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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>University of Chicago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Cambridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Cambridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>University of Cambridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Cambridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_Theory_of_the_Consumption_Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Theory_of_the_Consumption_Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span><i>A Theory of the Consumption Function</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Theory_of_the_Consumption_Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalism_and_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalism_and_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span><i>Capitalism and Freedom</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalism_and_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scholarly contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scholarly_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scholarly contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_and_subsequent_evolution_of_the_Phillips_curve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_and_subsequent_evolution_of_the_Phillips_curve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Rejection and subsequent evolution of the Phillips curve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_and_subsequent_evolution_of_the_Phillips_curve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_social_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_social_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Corporate social responsibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_social_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public policy positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_policy_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public policy positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_policy_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Reserve_and_monetary_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Reserve_and_monetary_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Federal Reserve and monetary policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Reserve_and_monetary_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarianism_and_the_Republican_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarianism_and_the_Republican_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Libertarianism and the Republican Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarianism_and_the_Republican_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_involvement_in_the_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_involvement_in_the_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Governmental involvement in the economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_involvement_in_the_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors,_recognition_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors,_recognition_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honors, recognition and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors,_recognition_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors, recognition and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors,_recognition_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1976_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Criticism of published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ميلتون فريدمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميلتون فريدمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Fridman" title="Milton Fridman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Milton Fridman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="میلتون فریدمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلتون فریدمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মিল্টন ফ্রিড্‌ম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিল্টন ফ্রিড্‌ম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мілтан Фрыдман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мілтан Фрыдман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мілтан Фрыдман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мілтан Фрыдман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Милтън Фридман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Милтън Фридман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Μίλτον Φρίντμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μίλτον Φρίντμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="میلتون فریدمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میلتون فریدمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%ED%84%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A8%BC" title="밀턴 프리드먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀턴 프리드먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Միլթոն Ֆրիդմեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միլթոն Ֆրիդմեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिल्टन फ्रीडमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מילטון פרידמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילטון פרידמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მილტონ ფრიდმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მილტონ ფრიდმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Милтон Фридман – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Милтон Фридман" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltons_Fr%C4%ABdmans" title="Miltons Frīdmans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miltons Frīdmans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Милтон Фридман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Милтон Фридман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मिल्टन फ्रीडमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिल्टन फ्रीडमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მილტონ ფრიდმანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მილტონ ფრიდმანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ميلتون فريدمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميلتون فريدمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="میلتون فریدمن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میلتون فریدمن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Милтон Фридман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Милтон Фридман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ミルトン・フリードマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミルトン・フリードマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਿਲਟਨ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਮੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਲਟਨ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਮੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ملٹن فریڈمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملٹن فریڈمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86" title="مېلټون فرايډمېن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېلټون فرايډمېن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фридман, Милтон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фридман, Милтон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Милтон Фридман – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Милтон Фридман" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="මිල්‍ටන් ෆීඩ්මන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිල්‍ටන් ෆීඩ්මන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="میلتۆن فریدمەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میلتۆن فریدمەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Милтон Фридман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Милтон Фридман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மில்ட்டன் பிரீட்மன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மில்ட்டன் பிரீட்மன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మిల్టన్ ఫ్రీడ్‌మన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మిల్టన్ ఫ్రీడ్‌మన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="มิลตัน ฟรีดแมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มิลตัน ฟรีดแมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мілтон Фрідман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мілтон Фрідман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ملٹن فریڈمان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملٹن فریڈمان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="米尔顿·弗里德曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米尔顿·弗里德曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מילטאן פרידמאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מילטאן פרידמאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Milton Friedman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%91" title="米爾頓·佛利民 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="米爾頓·佛利民" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%91" title="米爾頓·佛利民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米爾頓·佛利民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American economist and statistician (1912–2006)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Milton Friedman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Of_Milton_Friedman_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Portrait_Of_Milton_Friedman_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_Of_Milton_Friedman_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Portrait_Of_Milton_Friedman_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_Of_Milton_Friedman_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Portrait_Of_Milton_Friedman_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_Of_Milton_Friedman_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1006" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Friedman in 1986</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-07-31</span>)</span>July 31, 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 16, 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-11-16)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">San Francisco, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (PhD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reason1995June_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason1995June-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Martel_(bridge)" title="Jan Martel (bridge)">Jan Martel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>National Resources Planning Board (1935–1937)</li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> (1937–1940)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (1937–1941; 1943–1945; 1964–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin,_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin, Madison">University of Wisconsin, Madison</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">U.S. Department of the Treasury</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (1946–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (1954–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (1977–2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a>; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Liberalism">Classical<span class="nowrap"> </span>Liberalism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Cagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Cagan">Phillip Cagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry Markowitz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lester_G._Telser" title="Lester G. Telser">Lester G. Telser</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ebenstein_2007_89_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein_2007_89-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/David_I._Meiselman" title="David I. Meiselman">David I. Meiselman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neil_Wallace" title="Neil Wallace">Neil Wallace</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sidrauski" title="Miguel Sidrauski">Miguel Sidrauski</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edgar_L._Feige" title="Edgar L. Feige">Edgar L. Feige</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Burns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hotelling" title="Harold Hotelling">Hotelling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Jones_(economist)" title="Homer Jones (economist)">H. Jones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Schultz" title="Henry Schultz">Schultz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Calvert_Simons" title="Henry Calvert Simons">H.C. Simons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">Stigler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Viner</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost-push_inflation" title="Cost-push inflation">Cost-push inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">Floating exchange rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_money" title="Helicopter money">Helicopter money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Applied macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rate_of_unemployment" title="Natural rate of unemployment">Natural rate of unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">Permanent income hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#End_of_conscription" title="Conscription in the United States">Volunteer military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_doctrine" title="Friedman doctrine">Friedman doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_rule" title="Friedman rule">Friedman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_test" title="Friedman test">Friedman test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule" title="Friedman's k-percent rule">Friedman's k-percent rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman%E2%80%93Savage_utility_function" title="Friedman–Savage utility function">Friedman–Savage utility function</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Member of <a href="/wiki/The_American_Philosophical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Philosophical Society">the American Philosophical Society</a> (1957)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pfr10.html">Information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS / RePEc</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_friedman_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div 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labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school<br />of economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Fogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David Friedman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">Stigler</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_rationalism" title="Economic rationalism">Economic rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis" title="Efficient-market hypothesis">Efficient market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_rule" title="Friedman rule">Friedman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule" title="Friedman's k-percent rule">k-percent rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_economicus" title="Homo economicus">Homo economicus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_agent" title="Rational agent">Rational agent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">choice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">expectations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_inflation_target" title="Symmetrical inflation target">Symmetrical inflation target</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">Exchange rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a 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capitalism by school of thought"><span class="wrap">Perspectives on capitalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #FED105; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Libertarianism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Boudreaux" title="Donald J. Boudreaux">Boudreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Tuccille" title="Jerome Tuccille">Tuccille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sununu" title="Chris Sununu">Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Usually_Begins_with_Ayn_Rand" title="It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand">It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #F5DD00; border-bottom:1px solid #F5DD00"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">Shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalization in India">Economic liberalization in India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free 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class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Milton Friedman</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/IPA_pronounce_M.Friedman.wav\/IPA_pronounce_M.Friedman.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"IPA pronounce M.Friedman.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/IPA_pronounce_M.Friedman.wav/IPA_pronounce_M.Friedman.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_pronounce_M.Friedman.wav" title="File:IPA pronounce M.Friedman.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> for his research on <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> analysis, <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">monetary</a> history and theory and the complexity of <a href="/wiki/Stabilization_policy" title="Stabilization policy">stabilization policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>, Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical</a> <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">school of economic thought</a> associated with the work of the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> that rejected <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a> until the mid-1970s, when it turned to <a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">new classical macroeconomics</a> heavily based on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">rational expectations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several students, young professors and academics who were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists, including <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman's challenges to what he called "naive <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> theory"<sup id="cite_ref-pbsinterview_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbsinterview-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began with his interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Consumption_function" title="Consumption function">consumption</a>, which tracks how consumers spend. He introduced a theory which would later become part of <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a> and he was among the first to propagate the theory of <a href="/wiki/Consumption_smoothing" title="Consumption smoothing">consumption smoothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s, he became the main advocate opposing both Marxist and Keynesian government and economic policies,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and described his approach (along with mainstream economics) as using "Keynesian language and apparatus" yet rejecting its initial conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He theorized that there existed a <a href="/wiki/Natural_rate_of_unemployment" title="Natural rate of unemployment">natural rate of unemployment</a> and argued that unemployment below this rate would cause inflation to accelerate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a> was in the long run vertical at the "natural rate" and predicted what would come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman promoted a macroeconomic viewpoint known as <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a> and argued that a steady, small expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> was the preferred policy, as compared to rapid, and unexpected changes.<sup id="cite_ref-bestofbothworlds_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestofbothworlds-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideas concerning <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>, taxation, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> influenced government policies, especially during the 1980s. His <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetary theory</a> influenced the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After retiring from the University of Chicago in 1977, and becoming <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus professor</a> in economics in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-Caldwell-2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman served as an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His political philosophy extolled the virtues of a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economic system with minimal government intervention in social matters. In his 1962 book <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i>, Friedman advocated policies such as a <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer military</a>, freely <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating exchange rates</a>, abolition of <a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">medical licenses</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school vouchers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposition to the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">drug liberalization policies</a>. His support for <a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">school choice</a> led him to found the <a href="/wiki/Friedman_Foundation_for_Educational_Choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice">Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice</a>, later renamed <a href="/wiki/EdChoice" title="EdChoice">EdChoice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sullivan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sullivan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_bibliography" title="Milton Friedman bibliography">Friedman's works</a> cover a broad range of economic topics and public policy issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Caldwell-2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His books and essays have had global influence, including in former <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defaming_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defaming-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 survey of economists commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">EJW</a> ranked Friedman as the second-most popular economist of the 20th century, following only <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> described him as "the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century ... possibly of all of it".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman was born in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York City, on July 31, 1912. His parents, Sára Ethel (née Landau) and Jenő Saul Friedman, were <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> working-class immigrants from Beregszász in <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Berehove" title="Berehove">Berehove</a> in Ukraine).<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-Nobel-1976_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-Nobel-1976-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They emigrated to America in their early teens.