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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Provisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_I:_WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_I:_WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Title I: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_I:_WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_II:_Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_II:_Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Title II: Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_II:_Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_III:_Computer_Maintenance_Competition_Assurance_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_III:_Computer_Maintenance_Competition_Assurance_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Title III: Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_III:_Computer_Maintenance_Competition_Assurance_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_IV:_Miscellaneous_Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_IV:_Miscellaneous_Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Title IV: Miscellaneous Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_IV:_Miscellaneous_Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_V:_Vessel_Hull_Design_Protection_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_V:_Vessel_Hull_Design_Protection_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Title V: Vessel Hull Design Protection Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_V:_Vessel_Hull_Design_Protection_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-circumvention_exemptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-circumvention_exemptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-circumvention exemptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-circumvention_exemptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-circumvention exemptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-circumvention_exemptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Previous_exemptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_exemptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Previous exemptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_exemptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2015 study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Case law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Case law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-circumvention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-circumvention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anti-circumvention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-circumvention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software-based_case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software-based_case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Software-based case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-based_case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durable_goods_case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durable_goods_case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Durable goods case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durable_goods_case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linking_to_infringing_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking_to_infringing_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Linking to infringing content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking_to_infringing_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edelman_v._N2H2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edelman_v._N2H2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span><i>Edelman v. N2H2</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edelman_v._N2H2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span><i>RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viacom_Inc._v._YouTube,_Google_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viacom_Inc._v._YouTube,_Google_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span><i>Viacom Inc. v. YouTube, Google Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viacom_Inc._v._YouTube,_Google_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IO_Group,_Inc._v._Veoh_Networks,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IO_Group,_Inc._v._Veoh_Networks,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span><i>IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IO_Group,_Inc._v._Veoh_Networks,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vernor_v._Autodesk,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernor_v._Autodesk,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span><i>Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernor_v._Autodesk,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span><i>Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flava_Works_Inc._v._Gunter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flava_Works_Inc._v._Gunter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span><i>Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flava_Works_Inc._v._Gunter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span><i>Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sony_v._George_Hotz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sony_v._George_Hotz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.9</span> <span><i>Sony v. George Hotz</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sony_v._George_Hotz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automattic,_Inc._and_Oliver_Hotham_v._Nick_Steiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automattic,_Inc._and_Oliver_Hotham_v._Nick_Steiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.10</span> <span><i>Automattic, Inc. and Oliver Hotham v. Nick Steiner</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automattic,_Inc._and_Oliver_Hotham_v._Nick_Steiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_takedown_notice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_takedown_notice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Abuse of takedown notice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_takedown_notice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_the_anti-circumvention_provision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_the_anti-circumvention_provision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Abuse of the anti-circumvention provision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_the_anti-circumvention_provision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_analog_video_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_analog_video_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Effect on analog video equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_analog_video_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Effect on research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_innovation_and_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_innovation_and_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Effect on innovation and competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_innovation_and_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legislative reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قانون الألفية للملكية الرقمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون الألفية للملكية الرقمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMCA" title="DMCA – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="DMCA" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="قانون کپی‌رایت هزاره دیجیتال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون کپی‌رایت هزاره دیجیتال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EB%B0%80%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%88%EC%97%84_%EC%A0%80%EC%9E%91%EA%B6%8C%EB%B2%95" title="디지털 밀레니엄 저작권법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 밀레니엄 저작권법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99" title="חוק זכויות היוצרים של המילניום הדיגיטלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק זכויות היוצרים של המילניום הדיגיטלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%A8%A9%E6%B3%95" title="デジタルミレニアム著作権法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジタルミレニアム著作権法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83" title="Закон об авторском праве в цифровую эпоху – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закон об авторском праве в цифровую эпоху" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96" title="Закон про авторське право у цифровому тисячолітті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Закон про авторське право у цифровому тисячолітті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_lu%E1%BA%ADt_b%E1%BA%A3n_quy%E1%BB%81n_thi%C3%AAn_ni%C3%AAn_k%E1%BB%B7_k%E1%BB%B9_thu%E1%BA%ADt_s%E1%BB%91" title="Đạo luật bản quyền thiên niên kỷ kỹ thuật số – 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copyright law</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">To amend <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">title 17, United States Code</a>, to implement the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> Copyright Treaty and Performances and Phonograms Treaty, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">DM, DMCA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">October 28, 1998</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ304/pdf/PLAW-105publ304.pdf">Pub. L. 105-304</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">112 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-112-2860">2860</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">5 (Government Organization and Employees); 17 (Copyrights); 28 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure); 35 (Patents)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">17 U.S.C. §§ 512, 1201–1205, 1301–1332; 28 U.S.C. § 4001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 104, 104A, 108, 132, 114, 117, 701</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/2281">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> as H.R. 2281 by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Coble" title="Howard Coble">Howard Coble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a>) on July 29, 1997</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> (Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property); <a href="/wiki/House_Commerce_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Commerce Committee">House Commerce Committee</a> (Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection)</li><li><b>Passed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a></b> on August 4, 1998 (<a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">voice vote</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b> on September 17, 1998 (unanimous consent)</li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on October 8, 1998; <b>agreed to by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b> on October 8, 1998 (consent) and by the <b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a></b> on October 12, 1998 (voice vote)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on October 28, 1998</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Digital Millennium Copyright Act</b> (<b>DMCA</b>) is a 1998 United States <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> that implements two 1996 treaties of the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access to <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a> works (commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> or DRM). It also criminalizes the act of circumventing an <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a>, whether or not there is actual <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">infringement of copyright</a> itself. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Do you have a source backing the claim that, circumvention of access control to a public domain work is punishable under DMCA (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passed on October 12, 1998, by a unanimous vote in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">Title 17 of the United States Code</a> to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting the <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Online_service_provider" title="Online service provider">providers of online services</a> for copyright infringement by their users. </p><p>The DMCA's principal innovation in the field of copyright is the exemption from direct and <a href="/wiki/Indirect_liability" title="Indirect liability">indirect liability</a> of <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> and other intermediaries. This exemption was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_Directive_2000" title="Electronic Commerce Directive 2000">Electronic Commerce Directive 2000</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> 2001 implemented the 1996 <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a> in the EU. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_legislative_history">Background and legislative history</h2></div> <p>The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) had its basis as part of the United States' commitment to comply with two treaties passed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO) in December 1996 that dealt with the nature of copyright with modern information systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization_Copyright_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a> identified numerous electronic works as eligible for copyright protection, and stated that <a href="/wiki/Anti-circumvention" title="Anti-circumvention">circumvention of technological measures used to secure electronic works</a> was to be prohibited. The <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a> worked to normalize the copyright protections for performed works as uniformly for member states as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimmer_riff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of ratifying the treaties for the United States was the first major piece of copyright-related legislation since the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>, and led to numerous interested groups to express concerns for how the treaties should be implemented, including content producers and distributors, technology manufacturers, online service providers, researchers and academics, and consumer groups. Some groups urged for stronger copyright enforcement while others sought more relaxing of rules. As the bill was being formed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">Commerce Committee in the House of Representatives</a>, the committee recognized that the final bill would be far more encompassing than just copyright reform but would be establishing key principles in the digital commerce marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimmer_riff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In evaluating the enforcement of the WIPO Copyright Treaty with its anti-circumvention provisions with U.S. copyright law, lawmakers recognized that traditionally copyright law did not generally account for the medium of the work, as it was generally impossible to make an exact copy of an analog work previously, and current law was only concerned with unlawful acts of copyright violations. Since digital technology could allow for infinite numbers of exact copies of works to be made, the lawmakers agreed they had to extend copyright to include limits on devices and services which could be used for circumvention in addition to acts of circumvention.<sup id="cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimmer_riff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In establishing this, the lawmakers also recognized this would have a negative impact on <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> without exceptions, with electronic works potentially falling into the public domain but still locked beyond circumvention measures, but they also needed to balance the rights of copyright holders. The DMCA as passed contained some basic fair use allowance such as for limited <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">security research</a>. Lawmakers opted to create a <a href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law" title="United States administrative law">rulemaking</a> mechanism through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> to review the state of copyrights and fair use to make limited classes of allowance for fair use which would be considered lawful means of using circumvention technology.<sup id="cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimmer_riff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_I:_WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act">Title I: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</h3></div> <p>DMCA Title I, the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a>, amends U.S. copyright law to comply with the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization_Copyright_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a>, adopted at the WIPO Diplomatic Conference in December 1996. The treaties have two major portions. One portion includes works covered by several treaties in U.S. copy prevention laws and gave the title its name. For further analysis of this portion of the Act and of cases under it, see <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a>. </p><p>The second portion (17 U.S.C. 1201) is often known as the DMCA <a href="/wiki/Anti-circumvention" title="Anti-circumvention">anti-circumvention</a> provisions. These provisions changed the remedies for the circumvention of copy-prevention systems (also called "technical protection measures"). The section contains a number of specific limitations and exemptions, for such things as government research and <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> in specified situations. Although section 1201(c) of the title stated that the section does not change the underlying substantive copyright infringement rights, remedies, or defenses, it did not make those defenses available in circumvention actions. The section does not include a <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> exemption from criminality nor a <a href="/wiki/Scienter" title="Scienter">scienter</a> requirement, so criminal liability could attach to even unintended circumvention for legitimate purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_II:_Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act">Title II: Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</h3></div> <p>DMCA Title II, the <a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a> ("OCILLA"), creates a <a href="/wiki/Safe_harbor_(law)" title="Safe harbor (law)">safe harbor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Online_service_provider" title="Online service provider">online service providers</a> (OSPs, including <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a>) against copyright infringement liability, provided they meet specific requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OSPs must adhere to and qualify for certain prescribed safe harbor guidelines and promptly block access to alleged infringing material (or remove such material from their systems) when they receive <a href="/wiki/DMCA_takedown_notice" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA takedown notice">notification of an infringement claim</a> from a copyright holder or the copyright holder's agent (a "notice and takedown" process). OCILLA also includes a counternotification provision that offers OSPs a safe harbor from liability to their users when users claim that the material in question is not, in fact, infringing. OCILLA also facilitates issuing of <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenas</a> against OSPs to provide their users' identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_III:_Computer_Maintenance_Competition_Assurance_Act">Title III: Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act</h3></div> <p>DMCA Title III modified <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/117.html">section 117</a> of the copyright title so that those repairing computers could make certain temporary, limited copies while working on a computer. It reversed the precedent set in <i><a href="/wiki/MAI_Systems_Corp._v._Peak_Computer,_Inc." title="MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc.">MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc.</a></i>, 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cor. 1993). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_IV:_Miscellaneous_Provisions">Title IV: Miscellaneous Provisions</h3></div> <p>DMCA Title IV contains an assortment of provisions: </p> <ul><li>Clarified and added to the duties of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a>.</li> <li>Added ephemeral copy for broadcasters provisions, including certain <a href="/wiki/Statutory_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory license">statutory licenses</a>.</li> <li>Added provisions to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>.</li> <li>Added provisions to assist libraries with keeping phonorecords of sound recordings.</li> <li>Added provisions relating to collective bargaining and the transfer of movie rights.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_V:_Vessel_Hull_Design_Protection_Act">Title V: Vessel Hull Design Protection Act</h3></div> <p><b>DMCA</b> Title V added sections <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/1301.html">1301</a> through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/1332.html">1332</a> to add a <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a></i> protection for boat hull designs. Boat hull designs were not considered covered under copyright law because boats are useful articles whose form cannot be separated from their function as determined by the Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Bonito_Boats,_Inc._v._Thunder_Craft_Boats,_Inc." title="Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.">Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nimmer_riff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-circumvention_exemptions">Anti-circumvention exemptions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to the safe harbors and exemptions the statute explicitly provides, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap12.html#1201">17 U.S.C. 1201(a)(1)</a> requires that the <a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a> issue exemptions from the prohibition against circumvention of access-control technology. Exemptions are granted when it is shown that access-control technology has had a substantial adverse effect on the ability of people to make non-infringing uses of copyrighted works. </p><p>The exemption rules are revised every three years. Exemption proposals are submitted by the public to the Registrar of Copyrights, and after a process of hearings and public comments, the final rule is recommended by the Registrar and issued by the Librarian. Exemptions expire after three years and must be resubmitted for the next rulemaking cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_exemptions">Previous exemptions</h3></div> <p>The Copyright Office approved two exemptions in 2000, four in 2003, six each in 2006 and 2010, five in 2012, and nine in 2015. </p> <dl><dt>2000 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>In 2000, the first rulemaking, the Office exempted:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Compilations consisting of lists of websites blocked by filtering software applications" (renewed in 2003 but not renewed in 2006); and</li> <li>"Literary works, including computer programs and databases, protected by access control mechanisms that fail to permit access because of malfunction, damage, or obsoleteness." (revised and limited in 2003 and again in 2006).</li></ul> <dl><dt>2003 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>In 2003, the Office made the following rules:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The 2000 filtering exemption was revised and renewed.</li> <li>The 2000 "literary works including computer programs" exemption was limited to "Computer programs protected by dongles that prevent access due to malfunction or damage and which are obsolete" and this exemption was renewed in both 2006 and 2010.</li> <li>A new exemption was implemented for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic books">electronic books</a> for which technological protection measures prevented the use of read-aloud software or screen readers. This exemption was renewed in 2006, 2010, 2012, and 2015.</li> <li>A new exemption was made for "Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and which require the original media or hardware as a condition of access." This exemption was renewed in 2006 but not in 2010.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2006 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>In 2006, the Office made the following rules:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The 2003 exemption on obsolete computer programs and video games was renewed.</li> <li>The 2003 exemption on computer programs protected by dongles was renewed.</li> <li>The 2003 exemption on electronic books was renewed.</li> <li>A new exemption was made for sound recordings allowed after security flaws were found in <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_CD_copy_protection_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal">a copy protection system</a> on some <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> CDs; this was not renewed in 2010.</li> <li>A new exemption was implemented covering the audiovisual works included in the educational library of a college or university's film or media studies department; this was not renewed in 2010.