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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2011 US copyright infringement case</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Righthaven LLC v. Democratic Underground LLC</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UnitedStatesDistrictCourtDistrictNevada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UnitedStatesDistrictCourtDistrictNevada.png/150px-UnitedStatesDistrictCourtDistrictNevada.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UnitedStatesDistrictCourtDistrictNevada.png/225px-UnitedStatesDistrictCourtDistrictNevada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/UnitedStatesDistrictCourtDistrictNevada.png/300px-UnitedStatesDistrictCourtDistrictNevada.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Nevada" title="United States District Court for the District of Nevada">United States District Court for the District of Nevada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Righthaven LLC, a Nevada limited-liability company v. Democratic Underground, a District of Columbia limited-liability company; and David Allen, an individual </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">June 14, 2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket nos.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/6039073/righthaven-llc-v-democratic-underground-llc/">2:10-cv-01356</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">791 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 2d">F. Supp. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20110615979">968</a>; 99 <a href="/wiki/U.S.P.Q.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.P.Q.2d">U.S.P.Q.2d</a> 1095; 39 Med. L. Rptr. 1935</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Righthaven's complaint was dismissed in its entirety for lack of <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>. Righthaven was further ordered to show cause in writing why it should not be sanctioned for misrepresentation to the court.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Hunt" title="Roger L. Hunt">Roger L. Hunt</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Righthaven LLC. v. Democratic Underground LLC</b></i>, 791 F. Supp. 2d 968 (D. Nev. 2011), was a <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> case which determined that a contract giving a party right to sue on behalf of a copyright holder does not give the party legal <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> to file such lawsuits. This case is one of over 200 similar cases filed by <a href="/wiki/Righthaven" title="Righthaven">Righthaven</a> against media outlets using content from <a href="/wiki/Stephens_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephens Media">Stephens Media</a>. Judge <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Hunt" title="Roger L. Hunt">Roger L. Hunt</a> ruled that Righthaven lacked standing to file a copyright infringement suit and ordered Righthaven to <a href="/wiki/Order_to_show_cause" title="Order to show cause">show cause</a> within two weeks why it should not be sanctioned for failure to disclose Stephens Media as an interested party. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Democratic Underground (DU) is a website devoted to disseminating and discussing political news and progressive principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Dismiss_opposition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dismiss_opposition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is run by David Allen. On May 13, 2010, a DU user identified by the name "Pampango" posted a portion of an article from the <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal" title="Las Vegas Review-Journal">Las Vegas Review-Journal</a></i> about the polling status of several candidates running in the Republican Senate primary in Nevada. The excerpt posted contained 5 of the article's 50 sentences and linked back to the Las Vegas Review-Journal's website. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Righthaven" title="Righthaven">Righthaven</a> was a copyright holding company founded in 2010. It searched the Internet for snippets from its partners' publications posted to third-party websites. Once it found such a snippet, it registered the copyright for that article, obtained a "partial assignment" of copyright from the true rightholder, and then threatened to sue the owner of the third-party website for considerable sums while offering to settle out of court for smaller sums. Righthaven and Stephens Media formed a contract in which Stephens Media assigned Righthaven a "right to sue" third parties without assigning the actual copyright. Righthaven would then file lawsuits or accept an out-of-court settlement, sharing a percentage of the proceeds with Stephens Media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proceedings">Proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 10, 2010, Righthaven filed a lawsuit against Democratic Underground, LLC and David Allen, alleging that Democratic Underground and David Allen were liable for copyright infringement of works to which Righthaven owns a copyright and seeking <a href="/wiki/Injunctive_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Injunctive relief">injunctive relief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_damages" title="Statutory damages">statutory damages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OriginalComplaint_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OriginalComplaint-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 27, 2010, Democratic Underground filed a counterclaim, arguing that Democratic Underground was not responsible for the posting, and that the excerpt posted to the site was a <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Counterclaim_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Counterclaim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic Underground sought favorable judgment and <a href="/wiki/Attorney%27s_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney's fees">attorney's fees</a>, and demanded a <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trial</a> for all triable issues of fact. </p><p>On November 15, 2010, Righthaven moved to voluntarily dismiss the case with prejudice. This would avoid having a ruling on the case that could set a precedent for its other cases.<sup id="cite_ref-EFFdismiss_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFFdismiss-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 7, Democratic Underground requested that the court deny the motion for dismissal and grant summary judgment in DU's favor.<sup id="cite_ref-EFFdismiss_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFFdismiss-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_decision">Court decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Court decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 14, 2011, Judge <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Hunt" title="Roger L. Hunt">Roger L. Hunt</a> found that Stephens Media had not transferred any copyrights to Righthaven, but merely a "right to sue," which is not a transferable right under copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-Techdirt_analysis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Techdirt_analysis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Righthaven did not own the copyright for which it was filing the lawsuit, Hunt dismissed the case for lack of standing. In addition, since Righthaven had failed to identify Stephens Media as a financially interested party, Hunt ordered Righthaven to show cause why it should not be sanctioned for "flagrant misrepresentation to the Court." </p><p>On July 15, 2011, Hunt ruled that Righthaven misrepresented its relationship with Stephens Media and Stephens Media's financial interest in the lawsuit, and sanctioned it $5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Misrepresentation_ruling_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misrepresentation_ruling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Righthaven was further ordered to file the transcript of the ruling in all the hundreds of other copyright cases it had brought forth against other parties in Nevada. </p><p>After requesting and receiving a <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_proceedings" title="Stay of proceedings">stay</a> of the monetary sanction, Righthaven sought another extension which the court did not grant.