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<button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Land areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonic_plate_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonic_plate_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tectonic plate configurations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tectonic_plate_configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tectonic plate configurations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tectonic_plate_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Past_plate_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_plate_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Past plate configurations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_plate_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day_plate_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day_plate_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Present-day plate configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day_plate_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subduction_zones_and_oceanic_trenches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subduction_zones_and_oceanic_trenches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subduction zones and oceanic trenches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subduction_zones_and_oceanic_trenches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subduction zones and oceanic trenches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subduction_zones_and_oceanic_trenches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oceanic_trenches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_trenches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Oceanic trenches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_trenches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution of volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Very_large_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Very_large_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Very large events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Very_large_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Very large events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Very_large_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanic_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Volcanic eruptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Antarctica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaragua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaragua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Nicaragua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.4</span> <span>Honduras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.5</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.6</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_Cordillera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_Cordillera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>North American Cordillera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_Cordillera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands_in_the_southwest_Pacific_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands_in_the_southwest_Pacific_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islands_in_the_southwest_Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islands_in_the_southwest_Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papua_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Papua New Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papua_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solomon_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solomon_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Solomon Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solomon_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanuatu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanuatu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Vanuatu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanuatu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Tonga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ring of Fire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_van_Vuur" title="Ring van Vuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ring van Vuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="منطقة الحزام الناري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة الحزام الناري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_Fueu_del_Pac%C3%ADficu" title="Cinturón de Fueu del Pacíficu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cinturón de Fueu del Pacíficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungkung_Api_Pasifik" title="Bungkung Api Pasifik – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bungkung Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="আগুনের বৃত্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগুনের বৃত্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkar_gunung_api_pasifik" title="Lingkar gunung api pasifik – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lingkar gunung api pasifik" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Ціхаакіянскае вогненнае кальцо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ціхаакіянскае вогненнае кальцо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_nin_Kalayo" title="Singsing nin Kalayo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Singsing nin Kalayo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тихоокеански огнен пръстен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тихоокеански огнен пръстен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_vatreni_prsten" title="Pacifički vatreni prsten – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pacifički vatreni prsten" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3_de_foc_del_Pac%C3%ADfic" title="Cinturó de foc del Pacífic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinturó de foc del Pacífic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohniv%C3%BD_kruh" title="Ohnivý kruh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ohnivý kruh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildringen" title="Ildringen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ildringen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%86" title="صمطة لعوافي دلمحيط لمهدن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صمطة لعوافي دلمحيط لمهدن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifischer_Feuerring" title="Pazifischer Feuerring – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pazifischer Feuerring" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikse_ookeani_tuler%C3%B5ngas" title="Vaikse ookeani tulerõngas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaikse ookeani tulerõngas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Δακτύλιος της φωτιάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δακτύλιος της φωτιάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_fuego_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Cinturón de fuego del Pacífico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cinturón de fuego del Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifika_fajra_rondo" title="Pacifika fajra rondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pacifika fajra rondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano_Bareko_Suzko_Eraztuna" title="Ozeano Bareko Suzko Eraztuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeano Bareko Suzko Eraztuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقه آتش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلقه آتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinture_de_feu_du_Pacifique" title="Ceinture de feu du Pacifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ceinture de feu du Pacifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1inne_Tine" title="Fáinne Tine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fáinne Tine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinto_de_lume_do_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Cinto de lume do Pacífico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinto de lume do Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%B0%EB%8C%80" title="환태평양 조산대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환태평양 조산대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5_%D6%85%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան հրաբուխների հրե օղակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան հրաբուխների հրե օղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अग्नि वृत्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अग्नि वृत्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_vatreni_prsten" title="Pacifički vatreni prsten – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pacifički vatreni prsten" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_ti_Apuy" title="Singsing ti Apuy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Singsing ti Apuy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincin_Api_Pasifik" title="Cincin Api Pasifik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cincin Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldhringurinn" title="Eldhringurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldhringurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintura_di_fuoco" title="Cintura di fuoco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cintura di fuoco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9" title="טבעת האש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבעת האש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-ali_geni" title="Ali-ali geni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ali-ali geni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ცეცხლოვანი სარტყელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცეცხლოვანი სარტყელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Отты шеңбер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отты шеңбер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ແຫວນໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຫວນໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulus_Ignis_Pacificus" title="Circulus Ignis Pacificus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circulus Ignis Pacificus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uguns_loks" title="Uguns loks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uguns loks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnies_%C5%BEiedas" title="Ugnies žiedas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugnies žiedas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpacifikus-hegys%C3%A9grendszer" title="Cirkumpacifikus-hegységrendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkumpacifikus-hegységrendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Огнен Прстен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Огнен Прстен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="റിംഗ് ഓഫ് ഫയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിംഗ് ഓഫ് ഫയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkaran_api_Pasifik" title="Lingkaran api Pasifik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lingkaran api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifische_Ring_van_Vuur" title="Pacifische Ring van Vuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pacifische Ring van Vuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%AF" title="環太平洋火山帯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環太平洋火山帯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildringen_i_Stillehavet" title="Ildringen i Stillehavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ildringen i Stillehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldringen_i_Stillehavet" title="Eldringen i Stillehavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eldringen i Stillehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencha_de_Fu%C3%B2c_del_Pacific" title="Cencha de Fuòc del Pacific – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cencha de Fuòc del Pacific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقۂ آتش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حلقۂ آتش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacyficzny_pier%C5%9Bcie%C5%84_ognia" title="Pacyficzny pierścień ognia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pacyficzny pierścień ognia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_de_fogo_do_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Círculo de fogo do Pacífico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Círculo de fogo do Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercul_de_foc_al_Pacificului" title="Cercul de foc al Pacificului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cercul de foc al Pacificului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaza_e_Zjarrit" title="Unaza e Zjarrit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Unaza e Zjarrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" title="Pacific Ring of Fire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pacific Ring of Fire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohniv%C3%BD_kruh" title="Ohnivý kruh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ohnivý kruh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C5%A1ki_ognjeni_obro%C4%8D" title="Pacifiški ognjeni obroč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pacifiški ognjeni obroč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ватрени појас Пацифика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ватрени појас Пацифика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatreni_pojas_Pacifika" title="Vatreni pojas Pacifika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vatreni pojas Pacifika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingcin_Api_Pasifik" title="Cingcin Api Pasifik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cingcin Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyynenmeren_tulirengas" title="Tyynenmeren tulirengas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyynenmeren tulirengas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldringen" title="Eldringen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eldringen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_ng_Apoy_ng_Pasipiko" title="Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எரிமலை வளையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமலை வளையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="วงแหวนไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงแหวนไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifik_ate%C5%9F_%C3%A7emberi" title="Pasifik ateş çemberi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pasifik ateş çemberi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тихоокеанське вогняне коло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тихоокеанське вогняне коло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقۂ آتش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حلقۂ آتش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0nh_%C4%91ai_l%E1%BB%ADa_Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Vành đai lửa Thái Bình Dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vành đai lửa Thái Bình Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palibot_nga_Kalayo_ha_Pacifico" title="Palibot nga Kalayo ha Pacifico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Palibot nga Kalayo ha Pacifico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%A6" title="环太平洋火山带 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="环太平洋火山带" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="רינג פון פייער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רינג פון פייער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ring of Fire (disambiguation)">Ring of Fire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg/300px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg/450px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg/600px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>The Pacific Ring of Fire, with trenches marked with blue lines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png/300px-EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png/450px-EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png/600px-EQs_1900-2013_worldseis.png 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Global earthquakes (1900–2013)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg/12px-Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg/18px-Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg/24px-Pictogram_Ski_Slope_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>: Earthquakes of magnitude ≥ 7.0 (depth 0–69 km (0–43 mi))<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg/12px-RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg/18px-RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg/24px-RouteIndustriekultur_Siedlung_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="72" /></a></span>: Active volcanoes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png/310px-Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png/465px-Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png/620px-Global_subducted_slabs_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>Global map of subduction zones, with subducted slabs contoured by depth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subduction-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/300px-Subduction-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/450px-Subduction-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/600px-Subduction-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the geological process of subduction</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ring of Fire</b> (also known as the <b>Pacific Ring of Fire</b>, the <b>Rim of Fire</b>, the <b>Girdle of Fire</b> or the <b>Circum-Pacific belt</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> belt of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>. </p><p>It is about 40,000 km (25,000 mi) long<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_ROF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_ROF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up to about 500 km (310 mi) wide,<sup id="cite_ref-SternBloomer2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SternBloomer2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surrounds most of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. </p><p>The Ring of Fire contains between 750 and 915 active or dormant volcanoes, around two-thirds of the world total.