The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199695140" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199695140"><bdi>978-0199695140</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702190925/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb66BwAAQBAJ&q=godwin+children+publisher&pg=PA234">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199695140&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMb66BwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgodwin%2Bchildren%2Bpublisher%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blamires, David. 6. The Swiss Family Robinson In: Telling Tales: The Impact of Germany on English Children's Books 1780–1918 [online]. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2009 (generated 16 October 2017). Available on the Internet: <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.openedition.org/obp/605">http://books.openedition.org/obp/605</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525144525/https://books.openedition.org/obp/605">Archived</a> 25 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906924119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906924119">978-1906924119</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.wlv.ac.uk/btw/authors/1055">"Mary Jane Godwin"</a>. <i>British Travel Writing</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716053902/http://www4.wlv.ac.uk/btw/authors/1055">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Travel+Writing&rft.atitle=Mary+Jane+Godwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.wlv.ac.uk%2Fbtw%2Fauthors%2F1055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker_&_Craddock1848" class="citation book cs1">Walker & Craddock (1848). <i>The History of Wisbech and the Fens</i>. Richard Walker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Wisbech+and+the+Fens&rft.pub=Richard+Walker&rft.date=1848&rft.au=Walker+%26+Craddock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/cps/19551">"Charles Gaulis Clairmont manuscript material"</a>. <i>The New York Public Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716053822/http://archives.nypl.org/cps/19551">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Public+Library&rft.atitle=Charles+Gaulis+Clairmont+manuscript+material&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.nypl.org%2Fcps%2F19551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">McAllen, M. M. (2014). <i>Maximilian and Carlota: Europe's Last Empire in Mexico</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximilian+and+Carlota%3A+Europe%27s+Last+Empire+in+Mexico&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McAllen&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoffe2016" class="citation book cs1">Joffe, Sharon (2016). <i>The Clairmont Family Letters, 1839–1889, Volume 2</i>. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clairmont+Family+Letters%2C+1839%E2%80%931889%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Joffe&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, Julie Ann. <i>England's First Family of Writers: Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, Mary Shelley</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2007. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HideousProgeny-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HideousProgeny_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HideousProgeny_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill-Miller, Katherine. <i>"My Hideous Progeny": Mary Shelley, William Godwin, and the Father-daughter Relationship</i>. Newark: U of Delaware, 1995. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenlee2011" class="citation web cs1">Greenlee, Alison M. (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orgs.utulsa.edu/spcol/?p=1208">"The Swiss Family Robinson and... Frankenstein?"</a>. <i>University of Tulsa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070524/http://orgs.utulsa.edu/spcol/?p=1208">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Tulsa&rft.atitle=The+Swiss+Family+Robinson+and...+Frankenstein%3F&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.aulast=Greenlee&rft.aufirst=Alison+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forgs.utulsa.edu%2Fspcol%2F%3Fp%3D1208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/events/pu0282.html">"Events"</a>. <i>William Godwin's Diary</i>. Bodleian Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021524/http://godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/events/pu0282.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+Godwin%27s+Diary&rft.atitle=Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgodwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fpu0282.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice</i> (Oxford World Classics ed.). OUP. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Enquiry+Concerning+Political+Justice&rft.edition=Oxford+World+Classics&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/events/pu0283.html">"Events"</a>. <i>godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206205230/http://godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/events/pu0283.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgodwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fpu0283.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1980" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Marilyn (3 April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v02/n06/marilyn-butler/the-professor">"The Professor"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. Vol. 02, no. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206210717/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v02/n06/marilyn-butler/the-professor">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Professor&rft.volume=02&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1980-04-03&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv02%2Fn06%2Fmarilyn-butler%2Fthe-professor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriet de Boinville, letter to Mary Shelley, June 11, 1836, preserved in the University of Oxford Bodleian Libraries Abinger Collection. The letter is quoted in full in Barbara de Boinville, <i>The Center of the Circle: Harriet de Boinville and the Writers She Influenced During Europe's Revolutionary Era</i> (New Academia Publishing, 2023), pp. 243–246. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dodds, Douglas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjvcult%2Fvcy020">"From Analogue to Digital: Word and Image Digitization Projects at the V&A"</a>. <i>Journal of Victorian Culture</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 222–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjvcult%2Fvcy020">10.1093/jvcult/vcy020</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Victorian+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Analogue+to+Digital%3A+Word+and+Image+Digitization+Projects+at+the+V%26A&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-230&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjvcult%2Fvcy020&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjvcult%252Fvcy020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008196-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008196_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall2008">Marshall 2008</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELocke1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfantasyofreasonl0000lockpage246_246]-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELocke1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfantasyofreasonl0000lockpage246_246]_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLocke1980">Locke 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fantasyofreasonl0000lock/page/246">246</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-anarchism-from-the-encyclopaedia-britannica">"Anarchism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106164839/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin___Anarchism__from_the_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Encyclopædia Britannica by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An essay on the principle of population,</i> (1798) Chap. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medema-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medema_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medema_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medema_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medema_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Medema, Steven G., and Warren J. Samuels. 2003. The History of Economic Thought: A Reader. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Geoffrey Gilbert, introduction to Malthus T.R. 1798. <i>An essay on the principle of population</i>. Oxford World's Classics reprint. xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiobhan_Ni_Chonailla2007" class="citation journal cs1">Siobhan Ni Chonailla (2007). 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Godwin%2C+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=177-178&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrailsford2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._N._Brailsford" title="H. N. Brailsford">Brailsford, Henry Noel</a> (2009) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29978"><i>Shelley, Godwin, and their circle</i></a>. Home University Library of Modern Knowledge. Vol. LXXVII. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/914564890">914564890</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801031822/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29978">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span> – via gutenberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shelley%2C+Godwin%2C+and+their+circle&rft.place=London&rft.series=Home+University+Library+of+Modern+Knowledge&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F914564890&rft.aulast=Brailsford&rft.aufirst=Henry+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F29978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakay2016" class="citation book cs1">Bakay, Gonlil (2016). <i>William Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and their offspring, Victor Frankenstein: A Family of Rebels</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewiston (town), New York">Lewiston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781495504525" title="Special:BookSources/9781495504525"><bdi>9781495504525</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016010810">2016010810</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/944086351">944086351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Godwin%2C+Mary+Wollstonecraft%2C+Mary+Shelley%2C+and+their+offspring%2C+Victor+Frankenstein%3A+A+Family+of+Rebels&rft.place=Lewiston&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944086351&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016010810&rft.isbn=9781495504525&rft.aulast=Bakay&rft.aufirst=Gonlil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Butler" title="Marilyn Butler">Butler, Marilyn</a> (1984). <i>Burke, Paine, Godwin, and the Revolution Controversy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28656-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28656-5"><bdi>0-521-28656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%2C+Paine%2C+Godwin%2C+and+the+Revolution+Controversy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-28656-5&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Julie A. (2007). <i>England's First Family of Writers: Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin, Mary Shelley</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8618-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8618-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-8618-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1160369044">1160369044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+First+Family+of+Writers%3A+Mary+Wollstonecraft%2C+William+Godwin%2C+Mary+Shelley&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1160369044&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8618-8&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Julie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a> (1965). <i>The Age of Voltaire</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a>. Vol. 9. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671013254" title="Special:BookSources/0671013254"><bdi>0671013254</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/416169760">416169760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Voltaire&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F416169760&rft.isbn=0671013254&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagliano2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gagliano, G. (2013). <i>Utopia e antagonismo politico. Nella riflessione di Gerrard Winstanley e William Godwin</i> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>: Aracne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-548-6453-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-548-6453-5"><bdi>978-88-548-6453-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia+e+antagonismo+politico.+Nella+riflessione+di+Gerrard+Winstanley+e+William+Godwin&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Aracne&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-88-548-6453-5&rft.aulast=Gagliano&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin1986" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, William (1986). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Marshall, Peter H.</a> (ed.). <i>The Anarchist Writings of William Godwin</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Press" title="Freedom Press">Freedom Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900384-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900384-29-5"><bdi>978-0-900384-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchist+Writings+of+William+Godwin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-900384-29-5&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1980" class="citation book cs1">Locke, Don (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fantasyofreasonl0000lock"><i>A Fantasy of Reason: The Life & Thought of William Godwin</i></a></span>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710003874" title="Special:BookSources/9780710003874"><bdi>9780710003874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fantasy+of+Reason%3A+The+Life+%26+Thought+of+William+Godwin&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780710003874&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffantasyofreasonl0000lock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Marshall, Peter H.</a> (1984). <i><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin_(biography)" title="William Godwin (biography)">William Godwin: Philosopher, Novelist, Revolutionary</a></i>. London & New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300105445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300105445"><bdi>978-0300105445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Godwin%3A+Philosopher%2C+Novelist%2C+Revolutionary&rft.place=London+%26+New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0300105445&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(author)" title="Peter Marshall (author)">Marshall, Peter H.