</li> <li>A new exemption was implemented allowing circumvention to allow wireless telephone handsets to connect to wireless networks. This exemption was revised in 2010 to specify used handsets and require authorization from the wireless network operator. Another exemption for wireless handsets was introduced in 2010 specific to interoperability software on the phone itself.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2010 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>Rulemaking was scheduled to occur in 2009, but the final rule was not issued until the following year. The 2010 exemptions, issued in July 2010, are:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Motion pictures on <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> that are lawfully made and acquired and that are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Content_Scrambling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Content Scrambling System">Content Scrambling System</a> when circumvention is accomplished solely in order to accomplish the incorporation of short portions of motion pictures into new works for the purpose of criticism or comment, and where the person engaging in circumvention believes and has reasonable grounds for believing that circumvention is necessary to fulfill the purpose of the use in the following instances: <ul><li>Educational uses by college and university professors and by college and university film and media studies students;</li> <li>Documentary filmmaking;</li> <li>Obsolete software and video game formats.</li> <li>Noncommercial videos. (A new exemption in 2010, similar to a previous educational exemption.)</li></ul></li> <li>Computer programs that enable <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">wireless telephone</a> handsets to execute software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications, when they have been lawfully obtained, with computer programs on the telephone handset. (A new exemption in 2010.)</li> <li>Computer programs, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> or software, that enable used wireless telephone handsets to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is initiated by the owner of the copy of the computer program solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and access to the network is authorized by the operator of the network. (Revised from a similar exemption approved in 2006.)</li> <li>Video games accessible on personal computers and protected by technological protection measures that control access to lawfully obtained works, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the purpose of good faith testing for, investigating, or correcting security flaws or vulnerabilities, if: <ul><li>The information derived from the security testing is used primarily to promote the security of the owner or operator of a computer, computer system, or computer network; and</li> <li>The information derived from the security testing is used or maintained in a manner that does not facilitate copyright infringement or a violation of applicable law. (A new exemption in 2010.)</li></ul></li> <li>Computer programs protected by <a href="/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">dongles</a> that prevent access due to malfunction or damage and which are obsolete. A dongle shall be considered obsolete if it is no longer manufactured or if a replacement or repair is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace. (A renewed exemption from 2006, based on a similar exemption approved in 2003.)</li> <li>Literary works distributed in <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a> format when all existing e-book editions of the work (including digital text editions made available by authorized entities) contain access controls that prevent the enabling either of the book's read-aloud function or of <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a> that render the text into a specialized format. (A renewed exemption from 2006, based on a similar exemption approved in 2003.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>2012 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>The 2012 exemptions, issued in November 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are for: </p> <ul><li>Literary works, distributed electronically, that are protected by technological measures that either prevent the enabling of read-aloud functionality or interfere with screen readers or other applications or assistive technologies</li> <li>Computer programs that enable smartphones and portable all-purpose mobile computing devices to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smartphone or device or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device</li> <li>Computer programs that enable certain types of wireless devices to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is undertaken solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and such connection is authorized by the operator of such network</li> <li>Motion pictures (including television shows and videos), as defined in 17 U.S.C. 101, where circumvention is undertaken solely in order to make use of short portions of the motion pictures for the purpose of criticism or comment in limited instances</li> <li>Motion pictures and other audiovisual works on DVDs that are protected by the Content Scrambling System, or that are distributed by an online service and protected by technological measures that control access to such works, where circumvention is related to developing captioning and descriptive audio technologies</li></ul> <dl><dt>2015 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>The 2015 exemptions, issued in October 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are for: </p> <ul><li>Motion pictures (including television shows and videos), as defined in 17 U.S.C. 101, where circumvention is undertaken solely in order to make use of short portions of the motion pictures for the purpose of criticism or comment in limited instances,</li> <li>Literary works, distributed electronically, that are protected by technological measures that either prevent the enabling of read-aloud functionality or interfere with screen readers or other applications or assistive technologies,</li> <li>Computer programs that enable the following types of wireless devices to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is undertaken solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and such connection is authorized by the operator of such network,</li> <li>Computer programs that enable smartphones, tablets, and portable all-purpose mobile computing devices, and smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smartphone or device or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device,</li> <li>Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a motorized land vehicle such as a personal automobile, commercial motor vehicle, or mechanized agricultural vehicle, except for computer programs primarily designed for the control of telematics or entertainment systems for such vehicle, when circumvention is a necessary step undertaken by the authorized owner of the vehicle to allow the diagnosis, repair or lawful modification of a vehicle function,</li> <li>Computer programs, where the circumvention is undertaken on a lawfully acquired device or machine on which the computer program operates solely for the purpose of good-faith security research and does not violate any applicable law,</li> <li>Video games in the form of computer programs embodied in physical or downloaded formats that have been lawfully acquired as complete games, when the copyright owner or its authorized representative has ceased to provide access to an external computer server necessary to facilitate an authentication process to enable local gameplay,</li> <li>Computer programs that operate 3D printers that employ microchip-reliant technological measures to limit the use of feedstock, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the purpose of using alternative feedstock and not for the purpose of accessing design software, design files or proprietary data, and</li> <li>Literary works consisting of compilations of data generated by medical devices that are wholly or partially implanted in the body or by their corresponding personal monitoring systems, where such circumvention is undertaken by a patient for the sole purpose of lawfully accessing the data generated by his or her own device or monitoring system.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2018 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>The 2018 exemptions, issued in October 2018, are for:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Motion pictures (including television shows and videos), as defined in 17 U.S.C. 101, where circumvention is undertaken solely in order to make use of short portions of the motion pictures for the purpose of criticism or comment, for supervised educational purposes, or to accommodate for <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> for disabled students in educational institutions;</li> <li>Literary works, distributed electronically, that are protected by technological measures that either prevent the enabling of read-aloud functionality or interfere with screen readers or other applications or assistive technologies;</li> <li>Literary works consisting of compilations of data generated by medical devices that are wholly or partially implanted in the body or by their corresponding personal monitoring systems, for the sole purpose of lawfully accessing the data on one's own device;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable wireless devices to connect to a wireless telecommunications network when circumvention is undertaken solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and such connection is authorized by the operator of such network;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable smartphones, tablets and portable all-purpose mobile computing devices, and smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smartphone or device or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smart television;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable voice assistant devices to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the device;</li> <li>Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a motorized land vehicle such as a personal automobile, commercial motor vehicle, or mechanized agricultural vehicle, except for computer programs primarily designed for the control of telematics or entertainment systems for such vehicle, when circumvention is a necessary step undertaken by the authorized owner of the vehicle to allow the diagnosis, repair or lawful modification of a vehicle function;</li> <li>Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired smartphone or home appliance or home system when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of such a device or system;</li> <li>Computer programs, where the circumvention is undertaken on a lawfully acquired device or machine on which the computer program operates solely for the purpose of good-faith security research and does not violate any applicable law,</li> <li>Video games in the form of computer programs embodied in physical or downloaded formats that have been lawfully acquired as complete games, when the copyright owner or its authorized representative has ceased to provide access to an external computer server necessary to facilitate an authentication process to enable local gameplay;</li> <li>Video games in the form of computer programs embodied in physical or downloaded formats that have been lawfully acquired as complete games, that do not require access to an external computer server for gameplay, and that are no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace, solely for the purpose of preservation of the game in a playable form by an eligible library, archives, or museum;</li> <li>Computer programs used to operate video game consoles solely to the extent necessary for an eligible library, archives, or museum to engage in the preservation activities for the video game exceptions above;</li> <li>Computer programs, except video games, that have been lawfully acquired and that are no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace, solely for the purpose of lawful preservation of a computer program, or of digital materials dependent upon a computer program as a condition of access, by an eligible library, archives, or museum; and</li> <li>Computer programs that operate 3D printers that employ microchip-reliant technological measures to limit the use of feedstock, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the purpose of using alternative feedstock and not for the purpose of accessing design software, design files, or proprietary data.