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siebert_etal_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siebert_etal_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact number of volcanoes within the Ring of Fire depends on which regions are included. </p><p>About 90% of the world's earthquakes,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including most of its largest,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occur within the belt. </p><p>The Ring of Fire is not a single geological structure. It was created by the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of different <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> at <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent boundaries">convergent boundaries</a> around the Pacific Ocean. These include: the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos</a> plates subducting beneath the <a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American plate</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca</a> plates beneath the <a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American plate</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Plate">Philippine Plate</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>; and a complex boundary between the Pacific and <a href="/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate">Australian plate</a>. The interactions at these plate boundaries have formed <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arcs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc basins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">volcanic belts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WrightRothery1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WrightRothery1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of some areas in the Ring of Fire, such as the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a> and western Indonesia, is disputed. </p><p>The Ring of Fire has existed for more than 35 million years<sup id="cite_ref-Pappas2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappas2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but subduction has existed for much longer in some parts of the Ring;<sup id="cite_ref-Schellart_2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schellart_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many older <a href="/wiki/Extinct_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct volcano">extinct volcanoes</a> are located within the Ring.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 350 of the Ring of Fire's volcanoes have been active in <a href="/wiki/Historical_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical times">historical times</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacdonaldActiveList_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacdonaldActiveList-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the four <a href="/wiki/List_of_large_Holocene_volcanic_eruptions" title="List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions">largest volcanic eruptions</a> on Earth in the Holocene epoch all occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Earth's active volcanoes with summits above sea level are located in the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these subaerial volcanoes are <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>), formed by <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> alternating with <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive eruptions</a> of lava flows. Lavas at the Ring of Fire's stratovolcanoes are mainly <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite</a> but <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and some other rarer types also occur.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of volcano are also found in the Ring of Fire, such as subaerial <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Plosky_Tolbachik" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosky Tolbachik">Plosky Tolbachik</a>), and submarine <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Monowai_(seamount)" title="Monowai (seamount)">Monowai</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>From Ancient Greek and Roman times until the late 18th century, volcanoes were associated with fire, based on the ancient belief that volcanoes were caused by fires <a href="/wiki/Burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning">burning</a> within the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycloVolc2015_History_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloVolc2015_History-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This historical link between volcanoes and fire is preserved in the name of the Ring of Fire, despite the fact that volcanoes do <i>not</i> burn the Earth with fire. </p><p>The existence of a belt of volcanic activity around the Pacific Ocean was known in the early 19th century; for example, in 1825 the pioneering volcanologist <a href="/wiki/George_Julius_Poulett_Scrope" title="George Julius Poulett Scrope">G. P. Scrope</a> described the chains of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean's rim in his book <i>Considerations on Volcanos</i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>].<sup id="cite_ref-GPScrope_1825_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPScrope_1825-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three decades later, a book about the <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a> to Japan commented on the Ring of Fire volcanoes as follows: "They [the Japanese Islands] are in the line of that immense circle of volcanic development which surrounds the shores of the Pacific from <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> around to the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a>." (<i>Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1852–54</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry1856_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry1856-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) An article appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> in 1878 with the title "The Ring of Fire, and the Volcanic Peaks of the West Coast of the United States", which outlined the phenomenon of volcanic activity around the boundaries of the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early explicit references to volcanoes forming a "ring of fire" around the Pacific Ocean also include Alexander P. Livingstone's book <i>"Complete Story of San Francisco's Terrible Calamity of Earthquake and Fire"</i>, published in 1906, in which he describes "... the great ring of fire which circles round the whole surface of the Pacific Ocean.".<sup id="cite_ref-Livingstone_1906_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingstone_1906-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, geologist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Marshall" title="Patrick Marshall">Patrick Marshall</a> introduced the term "<a href="/wiki/Andesite_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Andesite Line">Andesite Line</a>" to mark a boundary between islands in the southwest Pacific, which differ in volcano structure and lava types. The concept was later extended to other parts of the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAra_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAra-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Andesite Line and the Ring of Fire closely match in terms of location.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> since the early 1960s has provided the current understanding and explanation of the global distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, including those in the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopes2005Chap2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes2005Chap2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_boundaries">Geographic boundaries</h2></div> <p>There is consensus among geologists about most of the regions which are included in the Ring of Fire. There are, however, a few regions on which there is no universal agreement. (See: <a href="#Distribution_of_volcanoes">§ Distribution of volcanoes</a>). <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> lies at the intersection of the Ring of Fire and the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a> (which is the Earth's other very long subduction-related volcanic and earthquake zone, also known as the Mediterranean–Indonesian volcanic belt, running east–west through southern Asia and southern Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Decker&Decker_1991_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker&Decker_1991-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some geologists include all of Indonesia in the Ring of Fire;<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke_2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke_2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many geologists exclude Indonesia's western islands (which they include in the Alpide belt).<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_1972_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald_1972-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Decker&Decker_1991_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker&Decker_1991-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frances_Oppenheimer_2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frances_Oppenheimer_2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickson&Edwards2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickson&Edwards2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis_1993_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis_1993-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some geologists include the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands in the Ring of Fire,<sup id="cite_ref-Frances_Oppenheimer_2004_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frances_Oppenheimer_2004-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hickson&Edwards2001_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hickson&Edwards2001-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other geologists exclude these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke_2004_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke_2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of Antarctica is excluded because the <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> there is not related to subduction.<sup id="cite_ref-SCARVolc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCARVolc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francis_1993_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis_1993-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ring of Fire does not extend across the southern Pacific Ocean from New Zealand to the Antarctic Peninsula or from New Zealand to the southern tip of South America<sup id="cite_ref-USGSRingFireMap_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSRingFireMap-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the submarine plate boundaries in this part of the Pacific Ocean (the <a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="Pacific–Antarctic Ridge">Pacific–Antarctic Ridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chile_Ridge" title="Chile Ridge">Chile Ridge</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent</a> instead of convergent. Although some volcanism occurs in this region, it is not related to subduction. </p><p>Some geologists include the <a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke_2004_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke_2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other geologists exclude them.<sup id="cite_ref-USGSRingFireMap_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSRingFireMap-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_areas">Land areas</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Austral Volcanic Zone">Austral Volcanic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="South Volcanic Zone">South Volcanic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North Volcanic Zone">North Volcanic Zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_Volcanic_Arc" title="Central America Volcanic Arc">Central America Volcanic Arc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanic_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Volcanic Arc">Cascade Volcanic Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Range" title="Aleutian Range">Aleutian Range</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Arc" title="Aleutian Arc">Aleutian Arc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izu%E2%80%93Bonin%E2%80%93Mariana_Arc" title="Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc">Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands">Izu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbar_Islands" title="Tanimbar Islands">Tanimbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kai_Islands" title="Kai Islands">Kai Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vanuatu" title="Geography of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Geography of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Fiji" title="Geography of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga Islands">Tonga Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupō Volcanic Zone">Taupō Volcanic Zone</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Volcanoes in the central parts of the Pacific Basin, for example the <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian Islands</a>, are very far from subduction zones<sup id="cite_ref-Tilling_etal_2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilling_etal_2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are not part of the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_2018_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tectonic_plate_configurations">Tectonic plate configurations</h2></div> <p>The Ring of Fire has existed for more than 35 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappas2020_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappas2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the Ring of Fire, subduction has been occurring for much longer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current configuration of the Pacific Ring of Fire has been created by the development of the present-day subduction zones, initially (by about 115 million years ago) in South America, North America and Asia. As plate configurations gradually changed, the current subduction zones of Indonesia and New Guinea were created (about 70 million years ago), followed finally by the New Zealand subduction zone (about 35 million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanzhong_etal_2019_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanzhong_etal_2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pappas2020_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappas2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_plate_configurations">Past plate configurations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg/220px-Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg/330px-Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg/440px-Pacific_Ocean_180Ma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>The tectonic plates of the Pacific Ocean in the Early Jurassic (180 Ma)</figcaption></figure> <p>Along the coast of east Asia, during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> about 210 million years ago, subduction of the <a href="/wiki/Izanagi_plate" title="Izanagi plate">Izanagi plate</a> (the Paleo-Pacific plate) was occurring,<sup id="cite_ref-Sanzhong_etal_2019_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanzhong_etal_2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this continued in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, producing volcanic belts, for example, in what is now eastern China.