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-Nobel-1976_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-Nobel-1976-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They both worked as <a href="/wiki/Dry_goods" title="Dry goods">dry goods</a> merchants. Friedman was their fourth child and only son, as well as the youngest of the children.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-AA-2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-AA-2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after his birth, the family relocated to <a href="/wiki/Rahway,_New_Jersey" title="Rahway, New Jersey">Rahway, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doherty-2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman's father, Jenő Saul Friedman, died during Friedman's senior year of high school, leaving Friedman and two older sisters to care for their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-Nobel-1976_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-Nobel-1976-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his early teens, Friedman was injured in a car accident, which scarred his upper lip.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A talented student and an avid reader, Friedman graduated from <a href="/wiki/Rahway_High_School" title="Rahway High School">Rahway High School</a> in 1928, just before his 16th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-AA-2021_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-AA-2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first in his family to attend a university. Friedman was awarded a competitive scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> and graduated in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman initially intended to become an <a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">actuary</a> or mathematician, however, the state of the economy, which was at this point in a <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">depression</a>, convinced him to become an economist.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-AA-2021_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-AA-2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doherty-2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was offered two scholarships to do graduate work, one in mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> and the other in economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harms-2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harms-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman chose the latter, earning a Master of Arts degree in 1933. He was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Calvert_Simons" title="Henry Calvert Simons">Henry Simons</a>. Friedman met his future wife, economist <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Director</a>, while at the University of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-UChi_News-2021_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UChi_News-2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman was also the student of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobin2024_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin2024-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1933–1934 academic year, he had a <a href="/wiki/Fellow#Graduate_school_fellowships" title="Fellow">fellowship</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where he studied statistics with statistician and economist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hotelling" title="Harold Hotelling">Harold Hotelling</a>. He was back in Chicago for the 1934–1935 academic year, working as a research assistant for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Schultz" title="Henry Schultz">Henry Schultz</a>, who was then working on <i>Theory and Measurement of Demand</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1934–1935 academic year, Friedman formed what would later prove to be lifetime friendships with <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._Allen_Wallis" title="W. Allen Wallis">W. Allen Wallis</a>, both of whom later taught with Friedman at the University of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman was also influenced by two lifelong friends, Arthur Burns and Homer Johnson. They helped Friedman better understand the depth of economic thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_service">Public service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman was unable to find academic employment, so in 1935 he followed his friend W. Allen Wallis to Washington, D.C., where <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> was "a lifesaver" for many young economists.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage, Friedman said he and his wife "regarded the job-creation programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">CCC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">PWA</a> appropriate responses to the critical situation", but not "the <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price-</a> and wage-fixing measures of the <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreshadowing his later ideas, he believed <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a> interfered with an <a href="/wiki/Price_signal" title="Price signal">essential signaling mechanism</a> to help resources be used where they were most valued. Indeed, Friedman later concluded that all government intervention associated with the New Deal was <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Contraction">"the wrong cure for the wrong disease"</a>, arguing the Federal Reserve was to blame, and that they should have expanded the money supply in reaction to what he later described in <i>A Monetary History of the United States</i> as "<a href="/wiki/Great_Contraction" title="Great Contraction">The Great Contraction</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Friedman and his colleague <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Monetary History of the United States">A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960</a></i>, which argued that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> was caused by a severe <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary contraction</a> due to banking crises and poor policy on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> describes the book as the "most influential account" of the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1935, he began working for the National Resources Planning Board,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was then working on a large consumer budget survey. Ideas from this project later became a part of his <i>Theory of the Consumption Function,</i> a book which first described <a href="/wiki/Consumption_smoothing" title="Consumption smoothing">consumption smoothing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">permanent income hypothesis</a>. Friedman began employment with the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> during the autumn of 1937 to assist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> in his work on professional income. This work resulted in their jointly authored publication <i>Incomes from Independent Professional Practice</i>, which introduced the concepts of permanent and transitory income, a major component of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">permanent income hypothesis</a> that Friedman worked out in greater detail in the 1950s. The book hypothesizes that professional licensing artificially restricts the supply of services and raises prices.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-Kuznets-1945_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-Kuznets-1945-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Incomes from Independent Professional Practice</i> remained quite controversial within the economics community because of Friedman's hypothesis that <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a>, which were exercised and enforced by the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, led to higher than average wages for physicians, compared to other professional groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Caldwell-2017_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-Kuznets-1945_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-Kuznets-1945-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">fixed cost</a> which must be incurred regardless of any outside factors such as <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">work experience</a>, or other factors of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1940, Friedman was appointed as an assistant professor teaching economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>, but encountered <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti semitism</a> in the Economics department and returned to government service.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1941 to 1943 Friedman worked on wartime tax policy for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a>, as an advisor to senior officials of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>. As a Treasury spokesman during 1942, he advocated a <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> policy of taxation. He helped to invent the payroll <a href="/wiki/Withholding_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Withholding tax">withholding tax</a> system, since the federal government needed money to fund the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_Lucky_People:_Memoirs_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two_Lucky_People:_Memoirs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later said, "I have no apologies for it, but I really wish we hadn't found it necessary and I wish there were some way of abolishing withholding now."<sup id="cite_ref-reason_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Milton and Rose Friedman's jointly written memoir, he wrote, "Rose has repeatedly chided me over the years about the role that I played in making possible the current overgrown government we both criticize so strongly."<sup id="cite_ref-Two_Lucky_People:_Memoirs_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two_Lucky_People:_Memoirs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, Friedman accepted a position at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but left because of differences with faculty regarding United States involvement in World War II. Friedman believed the United States should enter the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Achievement.org_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievement.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, Friedman joined the Division of War Research at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (headed by <a href="/wiki/W._Allen_Wallis" title="W. Allen Wallis">W. Allen Wallis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hotelling" title="Harold Hotelling">Harold Hotelling</a>), where he spent the rest of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> working as a mathematical statistician, focusing on problems of weapons design, military tactics, and metallurgical experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Achievement.org_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Achievement.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Friedman submitted <i>Incomes from Independent Professional Practice</i> (co-authored with Kuznets and completed during 1940) to Columbia as his doctoral dissertation. The university awarded him a PhD in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harms-2006_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harms-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman spent the 1945–1946 academic year teaching at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> (where his friend George Stigler was employed). On February 12, 1945, his only son, <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>, who would later follow in his father's footsteps as an economist, was born.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Chicago">University of Chicago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: University of Chicago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946, Friedman accepted an offer to teach economic theory at the University of Chicago (a position opened by the departure of his former professor <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>). Friedman would work for the University of Chicago for the next 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Harms-2006_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harms-2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he contributed to the establishment of an intellectual community that produced a number of Nobel Memorial Prize winners, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doherty-2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a>, who was then the head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">chairman of the Federal Reserve</a>, asked Friedman to rejoin the Bureau's staff.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accepted the invitation, and assumed responsibility for the Bureau's inquiry into the role of money in the <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycle</a>. As a result, he initiated the "Workshop in Money and Banking" (the "Chicago Workshop"), which promoted a revival of monetary studies. During the latter half of the 1940s, Friedman began a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic historian</a> at the Bureau, that would ultimately result in the 1963 publication of a book co-authored by Friedman and Schwartz, <i>A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bestofbothworlds_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestofbothworlds-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doherty-2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, Friedman was awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a>, which at the time was awarded every other year to the best economist under the age of 40, by the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Cambridge">University of Cambridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: University of Cambridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman spent the 1954–1955 academic year as a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>. At the time, the Cambridge economics faculty was divided into a Keynesian majority (including <a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kahn,_Baron_Kahn" title="Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn">Richard Kahn</a>) and an anti-Keynesian minority (headed by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Robertson_(economist)" title="Dennis Robertson (economist)">Dennis Robertson</a>). Friedman speculated he was invited to the fellowship because his views were unacceptable to both of the Cambridge factions. Later his weekly columns for <i>Newsweek</i> magazine (1966–84) were well read and increasingly influential among political and business people,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped earn the magazine a <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Loeb_Special_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Loeb Special Award">Gerald Loeb Special Award</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-HC-19680522_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-19680522-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1968 to 1978, he and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> participated in the Economics Cassette Series, a biweekly subscription series where the economist would discuss the days' issues for about a half-hour at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_Theory_of_the_Consumption_Function"><i>A Theory of the Consumption Function</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: A Theory of the Consumption Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Milton Friedman's most popular works, <i>A Theory of the Consumption Function</i>, challenged traditional Keynesian viewpoints about the household. This work was originally published in 1957 by <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, and it reanalyzed the relationship displayed "between aggregate consumption or aggregate savings and aggregate income".<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-2018_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman's counterpart <a href="/wiki/Keynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynes">Keynes</a> believed people would modify their household consumption expenditures to relate to their existing income levels.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman's research introduced the term "permanent income" to the world, which was the average of a household's expected income over several years, and he also developed the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">permanent income hypothesis</a>. Friedman thought income consisted of several components, namely transitory and permanent. He established the formula <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=y_{p}+y_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y=y_{p}+y_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c4ee73f835a6e435f430bc5f9d5e6a93fa1344f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.258ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=y_{p}+y_{t}}"></span> to calculate income, with <i>p</i> representing the permanent component, and <i>t</i> representing the transitory component.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milton Friedman's research changed how economists interpreted the consumption function, and his work pushed the idea that current income was not the only factor affecting people's adjustment household consumption expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, expected income levels also affected how households would change their consumption expenditures. Friedman's contributions strongly influenced research on consumer behavior, and he further defined how to predict <a href="/wiki/Consumption_smoothing" title="Consumption smoothing">consumption smoothing</a>, which contradicts Keynes' <a href="/wiki/Marginal_propensity_to_consume" title="Marginal propensity to consume">marginal propensity to consume</a>. Although this work presented many controversial points of view which differed from existing viewpoints established by Keynes, <i>A Theory of the Consumption Function</i> helped Friedman gain respect in the field of economics. His work on the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">permanent income hypothesis</a> is among the many contributions which were listed as reasons for his <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges-Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work was later expanded on by Christopher D. Carroll, especially in regards to the absence of <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_constraint" title="Liquidity constraint">liquidity constraints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">permanent income hypothesis</a> faces some criticism, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> economists. The primary criticism of the hypothesis is based on a lack of <a href="/wiki/Liquidity_constraint" title="Liquidity constraint">liquidity constraints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capitalism_and_Freedom"><i>Capitalism and Freedom</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Capitalism and Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His book <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i>, inspired by a series of lectures he gave at <a href="/wiki/Wabash_College" title="Wabash College">Wabash College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought him national and international attention outside academia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published in 1962 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> and consists of essays that used non-mathematical economic models to explore issues of public policy.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sold over 400,000 copies in the first eighteen years and more than half a million since 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Preface-1982_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preface-1982-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Capitalism and Freedom</i> was translated into eighteen languages.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman talks about the need to move to a classically liberal society, that free markets would help nations and individuals in the long-run and fix the efficiency problems currently faced by the United States and other major countries of the 1950s and 1960s. He goes through the chapters specifying an issue in each respective chapter from the role of government and money supply to social welfare programs to a special chapter on occupational licensure. Friedman concludes <i>Capitalism and Freedom</i> with his <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">"classical liberal"</a> stance that government should stay out of matters that do not need it and should only involve itself when absolutely necessary for the survival of its people and the country. He recounts how the best of a country's abilities come from its free markets while its failures come from government intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1962_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1962-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-retirement">Post-retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pencil.webm/220px--Pencil.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="146" data-mwtitle="Pencil.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pencil.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Pencil.webm/Pencil.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Pencil.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Pencil.webm/Pencil.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Pencil.webm/Pencil.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Pencil.webm/Pencil.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APencil.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Friedman giving <a href="/wiki/I,_Pencil" title="I, Pencil">a lecture about a pencil</a> in <i>Free to Choose</i> (1980)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1977, at the age of 65, Friedman retired from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> after teaching there for 30 years. He and his wife moved to San Francisco, where he became a visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco</a>. From 1977 on, he was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1977, Friedman was approached by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Chitester" title="Bob Chitester">Bob Chitester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose_Network" title="Free to Choose Network">Free to Choose Network</a>. They asked him to create a television program presenting his economic and social philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman and his wife Rose worked on this project for the next three years, and during 1980, the ten-part series, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i>, was broadcast by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS). The companion book to the series (co-authored by Milton and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a>), also titled <i>Free To Choose</i>, was the bestselling <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">nonfiction book</a> of 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman served as an <a href="/wiki/Adviser" title="Adviser">unofficial adviser</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 presidential campaign</a>, and then served on the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Policy Advisory Board">President's Economic Policy Advisory Board</a> for the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alan_O._Ebenstein" title="Alan O. Ebenstein">Ebenstein</a> says Friedman was "the 'guru' of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, he received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> and Reagan honored him with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman is known now as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Friedman continued to write <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">editorials</a> and appear on television. He made several visits to Eastern Europe and to China, where he also advised governments. He was also for many years a <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">Trustee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoseMiltonF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RoseMiltonF.jpg/205px-RoseMiltonF.