</li></ul> <dl><dt>2021 rulemaking</dt></dl> <p>The 2021 exemptions, issued in October 2021, are for:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Motion pictures (including television shows and videos), as defined in 17 U.S.C. 101, where circumvention is undertaken solely in order to make use of short portions of the motion pictures for the purpose of criticism or comment, for supervised educational purposes, to accommodate for <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> for disabled students in educational institutions, for preservation of the motion picture by a library, archive, or museum, or for research purposes at educational institutions;</li> <li>Literary works, distributed electronically, that are protected by technological measures that either prevent the enabling of read-aloud functionality or interfere with screen readers or other applications or assistive technologies, or for research purposes at educational institutions;</li> <li>Literary works consisting of compilations of data generated by medical devices that are wholly or partially implanted in the body or by their corresponding personal monitoring systems, for the sole purpose of lawfully accessing the data on one's own device;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable wireless devices to connect to a wireless telecommunications network when circumvention is undertaken solely in order to connect to a wireless telecommunications network and such connection is authorized by the operator of such network;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable smartphones, tablets, and portable all-purpose mobile computing devices, and smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smartphone or device or to permit removal of software from the smartphone or device;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable smart televisions to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the smart television;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable voice assistant devices to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the device;</li> <li>Computer programs that enable routers and dedicated network devices to execute lawfully obtained software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications with computer programs on the router or dedicated network device, and is not accomplished for the purpose of gaining unauthorized access to other copyrighted works;</li> <li>Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired motorized land vehicle or marine vessel such as a personal automobile or boat, commercial vehicle or vessel, or mechanized agricultural vehicle or vessel, except for programs accessed through a separate subscription service, when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, repair, or lawful modification of a vehicle or vessel function, where such circumvention is not accomplished for the purpose of gaining unauthorized access to other copyrighted works;</li> <li>Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired device that is primarily designed for use by consumers, when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of such a device, and is not accomplished for the purpose of gaining access to other copyrighted works;</li> <li>Computer programs that are contained in and control the functioning of a lawfully acquired medical device or system, and related data files, when circumvention is a necessary step to allow the diagnosis, maintenance, or repair of such a device or system.</li> <li>Computer programs, where the circumvention is undertaken on a lawfully acquired device or machine on which the computer program operates, or is undertaken on a computer, computer system, or computer network on which the computer program operates with the authorization of the owner or operator of such computer, computer system, or computer network, solely for the purpose of good-faith security research.</li> <li>Video games in the form of computer programs embodied in physical or downloaded formats that have been lawfully acquired as complete games, when the copyright owner or its authorized representative has ceased to provide access to an external computer server necessary to facilitate an authentication process to enable local gameplay;</li> <li>Computer programs, except video games, that have been lawfully acquired and that are no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace, solely for the purpose of lawful preservation of a computer program, or of digital materials dependent upon a computer program as a condition of access, by an eligible library, archives, or museum, where such activities are carried out without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage.</li> <li>Computer programs that operate 3D printers that employ technological measures to limit the use of material, when circumvention is accomplished solely for the purpose of using alternative material and not for the purpose of accessing design software, design files, or proprietary data;</li> <li>Computer programs, solely for the purpose of investigating a potential infringement of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source">free and open source</a> computer programs;</li> <li>Video games in the form of computer programs, embodied in lawfully acquired physical or downloaded formats, and operated on a general-purpose computer, where circumvention is undertaken solely for the purpose of allowing an individual with a physical disability to use software or hardware input methods other than a standard keyboard or mouse.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_study">2015 study</h3></div> <p>After much criticism (see <a href="#Criticisms">below</a>), on December 29, 2015, the Copyright Office initiated a study to assess the operation of section 1201 and the triennial rulemaking process. This is different from usual public comments on exemption proposals. It includes the role of the anti-trafficking provisions and permanent exemptions, and the requirements of the rulemaking itself. The Office has issued a Notice of Inquiry requesting public comment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several comments were posted by individuals and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual recalls that the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a> has limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a> <i>et al.</i> hold there is no need to amend the statute or to significantly alter the rulemaking. They are happy with the protection they are being granted, including anti-trafficking provisions, and talk of placing the cart before the horse, when they argue about requiring a proof of the mindset that consumers would have when utilizing circumvention tools before actual acts of circumvention occur. In their opinion, the meaning of Section 1201 is to <i>extend</i>, not merely duplicate, copyright holder's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Archivists" title="Society of American Archivists">Society of American Archivists</a> say they are not aware that the anti-trafficking provisions of section 1201(a)(2) and 1201(b) have had any impact in deterring copyright infringement. They do know, however, that the provisions have created an absurd, Catch-22 situation for any archives that sought to adhere to the letter of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IFixit" title="IFixit">iFixit</a> also talks of Catch-22 on stressing that since it is up to proponents to show that an exemption is relevant, they need to show that there's overwhelming market demand <i>if only it were legal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rapid7" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid7">Rapid7</a> notice that DMCA adversely affects good faith security research by forbidding researchers from circumventing technological protection measures (TPMs) to analyze software for vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberlaw Clinic at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> points out that the rulemaking is a complicated, <i>ad hoc</i>, and unduly burdensome process.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professors <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Matwyshyn" title="Andrea M. Matwyshyn">Andrea M. Matwyshyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Bellovin" title="Steven M. Bellovin">Steven M. Bellovin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_Blaze" title="Matt Blaze">Matt Blaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Alex_Halderman" title="J. Alex Halderman">J. Alex Halderman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Heninger" title="Nadia Heninger">Nadia Heninger</a>, jointly advocated making the security research exemption granted in the 2015 Triennial Section 1201 Rulemaking permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Learning_Disabilities_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Learning Disabilities Association (page does not exist)">Learning Disabilities Association</a> of America (LDA) commented that circumventing DRM restrictions to meet accessibility needs deserves a permanent exception.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">Entertainment Software Association</a> gives a vivid and detailed description of a flourishing market which is only possible because of DMCA.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are deeply concerned about people with disabilities, but that concern is already being taken care of by the copyright holders, so that no permanent exception is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comments have also been submitted by, among others, <a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Law_Libraries" title="American Association of Law Libraries">American Association of Law Libraries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Business_Software_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Software Alliance">Business Software Alliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Automobile_Manufacturers" title="Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers">Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> <i>et al.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> U.S. Public Policy Council,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Software_and_Information_Industry_Association" title="Software and Information Industry Association">Software and Information Industry Association</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DVD Copy Control Association ("DVD CCA") <i>et al.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Association for Competitive Technology,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Automobile_Association" title="American Automobile Association">American Automobile Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2017, the Copyright Office published a report where it "shares the concern" that Section 1201 can affect activities unrelated to copyright infringement, but also expressed concerns over weakening "the right of copyright owners to exercise meaningful control over the terms of access to their works online", which they believe is "essential to the development of the digital marketplace for creative content".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with respect to the question of whether the security research exemption granted in the 2015 Triennial cycle should be made permanent in some form, the Office recommended "that Congress consider expanding the reach of this exemption, easing the strict authorization requirement for researchers and restrictions on the use of information generated from the research, and abandoning or clarifying the multifactor test," stating that "it continues to believe that the exemption adopted in 2015 can be a useful starting point, and notes that most of the security researchers who petitioned for that exemption ... agree."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_law">Case law</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-circumvention">Anti-circumvention</h3></div> <p>The anti-circumvention provisions in Section 1201 of the DMCA have seen some challenges in the courts but which have generally been upheld. While initially the challenges were focused on clear applications to software-based access control products, some cases considered how the DMCA also extended to hardware-based access controls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software-based_case_law">Software-based case law</h4></div> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Universal_City_Studios,_Inc._v._Reimerdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes">Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes</a>/Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley</b></i> – Eight movie studios had sued <a href="/wiki/Eric_Corley" title="Eric Corley">Eric Corley</a>, Shawn Reimerdes, and Roman Kazan, editors of <i><a href="/wiki/2600:_The_Hacker_Quarterly" title="2600: The Hacker Quarterly">2600: The Hacker Quarterly</a></i>, for publishing the code of <a href="/wiki/DeCSS" title="DeCSS">DeCSS</a>, an algorithm designed to bypass the <a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a> (CSS) used to encrypt <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> content. The studios argued that the code was an anti-circumvention device as defined by the DMCA. While Reimerdes and Kazan entered into consent decrees and were subsequently dropped from the suit, Corley continued the case. He argued that DeCSS, as computer code, was protected as free speech, and the DMCA allowed users to make copies of media they legally owned. Both the District Court and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">Second Circuit</a> rejected Corley's arguments. While the court agreed that a computer program qualifies as protected speech, the distribution of anti-circumvention devices was not considered a fair use option by Section 1201, and thus DeCSS was not protected by First Amendment rights.