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a> came into existence in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> about 190 million years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> far from the margins of the then Paleo-Pacific Ocean. Until the Pacific plate grew large enough to reach the margins of the ocean basin, other older plates were subducted ahead of it at the ocean basin margins. For example, subduction has been occurring at the coast of South America since the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Period more than 145 million years ago, and remnants of Jurassic and <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> volcanic arcs are preserved there.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 120 to 115 million years ago, the <a href="/wiki/Farallon_plate" title="Farallon plate">Farallon plate</a> was subducting under South America, North America and north-east Asia while the Izanagi plate was subducting under east Asia. By 85 to 70 million years ago, the Izanagi plate had moved north-eastwards and was subducting under east Asia and North America, while the Farallon plate was subducting under South America and the Pacific plate was subducting under east Asia. About 70 to 65 million years ago, the Farallon plate was subducting under South America, the <a href="/wiki/Kula_plate" title="Kula plate">Kula plate</a> was subducting under North America and north-east Asia, and the Pacific plate was subducting under east Asia and Papua New Guinea. About 35 million years ago, the Kula and Farallon plates had been subducted and the Pacific plate was subducting around its rim in a configuration closely resembling the outline of the present-day Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanzhong_etal_2019_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanzhong_etal_2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present-day_plate_configuration">Present-day plate configuration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plates_tect2_en.svg/310px-Plates_tect2_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plates_tect2_en.svg/465px-Plates_tect2_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Plates_tect2_en.svg/620px-Plates_tect2_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>Present-day principal tectonic plates of the Earth</figcaption></figure> <p>The eastern parts of the Ring of Fire result from the collision of a few relatively large plates. The western parts of the Ring are more complex, with a number of large and small tectonic plates in collision.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South America, the Ring of Fire is the result of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos plate</a> being <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American plate</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, the Cocos plate is being subducted beneath the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_plate" title="Caribbean plate">Caribbean plate</a>. A portion of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a> and the small <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca plate</a> are being subducted beneath the <a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American plate</a>. Along the northern portion, the northwestward-moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> arc. Farther west, the Pacific plate is being subducted at the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril</a> arcs. Farther south, at Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines, the Philippine Plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian plate. The southwest section of the Ring of Fire is more complex, with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate at the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and New Zealand; this part of the Ring excludes <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia#Geology" title="Geography of Australia">Australia</a>, because that landmass lies in the center of its tectonic plate far from subduction zones.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird2003_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subduction_zones_and_oceanic_trenches">Subduction zones and oceanic trenches</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subduction_zone_-_2ategories.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Subduction_zone_-_2ategories.png/220px-Subduction_zone_-_2ategories.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Subduction_zone_-_2ategories.png/330px-Subduction_zone_-_2ategories.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Subduction_zone_-_2ategories.png/440px-Subduction_zone_-_2ategories.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chilean-type and Mariana-type subduction zones</figcaption></figure> <p>If a tectonic plate's oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath oceanic lithosphere of another plate, a volcanic island arc is created at the subduction zone. An example in the Ring of Fire is the Mariana Arc in the western Pacific Ocean. If, however, oceanic lithosphere is subducted under continental lithosphere, then a volcanic continental arc forms; a Ring of Fire example is the coast of Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-SternBloomer2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SternBloomer2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The steepness of the descending plate at a subduction zone depends on the age of the oceanic lithosphere that is being subducted. The older the oceanic lithosphere being subducted, the steeper the angle of descent of the subducted slab. As the Pacific's <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>, which are the source of its oceanic lithosphere, are not actually in the middle of the ocean but located much closer to South America than to Asia, the oceanic lithosphere consumed at the South American subduction zones is younger and therefore subduction occurs at the South American coast at a relatively shallow angle. Older oceanic lithosphere is subducted in the western Pacific, with steeper angles of slab descent. This variation affects, for example, the location of volcanoes relative to the ocean trench, lava composition, type and severity of earthquakes, <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">sediment accretion</a>, and the amount of compression or tension. A spectrum of subduction zones exists between the Chilean and Mariana end members.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SternBloomer2020_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SternBloomer2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanic_trenches">Oceanic trenches</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuril-Kamchatka_Trench_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kuril-Kamchatka_Trench_USGS.png/220px-Kuril-Kamchatka_Trench_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kuril-Kamchatka_Trench_USGS.png/330px-Kuril-Kamchatka_Trench_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kuril-Kamchatka_Trench_USGS.png/440px-Kuril-Kamchatka_Trench_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Map of earthquake <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenters</a> at the Kuril–Kamchatka trench and subduction zone</figcaption></figure> <p>Oceanic trenches are the topographic expression of subduction zones on the floor of the oceans. Oceanic trenches associated with the Ring of Fire's subduction zones are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench" title="Peru–Chile Trench">Peru–Chile Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_Trench" title="Middle America Trench">Middle America Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuril%E2%80%93Kamchatka_Trench" title="Kuril–Kamchatka Trench">Kuril–Kamchatka Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Trench" title="Japan Trench">Japan Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Trench" title="Ryukyu Trench">Ryukyu Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izu%E2%80%93Bonin_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Izu–Bonin Trench">Izu–Bonin Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap_Trench" title="Yap Trench">Yap Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Trench" title="Philippine Trench">Philippine Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Trench" title="Sunda Trench">Sunda Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikurangi_Trough" title="Hikurangi Trough">Hikurangi Trough</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaps">Gaps</h3></div> <p>Subduction zones around the Pacific Ocean do not form a complete ring. Where subduction zones are absent, there are corresponding gaps in subduction-related volcanic belts in the Ring of Fire. In some gaps there is no volcanic activity; in other gaps, volcanic activity does occur but it is caused by processes not related to subduction. </p><p>There are gaps in the Ring of Fire at some parts of the Pacific coast of the Americas. In some places, the gaps are thought to be caused by <a href="/wiki/Flat_slab_subduction" title="Flat slab subduction">flat slab subduction</a>; examples are the three gaps between the four sections of the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Volcanic_Belt" title="Andean Volcanic Belt">Andean Volcanic Belt</a> in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutscher_etal_2000_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutscher_etal_2000-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, there is a gap in subduction-related volcanic activity in northern Mexico and southern California, due partly to a divergent boundary in the Gulf of California and due partly to the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> (a non-volcanic <a href="/wiki/Transform_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Transform boundary">transform boundary</a>). Another North American gap in subduction-related volcanic activity occurs in northern British Columbia, Yukon and south-east Alaska, where volcanism is caused by <a href="/wiki/Intraplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraplate">intraplate</a> continental <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopes2005Chap2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes2005Chap2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_of_volcanoes">Distribution of volcanoes</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:left"> <caption><b>Distribution of Ring of Fire volcanoes active in the Holocene Epoch (last 11,700 years)</b><sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabaseAug2021_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabaseAug2021-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Continent</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Volcanoes (subduction zone)</th> <th>Volcanoes (other)</th> <th>Comments</th> <th>Consensus for inclusion </th></tr> <tr> <td>Antarctica </td> <td> </td> <td>Antarctic Peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 intraplate </td> <td> </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antarctica </td> <td> </td> <td>South Shetland Islands </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 intraplate </td> <td>intraplate rift volcanoes associated with back-arc rifting linked to subduction </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Chile </td> <td> </td> <td>71 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>excluding Easter Island (oceanic rift) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Chile-Argentina </td> <td> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>border shared by two countries </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Argentina </td> <td> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>4 intraplate </td> <td>no coast on the Pacific Ocean </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Chile-Bolivia </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>border shared by two countries </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Bolivia </td> <td> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>no coast on the Pacific Ocean </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Chile-Peru </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>border shared by two countries </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Peru </td> <td> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Ecuador </td> <td> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>excluding the Galápagos Islands (<a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a>) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Ecuador-Colombia </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>border shared by two countries </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South America </td> <td>Colombia </td> <td> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Panama </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Costa Rica </td> <td> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Nicaragua </td> <td> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Honduras </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>El Salvador </td> <td> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>El Salvador-Guatemala </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>border shared by two countries </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Guatemala </td> <td> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Guatemala-Mexico </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>border shared by two countries </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>8 rift </td> <td>excluding 3 oceanic rift volcanoes; 8 continental rift volcanoes in Baja California </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>United States </td> <td>California, Oregon, Washington </td> <td>22 </td> <td>9 rift </td> <td>9 continental rift volcanoes (6 in southern California and 3 in Oregon) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>Canada </td> <td> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>16 intraplate </td> <td>excluding 2 oceanic rift volcanoes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Alaska </td> <td>80 </td> <td>4 intraplate in southeast Alaska </td> <td>including 39 volcanoes in the Aleutian Islands; excluding 4 intraplate volcanoes in western Alaska far from subduction zone </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Kamchatka </td> <td>67 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 1 submarine volcano (Piip) in the Aleutian arc </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Kuril Islands </td> <td>44 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 3 submarine volcanoes; 15 volcanoes claimed by Japan </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Japan </td> <td> </td> <td>81 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>excluding the Izu Islands and the Bonin Islands </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 2 submarine volcanoes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Izu Islands and Bonin Islands </td> <td>26 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 13 submarine volcanoes </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Northern Mariana Islands and Guam </td> <td>25 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 16 submarine volcanoes </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 1 submarine volcano </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>western islands </td> <td>70 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> (27 volcanoes), <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> (36 volcanoes), <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> (3 volcanoes), <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangeang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangeang">Sangeang</a> (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Arc" title="Sunda Arc">Sunda Arc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Möller_etal_2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Möller_etal_2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> north of the Sunda subduction zone between the <a href="/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate">Australian plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda plate</a>) </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>eastern islands </td> <td>54 