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RoseMiltonF.jpg/308px-RoseMiltonF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/RoseMiltonF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedmanluckypeople.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Friedmanluckypeople.jpg/179px-Friedmanluckypeople.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Friedmanluckypeople.jpg/269px-Friedmanluckypeople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Friedmanluckypeople.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="329" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Milton and Rose Friedman</div></div></div></div> <p>Friedman had two children, <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Martel_(bridge)" title="Jan Martel (bridge)">Jan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wile-2012_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wile-2012-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met his wife, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a> (née Director), at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1932, and wed six years later, in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-UChi_News-2021_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UChi_News-2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was noticeably shorter than some of his colleagues; he measured 5 feet 0 inches (1.52 m), and has been described as an "Elfin Libertarian" by <a href="/wiki/Binyamin_Appelbaum" title="Binyamin Appelbaum">Binyamin Appelbaum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a>, when asked about Friedman's successes, said that "I have never had the desire to compete with Milton professionally (perhaps because I was smart enough to recognize I couldn't). On the other hand, he has always made me feel that his achievement is my achievement."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, Friedman built (and subsequently maintained) a cottage in <a href="/wiki/Fairlee,_Vermont" title="Fairlee, Vermont">Fairlee</a>, Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman also had an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Hill,_San_Francisco" title="Russian Hill, San Francisco">Russian Hill</a>, San Francisco, where he lived from 1977 until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?110074-1/two-lucky-people-memoirs">Presentation by Milton and Rose Friedman on <i>Two Lucky People: Memoirs</i>, August 14, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to a 2007 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i> magazine, his "parents were moderately observant Jews, but Friedman, after an intense burst of childhood <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>, rejected religion altogether".<sup id="cite_ref-Ebenstein-2007_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein-2007-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described himself as an agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman wrote extensively of his life and experiences, especially in 1998 in his memoirs with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose</a>, titled <i>Two Lucky People</i>. In this book, Rose Friedman describes how she and Milton Friedman raised their two children, Janet and David, with a Christmas tree in the home. "Orthodox Jews of course, do not celebrate Christmas. However, just as, when I was a child, my mother had permitted me to have a Christmas tree one year when my friend had one, she not only tolerated our having a Christmas tree, she even strung popcorn to hang on it."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman died of heart failure at the age of 94 years in San Francisco on November 16, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_20061116_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_20061116-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was still a working economist performing original economic research; his last column was published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> the day after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Milton_Friedman_Say?_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milton_Friedman_Say?-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was survived by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a> (who would die on August 18, 2009), and their two children, <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>, known for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a>,</i> as well as his unique <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a> perspective, and attorney and <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge</a> player <a href="/wiki/Jan_Martel_(bridge)" title="Jan Martel (bridge)">Jan Martel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wile-2012_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wile-2012-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_contributions">Scholarly contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scholarly contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Friedman%E2%80%93Savage_utility_function" title="Friedman–Savage utility function">Friedman–Savage utility function</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedman_rule" title="Friedman rule">Friedman rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule" title="Friedman's k-percent rule">Friedman's k-percent rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedman_test" title="Friedman test">Friedman test</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Contraction" title="Great Contraction">Great Contraction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman was best known for reviving interest in the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> as a determinant of the nominal value of output, that is, the <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory. Its origins can be traced back to the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca#Money,_value,_and_price" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a> or even further; however, Friedman's contribution is largely responsible for its modern popularization. He co-authored, with Anna Schwartz, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States,_1867%E2%80%931960" class="mw-redirect" title="A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960">A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960</a></i> (1963), which was an examination of the role of the money supply and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">economic activity</a> in the U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was the main proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarist</a> school of economics. He maintained that there is a close and stable association between inflation and the money supply, mainly that inflation could be avoided with proper regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_base" title="Monetary base">monetary base</a>'s growth rate. He famously used the analogy of "<a href="/wiki/Helicopter_money" title="Helicopter money">dropping money out of a helicopter</a>", to avoid dealing with money injection mechanisms and other factors that would overcomplicate his models.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman's arguments were designed to counter the popular concept of <a href="/wiki/Cost-push_inflation" title="Cost-push inflation">cost-push inflation</a>, that the increased <a href="/wiki/Price_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Price Level">general price level</a> at the time was the result of increases in the price of oil, or increases in wages; as he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Milton Friedman, 1963<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Friedman rejected the use of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a> as a tool of <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a> management; he also held the belief that the government's role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely. Friedman wrote extensively on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and he termed the 1929–1933 period the <a href="/wiki/Great_Contraction" title="Great Contraction">Great Contraction</a>. He argued that the Depression had been caused by an ordinary financial <a href="/wiki/Shock_(economics)" title="Shock (economics)">shock</a> and the duration and seriousness of which were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> caused by the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernanke-2002_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernanke-2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Fed was largely responsible for converting what might have been a garden-variety recession, although perhaps a fairly severe one, into a major catastrophe. Instead of using its powers to offset the depression, it presided over a decline in the quantity of money by one-third from 1929 to 1933 ... Far from the depression being a failure of the free-enterprise system, it was a tragic failure of government.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Milton Friedman, <i>Two Lucky People</i><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This theory was put forth in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Monetary History of the United States">A Monetary History of the United States</a></i>, and the chapter on the Great Depression was then published as a stand-alone book entitled <i>The Great Contraction, 1929–1933</i>. Both books are still in print from the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, and some editions include as an appendix a speech at a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> event honoring Friedman<sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanSchwartz_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanSchwartz-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> made this statement: </p> <blockquote><p>Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernanke-2002_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernanke-2002-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanSchwartz_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanSchwartz-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Friedman also argued for the removal of government intervention in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">currency markets</a>, thereby spawning an enormous literature on the subject, as well as promoting the practice of freely <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">floating exchange rates</a>. His close friend <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> explained, "As is customary in science, he did not win a full victory, in part because research was directed along different lines by the <a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">theory of rational expectations</a>, a newer approach developed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas</a>, also at the University of Chicago."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between Friedman and Lucas, or <a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">new classical macroeconomics</a> as a whole, was highly complex. The Friedmanian <a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a> was an interesting starting point for Lucas, but he soon realized that the solution provided by Friedman was not quite satisfactory. Lucas elaborated a new approach in which <a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">rational expectations</a> were presumed instead of the Friedmanian <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_expectations" title="Adaptive expectations">adaptive expectations</a>. Due to this reformulation, the story in which the theory of the new classical Phillips curve was embedded radically changed. This modification, however, had a significant effect on Friedman's own approach, so, as a result, the theory of the Friedmanian Phillips curve also changed.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, <a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">new classical</a> adherent <a href="/wiki/Neil_Wallace" title="Neil Wallace">Neil Wallace</a>, who was a graduate student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> between 1960 and 1963, regarded Friedman's theoretical courses as a mess, highlighting the strained relationship between <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">new classical</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover-Young-2011_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover-Young-2011-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">permanent income hypothesis</a> (1957), which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work contended that utility-maximizing consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income. Permanent Income refers to such factors like <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>. <a href="/wiki/Windfall_gain" title="Windfall gain">Windfall gains</a> would mostly be saved because of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_diminishing_marginal_utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of diminishing marginal utility">law of diminishing marginal utility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-2018_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman's essay "<a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Positive_Economics#The_Methodology_of_Positive_Economics" title="Essays in Positive Economics">The Methodology of Positive Economics</a>" (1953) provided the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> pattern for his own subsequent research and to a degree that of the Chicago School. There he argued that economics as <i>science</i> should be free of value judgments for it to be objective. Moreover, a useful economic theory should be judged not by its descriptive realism but by its simplicity and fruitfulness as an engine of prediction. That is, students should measure the accuracy of its predictions, rather than the 'soundness of its assumptions'. His argument was part of an ongoing debate among such statisticians as <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Savage">Leonard Savage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While being an advocate of the free market, Friedman believed that the government had two crucial roles. In an interview with Phil Donahue, Friedman argued that "the two basic functions of a government are to protect the nation against foreign enemy, and to protect citizens against its fellows".<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-YT-2021_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-YT-2021-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also admitted that although privatization of national defense could reduce the overall cost, he has not yet thought of a way to make this privatization possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-YT-2021_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-YT-2021-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection_and_subsequent_evolution_of_the_Phillips_curve">Rejection and subsequent evolution of the Phillips curve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rejection and subsequent evolution of the Phillips curve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg/220px-NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg/330px-NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg/440px-NAIRU-SR-and-LR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Long-run Phillips curve (NAIRU)</figcaption></figure> <p>Other important contributions include his critique of the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a> and the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_rate_of_unemployment" title="Natural rate of unemployment">natural rate of unemployment</a> (1968). This critique associated his name, together with that of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a>, with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so. Unemployment may be temporarily lower, if the inflation is a surprise, but in the long run unemployment will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market. If the conditions are not met and inflation is expected, the "long run" effects will replace the "short term" effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang-1997_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang-1997-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his critique, the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Philips curve</a> evolved from a strict model emphasizing the connection between inflation and unemployment as being absolute, to a model which emphasized short term unemployment reductions and long term employment stagnations.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang-1997_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang-1997-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman's revised and updated Phillips Curve also changed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas's</a> idea of <a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational expectations</a>, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_expectations" title="Adaptive expectations">adaptive expectations</a> Friedman used.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover-Young-2011_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover-Young-2011-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of his most famous contributions to statistics is <a href="/wiki/Sequential_analysis" title="Sequential analysis">sequential sampling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave-dict_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave-dict-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman did statistical work at the Division of War Research at Columbia, where he and his colleagues came up with the technique.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became, in the words of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, "the standard analysis of quality control inspection". The dictionary adds, "Like many of Friedman's contributions, in retrospect it seems remarkably simple and obvious to apply basic economic ideas to quality control; that, however, is a measure of his genius."<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave-dict_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave-dict-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReasonOnFriedman_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReasonOnFriedman-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_social_responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Corporate social responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman criticised <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a>, most famously in an op-ed in the New York Times Magazine in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman argued that businesses often used claims about social responsibility to increase returns and described them as "hypocritical window dressing".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managers were also poorly prepared to make decisions about social causes and these outlays diverted funds that belonged instead to shareholders. Friedman believed that only monopolistic corporations could routinely make altruistic expenditures on social responsibility, because in a competitive market such costs would undermine the business.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_policy_positions">Public policy positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public policy positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Reserve_and_monetary_policy">Federal Reserve and monetary policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Federal Reserve and monetary policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Friedman concluded the government does have a role in the monetary system<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was critical of the Federal Reserve due to its poor performance and felt it should be abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was opposed to Federal Reserve policies, even during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Volcker_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcker shock">Volcker shock</a>" that was labeled "<a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman believed the Federal Reserve System should ultimately be replaced with a computer program.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He favored a system that would automatically buy and sell <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> in response to changes in the money supply.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposal to constantly grow the money supply at a certain predetermined amount every year has become known as <a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule" title="Friedman's k-percent rule">Friedman's k-percent rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salter,_A._W._2014_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salter,_A._W._2014-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is debate about the effectiveness of a theoretical money supply targeting regime.