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Elcom_Ltd." title="United States v. Elcom Ltd.">United States v. Elcom Ltd.</a></b></i> – Moscow-based Elcom had developed software that was able to remove protections on an <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a> PDF file, such as those used in <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a> distribution. Adobe requested the U.S. Department of Justice take action against the company for violating the DMCA. Elcom argued in court that the DMCA was unconstitutionally vague and allowed for circumvention of use controls for purposes of fair use. The company also claimed that the act violated the First Amendment by placing too much burden on those seeking to use protected works for fair use. The initial ruling at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California">U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California</a> rejected both arguments on the basis of <i>Corley</i>. The ruling established that the DMCA was not unconstitutional, and that while it did place a burden on users accessing works for fair use, the DMCA did not outright restrict fair use. In the case of the ebook example, the ruling observed that the user may have to type a quote from the ebook rather than copy and paste from the unprotected version.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/321_Studios_v._Metro_Goldwyn_Mayer_Studios,_Inc." title="321 Studios v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios, Inc.">321 Studios v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios, Inc.</a></b></i> – 321 Studios made copies that allowed users to copy DVDs, including those with CSS copy protection, to another DVD or to a CD-ROM. The company sought <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">declaratory judgment</a> from MGM Studios that their software did not violate the DMCA, or sought to have the DMCA ruled unconstitutional. The case, heard in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, ruled against 321 Studios on both arguments. The court ruled that 321 Studios' software was not protected speech and violated the DMCA. Additionally, they argued that the issues pertaining to the constitutionality of the DMCA were answered by prior cases, as case law from <i>Corley</i> and <i>Elcom</i> effectively established that the DMCA could not be challenged on the basis of constitutionality.<sup id="cite_ref-btlj_growing_body_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btlj_growing_body-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Durable_goods_case_law">Durable goods case law</h4></div> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_Group,_Inc._v._Skylink_Technologies,_Inc." title="Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink Technologies, Inc.">Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink Technologies, Inc.</a></b></i> – Chamberlain manufactured garage door openers and accessories, while Skylink created universal remotes that worked with a variety of door openers. Chamberlain developed a security protocol for its remotes that matched the remote to the door via software-based <a href="/wiki/Rolling_code" title="Rolling code">rolling code</a>; this was intended to prevent unauthorized opening. Skylink utilized a resynchronization feature of the Chamberlain security software to create a universal remote that worked with the Chamberlain openers. Chamberlain sued Skylink, arguing that the rolling code was effectively an access control device, and Skylink violated the DMCA. Both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois">United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> ruled in favor of Skylink that there was no DMCA violation. The courts ruled the DMCA did not create a new property right, and thus consumers that owned Chamberlain's product had a right to circumvent any restrictions, since this was typical practice on the market. They also pointed out that customers purchasing a Chamberlain garage door opener did not sign an <a href="/wiki/End_user_license_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="End user license agreement">end user license agreement</a> waiving those rights.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lexmark_International,_Inc._v._Static_Control_Components,_Inc." title="Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.">Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.</a></b></i> – Lexmark had developed a lock-out mechanism for its <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">inkjet printers</a> that would prevent use of any third party ink cartridges. The mechanism used a program in the printer along with an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">electronic chip</a> on the cartridge to validate the authenticity of the product. Static Control Components reverse engineered the chip using the program from the printer and were able to make their own ink cartridges compatible with Lexmark printers. Lexmark sued, claiming a DMCA violation, and won at the District Court. However, the case was overturned shortly after by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a>. The Sixth Circuit acknowledged that Lexmark's programs to manage the lockout were copyrightable and thus eligible for protections under the DMCA. However, the appeals court pointed out that Lexmark failed to include an anti-circumvention device that "effectively controls access" to the printer lockout program.<sup id="cite_ref-btlj_growing_body_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btlj_growing_body-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linking_to_infringing_content">Linking to infringing content</h3></div> <p>Case law is currently unsettled with regard to websites that contain links to infringing material; however, there have been a few lower-court decisions which have ruled against linking in narrowly prescribed circumstances. It is considered a violation when the owner of a website has been issued an injunction against posting infringing material on their website, and then links to the same material to circumvent the injunction. Another area involves linking to software or devices which are designed to circumvent <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> devices, or links from websites whose sole purpose is to circumvent copyright protection by linking to copyrighted material.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ADigital_Millennium_Copyright_Act&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+17+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Digital+Millennium+Copyright+Act">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edelman_v._N2H2"><i>Edelman v. N2H2</i></h4></div> <p>In July 2002, <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> filed a lawsuit on the behalf of Benjamin Edelman, a computer researcher at Berkman Center for Internet and Society, seeking a <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">declaratory judgment</a> to affirm his first amendment rights when reverse engineering the censorware product of defendant N2H2 in case he intended to publish the finding. N2H2 filed a motion to dismiss, which the court granted on the basis that Edelman had not finished reverse engneeering, and the court did not make advisory opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association,_Inc."><span id="RealNetworks.2C_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association.2C_Inc."></span><i>RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.</i></h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.</a></div> <p>In August 2009, the <a href="/wiki/DVD_Copy_Control_Association" title="DVD Copy Control Association">DVD Copy Control Association</a> won a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a> for violating copyright law in selling its RealDVD software, allowing users to copy DVDs and store them on a harddrive. The DVD Copy Control Association claimed that Real violated the DMCA by manufacturing and trafficking a tool that circumvented anti-piracy measures <a href="/wiki/ARccOS_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="ARccOS Protection">ARccOS Protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/RipGuard" class="mw-redirect" title="RipGuard">RipGuard</a>, as well as breaking Real's licensing agreement with the Content Scrambling System.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viacom_Inc._v._YouTube,_Google_Inc."><span id="Viacom_Inc._v._YouTube.2C_Google_Inc."></span><i>Viacom Inc. v. YouTube, Google Inc.</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></div> <p>On March 13, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (2005–present)">Viacom</a> filed a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and its corporate parent <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> for copyright infringement seeking more than $1 billion in damages. The complaint was filed in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York">U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York</a>. </p><p>Viacom claims the popular video-sharing site was engaging in "massive intentional copyright infringement" for making available a contended 160,000 unauthorized clips of Viacom's entertainment programming. Google relied on the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act's "safe harbor" provision to shield them from liability.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, 2010, U.S. District Judge Louis Stanton granted summary judgment in favor of YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court held that YouTube is protected by the safe harbor of the DMCA. Viacom appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 5, 2012, the federal Second Circuit Court of Appeals vacated Judge Louis Stanton's ruling, and instead ruled that Viacom had presented enough evidence against YouTube to warrant a trial, and the case should not have been thrown out in summary judgment. The court did uphold the ruling that YouTube could not be held liable based on "general knowledge" that users on its site were infringing copyright. The case was sent back to the District Court in New York,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on April 18, 2013, Judge Stanton issued another order granting summary judgment in favor of YouTube. Before it was sent back to the Court of Appeals, a settlement was reached; no money changed hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IO_Group,_Inc._v._Veoh_Networks,_Inc."><span id="IO_Group.2C_Inc._v._Veoh_Networks.2C_Inc."></span><i>IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc.</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IO_Group,_Inc._v._Veoh_Networks,_Inc." title="IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc.">IO Group, Inc. v. Veoh Networks, Inc.</a></div> <p>On June 23, 2006, IO Group, Inc. filed a complaint against <a href="/wiki/Veoh" title="Veoh">Veoh Networks, Inc.</a> in the U.S. District Court for California's Northern District.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IO Group alleged that Veoh was responsible for copyright infringement by allowing videos owned by IO Group to be accessed through Veoh's online service without permission over 40,000 times between the dates June 1 and June 22.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veoh is a Flash video site relying on user contributed content. IO Group argued that since Veoh <a href="/wiki/Transcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcode">transcoded</a> user uploaded videos to Flash format it became a direct infringer and the materials were under their direct control, thereby disqualifying them for DMCA safe harbor protection. </p><p>The ruling judge disagreed with the argument, stating that </p> <blockquote><p>Veoh has simply established a system whereby software automatically processes user-submitted content and recasts it in a format that is readily accessible to its users. Veoh preselects the software parameters for the process from a range of default values set by the thirdparty software... But Veoh does not itself actively participate or supervise the uploading of files. Nor does it preview or select the files before the upload is completed. Instead, video files are uploaded through an automated process which is initiated entirely at the volition of Veoh's users.