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangeang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangeang">Sangeang</a>), <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangihe_Islands" title="Sangihe Islands">Sangihe Islands</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Papua New Guinea </td> <td> </td> <td>47 </td> <td>1 rift </td> <td>including 2 submarine volcanoes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Solomon Islands </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 4 submarine volcanoes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Vanuatu </td> <td> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>claimed by Vanuatu and France (New Caledonia) </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 rift </td> <td>Hunter Island and Matthew Island; East Gemini Seamount is a seamount at an oceanic rift </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Fiji </td> <td> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a> and subduction<sup id="cite_ref-Strak2018_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strak2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Samoa </td> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>mantle plume and subduction<sup id="cite_ref-Strak2018_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strak2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>American Samoa </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>mantle plume and subduction;<sup id="cite_ref-Strak2018_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strak2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGSAmSam_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGSAmSam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 1 submarine seamount </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tonga </td> <td> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>3 rift </td> <td>including 13 submarine volcanoes, 3 of which are subduction-related back-arc rift volcanoes<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Tonga_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Tonga-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>between Tonga and Kermadec Islands </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Monowai submarine seamount (between the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a> of Tonga and New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>including 4 submarine volcanoes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>excluding the Kermadec Islands; including 8 submarine volcanoes </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>913</b> </td> <td>59 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Very_large_events">Very large events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_eruptions">Volcanic eruptions</h3></div> <p>The four largest volcanic eruptions on Earth in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene Epoch</a> (the last 11,700 years) occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire. They are the eruptions at <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Caldera" title="Fisher Caldera">Fisher Caldera</a> (Alaska, 8700 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kurile_Lake" title="Kurile Lake">Kurile Lake</a> (Kamchatka, 6450 BC), <a href="/wiki/Kikai_Caldera" title="Kikai Caldera">Kikai Caldera</a> (Japan, 5480 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mazama" title="Mount Mazama">Mount Mazama</a> (Oregon, 5677 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, twenty<sup id="cite_ref-Western_Indonesia_Large_Eruptions_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_Indonesia_Large_Eruptions-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the twenty-five largest volcanic eruptions on Earth in this time interval occurred at Ring of Fire volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3></div> <p>About 90%<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the world's earthquakes and most of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-EarthquakePercent_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarthquakePercent-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next most seismically active region (5–6% of earthquakes and some of the world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from central Indonesia to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and southern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1900 to the end of 2020, most earthquakes of magnitude <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000005A-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Moment mag. scale">M<sub>w</sub></span></a> <a href="/wiki/%E2%89%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="≥">≥</a> 8.0 occurred in the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Bilek_and_Lay_2018_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bilek_and_Lay_2018-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mag8quakes_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mag8quakes-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are presumed to have been <a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">megathrust earthquakes</a> at subduction zones,<sup id="cite_ref-Bilek_and_Lay_2018_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bilek_and_Lay_2018-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including four of the most powerful earthquakes on Earth since <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">modern seismological measuring equipment</a> and magnitude measurement scales were introduced in the 1930s: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Valdivia earthquake</a>, Chile (magnitude M<sub>w</sub>  9.4–9.6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska earthquake</a>, Alaska, United States (magnitude M<sub>w</sub>  9.2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a>, Japan (magnitude M<sub>w</sub>  9.0–9.1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Severo-Kurilsk_earthquake" title="1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake">1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake</a>, Kamchatka, Russia (magnitude M<sub>w</sub>  9.0)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">List of volcanoes in Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_2013_Journey_to_the_Crystal_Desert_(8370600188).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Antarctica_2013_Journey_to_the_Crystal_Desert_%288370600188%29.jpg/220px-Antarctica_2013_Journey_to_the_Crystal_Desert_%288370600188%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Antarctica_2013_Journey_to_the_Crystal_Desert_%288370600188%29.jpg/330px-Antarctica_2013_Journey_to_the_Crystal_Desert_%288370600188%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Antarctica_2013_Journey_to_the_Crystal_Desert_%288370600188%29.jpg/440px-Antarctica_2013_Journey_to_the_Crystal_Desert_%288370600188%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7098" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption>Layers of <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phreatomagmatic">phreatomagmatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> on Deception Island</figcaption></figure> <p>Some geologists include the volcanoes of the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, as part of the Ring of Fire. These volcanoes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Deception_Island" title="Deception Island">Deception Island</a>, are due to rifting in the <a href="/wiki/Bransfield_Basin" title="Bransfield Basin">Bransfield back-arc basin</a> close to the South Shetland subduction zone.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Antarctic Peninsula (Graham Land) is also sometimes included in the Ring.<sup id="cite_ref-PClarkson2000_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PClarkson2000-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanoes south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> (e.g. the volcanoes of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>, and the volcanoes of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Byrd_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Byrd Land">Mary Byrd Land</a>) are not related to subduction; therefore, they are not part of the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis_1993_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis_1993-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Balleny_Islands" title="Balleny Islands">Balleny Islands</a>, located between Antarctica and New Zealand, are volcanic but their volcanism is not related to subduction;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, they are not part of the Ring of Fire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Andean_Volcanic_Belt" title="Andean Volcanic Belt">Andean Volcanic Belt</a></div> <p>The world's highest active volcano is <a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> (6,893 m or 22,615 ft), which is in the Andes Mountains section of the Ring of Fire. It forms part of the border between Argentina and Chile and it last erupted in <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> 750.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Ring of Fire Andean volcano on the Argentina-Chile border is <a href="/wiki/Llullaillaco" title="Llullaillaco">Llullaillaco</a> (6,739 m or 22,110 ft), which is the world's highest historically active volcano, last erupting in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg/220px-Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg/330px-Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg/440px-Llaima_eruption2_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Llaima" title="Llaima">Llaima</a>'s 2008 eruption</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Chile" title="List of volcanoes in Chile">List of volcanoes in Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Chile" title="Volcanism of Chile">Volcanism of Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Chile" title="List of earthquakes in Chile">List of earthquakes in Chile</a></div> <p>Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from about 90 volcanoes during the Holocene Epoch.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Villarrica_(volcano)" title="Villarrica (volcano)">Villarrica</a> is one of Chile's most active volcanoes, rising above the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Villarrica" title="Lake Villarrica">lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villarrica,_Chile" title="Villarrica, Chile">town</a> of the same name. It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the <a href="/wiki/Gastre_Fault_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastre Fault Zone">Gastre Fault</a>. Villarrica, along with <a href="/wiki/Quetrupill%C3%A1n" title="Quetrupillán">Quetrupillán</a> and the Chilean part of <a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%ADn" title="Lanín">Lanín</a>, are protected within <a href="/wiki/Villarrica_National_Park" title="Villarrica National Park">Villarrica National Park</a>. </p><p>Villarrica, with its lava of basaltic-andesitic composition, is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">lava lake</a> within its crater. The volcano usually generates <a href="/wiki/Strombolian_eruption" title="Strombolian eruption">strombolian eruptions</a>, with ejection of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent">incandescent</a> pyroclasts and lava flows. Melting of snow and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier ice</a>, as well as rainfall, often causes <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>, such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>two-kilometre-wide (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active dominantly basaltic-to-andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> caldera. About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica's flanks. <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian eruptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> have been produced during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> from this dominantly basaltic volcano, but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild-to-moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion. Lahars from the glacier-covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks. </p><p>The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile. It is situated 82 km (51 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Temuco,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Temuco, Chile">Temuco</a> and 663 km (412 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a>, within the borders of <a href="/wiki/Conguill%C3%ADo_National_Park" title="Conguillío National Park">Conguillío National Park</a>. Llaima's activity has been documented since the 17th century, and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascar_eruption_2006b_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lascar_eruption_2006b_-_cropped.jpg/220px-Lascar_eruption_2006b_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Lascar_eruption_2006b_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Lascar erupting in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lascar_(volcano)" title="Lascar (volcano)">Lascar</a> is a stratovolcano and the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes. The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago, and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago, activity shifted back to the eastern edifice, where three overlapping craters were formed. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century, along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km (5 mi) northwest of the summit and ash fall in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) to the southeast. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chiliques" title="Chiliques">Chiliques</a> is a stratovolcano located in the <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_Region" title="Antofagasta Region">Antofagasta Region</a> of Chile, immediately north of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Miscanti" title="Cerro Miscanti">Cerro Miscanti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Lej%C3%ADa" title="Laguna Lejía">Laguna Lejía</a> lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years, but is now showing signs of life. A January 6, 2002, nighttime thermal infrared image from <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a> revealed a hot spot in the summit crater, as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano's edifice, indicating new volcanic activity. Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24, 2000, showed no such hot spots.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calbuco_(volcano)" title="Calbuco (volcano)">Calbuco</a> is a stratovolcano in southern Chile, located southeast of <a href="/wiki/Llanquihue_Lake" title="Llanquihue Lake">Llanquihue Lake</a> and northwest of <a href="/wiki/Chapo_Lake" title="Chapo Lake">Chapo Lake</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos Region</a>. The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within <a href="/wiki/Llanquihue_National_Reserve" title="Llanquihue National Reserve">Llanquihue National Reserve</a>. It is a very explosive <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, producing a volcanic <a href="/wiki/Debris_avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris avalanche">debris avalanche</a> that reached the lake. At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837, with the latest one in 1972. One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893–1894. Violent eruptions ejected 30 cm (12 in) bombs to distances of 8 km (5.0 mi) from the crater, accompanied by voluminous hot lahars. Strong explosions occurred in April 1917, and a <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava dome</a> formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars. Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow. The last major eruption of Calbuco, in 1961, sent <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">ash columns</a> 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) high and produced <a href="/wiki/Plume_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Plume (fluid dynamics)">plumes</a> that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted. A minor, four-hour eruption happened on August 26, 1972. Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12, 1996. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lonquimay_(volcano)" title="Lonquimay (volcano)">Lonquimay</a> is a stratovolocano of late-Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age, with the shape of a truncated cone. The cone is largely andesitic, though <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacitic</a> rocks are present. It is located in <a href="/wiki/La_Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="La Araucanía Region">La Araucanía Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, immediately southeast of <a href="/wiki/Tolhuaca_(volcano)" title="Tolhuaca (volcano)">Tolhuaca</a> volcano. <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(stratovolcano)" title="Sierra Nevada (stratovolcano)">Sierra Nevada</a> and Llaima are their neighbors to the south. The snow-capped volcano lies within the protected area <a href="/wiki/Malalcahuello-Nalcas" title="Malalcahuello-Nalcas">Malalcahuello-Nalcas</a>. The volcano last erupted in 1988, ending in 1990. The <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a> was 3. The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions. Some fatalities occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geology_and_Mining_Service" title="National Geology and Mining Service">National Geology and Mining Service</a> (SERNAGEOMIN)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca plate to the east. Chile notably holds the record for the <a href="/wiki/Largest_earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest earthquakes">largest earthquake</a> ever recorded, the <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Valdivia earthquake</a>. More recently, a <a href="/wiki/2010_Chile_earthquake" title="2010 Chile earthquake">magnitude-8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27, 2010</a>, the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcano <a href="/wiki/2011_Puyehue-Cord%C3%B3n_Caulle_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption">erupted in 2011</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/2014_Iquique_earthquake" title="2014 Iquique earthquake">M8.2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1, 2014</a>. The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks, including a magnitude-7.6 event on April 2.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Argentina" title="List of volcanoes in Argentina">List of volcanoes in Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Argentina" title="List of earthquakes in Argentina">List of earthquakes in Argentina</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Bolivia" title="List of volcanoes in Bolivia">List of volcanoes in Bolivia</a></div> <p>Bolivia hosts active and extinct volcanoes across its territory. The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Occidental (Bolivia)">Cordillera Occidental</a>, the western limit of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> plateau. Some of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. All <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Volcanic Zone">Central Volcanic Zone</a> (CVZ) of the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Volcanic_Belt" title="Andean Volcanic Belt">Andean Volcanic Belt</a> that results due to processes involved in the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca plate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American plate</a>. The Central Volcanic Zone is a major late <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> volcanic province.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Peru" title="List of volcanoes in Peru">List of volcanoes in Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">List of earthquakes in Peru</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sabancaya" title="Sabancaya">Sabancaya</a> is an active 5,976-metre (19,606 ft) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, about 100 km (60 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>. It is the most active volcano in Peru, with an ongoing eruption that started in 2016. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ubinas" title="Ubinas">Ubinas</a> is another active volcano of 5,672-metre (18,609 ft) in southern Peru; its most recent eruption occurred in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-volcano.si.edu_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volcano.si.edu-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-igp.gob.pe_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igp.gob.pe-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ecuador" title="List of volcanoes in Ecuador">List of volcanoes in Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ecuador" title="List of earthquakes in Ecuador">List of earthquakes in Ecuador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19991102_Tung_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/19991102_Tung_large.jpg/220px-19991102_Tung_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/19991102_Tung_large.jpg/330px-19991102_Tung_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/19991102_Tung_large.jpg/440px-19991102_Tung_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tungurahua" title="Tungurahua">Tungurahua</a> erupting molten lava at night (1999)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a> is a stratovolcano in the Andes, located about 50 km (30 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Distance_from_Quito_to_Cotopaxi_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distance_from_Quito_to_Cotopaxi-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second-highest summit in the country, reaching a height of 5,897 m (19,347 ft). Since 1738, Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times, resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano. </p><p>In October 1999, Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a>. Prior to that, the last major eruptions were in 1553<sup id="cite_ref-Weather,_Kington_2010_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather,_Kington_2010-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1660, when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 5,286 m (17,343 ft), <a href="/wiki/Sangay" title="Sangay">Sangay</a> Volcano is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador, one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. It exhibits mostly <a href="/wiki/Strombolian_eruption" title="Strombolian eruption">strombolian</a> activity; An eruption, which started in 1934, ended in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent eruptions have occurred. Geologically, Sangay marks the southern bound of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Volcanic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Volcanic Zone">Northern Volcanic Zone</a>, and its position straddling two major pieces of <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> accounts for its high level of activity. Sangay's roughly 500,000-year history is one of instability; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses, evidence of which still litters its surroundings today. Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake <a href="/wiki/Sangay_National_Park" title="Sangay National Park">Sangay National Park</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Tungurahua" title="Tungurahua">Tungurahua</a> to the north. As such, it has been listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1983. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reventador" title="Reventador">Reventador</a> is an active stratovolcano that lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador. Since 1541, it has erupted over 25 times, with its most recent eruption starting in 2008 and, as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, still ongoing,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002. During that eruption, the plume from the volcano reached a height of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">17 km (<span class="frac">10<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi), and pyroclastic flows reached 7 km (4.3 mi) from the cone. On March 30, 2007, the volcano erupted ash again, which reached a height of about 3 km (2 mi). </p><p>In Ecuador, <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_School_(Ecuador)" title="National Polytechnic School (Ecuador)">EPN</a> monitors volcanic activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Colombia" title="List of volcanoes in Colombia">List of volcanoes in Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Colombia" title="List of earthquakes in Colombia">List of earthquakes in Colombia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America">Central America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poas_crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Poas_crater.jpg/220px-Poas_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Poas_crater.jpg/330px-Poas_crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Poas_crater.jpg/440px-Poas_crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Crater of Poás volcano in Costa Rica, 2004</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg/220px-Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg/330px-Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg/440px-Volcan-Santiaguito-Quetzaltenango-Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Santiaguito Volcano, 2003 eruption in Guatemala</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panama">Panama</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Panama" title="List of volcanoes in Panama">List of volcanoes in Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Panama" title="List of earthquakes in Panama">List of earthquakes in Panama</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of volcanoes in Costa Rica">List of volcanoes in Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of earthquakes in Costa Rica">List of earthquakes in Costa Rica</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A1s_Volcano" title="Poás Volcano">Poás Volcano</a> is an active 2,708-metre (8,885 ft) stratovolcano located in central <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>; it has erupted 39 times since 1828. </p><p>The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica (OVSICORI, <i>Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica</i>) at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Costa_Rica" title="National University of Costa Rica">National University of Costa Rica</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes, earthquakes, and other tectonic processes in the <a href="/wiki/Central_America_Volcanic_Arc" title="Central America Volcanic Arc">Central America Volcanic Arc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">List of volcanoes in Nicaragua</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of earthquakes in Nicaragua">List of earthquakes in Nicaragua</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honduras">Honduras</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Honduras" title="List of volcanoes in Honduras">List of volcanoes in Honduras</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of volcanoes in El Salvador">List of volcanoes in El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of earthquakes in El Salvador">List of earthquakes in El Salvador</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Guatemala" title="List of volcanoes in Guatemala">List of volcanoes in Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Guatemala" title="List of earthquakes in Guatemala">List of earthquakes in Guatemala</a></div> <p>In 1902, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria Volcano">Santa Maria Volcano</a> erupted violently in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, with the largest explosions occurring over two days, ejecting an estimated <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5.5 km<sup>3</sup> (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> cu mi) of magma. The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century, only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. The eruption had a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index" title="Volcanic explosivity index">volcanic explosivity index</a> of 6. Today, Santiaguito is one of the world's most active volcanoes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_Cordillera">North American Cordillera</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">List of volcanoes in Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">List of earthquakes in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/220px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/330px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif/440px-Map_mexico_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Volcanoes of Mexico related to subduction of the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rivera_plate" title="Rivera plate">Rivera</a> plates occur in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a>, which extends 900 km (560 mi) from west to east across central-southern Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a>, lying in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, is the second-highest peak in Mexico after the <a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a>. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico, having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519. The 1982 eruption of <a href="/wiki/El_Chich%C3%B3n" title="El Chichón">El Chichón</a>, which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano, created a 1-km-wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake. Before 1982, this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States" title="List of volcanoes in the United States">List of volcanoes in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">List of earthquakes in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png/220px-Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png/330px-Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png/440px-Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Area of the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Cascade Volcanoes">Cascade Volcanic Arc</a> (red triangles)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Cascade Volcanoes">Cascade Volcanic Arc</a> lies in the western United States. This arc includes nearly 20 major volcanoes, among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, lava domes, and cinder cones, along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as <a href="/wiki/Tuya" title="Tuya">tuyas</a>. Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago, but most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2 million years old, and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old. The arc is formed by the subduction of the <a href="/wiki/Gorda_plate" title="Gorda plate">Gorda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca</a> plates at the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a>. This is a 1,090-kilometre-long (680 mi) <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>, running 80 km (50 mi) off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> from northern California to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, British Columbia. The plates move at a relative rate of over 10 mm (0.4 in) per year at an <a href="/wiki/Oblique_subduction" title="Oblique subduction">oblique angle</a> to the subduction zone. </p><p>Because of the very large fault area, the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes, magnitude 9.0 or greater, if rupture occurred over its whole area. When the "locked" zone stores energy for an earthquake, the "transition" zone, although somewhat plastic, can rupture. Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km (37 mi) down-dip from the deformation front. Further down-dip, a transition from fully locked to <a href="/wiki/Aseismic_creep" title="Aseismic creep">aseismic sliding</a> occurs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_eruptions_in_the_last_4000_years.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cascade_eruptions_in_the_last_4000_years.png/220px-Cascade_eruptions_in_the_last_4000_years.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cascade_eruptions_in_the_last_4000_years.png/330px-Cascade_eruptions_in_the_last_4000_years.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cascade_eruptions_in_the_last_4000_years.png/440px-Cascade_eruptions_in_the_last_4000_years.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, no <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trench</a> is present along the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia</a>. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">accretionary wedge</a> have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains. A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers (<a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a>) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench. However, in common with most other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude-9 <a href="/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake" title="1700 Cascadia earthquake">Cascadia earthquake of 1700</a>. Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years, suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years. Also, evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen, as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through "scars" the tsunamis left on the coast, and through Japanese records (tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a> was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history (<a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a> = 5, 1.3 km<sup>3</sup> (0.3 cu mi) of material erupted), exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California's <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a>. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes caused by an injection of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32 am on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_(Washington)" title="Spirit Lake (Washington)">Spirit Lake</a> so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> is known for its seismic and volcanic activity, holding the record for the second-largest earthquake in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Friday earthquake">Good Friday earthquake</a>, and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanoes are found not only in the mainland, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Earthquake_Information_Center" title="National Earthquake Information Center">National Earthquake Information Center</a> monitor volcanoes and earthquakes in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png/220px-Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Young_volcanoes_of_western_Canada.png 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Map of young volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanism in Canada">Volcanism in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canada" title="List of volcanoes in Canada">List of volcanoes in Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">List of earthquakes in Canada</a></div> <p>British Columbia and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> are home to a region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire. More than 20 volcanoes have erupted in the western Canada during the Holocene Epoch but only 6 are directly related to subduction: <a href="/wiki/Bridge_River_Cones" title="Bridge River Cones">Bridge River Cones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cayley" title="Mount Cayley">Mount Cayley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Lake" title="Garibaldi Lake">Garibaldi Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several mountains in populated areas of British Columbia are <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant volcanoes</a>. Most of these were active during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Although none of Canada's volcanoes are currently erupting, several volcanoes, volcanic fields, and volcanic centers are considered potentially active.<sup id="cite_ref-Stasiuk_etal_2003_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stasiuk_etal_2003-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a> at some volcanoes. Since 1975, seismic activity appears to have been associated with some volcanoes in British Columbia including the six subduction-related volcanoes as well as intraplate volcanoes such as <a href="/wiki/Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field" title="Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field">Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stasiuk_etal_2003_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stasiuk_etal_2003-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province" title="Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province">Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province</a> is an area of numerous volcanoes, which are caused by continental rifting not subduction; therefore geologists often regard it as a gap in the Pacific Ring of Fire between the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Cascade Volcanoes">Cascade Volcanic Arc</a> further south and Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Arc" title="Aleutian Arc">Aleutian Arc</a> further north.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodsKienle_2001_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodsKienle_2001-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belt" title="Garibaldi Volcanic Belt">Garibaldi Volcanic Belt</a> in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States (which includes <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a> and Mount St. Helens) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate (a remnant of the much larger <a href="/wiki/Farallon_plate" title="Farallon plate">Farallon plate</a>) under the North American plate along the Cascadia subduction zone.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones, Mount Cayley, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fee" title="Mount Fee">Mount Fee</a>, Mount Garibaldi, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Price_(British_Columbia)" title="Mount Price (British Columbia)">Mount Price</a>, Mount Meager massif, the Squamish Volcanic Field, and more smaller volcanoes. The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive, with compositions from basalt to <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>. Morphologically, centers include calderas, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses. Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations, many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition, topography, and changing ice configurations. The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was an explosive eruption of the Mount Meager massif about 2,350 years ago. It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,<sup id="cite_ref-SW_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sending an <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">ash column</a> about 20 km into the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg/220px-MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg/330px-MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg/440px-MountMeagerPlinthCapricorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager massif</a> as seen from the east near Pemberton, British Columbia: Summits left to right are <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Mountain" title="Capricorn Mountain">Capricorn Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_(British_Columbia)" title="Mount Meager (British Columbia)">Mount Meager</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plinth_Peak" title="Plinth Peak">Plinth Peak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_Group" title="Chilcotin Group">Chilcotin Group</a> is a north–south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6–10 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>) or 2–3 million years ago (Pliocene), although with some slightly more recent eruptions (in the Pleistocene).<sup id="cite_ref-DA_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought to have formed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc extension</a> behind the Cascadia subduction zone.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanoes in this belt include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Noel" title="Mount Noel">Mount Noel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clisbako_Caldera_Complex" title="Clisbako Caldera Complex">Clisbako Caldera Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning_Peak_(British_Columbia)" title="Lightning Peak (British Columbia)">Lightning Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Dome_Mountain" title="Black Dome Mountain">Black Dome Mountain</a>, and many lava flows. </p><p>Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and <a href="/wiki/Hypabyssal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypabyssal">hypabyssal</a> rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Alert_Bay_Volcanic_Belt" title="Alert Bay Volcanic Belt">Alert Bay Volcanic Belt</a> in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the <a href="/wiki/Explorer_plate" title="Explorer plate">Explorer</a> and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone. It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. However, no Holocene eruptions are known, and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased. </p><p>The active <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Fault" title="Queen Charlotte Fault">Queen Charlotte Fault</a> on the west coast of the <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century: a <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">magnitude</a> 7 event in 1929; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 (Canada's largest recorded earthquake); and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Public Safety Geo-science Program at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a> undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, and landslides.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Kamchatka" title="Volcanoes of Kamchatka">Volcanoes of Kamchatka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_earthquakes" title="Kamchatka earthquakes">Kamchatka earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">List of volcanoes in Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">List of earthquakes in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dsc_(179253513).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg/220px-Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg/330px-Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg/440px-Dsc_%28179253513%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kambalny" title="Kambalny">Kambalny</a>, an active volcano in the Kamchatka Peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> is one of the most active volcanic areas in the world, with 20 historically active volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-KVERT_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KVERT-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the <a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Okhotsk Sea">Okhotsk Sea</a> to the west. Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500-metre-deep (34,400 ft) Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, where subduction of the Pacific plate fuels the volcanism. Several types of volcanic activity are present, including stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, Hawaiian-style fissure eruptions and geysers. </p><p>Active, <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extinct_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct volcano">extinct</a> volcanoes of Kamchatka are in two major volcanic belts. The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt, starting in the north at the <a href="/wiki/Shiveluch" title="Shiveluch">Shiveluch</a> volcanic complex, which lies at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian</a> and Kamchatka volcanic arcs. Just to the south is the Klyuchi volcanic group, comprising the twin volcanic cones of <a href="/wiki/Kliuchevskoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kliuchevskoi">Kliuchevskoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamen_(volcano)" title="Kamen (volcano)">Kamen</a>, the volcanic complexes of <a href="/wiki/Tolbachik" title="Tolbachik">Tolbachik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ushkovsky" title="Ushkovsky">Ushkovsky</a>, and a number of other large stratovolcanoes. <a href="/wiki/Ichinsky" title="Ichinsky">Ichinsky</a>, the only active volcano in the central belt, is located farther to the west. Farther south, the eastern belt of stratovolcanoes continues to the southern tip of Kamchatka, continuing onto the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, with their 32 historically active volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-KVERT_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KVERT-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IKIP2000_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IKIP2000-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Japan" title="List of volcanoes in Japan">List of volcanoes in Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">List of earthquakes in Japan</a></div> <p>About 10% of the world's active volcanoes are found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. They are formed by subduction of the Pacific plate and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine Sea plate</a>. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon. Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing some slight shaking of buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently; the most famous in the 20th century were: the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a>, in which 130,000 people died; and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a> of January 17, 1995, in which 6,434 people died. On March 11, 2011 <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan</a>, the country's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record, according to US Geological Survey data.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/220px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/330px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG/440px-Fuji_Kawaguchi_357.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> at sunrise from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kawaguchi" title="Lake Kawaguchi">Lake Kawaguchi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bandai" title="Mount Bandai">Mount Bandai</a>, one of Japan's most noted volcanoes, rises above the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Inawashiro" title="Lake Inawashiro">Lake Inawashiro</a>. Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes, the largest of which is O-Bandai, constructed within a horseshoe-shaped <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> that formed about 40,000 years ago when an earlier volcano collapsed, forming the Okinajima <a href="/wiki/Debris_avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris avalanche">debris avalanche</a>, which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">plinian eruption</a>. Four major <a href="/wiki/Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption">phreatic eruptions</a> have occurred during the past 5,000 years, two of them in historical time, in 806 and 1888. Seen from the south, Bandai presents a conical profile, but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko-Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption, in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes. In July 1888, the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens. After a week of seismic activity, a large earthquake on July 15, 1888, was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion. Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> is Japan's highest and most noted volcano, featuring heavily in Japanese culture and serving as one of the country's most popular landmarks. The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes, remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji's profile. Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago, accounting for four-fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji. Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago, with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago. Subsequently, intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred, with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows. Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago, after which flank vents were active. The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano, forming the <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Five_Lakes" title="Fuji Five Lakes">Fuji Five Lakes</a>. The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> and formed a large new crater on the east flank. Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Taiwan" title="List of volcanoes in Taiwan">List of volcanoes in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan" title="List of earthquakes in Taiwan">List of earthquakes in Taiwan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanoes in the Philippines">List of volcanoes in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">List of earthquakes in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif/170px-MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif/255px-MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Map showing major volcanoes of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a> is the world's second-largest eruption of the 20th century. Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas, saving many lives, but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows, ash deposits, and later, lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits, thousands of houses were destroyed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayon1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mayon1984.jpg/220px-Mayon1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mayon1984.jpg/330px-Mayon1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mayon1984.jpg/440px-Mayon1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a> overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano's violent eruption in September 1984.