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fed's inability to meet its money supply targets from 1978 to 1982 led some to conclude it is not a feasible alternative to more conventional inflation and interest rate targeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2016_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2016-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his life, Friedman expressed doubt about the validity of targeting the quantity of money. To date, most countries have adopted <a href="/wiki/Inflation_targeting" title="Inflation targeting">inflation targeting</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule" title="Friedman's k-percent rule">k-percent rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Idealistically, Friedman actually favored the principles of the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Chicago_plan" title="Chicago plan">Chicago plan</a>, which would have ended <a href="/wiki/Fractional_reserve_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractional reserve banking">fractional reserve banking</a> and, thus, private money creation. It would force banks to have 100% reserves backing deposits, and instead place money creation powers solely in the hands of the US Government. This would make targeting money growth more possible, as <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">endogenous money</a> created by fractional reserve lending would no longer be a major issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Salter,_A._W._2014_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salter,_A._W._2014-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was a strong advocate for floating exchange rates throughout the entire <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton-Woods</a> period (1944–1971). He argued that a flexible exchange rate would make external adjustment possible and allow countries to avoid <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> crises. He saw fixed exchange rates as an undesirable form of government intervention. The case was articulated in an influential 1953 paper, "The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates", at a time when most commentators regarded the possibility of floating exchange rates as an unrealistic policy proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-6503_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-6503_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-6503_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-6503_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-6503_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-6503_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nixon_Contact_Sheet_WHPO-6503_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Friedman with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Walter_Oi" title="Walter Oi">Walter Oi</a> is credited with establishing the economic basis for a <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer military</a>, Friedman was a proponent, and was credited with ending the draft,<sup id="cite_ref-bestofbothworlds_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestofbothworlds-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">draft</a> was "inconsistent with a free society".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i>, he argued conscription is inequitable and arbitrary, preventing young men from shaping their lives as they see fit.<sup id="cite_ref-draft_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draft-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a> he headed the committee to research a conversion to paid/volunteer armed force. Friedman did, however, believe the introduction of a system of universal military training as a reserve in cases of war-time could be justified.<sup id="cite_ref-draft_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draft-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He still opposed its implementation in the United States, describing it as a "monstrosity".<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/Alan_O._Ebenstein" title="Alan O. Ebenstein">Lanny Ebenstein</a> noted a drift over time in Friedman's views from an interventionist to a more cautious foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebenstein_2007_231–32_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein_2007_231–32-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported US involvement in the Second World War and initially supported a hard-line against Communism, but moderated over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebenstein_2007_231–32_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein_2007_231–32-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Friedman did state in a 1995 interview that he was an anti-interventionist.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. In a spring 2006 interview, Friedman said the US's stature in the world had been eroded by the Iraq War, but that it might be improved if <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> were to become a <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peaceful and independent country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ebenstein_2007_231–32_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein_2007_231–32-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarianism_and_the_Republican_Party">Libertarianism and the Republican Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Libertarianism and the Republican Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_East_Room_Congratulating_Milton_Friedman_Receiving_The_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ronald Reagan shaking hands with Milton Friedman giving him the Presidential Medal of Freedom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_East_Room_Congratulating_Milton_Friedman_Receiving_The_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_East_Room_Congratulating_Milton_Friedman_Receiving_The_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_East_Room_Congratulating_Milton_Friedman_Receiving_The_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_East_Room_Congratulating_Milton_Friedman_Receiving_The_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_East_Room_Congratulating_Milton_Friedman_Receiving_The_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_in_The_East_Room_Congratulating_Milton_Friedman_Receiving_The_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Friedman receiving the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>Friedman was an economic advisor and speech writer in <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s failed presidential campaign in 1964. He was an advisor to California governor Ronald Reagan and was active in Reagan's presidential campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as a member of President Reagan's <a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Policy Advisory Board">Economic Policy Advisory Board</a> starting in 1981. In 1988, he received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1995 interview with <i>Reason</i> magazine, Friedman criticized <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> as "cult builders" and "dogmatists", citing this as justification for not joining the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>. Friedman stated that he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, "not because they have any principles, but because that's the way I am the most useful and have most influence." He described his philosophy as "clearly libertarian", though distanced himself from "zero-government" libertarianism, which he called "infeasible", citing the lack of historical examples of that philosophy succeeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason1995June_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason1995June-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman attended <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Freedom_Conference" title="The Future of Freedom Conference">The Future of Freedom Conference</a>, which was a meeting for libertarians, in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His citation for the Presidential Medal of Freedom reads: "He has used a brilliant mind to advance a moral vision: the vision of a society where men and women are free, free to choose, but where government is not as free to override their decisions. That vision has changed America, and it is changing the world. All of us owe a tremendous debt to this man's towering intellect and his devotion to liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_involvement_in_the_economy">Governmental involvement in the economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Governmental involvement in the economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1962 essay that builds on arguments made by <a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a>, Friedman argued that a "free society" would constitute a desirable but unstable equilibrium, due to an asymmetry between the visible benefits and the hidden harms of government intervention; he uses <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> as an example of a policy that brings noticeable financial benefits to a visible group, but causes worse harms to a diffuse group of workers and consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reason1995June_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reason1995June-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanOnLiberty_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanOnLiberty-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was supportive of the state provision of some <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a> that private businesses are not considered as being able to provide. However, he argued that many of the services performed by government could be performed better by the private sector. Above all, if some public goods are provided by the state, he believed that they should not be a <a href="/wiki/Legal_monopoly" title="Legal monopoly">legal monopoly</a> where private competition is prohibited; for example, he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no way to justify our present public monopoly of the post office. It may be argued that the carrying of mail is a <a href="/wiki/Technical_monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical monopoly">technical monopoly</a> and that a government monopoly is the least of evils. Along these lines, one could perhaps justify a government post office, but not the present law, which makes it illegal for anybody else to carry the mail. If the delivery of mail is a technical monopoly, no one else will be able to succeed in competition with the government. If it is not, there is no reason why the government should be engaged in it. The only way to find out is to leave other people free to enter.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Milton Friedman, <sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> In 1962, Friedman criticized <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i>, arguing that it had created <a href="/wiki/Welfare_dependency" title="Welfare dependency">welfare dependency</a>. However, in the penultimate chapter of the same book, Friedman argued that while <a href="/wiki/Capitalism#Economic_growth" title="Capitalism">capitalism had greatly reduced the extent of poverty in absolute terms</a>, "poverty is in part a <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">relative matter</a>, [and] even in [wealthy Western] countries, there are clearly many people living under conditions that the rest of us label as poverty." Friedman also noted that while private charity could be one recourse for alleviating poverty and cited late 19th century Britain and the United States as exemplary periods of extensive private charity and eleemosynary activity, he made the following point:<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It can be argued that private charity is insufficient because the benefits from it accrue to people other than those who make the gifts – ... a <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">neighborhood effect</a>. I am distressed by the sight of poverty; I am benefited by its alleviation; but I am benefited equally whether I or someone else pays for its alleviation; the benefits of other people's charity therefore partly accrue to me. To put it differently, <a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">we might all of us be willing to contribute to the relief of poverty, <i>provided</i> everyone else did. We might not be willing to contribute the same amount without such assurance.</a> In small communities, public pressure can suffice to realize the proviso even with private charity. In the large impersonal communities that are increasingly coming to dominate our society, it is much more difficult for it to do so. Suppose one accepts, as I do, this line of reasoning as justifying <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">governmental action to alleviate poverty</a>; to set, as it were, <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">a floor under the standard of life of every person in the community</a>. [While there are questions of how much should be spent and how, the] arrangement that recommends itself on purely mechanical grounds is a <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a>. ... The advantages of this arrangement are clear. It is directed specifically at the problem of poverty. It gives help in the form most useful to the individual, namely, cash. It is general and could be substituted for the host of special measures now in effect. It makes explicit the cost borne by society. It operates outside the market. Like any other measures to alleviate poverty, it reduces the incentives of those helped to help themselves, but it does not eliminate that incentive entirely, as a system of supplementing incomes up to some fixed minimum would. An extra dollar earned always means more money available for expenditure.</p></blockquote> <p>Friedman argued further that other advantages of the negative income tax were that it could fit directly into the tax system, would be less costly, and would reduce the administrative burden of implementing a <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman reiterated these arguments 18 years later in <i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i>, with the additional proviso that such a reform would only be satisfactory if it replaced the current system of welfare programs rather than augment it.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1990_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1990-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to economist <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Frank" title="Robert H. Frank">Robert H. Frank</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Friedman's views in this regard were grounded in a belief that while "market forces ... accomplish wonderful things", they "cannot ensure a distribution of income that enables all citizens to meet basic economic needs".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman also criticized <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal#United_States" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal programs in the United States</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">racially discriminatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gentrification_in_the_United_States" title="Gentrification in the United States">economically regressive</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, Friedman expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">environmental taxes</a> in general in an interview on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phil_Donahue_Show" title="The Phil Donahue Show">The Phil Donahue Show</a></i>, saying "the best way to [deal with pollution] is to impose a tax on the cost of the pollutants emitted by a car and make an incentive for car manufacturers and for consumers to keep down the amount of pollution."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Free to Choose</i>, Friedman reiterated his support for environmental taxes as compared with increased <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental regulation</a>, stating "The preservation of the environment and the avoidance of undue pollution are real problems and they are problems concerning which the government has an important role to play. ... Most economists agree that a far better way to control pollution than the present method of specific regulation and supervision is to introduce market discipline by imposing effluent charges."<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1955 article "The Role of Government in Education",<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman proposed supplementing publicly operated schools with privately run but publicly funded schools through a system of <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school vouchers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms similar to those proposed in the article were implemented in, for example, Chile in 1981 and Sweden in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Friedman, together with his wife, founded the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice to advocate <a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">school choice</a> and vouchers. In 2016, the Friedman Foundation changed its name to <a href="/wiki/EdChoice" title="EdChoice">EdChoice</a> to honor the Friedmans' desire to have the educational choice movement live on without their names attached to it after their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-sullivan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sullivan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walker_(economist)" title="Michael Walker (economist)">Michael Walker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> and Friedman hosted a series of conferences from 1986 to 1994. The goal was to create a clear definition of <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> and a method for measuring it. Eventually this resulted in the first report on worldwide economic freedom, <i>Economic Freedom in the World</i>. This annual report has since provided data for numerous peer-reviewed studies and has influenced policy in several nations.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With sixteen other distinguished economists he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a>, and signed on to an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus brief</a> filed in <i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman jokingly described it as a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/no-brainer" class="extiw" title="wikt:no-brainer">no-brainer</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman argued for stronger basic legal (constitutional) protection of economic rights and freedoms to further promote industrial-commercial growth and prosperity and buttress democracy and freedom and the rule of law generally in society.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman suggested medical savings accounts, repealing tax exemptions of employer-provided medical care and income-based deductibles as ways to lower health care costs in America. Friedman also argued that federal involvement in health care should be restricted, with state and local governments financing health care for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman believed the government should not operate <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> should be sold for private development.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman also supported <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> policies such as legalization of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drugs</a> and prostitution. During 2005, Friedman and more than 500 other economists advocated discussions regarding the economic benefits of the <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">legalization of marijuana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was also a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never specifically supported <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, instead saying "I do not believe there should be any discrimination against gays."<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman favored immigration, saying "legal and illegal immigration has a very positive impact on the U.S. economy".<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmia-2018_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia-2018-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he suggested that immigrants ought not to have access to the welfare system.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmia-2018_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia-2018-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman stated that immigration from Mexico had been a "good thing", in particular illegal immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmia-2018_174-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia-2018-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman argued that illegal immigration was a boon because they "take jobs that most residents of this country are unwilling to take, they provide employers with workers of a kind they cannot get" and they do not use welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmia-2018_174-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmia-2018-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i>, Friedman wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman-1990_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman-1990-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>No arbitrary obstacles should prevent people from achieving those positions for which their talents fit them and which their values lead them to seek. Not birth, nationality, color, religion, sex, nor any other irrelevant characteristic should determine the opportunities that are open to a person – only his abilities.</p></blockquote><p>Friedman also famously argued that the welfare state must end before immigration, or more specifically, before open borders, because immigrants might have an incentive to come directly because of welfare payments.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a> has disputed this assertion, arguing that welfare is generally distributed not among immigrants, but instead retirees, through <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was against public housing as he believed it was also a form of welfare. He believed that one of the main arguments politicians have for public housing is that regular low-income housing was too expensive due to the imposed higher cost of a fire and police department.<sup id="cite_ref-Preface-1982_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preface-1982-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that it would only increase taxes and not benefit low-income people in the long run. Friedman was an advocate for direct cash instead of public housing believing that the people would be better off that way. He argued that <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> would never agree with this idea due to them not trusting their own citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman-C&F_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-C&F-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that regression has already happened with more land being left vacant due to slow construction. Friedman argued that public housing instead encourages <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman was also against minimum wage laws; he saw them as a clear case as one can find that the precise opposite is happening when this was attempted. Minimum wage laws would increase unemployment in his eyes and that employers would not hire back workers that were already there for less pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman-C&F_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-C&F-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, this would leave low-income people worse off because the voters for minimum wage laws would then become the victims of unemployment. He believed that these ideas of new minimum wage laws came from Northern factories and Unions, in an attempt to reduce competition from the South.