</p></blockquote> <p>The Court has granted the Veoh's motion for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a>, on the basis of the DMCA, holding that the defendant's video-sharing web site complied and was entitled to the protection of the statute's "safe harbor" provision.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Veoh won the court case, it blamed the litigation as one of the causes of its preparing to file Chapter 7 bankruptcy and its subsequent sale to Qlipso.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vernor_v._Autodesk,_Inc."><span id="Vernor_v._Autodesk.2C_Inc."></span><i>Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc.</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vernor_v._Autodesk,_Inc." title="Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc.">Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc.</a></div> <p>After numerous <a href="/wiki/DMCA_takedown_notice" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA takedown notice">DMCA takedown notices</a> in response to his eBay listings, Timothy S. Vernor sued Autodesk in August 2007, alleging that Autodesk abused the DMCA and disrupted his right to sell used software he bought at a garage sale.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2008, a federal district judge in Washington State Autodesk's authorized that the software's license agreement preempted the seller from his rights under the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that "a software user is a licensee rather than an owner of a copy where the copyright owner (1) specifies that the user is granted a license; (2) significantly authorized the user's ability to transfer the software; and (3) imposes notable use authorizations."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp."><i>Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></div> <p>In 2007, Stephanie Lenz, a writer and editor from <a href="/wiki/Gallitzin,_Pennsylvania" title="Gallitzin, Pennsylvania">Gallitzin, Pennsylvania</a> made a home video of her 13-month-old son dancing to the <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Crazy" title="Let's Go Crazy">Let's Go Crazy</a>" and posted a 29-second video on the video-sharing site <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Four months after the video was originally uploaded, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, which owned the copyrights to the song, ordered YouTube to remove the video enforcing the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. </p><p>Lenz notified YouTube immediately that her video was within the scope of fair use, and demanded that it be restored. YouTube complied after six weeks—not two weeks, as required by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act—to see whether Universal planned to sue Lenz for infringement. Lenz then sued Universal Music in California for her legal costs, claiming the music company had acted in bad faith by ordering removal of a video that represented fair use of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2008, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Fogel" title="Jeremy Fogel">Jeremy Fogel</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> ruled that copyright holders cannot order a deletion of an online file without determining whether that posting reflected "fair use" of the copyrighted material. </p><p>On February 25, 2010, Judge Fogel issued a ruling rejecting several of Universal's affirmative defenses, including the defense that Lenz suffered no damages.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the court ultimately upheld the finding that Universal was liable under 17 USC 512(f) (the DMCA's bad faith notice and takedown provision) for failing to consider fair use before sending its initial takedown notice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flava_Works_Inc._v._Gunter"><i>Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flava_Works_Inc._v._Gunter" title="Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter">Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter</a></div> <p>In the case of Flava Works Inc. v. Gunter the court denied the defendant safe harbor protection under DMCA <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/512">§ 512</a></span>. The district court found that the defendant had knowledge of its users' infringing activity and also failed to prevent future infringing activity. As such the plaintiff's motion for preliminary injunction was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On appeal, however, the Seventh Circuit vacated the injunction, citing the standard set in <a href="/wiki/EBay_Inc._v._MercExchange,_L.L.C." title="EBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.">eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.</a>, which states that courts should not rely on categorical rules as a standard for injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc."><i>Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ouellette_v._Viacom_International_Inc." title="Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.">Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc.</a></div> <p>In this case of Ouellette v. Viacom International Inc., the court denied plaintiff's attempt to find liability for YouTube and Myspace's takedowns of the plaintiff's homemade videos. Despite potential fair use claims, the court found it impossible to use the DMCA takedown provisions as a foundation for liability. The court found that the safe harbor provision serves "to limit the liability of internet service providers, not to create liability that could not otherwise be imposed under existing law independent of the DMCA."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sony_v._George_Hotz"><i>Sony v. George Hotz</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment_America_v._George_Hotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz">Sony Computer Entertainment America v. George Hotz</a></div> <p>In January 2011, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment">Sony Computer Entertainment</a> sued <a href="/wiki/George_Hotz" title="George Hotz">George Hotz</a> over violating the Section 1201 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act as well as the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Federal Fraud and Abuse Act</a> due to facilitating consumers to <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Jailbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="PlayStation Jailbreak">jailbreak</a> their <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a> consoles.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hotz argued that because he had purchased the product, he had the right to do with it as he pleased. After three months, Sony and Hotz decided to settle out of court. This also included an injunction against George Hotz, barring him from hacking any more Sony products.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automattic,_Inc._and_Oliver_Hotham_v._Nick_Steiner"><span id="Automattic.2C_Inc._and_Oliver_Hotham_v._Nick_Steiner"></span><i>Automattic, Inc. and Oliver Hotham v. Nick Steiner</i></h4></div> <p>In 2013, Oliver Hotham wrote an article on <a href="/wiki/WordPress.com" title="WordPress.com">WordPress</a> (owned by Automattic, Inc.) critical of Straight Pride UK that included material from a press release sent to him by Straight Pride UK's press officer, Nick Steiner. Steiner sent WordPress a DMCA takedown notice claiming that Hotham's article infringed their copyright. WordPress and Hotham sued in a federal District Court in California, under §512(f) of the DMCA, claiming that the takedown notice was fraudulent, and that the takedown cost the plaintiffs time, lost work and attorneys' fees. In 2015, the court issued a <a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">default judgment</a> in favor of WordPress and Hotham in the amount of $25,084.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_takedown_notice">Abuse of takedown notice</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> asserted misuse of the DMCA in a filing concerning New Zealand's copyright act,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quoting results from a 2005 study by California academics <a href="/wiki/Laura_Quilter" title="Laura Quilter">Laura Quilter</a> and Jennifer Urban based on data from the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(website)" title="Lumen (website)">Chilling Effects</a> clearinghouse.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takedown notices targeting a competing business made up over half (57%) of the notices Google has received, the company said, and more than one-third (37%) "were not valid copyright claims."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there are three main abuses of the DMCA: </p> <ul><li>Fair use has been a legal gray area subject to opposing interpretations. This has caused inequitable treatment of individual cases.</li> <li>The DMCA has often been invoked overbearingly, favoring larger copyright holders over smaller ones, causing accidental takedowns of legitimate content, such as a record company accidentally removing a music video from their own artist.</li> <li>The lack of perjury consequences in claims encourages censorship. This has caused temporary takedowns of legitimate content that can be financially damaging to the legitimate copyright holder, who has no recourse for reimbursement. Businesses have used this to censor competition.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The use of DMCA-enabled takedown notices has been raised for a number of services that allow users to provide content. Early concerns were focused on <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> services such as <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>. Such services grew after <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> was sued by several music industry groups in <i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (2001) which ruled that Napster was liable for enabling copyright infringement under the DMCA since they maintained central servers that tracked file sharing; by switching to the peer-to-peer model, these new services avoided this possible legality. However, some still saw legal challenges, such as <i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005) based on the fact they were operated commercially and promoted the ability to share copyrighted works. Non-commercial and open-source peer-to-peer services were able to survive from these case laws, leading entertainment groups to deploy software on the services to track downloads,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently attempted to serve takedown notices and sue users on the services for copyright violations under the DMCA since around 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of these methods were imprecise, leading to a number of false accusations at users.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigative news site Project Brazen stated that, shortly after publishing a story on 10 October 2023 about Indian businessman Gaurav Srivastava,<sup id="cite_ref-t543_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t543-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an account was created on blogging site <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a> that republished the content of their story and backdated it to 8 October 2023, two days before their article came out. Following a copyright infringement complaint filed on legal archive Lumen and without checking the veracity of the source, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> delisted the Project Brazen article.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-k066_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k066-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_the_anti-circumvention_provision">Abuse of the anti-circumvention provision</h3></div> <p>In 2015 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> abused the DMCA to hide their vehicles' <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">emissions cheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that had the DMCA not prevented access to the software "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>a researcher with legal access to Volkswagen's software could have discovered the code that changed how the cars behave in testing<span class="nowrap"> </span>..."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_analog_video_equipment">Effect on analog video equipment</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Analog_Copy_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog Copy Protection">Analog Copy Protection</a> (ACP), the encryption technology created by <a href="/wiki/Rovi_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovi Corporation">Rovi Corporation</a> (formerly Macrovision, now TiVo), is designed to thwart users' attempts to reproduce content via analog cables. When a DVD is played through an analog video cable and recorded using a <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a>, Rovi's ACP technology will distort the copy partially or completely.