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a> is the Philippines' most active volcano. It has steep upper slopes that average 35–40° and is capped by a small summit crater. The historical eruptions of this basaltic-andesitic volcano date back to 1616 and range from <a href="/wiki/Strombolian_eruption" title="Strombolian eruption">Strombolian</a> to basaltic <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian eruptions</a>. Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a> has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572. A devastating eruption occurred in 1911, which claimed more than a thousand lives. The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish, fairly decomposed (nonjuvenile) <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> with a high sulfur content. The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977, and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water, which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions. The volcano was dormant from 1977 then showed signs of unrest since 1991 with strong seismic activity and ground-fracturing events, as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island. An eruption occurred in January 2020. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kanlaon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanlaon Volcano">Kanlaon Volcano</a>, the most active volcano in the central Philippines, has erupted 25 times since 1866. Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano. On August 10, 1996, Kanlaon erupted without warning, killing 3 persons who were among 24 mountain climbers trapped near the summit. On June 3, 2024, Mt. Kanlaon erupted, displacing more than 1,000 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">List of volcanoes in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">List of earthquakes in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A chart with the heading "Major Volcanoes of Indonesia (with eruptions since 1900 A.D.)". Depicted below the heading is an overhead view of a cluster of islands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/330px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/495px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif/660px-Map_indonesia_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Major volcanoes in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>Indonesia is located where the Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean meets the Alpide belt (which runs from Southeast Asia to Southwest Europe). </p><p>The eastern islands of Indonesia (Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands (excluding Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa and Sangeang), Halmahera, the Banda Islands and the Sangihe Islands) are geologically associated with subduction of the Pacific plate or its related minor plates and, therefore, the eastern islands are often regarded as part of the Ring of Fire. </p><p>The western islands of Indonesia (the Sunda Arc of Sumatra, Krakatoa, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa and Sangeang) are located north of a subduction zone in the Indian Ocean. Although news media, popular science publications and some geologists include the western islands (and their notable volcanoes such as <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Merapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Tambora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Toba</a>) in the Ring of Fire, geologists often exclude the western islands from the Ring; instead the western islands are often included in the Alpide belt.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islands_in_the_southwest_Pacific_Ocean">Islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png/220px-Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png/330px-Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png/440px-Maoke_Plate_map-fr.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and tectonic plates: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate">Australian plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_plate" title="Caroline plate">Caroline plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea_plate" title="Banda Sea plate">Banda Sea plate</a> (as "Mer de Banda"), <a href="/wiki/Woodlark_plate" title="Woodlark plate">Woodlark plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_plate" title="Bird's Head plate">Bird's Head plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoke_plate" title="Maoke plate">Maoke plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea_plate" title="Solomon Sea plate">Solomon Sea plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Bismarck_plate" title="North Bismarck plate">North Bismarck plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Bismarck_plate" title="South Bismarck plate">South Bismarck plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manus_plate" title="Manus plate">Manus plate</a> (in French)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of volcanoes in Papua New Guinea">List of volcanoes in Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea">List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solomon_Islands">Solomon Islands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanoes in the Solomon Islands">List of volcanoes in the Solomon Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Vanuatu" title="List of volcanoes in Vanuatu">List of volcanoes in Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Vanuatu" title="List of earthquakes in Vanuatu">List of earthquakes in Vanuatu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Fiji" title="List of volcanoes in Fiji">List of volcanoes in Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Fiji" title="List of earthquakes in Fiji">List of earthquakes in Fiji</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg/220px-Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg/330px-Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg/440px-Orange_glow_of_magma_from_West_Mata_submarine_volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Volcanic eruption at <a href="/wiki/West_Mata" title="West Mata">West Mata</a> submarine volcano between Samoa and Tonga, 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samoa">Samoa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Samoa" title="List of volcanoes in Samoa">List of volcanoes in Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Samoa" title="List of earthquakes in Samoa">List of earthquakes in Samoa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonga">Tonga</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Tonga" title="List of volcanoes in Tonga">List of volcanoes in Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Tonga" title="List of earthquakes in Tonga">List of earthquakes in Tonga</a></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanism in New Zealand">Volcanism in New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of volcanoes in New Zealand">List of volcanoes in New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">List of earthquakes in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif/220px-Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif/330px-Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif/440px-Map_new_zealand_volcanoes.gif 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Major volcanoes of New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Taranaki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mt_Taranaki.JPG/220px-Mt_Taranaki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mt_Taranaki.JPG/330px-Mt_Taranaki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mt_Taranaki.JPG/440px-Mt_Taranaki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Taranaki" title="Mount Taranaki">Mount Taranaki</a> from Stratford</figcaption></figure> <p>New Zealand contains the world's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes, and voluminous sheets of <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> blanket much of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>. The earliest historically dated eruption was at <a href="/wiki/Whakaari/White_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Whakaari/White Island">Whakaari/White Island</a> in 1826,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in 1886 by the country's largest historical eruption at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tarawera" title="Mount Tarawera">Mount Tarawera</a>. Much of the region north of New Zealand's North Island is made up of <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> and small islands, including 16 <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">submarine volcanoes</a>. In the last 1.6 million years, most of New Zealand's volcanism is from the <a href="/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupō Volcanic Zone">Taupō Volcanic Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a>, at the southern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone, is one of the most active volcanoes in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-crlk_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crlk-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago. In recorded history, major eruptions have been about 50 years apart,<sup id="cite_ref-crlk_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crlk-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1895, 1945, and 1995–1996. Minor eruptions are frequent, with at least 60 since 1945. Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields.<sup id="cite_ref-cniv_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cniv-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between major eruptions, a warm acidic crater lake forms, fed by melting snow. Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water. Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake's outlet, the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet, the outrush of water causing a large lahar. The most notable lahar caused the <a href="/wiki/Tangiwai_disaster" title="Tangiwai disaster">Tangiwai disaster</a> on December 24, 1953, when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/ERLAWS" class="mw-redirect" title="ERLAWS">ERLAWS</a> system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Auckland_volcanic_field" title="Auckland volcanic field">Auckland volcanic field</a> on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters, scoria cones, and lava flows. Currently <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant</a>, the field is likely to erupt again within the next "hundreds to thousands of years", a very short timeframe in geologic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-CONT_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CONT-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The field contains at least 40 volcanoes, most recently active about 600 years ago at <a href="/wiki/Rangitoto_Island" title="Rangitoto Island">Rangitoto Island</a>, erupting 2.3 km<sup>3</sup> (0.55 cu mi) of lava. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil">Soil</h2></div> <p>The soils of the Pacific Ring of Fire include <a href="/wiki/Andosol" title="Andosol">andosols</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">andisols</a>; they have formed by the <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>. Andosols contain large proportions of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">volcanic glass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_Soil_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_Soil-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ring of Fire is the world's main location for this soil type, which typically has good levels of <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycloVolc2015_Soil_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycloVolc2015_Soil-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/45px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/60px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a> – Set of sixteen volcanoes noted for their eruptive history and proximity to densely populated areas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Earth_Carbon_Degassing_Project" title="Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project">Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project</a> – Scientific project studying carbon transfer from Earth's interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Geology of the Pacific Northwest">Geology of the Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a> – Land area comprising the rim of the Pacific Ocean</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">cinturón de fuego del Pacífico, anillo de fuego del Pacífico</i>; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Lingkaran api Pasifik</i>; <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Cincin Api Pasifik</i>; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko</i>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">环太平洋火山带</span> <i>Huán Taìpíngyáng Huǒshān Daì</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Tikhookeanskoye vulkanicheskoye ognennoye kol'tso</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">環太平洋火山帯</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kantaiheiyō kazan-tai</i></span> or 環太平洋造山帯 <i>Kantaiheiyō zōzantai</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacdonaldActiveList-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacdonaldActiveList_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonald (1972) listed 361 historically active volcanoes in the Ring of Fire (or 398 historically active volcanoes if the western islands of Indonesia are included).<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_1972_Active_List_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald_1972_Active_List-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Western_Indonesia_Large_Eruptions-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Western_Indonesia_Large_Eruptions_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twenty-two if the western islands of Indonesia are included.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EarthquakePercent-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EarthquakePercent_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">if Antarctica and the western islands of Indonesia are excluded<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mag8quakes-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mag8quakes_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">79 of 95 earthquakes (if the western islands of Indonesia are excluded).<sup id="cite_ref-Mag8QuakesSearch_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mag8QuakesSearch-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_ROF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_ROF_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/rof.html">"What is the Ring of Fire?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Ring+of+Fire%3F&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanexplorer.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Frof.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SternBloomer2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SternBloomer2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SternBloomer2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SternBloomer2020_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternBloomer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Robert J.; Bloomer, S. H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1036%2F1097-8542.757381">"Subduction zone"</a>. <i>Access Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1036%2F1097-8542.757381">10.1036/1097-8542.757381</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Access+Science&rft.atitle=Subduction+zone&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1036%2F1097-8542.757381&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Bloomer%2C+S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1036%252F1097-8542.757381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GVPDatabase2020_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenzke2013" class="citation cs2">Venzke, E, ed. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/gvp_votw.cfm"><i>Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.3.4</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.GVP.VOTW4-2013">10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+World%2C+v.+4.3.4&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.GVP.VOTW4-2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fgvp_votw.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siebert_etal_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siebert_etal_2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebertSimkinKimberly2010" class="citation book cs1">Siebert, L; Simkin, T.; Kimberly, P. (2010). <i>Volcanoes of the World</i> (3rd ed.). p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+World&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Siebert&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Simkin%2C+T.