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors,_recognition_and_legacy"><span id="Honors.2C_recognition_and_legacy"></span>Honors, recognition and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honors, recognition and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_Friedman_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Milton_Friedman_1976.jpg/220px-Milton_Friedman_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Milton_Friedman_1976.jpg/330px-Milton_Friedman_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Milton_Friedman_1976.jpg/440px-Milton_Friedman_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Friedman in 1976</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a>, a leading historian of American conservatism, says that by "the end of the 1960s he was probably the most highly regarded and influential conservative scholar in the country, and one of the few with an international reputation".<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Friedman received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman allowed the libertarian <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Friedman Prize">Cato Institute</a> to use his name for its biennial <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_Prize_for_Advancing_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty">Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty</a> beginning in 2001. A Friedman Prize was given to the late British economist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas_Bauer" title="Peter Thomas Bauer">Peter Bauer</a> in 2002, Peruvian economist <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a> in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Mart_Laar" title="Mart Laar">Mart Laar</a>, former Estonian Prime Minister in 2006 and a young Venezuelan student <a href="/wiki/Yon_Goicoechea" title="Yon Goicoechea">Yon Goicoechea</a> in 2008. His wife Rose, sister of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Director" title="Aaron Director">Aaron Director</a>, with whom he initiated the <a href="/wiki/EdChoice" title="EdChoice">Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice</a>, served on the international selection committee.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Friedman's death, Harvard President <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> called him "The Great Liberator", saying "any honest Democrat will admit that we are now all Friedmanites." He said Friedman's great popular contribution was "in convincing people of the importance of allowing free markets to operate".<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Moore_(writer)" title="Stephen Moore (writer)">Stephen Moore</a>, a member of the editorial forward of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, said in 2013: "Quoting the most-revered champion of free-market economics since <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> has become a little like quoting the Bible." He adds, "There are sometimes multiple and conflicting interpretations."<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">post-Keynesian</a> economist <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">J. K. Galbraith</a> was a prominent critic of Friedman and his ideology, he observed that "The age of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> gave way to the age of Milton Friedman."<sup id="cite_ref-Ebenstein-2007_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein-2007-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences">1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>, the sole recipient for 1976, "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".<sup id="cite_ref-nobel1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appointment was controversial, mainly for his association with military dictator <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>. Some economists, such as <a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional economist</a> and 1974 Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a>, criticized Friedman, and Myrdal's own 1974 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize</a> partner <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, for being reactionaries. Myrdal's criticism caused some economists to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Silk-1977_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silk-1977-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman said, "If you want to see <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in action, go to Hong Kong."<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in 1990 that the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong economy</a> was perhaps the best example of a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">free market economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One month before his death, he wrote "Hong Kong Wrong – What would <a href="/wiki/John_James_Cowperthwaite" title="John James Cowperthwaite">Cowperthwaite</a> say?" in <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, criticizing <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a>, Chief Executive of Hong Kong, for abandoning "positive non interventionism".<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_20061006_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj_20061006-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsang later said he was merely changing the slogan to "big market, small government", where small government is defined as less than 20% of GDP. In a debate between Tsang and his rival <a href="/wiki/Alan_Leong" title="Alan Leong">Alan Leong</a> before the <a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election</a>, Leong introduced the topic and jokingly accused Tsang of angering Friedman to death (Friedman had died only a year prior).<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Chile" title="Miracle of Chile">Miracle of Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Boys" title="Chicago Boys">Chicago Boys</a></div> <p>During 1975, two years after the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">military coup</a> that brought <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> to power and ended the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Presidency of Salvador Allende">government of Salvador Allende</a>, the economy of Chile experienced a severe crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold Harberger</a> accepted an invitation of a private Chilean foundation to visit Chile and speak on principles of <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent seven days in Chile giving a series of lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Chile" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Chile">Pontifical Catholic University of Chile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a>. One of the lectures was entitled "The Fragility of Freedom" and according to Friedman, "dealt with precisely the threat to freedom from a centralized military government."<sup id="cite_ref-icelandtv_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandtv-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter to Pinochet of April 21, 1975, Friedman considered the "key economic problems of Chile are clearly ... inflation and the promotion of a healthy <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-letter_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that "There is only one way to end inflation: by drastically reducing the rate of increase of the quantity of money" and that "cutting government spending is by far and away the most desirable way to reduce the fiscal deficit, because it ... strengthens the private sector thereby laying the foundations for <i>healthy</i> economic growth".<sup id="cite_ref-letter_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As to how rapidly inflation should be ended, Friedman felt that "for Chile where inflation is raging at 10–20% a month ... gradualism is not feasible. It would involve so painful an operation over so long a period that the <i>patient</i> would not survive." Choosing "a brief period of higher unemployment" was the lesser evil.. and that "the experience of Germany, ... of Brazil ..., of the post-war adjustment in the U.S. ... all argue for shock treatment". In the letter Friedman recommended to deliver the shock approach with "a package to eliminate the surprise and to relieve acute distress" and "for definiteness let me sketch the contents of a package proposal ... to be taken as illustrative" although his knowledge of Chile was "too limited to enable [him] to be precise or comprehensive". He listed a "sample proposal" of 8 <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal</a> measures including "the removal of as many as obstacles as possible that now hinder the private market. For example, suspend ... the present law against discharging employees". He closed, stating "Such a shock program could end inflation in months". His letter suggested that cutting spending to reduce the fiscal deficit would result in less transitional unemployment than raising taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Opazo-2016_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opazo-2016-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sergio_de_Castro_(economist)" title="Sergio de Castro (economist)">Sergio de Castro</a>, a Chilean Chicago School graduate, became the nation's Minister of Finance in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Opazo-2016_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opazo-2016-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his six-year tenure, foreign investment increased, restrictions were placed on striking and labor unions, and GDP rose yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A foreign exchange program was created between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Chile">Catholic University of Chile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Many other Chicago School alumni were appointed government posts during and after Pinochet's dictatorship; others taught its economic doctrine at Chilean universities. They became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Boys" title="Chicago Boys">Chicago Boys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman defended his activity in Chile on the grounds that, in his opinion, the adoption of free market policies not only improved the economic situation of Chile but also contributed to the amelioration of <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)">Pinochet's rule</a> and to the eventual <a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">transition to a democratic government</a> during 1990. That idea is included in <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i>, in which he declared that economic freedom is not only desirable in itself but is also a necessary condition for <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>. In his 1980 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i>, he said the following: "Chile is not a politically free system, and I do not condone the system. But the people there are freer than the people in Communist societies because government plays a smaller role. ... The conditions of the people in the past few years has been getting better and not worse. They would be still better to get rid of the junta and to be able to have a free democratic system."<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Friedman stated that he has "never refrained from criticizing the political system in Chile".<sup id="cite_ref-icelandtv_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icelandtv-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, he said: "I have nothing good to say about the political regime that Pinochet imposed. It was a terrible political regime. The real miracle of Chile is not how well it has done economically; the real miracle of Chile is that a military junta was willing to go against its principles and support a free market regime designed by principled believers in a free market. ... In Chile, the drive for political freedom, that was generated by economic freedom and the resulting economic success, ultimately resulted in a referendum that introduced political democracy. Now, at long last, Chile has all three things: political freedom, human freedom and economic freedom. Chile will continue to be an interesting experiment to watch to see whether it can keep all three or whether, now that it has political freedom, that political freedom will tend to be used to destroy or reduce economic freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stressed that the lectures he gave in Chile were the same lectures he later gave in China and other socialist states.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further stated "I do not consider it as evil for an economist to render technical economic advice to the Chilean Government, any more than I would regard it as evil for a physician to give technical medical advice to the Chilean Government to help end a medical plague."<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2000 PBS documentary <i>The Commanding Heights</i> (based on <a href="/wiki/The_Commanding_Heights" title="The Commanding Heights">the book</a>), Friedman continued to argue that "free markets would undermine [Pinochet's] political centralization and political control",<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that criticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people, and that <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Chile's unfree economy</a> had caused Pinochet's rise. Friedman advocated for free markets which undermined "political centralization and political control".<sup id="cite_ref-pbs1_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs1-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his involvement with the government of Chile, which was a dictatorship at the time of his visit, there were international protests, spanning from Sweden to America when Friedman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976. Friedman was accused of supporting the military dictatorship in Chile because of the relation of economists of the University of Chicago to Pinochet, and a seven-day trip<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he took to Chile during March 1975 (less than two years after the coup that ended with the death of President Salvador Allende). Friedman answered that he was never an advisor to the dictatorship, but only gave some lectures and seminars on inflation, and met with officials, including Augusto Pinochet the head of the military dictatorship, while in Chile. </p><p>After a 1991 speech on drug legalization, Friedman answered a question on his involvement with the Pinochet regime. Friedman said that he was never an advisor to Pinochet (also mentioned in his 1984 Iceland interview), but that a group University of Chicago students were involved in Chile's economic reforms. Friedman credited these reforms with high levels of economic growth and with the establishment of democracy that has subsequently occurred in Chile. In October 1988, after returning from a lecture tour of China during which he had met with <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, Friedman wrote to The Stanford Daily asking if he should anticipate a similar "avalanche of protests for having been willing to give advice to so evil a government? And if not, why not?" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedman visited <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> during the autumn of 1984, met with important Icelanders and gave a lecture at the University of Iceland on the "tyranny of the <i>status quo</i>". He participated in a lively television debate on August 31, 1984, with socialist intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Ragnar_Gr%C3%ADmsson" title="Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson">Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President of Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they complained that a fee was charged for attending his lecture at the university and that, hitherto, lectures by visiting scholars had been free-of-charge, Friedman replied that previous lectures had not been free-of-charge in a meaningful sense: lectures always have related costs. What mattered was whether attendees or non-attendees covered those costs. Friedman thought that it was fairer that only those who attended paid. In this discussion Friedman also stated that he did not receive any money for delivering that lecture.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Friedman never visited <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, his book <i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> influenced Estonia's then 32-year-old prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Mart_Laar" title="Mart Laar">Mart Laar</a>, who has claimed that it was the only book on economics he had read before taking office. Laar's reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverished <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republic</a> to the "<a href="/wiki/Baltic_Tiger" title="Baltic Tiger">Baltic Tiger</a>". A prime element of Laar's program was introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laar won the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_Prize_for_Advancing_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty">2006 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty</a>, awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1950, Friedman was frequently invited to lecture in Britain; by the 1970s, his ideas had gained widespread attention in conservative circles. For example, he was a regular speaker at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a> (IEA), a libertarian think tank. <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> closely followed IEA programs and ideas and met Friedman there in 1978. He also strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a>, who became Thatcher's senior advisor on economic affairs, as well as Alan Walters and Patrick Minford, two other key advisers. Major newspapers, including the <i>Daily Telegraph,</i> <i>The Times,</i> and <i>The Financial Times</i> all promulgated Friedman's monetarist ideas to British decision-makers. Friedman's ideas strongly influenced Thatcher and her allies when she became Prime Minister in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galbraith strongly criticised the "workability of the Friedmanite formula" for which, he said, "Britain has volunteered to be the guinea pig".<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death a number of obituaries and articles were written in Friedman's honor, citing him as one of the most important and influential economists of the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II">post-war</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milton Friedman's somewhat controversial legacy<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in America remains strong within the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some journalists and economists like Noah Smith and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Sumner" title="Scott Sumner">Scott Sumner</a> have argued Friedman's academic legacy has been buried under his political philosophy and misinterpreted by modern conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_published_works">Criticism of published works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Criticism of published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Friedman_doctrine#Criticism" title="Friedman doctrine">Friedman doctrine § Criticism</a></div> <p>Friedman's exogenous money supply theory has been deeply criticized by British <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a> in the 1970s. While Friedman and monetarist economists claimed that the money supply was exogenously created by a powerful central bank, Kaldor claimed that the money was created by <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">second-tier banks</a> through the distribution of credits to <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">households</a> and <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">companies</a>. In the Post-Keynesian framework, central banks simply refinance second-tier banks on demand but are not in the core of monetary creation. Milton Friedman and Nicholas Kaldor were involved in a fierce debate in 1969–70, in which the monetarist economist had the upper hand.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Kaldor published a book entitled <i>The Scourge of Monetarism</i>, deeply criticizing monetarist-inspired policies. </p><p>Econometrician <a href="/wiki/David_Forbes_Hendry" title="David Forbes Hendry">David Hendry</a> criticized part of Friedman's and Anna Schwartz's 1982 <i>Monetary Trends</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about it during an interview with Icelandic TV in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman said that the criticism referred to a different problem from that which he and Schwartz had tackled, and hence was irrelevant,<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pointed out the lack of consequential peer review amongst econometricians on Hendry's work.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Hendry said that Friedman was guilty of "serious errors" of misunderstanding that meant "the t-ratios he reported for UK money demand were overstated by nearly 100 per cent", and said that, in a paper published in 1991 with Neil Ericsson,<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he had refuted "almost every empirical claim ... made about UK money demand" by Friedman and Schwartz.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendry_letter_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendry_letter-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 paper updated and confirmed the validity of the Hendry–Ericsson findings through 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some commentators believe that Friedman was not open enough, in their view, to the possibility of market inefficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economist Noah Smith argues that while Friedman made many important contributions to economic theory not all of his ideas relating to macroeconomics have entirely held up over the years and that too few people are willing to challenge them.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2016_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2016-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/C._B._Macpherson" title="C. B. Macpherson">C. B. Macpherson</a> disagreed with Friedman's historical assessment of economic freedom leading to political freedom, suggesting that political freedom actually gave way to economic freedom for property-owning elites. He also challenged the notion that markets efficiently allocated resources and rejected <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Friedman's definition of liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman's <a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Positive_Economics" title="Essays in Positive Economics">positivist methodological</a> approach to economics has also been critiqued and debated.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnish economist <a href="/wiki/Uskali_M%C3%A4ki" title="Uskali Mäki">Uskali Mäki</a> argued some of his assumptions were unrealistic and vague.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman has been criticized by some prominent <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian economists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>. Block called Friedman a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">"socialist"</a> and was critical of his support for a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banking system</a>, saying "First and foremost, this economist supported the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a> all throughout his professional life. That organization of course does not own the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money stock</a>, but controls it. Friedman was an inveterate hater of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, denigrating its advocates as 'gold bugs'."