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The technology works by adding additional lines to the video signal. In the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> video standard, blank lines (<a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking intervals</a>) that the user cannot see are used for functions like closed captioning. Rovi Corporation uses these blank lines to implement its ACP technology.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The implementation of ACP has been ill-regarded by some video enthusiasts. Many claim that the technology has led to signal issues with VCRs and analog video equipment. Some VCRs misread the encryption used to prevent copying, distorting the video image regardless of whether the recording is original or a copy. </p><p>The DMCA has been criticized for forcing all producers of analog video equipment to support the proprietary copy protection technology of Rovi Corporation, a commercial firm. The producers of video equipment are forced by law to support and implement the corporation's proprietary technology. This benefits Rovi Corporation financially, whereas those forced to implement it receive neither profit nor compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, some criticize the implementation of ACP as a violation of their <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> rights. A TV-streaming product called the <a href="/wiki/Slingbox" title="Slingbox">Slingbox</a> uses analog signals to convey video from television to a mobile device. However, the encryption used by ACP blocks analog transmission, rendering the Slingbox unusable. Additionally ACP blocks the use of recording for educational purposes. On one or more accounts, students have not been able to cite and record cable sources properly due to ACP restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_research">Effect on research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></div> <p>The DMCA has affected the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> research community, since an argument can be made that any cryptanalytic research violates, or might violate, the DMCA. The arrest of Russian programmer <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Sklyarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Sklyarov">Dmitry Sklyarov</a> in 2001, for alleged infringement of the DMCA, was a highly publicized example of the law's use to prevent or penalize development of anti-DRM measures.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While working for <a href="/wiki/ElcomSoft" title="ElcomSoft">ElcomSoft</a> in Russia, he developed <i>The Advanced eBook Processor</i>, a software application allowing users to strip usage restriction information from restricted <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>, an activity legal in both Russia and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paradoxically, under the DMCA, it is not legal in the United States to provide such a tool. Sklyarov was arrested in the United States after presenting a speech at <a href="/wiki/DEF_CON_(convention)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEF CON (convention)">DEF CON</a> and subsequently spent nearly a month in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DMCA has also been cited as <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilling effect (term)">chilling</a> to legitimate users, such as students of <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a> (including, in a well-known instance, Professor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Felten" title="Edward Felten">Edward Felten</a> and students at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and security consultants such as <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ferguson" title="Niels Ferguson">Niels Ferguson</a>, who has declined to publish information about vulnerabilities he discovered in an <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel</a> secure-computing scheme because of his concern about being arrested under the DMCA when he travels to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_innovation_and_competition">Effect on innovation and competition</h3></div> <p>In at least one court case, the DMCA has been used by <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> software projects to defend against conversion of software (i.e., license violations) that involved removal of copyright notices.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jonathan Bailey of <i>Plagiarism Today</i> argued that the DMCA has left <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> subsidiary) with no incentive to find new innovations for vetting submitted books for <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> or copyright theft before allowing them to be published. According to Bailey, "Amazon doesn't do much to vet the books it publishes. Plagiarism isn't even mentioned in its KDP help files. What this means is that it's trivial to publish almost anything you want regardless of the quality of the work or, in these cases, how original it is. In fact, many complain that Amazon fails to vet works for even simple issues such as formatting and layout. Though Amazon will, sometimes, remove works that violates their terms of service after they get complaints, they're happy to sell the books and reap the profits until they get such a notice. And, from Amazon's perspective, this is completely legal. They are protected by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) as well as other laws, in particular <a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a> of the Communications Decency Act, that basically mean they are under no obligation to vet or check the works they publish. They are legally free to produce and sell books, physical and digital, regardless of whether they are plagiarized, copyright infringing or otherwise illegal."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_reform">Legislative reform</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Copyright Act">Digital Copyright Act</a></div> <p>There have been several Congressional efforts to modify the Act. <a href="/wiki/The_Unlocking_Technology_Act_of_2013" title="The Unlocking Technology Act of 2013">The Unlocking Technology Act of 2013</a> was introduced to attempt to exempt non-infringing uses from the anti-circumvention clause.<sup id="cite_ref-Couts_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couts-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the bill was not passed by Congress. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> was passed, granting a specific exemption for unlocking cell phones, without affecting the other provisions of the DMCA. </p><p>Bills in 2015 included the Unlocking Technology Act of 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Breaking Down Barriers to Innovation Act of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republicans are considering legislation as well, as it becomes clear that Section 1201 is impeding the country's security. Facing escalating numbers of cyberthreats, cybersecurity researchers petitioned to conduct research to keep pace with evolving cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, stating: "Without such an exemption, security risks will lie unaddressed and the public will be substantially less safe."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bills are intended to address the fact that section 1201 prevents circumvention even when doing so is not copyright infringement. In addition, the section requires exemption proponents to bear the burden of proof every time their exemption comes up for triennial review, instead of there being a presumption of renewal for an exemption whose importance was previously proven. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rick_Boucher" title="Rick Boucher">Rick Boucher</a>, a congressman from Virginia, led previous efforts by introducing the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Media_Consumers%27_Rights_Act" title="Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act">Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act</a> (DMCRA). </p><p>A prominent bill related to the DMCA is the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Broadband_and_Digital_Television_Promotion_Act" title="Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act">Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act</a> (CBDTPA), known in early drafts as the Security Systems and Standards Certification Act (SSSCA). This bill, if it had passed, would have dealt with the devices used to access digital content and would have been even more restrictive than the DMCA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (February 2015)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a> introduced a draft revision of the DMCA in December 2020. A fundamental change in his language would be to support "<a href="/wiki/Notice_and_stay_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Notice and stay down">notice and stay down</a>" for service providers, requiring them to take measures to prevent material that has already been determined to be violating copyright to be re-uploaded by users. While the draft was praised by the entertainment industry, free speech advocacy groups feared the language would require services to employ automatic filtering and would further limit freedom of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2></div> <p>On the fifth anniversary of the DMCA, and several times afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> documented harmful consequences of the anti-circumvention provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They document that the DMCA: </p> <ol><li>Stifles free expression, such as in its use against Russian programmer <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Sklyarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Sklyarov">Dmitry Sklyarov</a>, Princeton Professor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Felten" title="Edward Felten">Edward Felten</a>, and journalists;</li> <li>Jeopardizes <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>;</li> <li>Impedes competition, such as blocking aftermarket competition in toner cartridges, garage door openers, and enforcing <a href="/wiki/Walled_garden_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walled garden (technology)">walled gardens</a> around the <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>Interferes with computer intrusion laws.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In July 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> sued the US government in <i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._Department_of_Justice" title="Green v. Department of Justice">Green v. Department of Justice</a></i> alleging that Section 1201 violates the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Proposed international law</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement" title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>DMCA anti-circumvention cases</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/321_Studios_v._Metro_Goldwyn_Mayer_Studios,_Inc." title="321 Studios v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios, Inc.">321 Studios v. Metro Goldwyn Mayer Studios, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_v._Skylink" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamberlain v. Skylink">Chamberlain v. Skylink</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facebook,_Inc._v._Power_Ventures,_Inc." title="Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc.">Facebook, Inc. v. Power Ventures, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexmark_Int%27l_v._Static_Control_Components" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexmark Int'l v. Static Control Components">Lexmark Int'l v. Static Control Components</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murphy_v._Millennium_Radio_Group_LLC" title="Murphy v. Millennium Radio Group LLC">Murphy v. Millennium Radio Group LLC</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Sklyarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Sklyarov">Dmitry Sklyarov</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._ElcomSoft_and_Sklyarov" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. ElcomSoft and Sklyarov">United States v. ElcomSoft and Sklyarov</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_v._Reimerdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal v. Reimerdes">Universal v. Reimerdes</a></i></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>DMCA notice-and-takedown issues</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a> (OCILLA) (more information about the DMCA 512 takedown provisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumen_(website)" title="Lumen (website)">Lumen</a> (clearinghouse for DMCA takedowns)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Economic