&rft.au=Kimberly%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?termID=150">"Ring of Fire"</a>. United States Geological Survey. July 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Fire&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Flearn%2Fglossary%2F%3FtermID%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117041632/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#1">"Earthquakes FAQ"</a>. United States Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#1">the original</a> on January 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+FAQ&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Ffaq%2Fhist.html%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=Ring%20of%20Fire">"Earthquakes Visual Glossary"</a>. United States Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+Visual+Glossary&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Flearn%2Fglossary%2F%3Fterm%3DRing%2520of%2520Fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WrightRothery1998-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WrightRothery1998_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightRothery1998" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John; Rothery, David A. (1998). "The Shape of Ocean Basins". <i>The Ocean Basins: Their Structure and Evolution</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Open_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open University">The Open University</a>. pp. 26–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080537931" title="Special:BookSources/9780080537931"><bdi>9780080537931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shape+of+Ocean+Basins&rft.btitle=The+Ocean+Basins%3A+Their+Structure+and+Evolution&rft.pages=26-53&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Open+University&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780080537931&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Rothery%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappas2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pappas2020_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappas2020_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappas2020_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2020" class="citation news cs1">Pappas, Stephanie (11 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/zealandia-tied-to-ring-of-fire.html">"The lost continent of Zealandia hides clues to the Ring of Fire's birth"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=The+lost+continent+of+Zealandia+hides+clues+to+the+Ring+of+Fire%27s+birth&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fzealandia-tied-to-ring-of-fire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schellart_2017-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schellart_2017_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellart2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schellart, W. P. (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5722900">"Andean mountain building and magmatic arc migration driven by subduction-induced whole mantle flow"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 2010. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...8.2010S">2017NatCo...8.2010S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-01847-z">10.1038/s41467-017-01847-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5722900">5722900</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29222524">29222524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Andean+mountain+building+and+magmatic+arc+migration+driven+by+subduction-induced+whole+mantle+flow&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2010&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5722900%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29222524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-017-01847-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...8.2010S&rft.aulast=Schellart&rft.aufirst=W.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5722900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeckerDecker1981" class="citation journal cs1">Decker, Robert; Decker, Barbara (1981). "The Eruptions of Mount St. Helens". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>244</b> (3): 68–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SciAm.244c..68D">1981SciAm.244c..68D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0381-68">10.1038/scientificamerican0381-68</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24964328">24964328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Eruptions+of+Mount+St.+Helens&rft.volume=244&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=68-81&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24964328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0381-68&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981SciAm.244c..68D&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Decker%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonald_1972_Active_List-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald_1972_Active_List_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1972" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, G.A. (1972). <i>Volcanoes</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arc.govt.nz/arc/library/c28192_2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contingency+plan+for+the+Auckland+Volcanic+Field&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Auckland+Regional+Council&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F155932538&rft.au=Beca+Carter+Hollings+and+Ferner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arc.govt.nz%2Farc%2Flibrary%2Fc28192_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA_Soil-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDA_Soil_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/maps/?cid=nrcs142p2_053592">"Andisols"</a>. <i>National Resource Conservation Service</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101123458/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/maps/?cid=nrcs142p2_053592">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Resource+Conservation+Service&rft.atitle=Andisols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcs.usda.gov%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fnrcs%2Fdetail%2Fsoils%2Fsurvey%2Fclass%2Fmaps%2F%3Fcid%3Dnrcs142p2_053592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncycloVolc2015_Soil-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncycloVolc2015_Soil_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelmelleOpfergeltCornelisPing2015" class="citation book cs1">Delmelle, P.; Opfergelt, S.; Cornelis, J-T.; Ping, C-L. (2015). "Volcanic Soils". In Sigurdsson, H. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Volcanoes</i> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1253–1264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385938-9"><bdi>978-0-12-385938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volcanic+Soils&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Volcanoes&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=1253-1264&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-12-385938-9&rft.aulast=Delmelle&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Opfergelt%2C+S.&rft.au=Cornelis%2C+J-T.&rft.au=Ping%2C+C-L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARing+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire">Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117041632/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html">Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics</a> at the United States Geological Survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231014659/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/description_plate_tectonics.html">DESCRIPTION: "Ring of Fire", Plate Tectonics, Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction Zones, "Hot Spots"</a> at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington Web site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/fire.html">Map of the Ring of Fire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206205546/http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/fire.html">Archived</a> 2006-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/SeaFloorGeology/1/ENZ-Resources/Standard/3/en">Ring of Fire, tectonic activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516031025/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/">The Ring of Fire at work</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:World-map-2004-cia-factbook-large-2m.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:Image:World-map-2004-cia-factbook-large-2m.jpg">Physical World Map 2004-04-01 CIA World Factbook; Robinson Projection; 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Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_subjects_and_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_subjects_and_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related subjects and articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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Salvador</a> • <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> • Japan • <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> • Russia • <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> • <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oceanic_trenches_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC8D8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bougainville_Trench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bougainville Trench (page does not exist)">Bougainville Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec Trench</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izu_Bonin_Trench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izu Bonin Trench (page does not exist)">Izu Bonin Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Japan_Trench" title="Japan Trench">Japan Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurile_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurile Trench">Kurile Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_Trench" title="Middle America Trench">Middle America Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench" title="Peru–Chile Trench">Peru–Chile Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Trench" title="Philippine Trench">Philippine Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Trench" title="Ryukyu Trench">Ryukyu Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trench</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yap_Trench" title="Yap Trench">Yap Trench</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tectonic_plates_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC8D8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Pacific Ring of Fire (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pacific Ring of Fire (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Ring of Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tectonic_plates_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">Tectonic plates</a> of the Pacific Ring of Fire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate">Australian plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_plate" title="Caribbean plate">Caribbean plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explorer_plate" title="Explorer plate">Explorer plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gorda_plate" title="Gorda plate">Gorda plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine Sea plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rivera_plate" title="Rivera plate">Rivera plate</a> • <a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American plate</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volcanoes_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC8D8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Pacific Ring of Fire (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pacific Ring of Fire (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Ring of Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volcanoes_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanoes</a> of the Pacific Ring of Fire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Baker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bulusan" title="Mount Bulusan">Bulusan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cold_Bay_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Bay Volcano">Cold Bay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_(volcano)" title="Concepción (volcano)">Concepción</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Fuego" title="Volcán de Fuego">Fuego</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Fuji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Hood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Cascade Volcanoes">Cascade Volcanoes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Merapi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Momotombo" title="Momotombo">Momotombo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Novarupta" title="Novarupta">Novarupta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Pinatubo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Shasta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Rainier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Ruapehu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Tambora</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Taranaki" title="Mount Taranaki">Taranaki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tungurahua" title="Tungurahua">Tungurahua</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Usu" title="Mount Usu">Usu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_Mountain" title="Hoodoo Mountain">Hoodoo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Edziza" title="Mount Edziza">Edziza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tseax_Cone" title="Tseax Cone">Tseax</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)" title="The Volcano (British Columbia)">The Volcano</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Meager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cayley" title="Mount Cayley">Cayley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Mountain" title="Volcano Mountain">Volcano Mountain</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_Notable_Geographic_Features_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC8D8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Pacific Ring of Fire (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pacific Ring of Fire (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Ring of Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Other_Notable_Geographic_Features_of_the_Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other Notable <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geographic</a> Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_cordillera" class="mw-redirect" title="American cordillera">American cordillera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a> • <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> • <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> • <a href="/wiki/Challenger_Deep" title="Challenger Deep">Challenger Deep</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fais_Island" title="Fais Island">Fais Island</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a> • <a href="/wiki/Insular_Mountains" title="Insular Mountains">Insular Mountains</a> • <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurile_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurile Islands">Kurile Islands</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> • <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> • <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast Range">Pacific Coast Range</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Fault" title="Queen Charlotte Fault">Queen Charlotte Fault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)" title="Sierra Madre (Philippines)">Sierra Madre (Philippines)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Mountains_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Madre Mountains (California)">Sierra Madre Mountains (California)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur" title="Sierra Madre del Sur">Sierra Madre del Sur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a> • <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=1259114792">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=1259114792</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" title="Category:Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanology" title="Category:Volcanology">Volcanology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographic_areas_of_seismological_interest" title="Category:Geographic areas of seismological interest">Geographic areas of seismological interest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Oceania" title="Category:Geography of Oceania">Geography of Oceania</a></li><li><a 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