</a> (2008) [1992]. <i><a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible" title="Demanding the Impossible">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1"><bdi>978-0-00-686245-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/218212571">218212571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible%3A+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F218212571&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686245-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy, Wendy</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Godwin, William (1756–1836)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>Godwin, William (1856–1836)</i>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n126">10.4135/9781412965811.n126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100756/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Godwin%2C+William+%281856%E2%80%931836%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n126&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeRamaswamy2002" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, S.; Ramaswamy, S. (2002). <i>William Godwin: His Thoughts and Works</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: Deep & Deep Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-754-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-754-7"><bdi>978-81-7100-754-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Godwin%3A+His+Thoughts+and+Works&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-754-7&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ramaswamy%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Edward_Newton" title="A. Edward Newton">Newton, A. Edward</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/amenitiesofbookc00newtiala#page/226/mode/1up">"A Ridiculous Philosopher"</a>. <i>The amenities of book-collecting</i>. Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 226–248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Ridiculous+Philosopher&rft.btitle=The+amenities+of+book-collecting&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=226-248&rft.pub=The+Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=A.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famenitiesofbookc00newtiala%23page%2F226%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilp1993" class="citation book cs1">Philp, Mark (1993). <i>Political And Philosophical Writings Of William Godwin</i>. London: Pickering & Chatto Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85196-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85196-093-7"><bdi>1-85196-093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+And+Philosophical+Writings+Of+William+Godwin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pickering+%26+Chatto+Limited&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85196-093-7&rft.aulast=Philp&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1980" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Cedric J. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhYV14mscZUC&pg=PA171"><i>The Terms of Order: Political Science and the Myth of Leadership</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-411-2"><bdi>978-0-87395-411-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210014100/https://books.google.com/books?id=LhYV14mscZUC&pg=PA171">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terms+of+Order%3A+Political+Science+and+the+Myth+of+Leadership&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-411-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Cedric+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhYV14mscZUC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1902). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Studies of a Biographer/William Godwin's Novels"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_of_a_Biographer/William_Godwin%27s_Novels">"William Godwin's Novels" </a></span>. <i>Studies of a Biographer</i>. Vol. 3. London: Duckworth & Co. pp. 119–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Godwin%27s+Novels&rft.btitle=Studies+of+a+Biographer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=119-164&rft.pub=Duckworth+%26+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_St_Clair" title="William St Clair">St. Clair, William</a> (1989). <i>The Godwins and the Shelleys: The biography of a family</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: W.W. Norton and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4233-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4233-6"><bdi>0-8018-4233-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Godwins+and+the+Shelleys%3A+The+biography+of+a+family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8018-4233-6&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunstein1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_W._Sunstein" title="Emily W. Sunstein">Sunstein, Emily</a> (1975). <i>A Different Face: the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014201-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-014201-4"><bdi>0-06-014201-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Different+Face%3A+the+Life+of+Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-06-014201-4&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2019" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Richard Gough (2019). <i>William Godwin: A Political Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7868-0389-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7868-0389-4"><bdi>978-1-7868-0389-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090781689">1090781689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Godwin%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090781689&rft.isbn=978-1-7868-0389-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomalin1992a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Tomalin, Claire</a> (1992a) [1974]. <i>The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-016761-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-016761-7"><bdi>0-14-016761-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-14-016761-7&rft.aulast=Tomalin&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardle1951" class="citation book cs1">Wardle, Ralph M. (1951). <i>Mary Wollstonecraft: A Critical Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft%3A+A+Critical+Biography&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Wardle&rft.aufirst=Ralph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Godwin" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William Godwin">William Godwin</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/William_Godwin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/William Godwin">William Godwin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin" class="extiw" title="commons:William Godwin"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">William Godwin</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/godwin">"William Godwin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Godwin&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fgodwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/index2.html">William Godwin's Diary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edpopehistory.co.uk/">Detailed notes on people appearing in William Godwin's Diary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utilitarian.net/godwin">William Godwin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222193125/http://utilitarian.net/godwin">Archived</a> 22 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pzacad.