<sup id="cite_ref-Ars_followup_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ars_followup-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_response">Public response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This ruling was widely reported on by various blogs, where it was generally well received. The case has been widely regarded as a legal victory against <a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">copyright trolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Techdirt_analysis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Techdirt_analysis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vegasinc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegasinc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ars_analysis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ars_analysis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EFF_analysis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFF_analysis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suit was the first of several major losses for Righthaven on grounds that it lacked standing to sue, and was ordered to pay the attorneys' fees of several of its defendants. Unable to pay those fees and sanctions, Righthaven was forced into receivership later in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_assignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright assignment">Copyright assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dismiss_opposition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dismiss_opposition_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/sites/default/files/filenode/righthaven_v_dem/PlfMSJ.pdf">Righthaven LLC. v. Democratic Underground LLC.</a></i> Case 2:10-CV-01356-RLH (RJJ) Document 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OriginalComplaint-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OriginalComplaint_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/righthaven_v_dem/20100810RighthavenvDemocraticUnderground.pdf">Righthaven LLC. v. Democratic Underground LLC.</a> Case 2:10-CV-01356 Document 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Counterclaim-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Counterclaim_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/righthaven_v_dem/AnswerandCounterclaim.pdf">Righthaven LLC. v. Democratic Underground LLC.</a> Case 2:10-CV-01356-RLH-RJJ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFFdismiss-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EFFdismiss_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EFFdismiss_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opsahl, Kurt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/12/democratic-underground-responds-righthaven">Democratic Underground Responds to Righthaven Copyright Troll Lawsuit</a>. Dec 8, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Techdirt_analysis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Techdirt_analysis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Techdirt_analysis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Masnick, Mike, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110614/17302814695/judge-rules-that-righthaven-lawsuit-was-sham-threatens-sanctions.shtml">Judge Rules That Righthaven Lawsuit Was A Sham; Threatens Sanctions</a>. June 14, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misrepresentation_ruling-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misrepresentation_ruling_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Righthaven LLC v. Democratic Underground LLC</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20110615979">791 F. Supp. 2d 968</a> (<a href="/wiki/D._Nev." class="mw-redirect" title="D. Nev.">D. Nev.</a> 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ars_followup-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ars_followup_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Nate, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/08/righthaven-still-angering-judges-finally-pays-for-its-mistakes.ars">Righthaven, still angering judges, finally pays cash for its mistakes</a>. Aug 3, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vegasinc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vegasinc_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Steve, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegasinc.com/news/2011/jul/14/ruling-righthaven-misled-court-likely-be-felt-othe/">Ruling that Righthaven misled court likely to be felt in other cases</a>. July 14, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ars_analysis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ars_analysis_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Nate, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/07/lessons-in-retroactivity-righthaven-cant-change-the-facts-after-it-suesrighthaven-learning-it-cant-change-the-facts-after-it-sues.ars">Righthaven learning it can't change the facts after it sues</a>. Jul 14, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFF_analysis-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFF_analysis_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opsahl, Kurt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/07/righthaven-order-pay-5-000-sanctions-its">Righthaven Ordered to Pay $5,000 in Sanctions for Its Misrepresentations to Court</a>. Jul 15, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Righthaven LLC. v. Democratic Underground LLC</i>, 791 F. Supp. 2d 968 (D. Nev. 2011) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2117387/righthaven-llc-v-democratic-underground-llc/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16156250440551225950">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20110615979">Leagle</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/righthaven_v_dem/order6-14-11.pdf">EFF (slip opinion)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/cases/righthaven-v-democratic-underground">EFF: Righthaven v. Democratic Underground</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenwick.com/experience/Pages/Fenwick-West-and-the-Electronic-Frontier-Foundation-Secure-Dismissal-of-Righthaven-Copyright-Troll-Lawsuit.aspx">Fenwick & West and the Electronic Frontier Foundation Secure Dismissal of Righthaven Copyright Troll Lawsuit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenwick.com/experience/Pages/Righthaven-Case-Ends-in-Victory-for-Fair-Use-Newspaper-Publisher-Caves-at-Last-Agrees-Excerpts-of-Articles-Do-No.aspx">Fenwick & West: Righthaven Case Ends in Victory for Fair Use Newspaper Publisher Caves at Last, Agrees Excerpts of Articles Do Not Infringe Copyright</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&oldid=1223455018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_LLC_v._Democratic_Underground_LLC&oldid=1223455018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2011_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:2011 in United States case law">2011 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_copyright_case_law" title="Category:United States copyright case law">United States copyright case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Nevada_cases" title="Category:United States District Court for the District of Nevada cases">United States District Court for the District of Nevada cases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 May 2024, at 07:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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