concepts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related US laws</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Performance_Right_in_Sound_Recordings_Act" title="Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act">Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_rule" title="Inducement rule">Inducement rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NET_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="NET Act">NET Act</a>, the "No Electronic Theft"</li></ul> <dl><dt>Proposed US legislation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BALANCE_Act" title="BALANCE Act">BALANCE Act</a>, Benefit Authors without Limiting Advancement or Net Consumer Expectations Act of 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inducing_Infringement_of_Copyrights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Inducing Infringement of Copyrights Act">Inducing Infringement of Copyrights Act</a> (INDUCE) (introduced 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Act" title="Pirate Act">Pirate Act</a> (introduced 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Media_Consumers%27_Rights_Act" title="Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act">Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act</a> (introduced 2003 & 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Transition_Content_Security_Act" title="Digital Transition Content Security Act">Digital Transition Content Security Act</a> (introduced 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_USE_Act" title="FAIR USE Act">FAIR USE Act</a> (introduced in 2007)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Shelved US Legislation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act" title="PROTECT IP Act">PROTECT IP Act</a> (introduced in 2011, stopped by protests)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA) (introduced in 2011, stopped by protests)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Related international law</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DADVSI" title="DADVSI">DADVSI</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> – <i>Loi sur le Droit d'Auteur et les Droits Voisins dans la Société de l'Information</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2010" title="Digital Economy Act 2010">Digital Economy Act 2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Broadcasts_and_Broadcasting_Organizations_Treaty" title="Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty">Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty</a> (<i>proposed</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf">"DMCA p7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808232655/http://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2007-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DMCA+p7.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Flegislation%2Fdmca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2010-title17/html/USCODE-2010-title17-chap5-sec506.htm">"U.S.C. Title 17 – COPYRIGHTS"</a>. <i>www.govinfo.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812064056/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2010-title17/html/USCODE-2010-title17-chap5-sec506.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.C.+Title+17+%E2%80%93+COPYRIGHTS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2010-title17%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2010-title17-chap5-sec506.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nimmer_riff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmer_riff_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimmer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nimmer, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3355&context=penn_law_review">"A Riff on Fair Use in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i>. <b>148</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3312825">10.2307/3312825</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312825">3312825</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=222370">222370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=A+Riff+on+Fair+Use+in+the+Digital+Millennium+Copyright+Act&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E673-%3C%2Fspan%3E742&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3312825%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D222370%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3312825&rft.aulast=Nimmer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3355%26context%3Dpenn_law_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBand,_JonathanKatoh,_Masanobu2011" class="citation book cs1">Band, Jonathan; Katoh, Masanobu (2011). <i>Interfaces on Trial 2.0</i>. MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFMUBhojiA0C&pg=PA92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01500-4"><bdi>978-0-262-01500-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interfaces+on+Trial+2.0&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01500-4&rft.au=Band%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Katoh%2C+Masanobu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullins, Ashley <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/music-industry-a-listers-call-879718">Music Industry A-Listers Call on Congress to Reform Copyright Act</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108093531/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/music-industry-a-listers-call-879718">Archived</a> 2020-11-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Hollywood Reporter</i>. April 5, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">17 U.S.C. 101 (defining "Pictorial, graphic and sculptural works" as "Such works shall include works of artistic craftsmanship insofar as their form but not their mechanical or utilitarian aspects are concerned; the design of a useful article, as defined in this section, shall be considered a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/docs/hr2696.html">"Vessel Hull Design Protection Act of 1997 (H.R. 2696)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319070148/http://www.copyright.gov/docs/hr2696.html">Archived</a> 2021-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Statement of MaryBeth Peters, The Register of Copyrights, before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, Oct. 23, 1997 ("It is a long-held view of the Office that a gap exists in legal protection for the designs of useful articles. Existing bodies of federal intellectual property law do not provide appropriate and practical coverage for such designs, while state law is largely preempted in this area. Consequently, while considerable investment and creativity may go into the creation of innovative designs, they often can be copied with impunity.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/1201/anticirc.html">"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a></i>. October 27, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126002430/https://www.copyright.gov/1201/anticirc.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.atitle=Rulemaking+on+Exemptions+from+Prohibition+on+Circumvention+of+Technological+Measures+that+Control+Access+to+Copyrighted+Works&rft.date=2000-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2F1201%2Fanticirc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/1201/2003/index.html">"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a></i>. October 28, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206110418/https://www.copyright.gov/1201/2003/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.atitle=Rulemaking+on+Exemptions+from+Prohibition+on+Circumvention+of+Technological+Measures+that+Control+Access+to+Copyrighted+Works&rft.date=2003-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2F1201%2F2003%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/1201/2006/index.html">"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.atitle=Rulemaking+on+Exemptions+from+Prohibition+on+Circumvention+of+Technological+Measures+that+Control+Access+to+Copyrighted+Works&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2F1201%2F2006%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/1201/">"Rulemaking on Exemptions from Prohibition on Circumvention of Technological Measures that Control Access to Copyrighted Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a></i>. 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Eff.org. 2010-03-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127090244/https://www.eff.org/wp/unintended-consequences-under-dmca">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unintended+Consequences%3A+Twelve+Years+under+the+DMCA+%26%23124%3B+Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.pub=Eff.org&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fwp%2Funintended-consequences-under-dmca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OdioWorks_v._Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="OdioWorks v. Apple">OdioWorks v. Apple</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/cases/odioworks-v-apple">Eff.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022213920/https://www.eff.org/cases/odioworks-v-apple">Archived</a> 2020-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/wp/unintended-consequences-under-dmca">"Unintended Consequences: Twelve Years under the DMCA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127090244/https://www.eff.org/wp/unintended-consequences-under-dmca">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EFF+sues+US+government+to+void+%27onerous%27+copyright+rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2016%2F07%2F22%2Feff-sues-us-government-dmca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Litman" title="Jessica Litman">Litman, Jessica</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Digital_Copyright" title="Digital Copyright"><i>Digital Copyright</i></a>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalcopyright00litm_0/page/208">208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-889-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-889-5"><bdi>1-57392-889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Copyright&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57392-889-5&rft.aulast=Litman&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+Millennium+Copyright+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> at Wikisource </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/105/public/304?link-type=pdf&.pdf">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> as enacted (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/105/public/304?link-type=details">details</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/2281">H.R. 2281</a>, DMCA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/dmca.pdf">U.S. Copyright Office summary of the DMCA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> format)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Category:DMCA">Wikimediafoundation.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/">Title 17 of the U.S. Code</a>, Cornell Law School</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertelecom.org/ip/dmca.htm">Cybertelecom's DMCA information and background material</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmediarights.org/guide/legal/copyright/citizens_legal_guide_digital_millenium_copyright_act_dmca">A citizen's guide to the DMCA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketingdock.com/copyrights/dealing-with-copyright-infringement.php">Info on Dealing with Digital Copyrights Infringement including filing DMCA Notices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211223019/http://www.marketingdock.com/copyrights/dealing-with-copyright-infringement.php">Archived</a> 2021-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcattorney.typepad.com/digital_millennium_copyri/2007/08/post.html">Interview of Marcia Hoffman from the EFF on Lenz v. Universal DMCA lawsuit</a></li> <li>Seth Finkelstein, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204332/http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/finkelstein_on_dmca.html">How To Win (DMCA) Exemptions And Influence Policy</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/issues/dmca">The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) page on the DMCA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/files/DMCAUnintended10.pdf">Unintended Consequences: Ten Years under the DMCA – EFF</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_v._Internet_Archive" title="Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive">Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition" title="Home Recording Rights Coalition">Home Recording Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimmer_on_Copyright" title="Nimmer on Copyright">Nimmer on Copyright</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Wouldn%27t_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn't Steal a Car">You Wouldn't Steal a Car</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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