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives////////godwin/Godwinarchive.html">Godwin archive</a> entry at the <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchy Archives">Anarchy Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/380">Works by William Godwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Godwin%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Godwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Godwin%2C%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Godwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Godwin%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Godwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Godwin%2C%20William%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Godwin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221756-1836%22%20AND%20Godwin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Godwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2020">Works by William Godwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091203150627/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/g/godwin/william/">Works of William Godwin</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012100614/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/">eBooks@Adelaide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleygodwinarchive.org/">The Shelley-Godwin Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/william-godwin-index">Letters and artefacts associated with Godwin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084439/http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/william-godwin-index">Archived</a> 21 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>'s Shelley's Ghost online exhibition</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F70121">"Archival material relating to William Godwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+William+Godwin&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF70121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Godwin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188569#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01808">Portraits of William Godwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188569#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Wollstonecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Template:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Template talk:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Wollstonecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</a></i> (1787)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary:_A_Fiction" title="Mary: A Fiction">Mary: A Fiction</a></i> (1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life</a></i> (1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a></i> (1790)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a></i> (1796)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Review" title="Analytical Review">Analytical Review</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft">Timeline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Her circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Godwin</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Gardiner" title="Jane Gardiner">Jane Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a> (publisher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> (mentor)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sculpture_for_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft">A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft</a></i> (2020 sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Shelley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mary_Shelley" title="Template talk:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Shelley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_bibliography" title="Mary Shelley bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maurice_(Shelley)" title="Maurice (Shelley)">Maurice</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">The Mortal Immortal</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Godwin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a> (stepsister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Poetry" title="Bloody Poetry">Bloody Poetry</a></i> (1984 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)"><i>Gothic</i> (1986 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind"><i>Rowing with the Wind</i> (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_Summer" title="Haunted Summer"><i>Haunted Summer</i> (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)"><i>Mary Shelley</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati" title="The Haunting of Villa Diodati">"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mounseer_Nongtongpaw" title="Mounseer Nongtongpaw">Mounseer Nongtongpaw</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture"><i>Frankenstein</i> in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John William Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188569#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109117828">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68929729">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/50898/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFPHmcFbP6fMHTxjKcfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118540033">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80024468">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX950017">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/35499">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068945507">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90217934">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000086644&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000171768&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000216752">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=117446">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199610261">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt799dpf20mp8cq">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546327705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261862205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520697806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14084625">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00478855?l=en">CiNii</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08516164?l=en">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/835362">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118540033.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118540033">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026895447">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kn0460">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69c738w">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&oldid=1251680498">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Godwin&oldid=1251680498</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1756_births" title="Category:1756 births">1756 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1836_deaths" title="Category:1836 deaths">1836 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_atheists" 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