<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rothbard criticized Friedman's conclusion that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> happened as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflationary</a> spiral, arguing that this is inconsistent with the data, even though during the period described by Friedman as "The Great Contraction", the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> did in fact decrease year-over-year by over 10 percentage points.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the book was described by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> as among the greatest economics books in the 20th century, and <i>A Monetary History of the United States</i> is widely considered to be among the most influential economics books ever made,<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has endured criticisms for its conclusion that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> was to blame for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Some economists, including noted Friedman critic <a href="/wiki/Peter_Temin" title="Peter Temin">Peter Temin</a>, have raised questions about the legitimacy of Friedman's claims about whether or not <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">monetary quantity levels</a> were <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">endogenous</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">exogenously</a> determined, as <i>A Monetary History of the United States</i> posits.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel-prize winning economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">2008 recession</a> proved that, during a recession, a <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> cannot control <a href="/wiki/Broad_money" title="Broad money">broad money</a> (<a href="/wiki/M3_monetary_aggregate" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 monetary aggregate">M3 money</a>, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and even if it can, the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> does not bear a direct or proven relationship with GDP. According to Krugman, this was true in the 1930s, and the claim that the Federal Reserve could have avoided the Great Depression by reacting to what Friedman called <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Contraction" title="Great Contraction">The Great Contraction</a></i> is "highly dubious".<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> questioned the importance of <a href="/wiki/Velocity_of_money" title="Velocity of money">velocity of money</a>, and how informative this measure of the frequency of transactions is to the understanding of the various fluctuations observed in <i>A Monetary History of the United States</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Barry Eichengreen</a> argued that because of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, which was at this point in time the chief monetary system of the world, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>'s hands were tied. This was because, to retain the credibility of the gold standard, the Federal Reserve could not undertake actions like dramatically expanding the money supply as proposed by Friedman and Schwartz.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichengreen-1992_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichengreen-1992-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Mishel" title="Lawrence Mishel">Lawrence Mishel</a>, distinguished fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute" title="Economic Policy Institute">Economic Policy Institute</a>, argues that wages have been kept low in the United States because of the <a href="/wiki/Friedman_doctrine" title="Friedman doctrine">Friedman doctrine</a>, namely the adoption of corporate practices and <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policies</a> (or the blocking of reforms) at the behest of business and the <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">wealthy elite</a>, which resulted in the systematic <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">disempowerment</a> of workers.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF-2022_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-2022-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the lack of worker power caused wage suppression, increased <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">wage inequality</a>, and exacerbated racial disparities. Notably, mechanisms such as excessive unemployment, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, eroded <a href="/wiki/International_labour_law" title="International labour law">labor standards</a> (and their lack of enforcement), weakened <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>, and corporate structure changes that disadvantage workers, all collectively functioned to keep wages low.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF-2022_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-2022-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1980 to 2020, while economy-wide productivity rose almost 70 percent, hourly compensation for typical workers increased less than 12 percent, while the earnings of the top 1 percent and 0.1 percent increased 158 percent and 341 percent, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF-2022_257-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-2022-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_bibliography" title="Milton Friedman bibliography">Milton Friedman bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><i>A Theory of the Consumption Function</i> (1957) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1614278121" title="Special:BookSources/1614278121">1614278121</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Program_for_Monetary_Stability" title="A Program for Monetary Stability">A Program for Monetary Stability</a></i> (Fordham University Press, 1960) 110 pp. online version <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101070712/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22831717">Archived</a> November 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0823203719" title="Special:BookSources/0823203719">0823203719</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i> (1962), highly influential series of essays that established Friedman's position on major issues of public policy (excerpts)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States,_1867%E2%80%931960" class="mw-redirect" title="A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960">A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960</a></i>, with Anna J. Schwartz, 1963; part 3 reprinted as <i>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Contraction" title="Great Contraction">Great Contraction</a></i></li> <li>"The Role of Monetary Policy", <i>American Economic Review,</i> Vol. 58, No. 1 (Mar. 1968), pp. 1–17 JSTOR presidential address to American Economics Association</li> <li>"Inflation and Unemployment: Nobel Lecture", 1977, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. Vol. 85, pp. 451–472. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1830192">1830192</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose: A Personal Statement</a></i>, with Rose Friedman, (1980), highly influential restatement of policy views</li> <li><i>The Essence of Friedman</i>, essays edited by Kurt R. Leube, (1987) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817986626" title="Special:BookSources/0817986626">0817986626</a>)</li> <li><i>Two Lucky People: Memoirs</i> (with Rose Friedman) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226264149" title="Special:BookSources/0226264149">0226264149</a> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226264149">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><i>Milton Friedman on Economics: Selected Papers by Milton Friedman</i>, edited by Gary S. Becker (2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230604094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230604094"><bdi>978-0230604094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230604094&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Milton+Friedman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DMilton%2BFriedman%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reason1995June-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reason1995June_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reason1995June_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reason1995June_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Doherty, Brian (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1995/06/01/best-of-both-worlds/">"Best of Both Worlds: An Interview with Milton Friedman"</a>. <i>Reason</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Best+of+Both+Worlds%3A+An+Interview+with+Milton+Friedman&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F1995%2F06%2F01%2Fbest-of-both-worlds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976"</a>. Nobel Prize. 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412092230/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+1976&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=1976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F1976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/ess_chicagoschool.html">"The Chicago School"</a>. <i>Commanding Heights</i>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commanding+Heights&rft.atitle=The+Chicago+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fminitext%2Fess_chicagoschool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bfi.uchicago.edu/about/legacy/">"Our Legacy"</a>. Becker Friedman Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Legacy&rft.pub=Becker+Friedman+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbfi.uchicago.edu%2Fabout%2Flegacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chicago Remembers Milton Friedman</i>, Sanderson, Allen; 2012, University of Chicago, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/arsx/br/Milton%20Piece%20for%20the%20BFI.pdf?page=reviewdisplay&pids=3737520">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Overtveldt2009" class="citation book cs1">Van Overtveldt, Johan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKcrdEN_3WUC"><i>The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business</i></a>. Agate Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1572846494" title="Special:BookSources/978-1572846494"><bdi>978-1572846494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+School%3A+How+the+University+of+Chicago+Assembled+the+Thinkers+Who+Revolutionized+Economics+and+Business&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Agate+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1572846494&rft.aulast=Van+Overtveldt&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKcrdEN_3WUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbsinterview-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbsinterview_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#7">"Milton Friedman"</a>. <i>Commanding Heights</i>. PBS. October 1, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908104355/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#7">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commanding+Heights&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman&rft.date=2000-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fminitext%2Fint_miltonfriedman.html%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-2018_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-2018_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-2018_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2018" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_1ZDwAAQBAJ&q=a+theory+of+the+consumption+function+friedman&pg=PP1"><i>A Theory of the Consumption Function</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691188485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691188485"><bdi>978-0691188485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+the+Consumption+Function&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0691188485&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_1ZDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Da%2Btheory%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bconsumption%2Bfunction%2Bfriedman%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasfed.org/research/ei/ei0202.html">"Milton Friedman – Economist as Public Intellectual"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529013032/http://www.dallasfed.org/research/ei/ei0202.html">Archived</a> May 29, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dallasfed.org (April 1, 2016). Retrieved on September 6, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Skousen2009" class="citation book cs1">Mark Skousen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sisXMv_AecC&q=friedman%20we.are.all.keynesians.now&pg=PA407"><i>The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765622273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765622273"><bdi>978-0765622273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Economics%3A+The+Lives+and+Ideas+of+the+Great+Thinkers&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0765622273&rft.au=Mark+Skousen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sisXMv_AecC%26q%3Dfriedman%2520we.are.all.keynesians.now%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1968" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (1968). <i>The Role of Monetary Policy</i>. Essential Readings in Economics. Macmillan Education UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333594520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333594520"><bdi>978-0333594520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Monetary+Policy&rft.series=Essential+Readings+in+Economics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0333594520&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman1995" class="citation book cs1">Krugman, Paul R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peddlingprosperi0000krug_1995/page/44/mode/2up"><i>Peddling prosperity: economic sense and nonsense in the age of diminished expectations</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393312928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393312928"><bdi>978-0393312928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peddling+prosperity%3A+economic+sense+and+nonsense+in+the+age+of+diminished+expectations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0393312928&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeddlingprosperi0000krug_1995%2Fpage%2F44%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bestofbothworlds-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bestofbothworlds_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bestofbothworlds_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bestofbothworlds_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty1995" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Doherty, Brian</a> (June 1, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/29691.html">"Best of Both Worlds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011005521/http://reason.com/archives/1995/06/01/best-of-both-worlds">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason+Magazine&rft.atitle=Best+of+Both+Worlds&rft.date=1995-06-01&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F29691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Nelson (April 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/PubS/feds/2011/201126/201126pap.pdf">"Friedman's Monetary Economics in Practice"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231143039/http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2011/201126/201126pap.pdf">Archived</a> December 31, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman's monetary economics in practice. ... Friedman's recommendations for responding to a <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">financial crisis</a> largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007". "Review" in <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i> (December 2012). 50#4. pp. 1106–1109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell-2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell-2017_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell-2017_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell-2017_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Caldwell, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milton-Friedman">"Milton Friedman"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802212154/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milton-Friedman">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMilton-Friedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Lanny (2007). <i>Milton Friedman: A Biography</i>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230604094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230604094"><bdi>978-0230604094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230604094&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Friedman.html">"Milton Friedman (1912–2006)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103173849/http://www.econlib.org/library/enc/bios/Friedman.html">Archived</a> January 3, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Econlib.org. Retrieved on September 6, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sullivan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sullivan_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sullivan_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaureen_Sullivan2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Maureen Sullivan (July 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/maureensullivan/2016/07/30/milton-friedmans-name-disappears-from-foundation-but-his-school-choice-beliefs-live-on/#ed848a179437">"Milton Friedman's Name Disappears From Foundation, But His School-Choice Beliefs Live On"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921200835/http://www.forbes.com/sites/maureensullivan/2016/07/30/milton-friedmans-name-disappears-from-foundation-but-his-school-choice-beliefs-live-on/#ed848a179437">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman%27s+Name+Disappears+From+Foundation%2C+But+His+School-Choice+Beliefs+Live+On&rft.date=2016-07-30&rft.au=Maureen+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmaureensullivan%2F2016%2F07%2F30%2Fmilton-friedmans-name-disappears-from-foundation-but-his-school-choice-beliefs-live-on%2F%23ed848a179437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523155959/https://www.atlasnetwork.org/news/article/friedman-foundation-changes-name-to-focus-on-benefits-of-educational-choice">"Friedman Foundation changes name to focus on benefits of educational choice"</a>. <i>Atlas Network</i>. July 29, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasnetwork.org/news/article/friedman-foundation-changes-name-to-focus-on-benefits-of-educational-choice">the original</a> on May 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Network&rft.atitle=Friedman+Foundation+changes+name+to+focus+on+benefits+of+educational+choice&rft.date=2016-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasnetwork.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Ffriedman-foundation-changes-name-to-focus-on-benefits-of-educational-choice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Capitalism and Friedman" (editorial). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. November 17, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVáclav_Klaus2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a> (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702192445/http://klaus.cz/klaus2/asp/clanek.asp?id=3DpXss5H9RJv">"Remarks at Milton Friedman Memorial Service"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klaus.cz/klaus2/asp/clanek.asp?id=3DpXss5H9RJv">the original</a> on July 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+at+Milton+Friedman+Memorial+Service&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.au=V%C3%A1clav+Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klaus.cz%2Fklaus2%2Fasp%2Fclanek.asp%3Fid%3D3DpXss5H9RJv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defaming-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-defaming_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Norberg (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2008/09/26/defaming-milton-friedman">"Defaming Milton Friedman: Naomi Klein's disastrous yet popular polemic against the great free market economist"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411211951/http://reason.com/archives/2008/09/26/defaming-milton-friedman">Archived</a> April 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Reason Magazine</i>. Washington, D.C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1999">Friedman 1999</a>, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L Davis, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren and Daniel B. Klein (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econjwatch.org/articles/economics-professors-favorite-economic-thinkers-journals-and-blogs-along-with-party-and-policy-views">"Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218212117/http://econjwatch.org/articles/economics-professors-favorite-economic-thinkers-journals-and-blogs-along-with-party-and-policy-views">Archived</a> December 18, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Econ Journal Watch</i>. 8(2). pp. 126–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8313925">"Milton Friedman, a giant among economists"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. November 23, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217004356/http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8313925">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman%2C+a+giant+among+economists&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D8313925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-Nobel-1976-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-Nobel-1976_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-Nobel-1976_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-Nobel-1976_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1976/friedman/biographical/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Achievement&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fmilton-friedman-ph-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doherty-2007-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty-2007_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2007" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Brian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2007/02/21/the-life-and-times-of-milton-f/">"The Life and Times of Milton Friedman"</a>. <i>Reason.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Milton+Friedman&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2007%2F02%2F21%2Fthe-life-and-times-of-milton-f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Lanny (2007). <i>Milton Friedman: A Biography</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+Alumni&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falumni.rutgers.edu%2Fawards-recognition%2Fhall-of-distinguished-alumni%2Fmilton-friedman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhYOtG2pt3w">"Milton Friedman and his start in economics"</a>. Young America's Foundation. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman+and+his+start+in+economics&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEhYOtG2pt3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harms-2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harms-2006_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harms-2006_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harms-2006_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarms2006" class="citation web cs1">Harms, William (November 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/06/061116.friedman.shtml">"Professor Emeritus Milton Friedman dies at 94"</a>. <i>www-news.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jacobin. <q>He and his followers have always done this in the name of 'liberty.' This word runs throughout Hayek's work, which his student Milton Friedman called the 'battle for freedom.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Friedrich+August+von+Hayek+Was+an+Enemy+of+Freedom&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft.aulast=Solty&rft.aufirst=Ingar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2024%2F05%2Ffriedrich-von-hayek-freedom-neoliberalism-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irwincollier.com/chicago-theory-and-measurement-of-demand-henry-schultz-1934/">"Chicago. Theory and Measurement of Demand. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Nobel+laureate+economist+Milton+Friedman+dies+at+94&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft.au=Mark+Feeney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fcity_region%2Fbreaking_news%2F2006%2F11%2Fnobel_lauriet_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1999">Friedman 1999</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delong.typepad.com/pdf/20070308_108-115.delong.FINAL.pdf">"Right from the Start? What Milton Friedman can teach progressives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. J. Bradford DeLong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216100725/http://delong.typepad.com/pdf/20070308_108-115.delong.FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Right+from+the+Start%3F+What+Milton+Friedman+can+teach+progressives&rft.pub=J.+Bradford+DeLong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelong.typepad.com%2Fpdf%2F20070308_108-115.delong.FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernanke2004">Bernanke 2004</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shiller, Robert J. (2017). 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(2006), <i>Making Chicago Price Theory: Friedman-Stigler Correspondence 1945–1957</i>, Routledge, p. xiii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135994293" title="Special:BookSources/1135994293">1135994293</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-Kuznets-1945-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-Kuznets-1945_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-Kuznets-1945_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Incomes from Independent Professional Practice</i>, 1945, Milton Friedman, Simon Kuznets</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankiw1997" class="citation book cs1">Mankiw, Gregory (1997). <i>Principles of Economics</i>. 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Friedman (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twoluckypeopleme00frie"><i>Two Lucky People: Memoirs</i></a></span>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/machinedreamseco0000miro/page/202">202</a>–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521775267" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521775267"><bdi>978-0521775267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Machine+Dreams%3A+Economics+Becomes+a+Cyborg+Science&rft.pages=202-203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521775267&rft.au=Philip+Mirowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmachinedreamseco0000miro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html">"Milton Friedman"</a>. <i>c250.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c250.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc250.columbia.edu%2Fc250_celebrates%2Fremarkable_columbians%2Fmilton_friedman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2011" class="citation journal cs1">Block, Walter E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Free+Market+Manifesto+That+Changed+the+World%2C+Reconsidered&rft.date=2020-09-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sorkin&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fmilton-friedman-doctrine-social-responsibility-of-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Lanny (2007). <i>Milton Friedman: A Biography</i>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230604094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230604094"><bdi>978-0230604094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230604094&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preface-1982-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preface-1982_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preface-1982_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1982 edition preface of <i>Capitalism and freedom</i>, p. xi of the 2002 edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2009" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (February 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523003559/https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9780226264189/html"><i>Capitalism and Freedom</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Freedom&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0226264189&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fisbn%2F9780226264189%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-1962-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-1962_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_FriedmanRose_D._Friedman1962" class="citation book cs1">Milton Friedman; Rose D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+End+The+Fed&rft.pub=Themoneymasters.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoneymasters.com%2Fthe-money-masters%2Fmilton-friedman-end-the-fed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FriedmanSchwartz-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FriedmanSchwartz_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FriedmanSchwartz_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_FriedmanAnna_Jacobson_SchwartzNational_Bureau_of_Economic_Research2008" class="citation book cs1">Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz; National Bureau of Economic Research (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lCArZfazBkC&q=%22Regarding%20the%20Great%20Depression%20You're%20right%20We%20did%20it%22">"B. Bernanke's speech to M. Friedman"</a>. <i>The Great Contraction, 1929–1933</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691137940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691137940"><bdi>978-0691137940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B.+Bernanke%27s+speech+to+M.+Friedman&rft.btitle=The+Great+Contraction%2C+1929%E2%80%931933&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0691137940&rft.au=Milton+Friedman&rft.au=Anna+Jacobson+Schwartz&rft.au=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lCArZfazBkC%26q%3D%2522Regarding%2520the%2520Great%2520Depression%2520You%27re%2520right%2520We%2520did%2520it%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_Friedman1969" class="citation book cs1">Milton Friedman (1969). <i>Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist</i>. Aldine Publishing Company. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+an+Unregulated+Economist&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Aldine+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Milton+Friedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Galbács2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Galbács (2015). <i>The Theory of New Classical Macroeconomics. A Positive Critique</i>. Contributions to Economics. Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-17578-2">10.1007/978-3-319-17578-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319175782" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319175782"><bdi>978-3319175782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+New+Classical+Macroeconomics.+A+Positive+Critique&rft.place=Heidelberg%2FNew+York%2FDordrecht%2FLondon&rft.series=Contributions+to+Economics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-17578-2&rft.isbn=978-3319175782&rft.au=Peter+Galb%C3%A1cs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoover-Young-2011-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoover-Young-2011_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoover-Young-2011_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_HooverWarren_Young2011" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Hoover; Warren Young (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4786969000000000227.pdf"><i>Rational Expectations – Retrospect and Prospect</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durham: Center for the History of Political Economy at Duke University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193421/http://www.dklevine.com/archive/refs4786969000000000227.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rational+Expectations+%E2%80%93+Retrospect+and+Prospect&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Center+for+the+History+of+Political+Economy+at+Duke+University&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Kevin+Hoover&rft.au=Warren+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dklevine.com%2Farchive%2Frefs4786969000000000227.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Charlie Rose Show". <i>Nobel Laureates</i>. December 26, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Laureates&rft.date=2005-12-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Teira, "Milton Friedman, the Statistical Methodologist," <i>History of Political Economy</i> (2007) 39#3 pp. 511–527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-YT-2021-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-YT-2021_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-YT-2021_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXMJHCXXD-c">"Friedman's on the Military Industrial Complex"</a>. <i>www.youtube.com</i>. February 14, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/iXMJHCXXD-c">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.youtube.com&rft.atitle=Friedman%27s+on+the+Military+Industrial+Complex&rft.date=2010-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiXMJHCXXD-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang-1997-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chang-1997_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chang-1997_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, Roberto (1997) "Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?" <i>Economic Review,</i> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta">Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta</a>. pp. 4–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandsburg2019" class="citation web cs1">Landsburg, Steven (November 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essentialscholars.org/friedman">"Milton Friedman"</a>. <i>Essential Scholars</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essential+Scholars&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft.aulast=Landsburg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essentialscholars.org%2Ffriedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palgrave-dict-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave-dict_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave-dict_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000098">"Sequential Analysis"</a>. <i>New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics%2C+2nd+edition&rft.atitle=Sequential+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionaryofeconomics.com%2Farticle%3Fid%3Dpde2008_S000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeir_Armstrong" class="citation web cs1">Keir Armstrong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carleton.ca/keirarmstrong/learning-resources/selected-biographies/friedman-milton-1912-2006/">"Friedman, Milton (1912–2006)"</a>. <i>carleton.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carleton.ca&rft.atitle=Friedman%2C+Milton+%281912%E2%80%932006%29&rft.au=Keir+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarleton.ca%2Fkeirarmstrong%2Flearning-resources%2Fselected-biographies%2Ffriedman-milton-1912-2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReasonOnFriedman-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReasonOnFriedman_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doherty, Brian; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/118494.html">The Life and Times of Milton Friedman – Remembering the 20th century's most influential libertarian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224104917/http://www.reason.com/news/show/118494.html">Archived</a> February 24, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reason.com. Retrieved on September 6, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1970" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Milton (September 13, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html">"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits"</a>. <i>New York Times Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Social+Responsibility+of+Business+Is+to+Increase+Its+Profits&rft.date=1970-09-13&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F09%2F13%2Farchives%2Fa-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, David Chan (March 26, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-intellectual-history/article/intellectual-history-of-milton-friedmans-criticism-of-corporate-social-responsibility/C126A32BDDF35994207EA6141AAC7FA8#article">"The Intellectual History of Milton Friedman's Criticism of Corporate Social Responsibility"</a>. <i>Modern Intellectual History</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1479244324000027">10.1017/S1479244324000027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-2443">1479-2443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Intellectual+History&rft.atitle=The+Intellectual+History+of+Milton+Friedman%27s+Criticism+of+Corporate+Social+Responsibility&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1479244324000027&rft.issn=1479-2443&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-intellectual-history%2Farticle%2Fintellectual-history-of-milton-friedmans-criticism-of-corporate-social-responsibility%2FC126A32BDDF35994207EA6141AAC7FA8%23article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, M., & Schwartz, A.J. (1986). Has government any role in money?. <i>Journal of Monetary Economics</i>, <i>17</i>(1), 37–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6fkdagNrjI">Milton Friedman – Abolish The Fed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611181527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6fkdagNrjI">Archived</a> June 11, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Youtube: "There in no institution in the US that has such a high public standing and such a poor record of performance" "It's done more harm than good"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6fkdagNrjI">Milton Friedman – Abolish The Fed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611181527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6fkdagNrjI">Archived</a> June 11, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Youtube: "I have long been in favor of abolishing it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMY0tAHHF_M"><span class="plainlinks">"My first preference would be to abolish the Federal Reserve"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reichart Alexandre & Abdelkader Slifi (2016). <i>The Influence of Monetarism on Federal Reserve Policy during the 1980s.</i> Cahiers d'économie Politique/Papers in Political Economy, (1), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-d-economie-politique-2016-1-page-107.htm">pp. 107–150</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203124007/https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-d-economie-politique-2016-1-page-107.htm">Archived</a> December 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/mr-market">"Mr. Market"</a>. <i>Hoover Institution</i>. January 30, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005629/https://www.hoover.org/research/mr-market">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Mr.+Market&rft.date=1999-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fmr-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, M. (1996). The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory. In <i>Explorations in Economic Liberalism</i> (pp. 3–21). Palgrave Macmillan, London. "It is precisely this leeway, this looseness in the relation, this lack of a mechanical one-to-one correspondence between changes in money and in income that is the primary reason why I have long favored for the USA a quasi-automatic monetary policy under which the quantity of money would grow at a steady rate of 4 or 5 per cent per year, month-in, month-out."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salter,_A._W._2014-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salter,_A._W._2014_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salter,_A._W._2014_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salter, Alexander, William. (2014). An Introduction to Monetary Policy Rules. <i>Mercatus Workıng Paper. George Mason University</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marimon, R., & Sunder, S. (December 1995). "Does a constant money growth rule help stabilize inflation?: experimental evidence. In <i>Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy</i> (Vol. 43, pp. 111–156). North-Holland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, G.W., & Honkapohja, S. (2003). Friedman's money supply rule vs. optimal interest rate policy". <i>Scottish Journal of Political Economy</i>, <i>50</i>(5), 550–566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2016-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2016_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2016_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Noah (July 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noahpinionblog.blogspot.com/2016/07/how-are-milton-friedmans-ideas-holding.html">"Noahpinion: How are Milton Friedman's ideas holding up?"</a>. <i>Noahpinion</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923005528/http://noahpinionblog.blogspot.com/2016/07/how-are-milton-friedmans-ideas-holding.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noahpinion&rft.atitle=Noahpinion%3A+How+are+Milton+Friedman%27s+ideas+holding+up%3F&rft.date=2016-07-30&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoahpinionblog.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F07%2Fhow-are-milton-friedmans-ideas-holding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon London, "Lunch with the FT – Milton Friedman," Financial Times (June 7, 2003) "The use of quantity of money as a target has not been a success ... I'm not sure I would as of today push it as hard as I once did."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuger2013" class="citation book cs1">Ruger, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=infHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72"><i>Milton Friedman</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing US. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1623566173" title="Special:BookSources/978-1623566173"><bdi>978-1623566173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+US&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1623566173&rft.aulast=Ruger&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinfHAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atish R. Ghosh, Mahvash S. Qureshi, and Charalambos G. Tsangarides (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14146.pdf">Friedman Redux: External Adjustment and Exchange Rate Flexibility</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413034103/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14146.pdf">Archived</a> April 13, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund; IMF Working Paper</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Milton Friedman (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yes390.org/friedmanvideos.html"><i>The War on Drugs</i></a>. America's Drug Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029053319/http://yes390.org/friedmanvideos.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+on+Drugs&rft.pub=America%27s+Drug+Forum&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyes390.org%2Ffriedmanvideos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Rostker2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Rostker (2006). <i>I Want You!: The Evolution of the All-Volunteer Force</i>. Rand Corporation. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0833038951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0833038951"><bdi>978-0833038951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Want+You%21%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+All-Volunteer+Force&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0833038951&rft.au=Bernard+Rostker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draft-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-draft_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draft_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1962" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (1962). <i>Capitalism and Freedom</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226264211" title="Special:BookSources/0226264211"><bdi>0226264211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Freedom&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0226264211&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1982" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Milton (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021122441/https://miltonfriedman.hoover.org/friedman_images/Collections/2016c21/Stanford_01_01_1982.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"National Service, the Draft and Volunteers" A debate featuring Milton Friedman In Registration and the Draft: Proceedings of the Hoover-Rochester Conference on the All-Volunteer Force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hoover Institution</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miltonfriedman.hoover.org/friedman_images/Collections/2016c21/Stanford_01_01_1982.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=%22National+Service%2C+the+Draft+and+Volunteers%22+A+debate+featuring+Milton+Friedman+In+Registration+and+the+Draft%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Hoover-Rochester+Conference+on+the+All-Volunteer+Force&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiltonfriedman.hoover.org%2Ffriedman_images%2FCollections%2F2016c21%2FStanford_01_01_1982.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebenstein_2007_231–32-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebenstein_2007_231–32_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebenstein_2007_231–32_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebenstein_2007_231–32_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Lanny (2007). <i>Milton Friedman: A Biography</i>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">231–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230604094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230604094"><bdi>978-0230604094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230604094&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Barganier; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2006/11/16/milton-friedman-rip/">Milton Friedman, RIP – Antiwar.com Blog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922155018/http://www.antiwar.com/blog/2006/11/16/milton-friedman-rip/">Archived</a> September 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Antiwar.com (November 16, 2006). Retrieved on September 6, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Lanny (2007). <i>Milton Friedman: A Biography</i>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230604094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230604094"><bdi>978-0230604094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230604094&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_HornMirowskiStapleford2011" class="citation book cs1">Van Horn, Robert; Mirowski, Philip; Stapleford, Thomas A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDf0hyh11GIC&pg=PA49"><i>Building Chicago Economics: New Perspectives on the History of America's Most Powerful Economics Program</i></a>. Cambridge UP. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139501712" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139501712"><bdi>978-1139501712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Chicago+Economics%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+History+of+America%27s+Most+Powerful+Economics+Program&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1139501712&rft.aulast=Van+Horn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Mirowski%2C+Philip&rft.au=Stapleford%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDf0hyh11GIC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrellWilson2009" class="citation web cs1">Terrell, Ellen; Wilson, Angela (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/milton-friedman">"Milton Friedman: A Resource Guide"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Resource+Guide&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Terrell&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.loc.gov%2Fmilton-friedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216011511/http://libertyunbound.com/node/166">"Milton Friedman, "Say 'No' to Intolerance," <i>Liberty</i> magazine, vol. 4, no. 6, July 1991, pp. 17–20"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertyunbound.com/node/166">the original</a> on February 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%2C+%22Say+%27No%27+to+Intolerance%2C%22+Liberty+magazine%2C+vol.+4%2C+no.+6%2C+July+1991%2C+pp.+17%E2%80%9320.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibertyunbound.com%2Fnode%2F166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvenueChicagoUs" class="citation web cs1">AvenueChicago, The University of ChicagoEdward H. Levi Hall5801 South Ellis; Us, Illinois 60637773 702 1234 Contact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uchicago.edu/about/accolades/23/">"Presidential Medal of Freedom"</a>. <i>The University of Chicago</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom&rft.aulast=AvenueChicago&rft.aufirst=The+University+of+ChicagoEdward+H.+Levi+Hall5801+South+Ellis&rft.au=Us%2C+Illinois+60637773+702+1234+Contact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uchicago.edu%2Fabout%2Faccolades%2F23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FriedmanOnLiberty-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FriedmanOnLiberty_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2017" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/free-society-stable"><i>Milton Friedman on Freedom: Selections from The Collected Works of Milton Friedman</i></a>. Hoover Institution Press. pp. chapter 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817920340" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817920340"><bdi>978-0817920340</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman+on+Freedom%3A+Selections+from+The+Collected+Works+of+Milton+Friedman&rft.pages=chapter+4&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2017-04&rft.isbn=978-0817920340&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Ffree-society-stable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Milton & Rose D. <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i>, University of Chicago Press, 1982, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2002" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (2002) [1962]. <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom"><i>Capitalism and Freedom</i></a> (40th anniversary ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226264219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226264219"><bdi>978-0226264219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.edition=40th+anniversary&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0226264219&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2002" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (2002) [1962]. <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom"><i>Capitalism and Freedom</i></a> (40th anniversary ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226264219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226264219"><bdi>978-0226264219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.edition=40th+anniversary&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0226264219&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-1990-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-1990_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman-1990_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanFriedman1990" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton; <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Friedman, Rose</a> (1990) [1980]. <a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose"><i>Free to Choose: A Personal Statement</i></a> (1st Harvest ed.). New York: Harcourt. pp. <span class="nowrap">119–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0156334600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0156334600"><bdi>978-0156334600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+to+Choose%3A+A+Personal+Statement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.edition=1st+Harvest&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0156334600&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Frank" title="Robert H. Frank">Frank, Robert H.</a> (November 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/business/23scene.html">"The Other Milton Friedman: A Conservative With a Social Welfare Program"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001200816/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/business/23scene.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Other+Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Conservative+With+a+Social+Welfare+Program&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F23%2Fbusiness%2F23scene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanFriedman1990" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton; <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Friedman, Rose</a> (1990) [1980]. <a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose"><i>Free to Choose: A Personal Statement</i></a> (1st Harvest ed.). 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Tax Carbon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230604094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230604094"><bdi>978-0230604094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230604094&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Lanny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service">"Golden Plate Awardees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23public-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/#interview">"Milton Friedman Biography and Interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman+Biography+and+Interview&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fmilton-friedman-ph-d%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105025255/http://www.cato.org/news-releases/2007/9/5/selection-committee-announced-2008-milton-friedman-prize-advancing-liberty">"Selection Committee Announced for the 2008 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty"</a>. Cato Institute. September 5, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/news-releases/2007/9/5/selection-committee-announced-2008-milton-friedman-prize-advancing-liberty">the original</a> on January 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selection+Committee+Announced+for+the+2008+Milton+Friedman+Prize+for+Advancing+Liberty&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fnews-releases%2F2007%2F9%2F5%2Fselection-committee-announced-2008-milton-friedman-prize-advancing-liberty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140120081700/http://www.cato.org/friedman-prize">"Milton Friedman Prize page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/friedman-prize">the original</a> on January 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman+Prize+page&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Ffriedman-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Summers2006" class="citation news cs1">Larry Summers (November 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/opinion/19summers.html">"The Great Liberator"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123000415/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/opinion/19summers.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Great+Liberator&rft.date=2006-11-19&rft.au=Larry+Summers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F19%2Fopinion%2F19summers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Stephen (May 30, 2013). "What Would Milton Friedman Say?". <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. p. A13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=What+Would+Milton+Friedman+Say%3F&rft.pages=A13&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silk-1977-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silk-1977_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilk1977" class="citation news cs1">Silk, Leonard (March 31, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/31/archives/nobel-award-in-economics-should-prize-be-abolished.html">"Nobel Award in Economics: Should Prize Be Abolished?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+Award+in+Economics%3A+Should+Prize+Be+Abolished%3F&rft.date=1977-03-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Silk&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F03%2F31%2Farchives%2Fnobel-award-in-economics-should-prize-be-abolished.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDopfer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Dopfer, Kurt (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4225966">"In Memoriam: Gunnar Myrdal's Contribution to Institutional Economics"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Issues</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00213624.1988.11504742">10.1080/00213624.1988.11504742</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-3624">0021-3624</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4225966">4225966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Issues&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Gunnar+Myrdal%27s+Contribution+to+Institutional+Economics&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0021-3624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4225966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00213624.1988.11504742&rft.aulast=Dopfer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4225966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldemar_Ingdahl2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Waldemar Ingdahl (March 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003020845/http://www.american.com/archive/2007/march-0307/real-virtuality">"Real Virtuality"</a>. <i>The American</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american.com/archive/2007/march-0307/real-virtuality/">the original</a> on October 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American&rft.atitle=Real+Virtuality&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft.au=Waldemar+Ingdahl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.american.com%2Farchive%2F2007%2Fmarch-0307%2Freal-virtuality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_Friedman_and_Rose_Friedman1990" class="citation book cs1">Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman (1990). <i>Free to Choose: A Personal Statement</i>. Harvest Books. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0156334600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0156334600"><bdi>978-0156334600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+to+Choose%3A+A+Personal+Statement&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Harvest+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0156334600&rft.au=Milton+Friedman+and+Rose+Friedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj_20061006-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_20061006_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman,_Milton2006" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Milton (October 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110009051">"Dr. Milton Friedman"</a>. Opinion Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006122046/http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110009051">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Milton+Friedman&rft.pub=Opinion+Journal&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Milton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opinionjournal.com%2Feditorial%2Ffeature.html%3Fid%3D110009051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2007" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Carrie (March 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311050617/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=12&art_id=40288&sid=12691962&con_type=1&d_str=20070316&sear_year=2007">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Genuine' Tsang turns aggressive"</a>. 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Friedman. Appendix A, pp. 598–599. Accessible at books.google.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icelandtv-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icelandtv_197-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icelandtv_197-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Milton Friedman (August 31, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJNxg3ZhXf8#t=9m11s&feature=PlayList&p=EBBF6DB20C85145A&playnext_from=PL&index=3"><i>Iceland Television Debate</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a>)</span> (Television production). <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iceland" title="Television in Iceland">Icelandic State Television</a>. Event occurs at 009:48:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423164050/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJNxg3ZhXf8#t=9m11s&feature=PlayList&p=EBBF6DB20C85145A&playnext_from=PL&index=3">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iceland+Television+Debate&rft.place=Reykjav%C3%ADk&rft.pub=Icelandic+State+Television&rft.date=1984-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoJNxg3ZhXf8%23t%3D9m11s%26feature%3DPlayList%26p%3DEBBF6DB20C85145A%26playnext_from%3DPL%26index%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letter_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Two Lucky People: Memoirs By Milton Friedman, Rose D. Friedman. Appendix A, pp. 591–593. Letter from Friedman to Pinochet, April 21, 1975.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsMontes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Sebastian; Montes, Leonidas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-history-of-economic-thought/article/abs/milton-friedman-in-chile-shock-therapy-economic-freedom-and-exchange-rates/D58D1A94977A748FA9A9F154EB002E37">"Milton Friedman in Chile: Shock Therapy, Economic Freedom, and Exchange Rates"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Economic Thought</i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">105–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1053837219000397">10.1017/S1053837219000397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214507780">214507780</a> – via Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman+in+Chile%3A+Shock+Therapy%2C+Economic+Freedom%2C+and+Exchange+Rates&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1053837219000397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214507780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Montes%2C+Leonidas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-history-of-economic-thought%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmilton-friedman-in-chile-shock-therapy-economic-freedom-and-exchange-rates%2FD58D1A94977A748FA9A9F154EB002E37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2015/07/the-rivals-samuelson-and-friedman.html">"Economist's View: The Rivals (Samuelson and Friedman)"</a>. <i>economistsview.typepad.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economistsview.typepad.com&rft.atitle=Economist%27s+View%3A+The+Rivals+%28Samuelson+and+Friedman%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomistsview.typepad.com%2Feconomistsview%2F2015%2F07%2Fthe-rivals-samuelson-and-friedman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opazo-2016-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opazo-2016_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opazo-2016_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpazo2016" class="citation web cs1">Opazo, Tania (January 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/business/2016/01/in-chicago-boys-the-story-of-chilean-economists-who-studied-in-america-and-then-remade-their-country.html">"The "Boys" Who Completely Transformed Chile's Economy"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+%22Boys%22+Who+Completely+Transformed+Chile%27s+Economy&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Opazo&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F01%2Fin-chicago-boys-the-story-of-chilean-economists-who-studied-in-america-and-then-remade-their-country.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Ray_Mask_II2013" class="citation thesis cs1">William Ray Mask II (May 2013). <i>The Great Chilean Recovery: Assigning Responsibility For The Chilean Miracle(s)</i> (Thesis). California State University, Fresno. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10211.3%2F105425">10211.3/105425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Great+Chilean+Recovery%3A+Assigning+Responsibility+For+The+Chilean+Miracle%28s%29&rft.inst=California+State+University%2C+Fresno&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10211.3%2F105425&rft.au=William+Ray+Mask+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810043651/http://hoohila.stanford.edu/friedman/chile-chicago.php">"Chile and the "Chicago Boys"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Hoover Institution</i>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hoohila.stanford.edu/friedman/chile-chicago.php">the original</a> on August 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Chile+and+the+%22Chicago+Boys%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoohila.stanford.edu%2Ffriedman%2Fchile-chicago.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209233014/http://www.freetochoose.net/1980_vol5_transcript.html">"Free to Choose Vol. 5"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freetochoose.net/1980_vol5_transcript.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+to+Choose+Vol.+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freetochoose.net%2F1980_vol5_transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQkdSj6arn0">Frances Fox Piven vs. Milton Friedman, Thomas Sowell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016091409/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQkdSj6arn0">Archived</a> October 16, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, debate, 1980, YouTube.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbe.csueastbay.edu/~sbesc/frlect.html">The Smith Center: Milton Friedman's lecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922130830/http://www.cbe.csueastbay.edu/~sbesc/frlect.html">Archived</a> September 22, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Economic Freedom, Human Freedom, Political Freedom", by Milton Friedman, delivered November 1, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1999">Friedman 1999</a>, pp. 600–601</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newsweek of June 14, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/ufd_reformliberty_full.html">"Interview with Jeffery Sachs on the "Miracle of Chile"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Economist+Milton+Friedman+Dies+at+94&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Justin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F11%2F16%2FAR2006111601366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2006/11/we_are_live_at_.html">"We Are Live at Salon, with an Obituary for Milton Friedman"</a>. <i>Grasping Reality with at Least Three Hands</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926052017/http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2006/11/we_are_live_at_.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hendry; Neil R. Ericsson (October 1983). "Assertion without Empirical Basis: An Econometric Appraisal of 'Monetary Trends in ... the United Kingdom' by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz," in <i>Monetary Trends in the United Kingdom</i>, Bank of England Panel of Academic Consultants, Panel Paper No. 22, pp. 45–101.<br />See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/1985/270/ifdp270.pdf">Federal Reserve International Finance Discussion Paper No. 270</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040319/http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/1985/270/ifdp270.pdf">Archived</a> November 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (December 1985), which is a revised and shortened version of Hendry–Ericsson 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=EBBF6DB20C85145A">"M.Friedman – Iceland TV (1984)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313091204/https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=EBBF6DB20C85145A">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=M.Friedman+%E2%80%93+Iceland+TV+%281984%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fview_play_list%3Fp%3DEBBF6DB20C85145A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Steven_Moore,_CMA1984" class="citation web cs1">van Steven Moore, CMA (August 31, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwBUO45cIyU&list=PLC0EEBC0F24B2EE0E">"Milton Friedman – Iceland 2 of 8"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512174832/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwBUO45cIyU&list=PLC0EEBC0F24B2EE0E">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman+%E2%80%93+Iceland+2+of+8&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=1984-08-31&rft.au=van+Steven+Moore%2C+CMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DlwBUO45cIyU%26list%3DPLC0EEBC0F24B2EE0E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Daniel_Hammond2005" class="citation book cs1">J. Daniel Hammond (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1n9R4Kr03sC&pg=PA193"><i>Theory and Measurement: Causality Issues in Milton Friedman's Monetary Economics</i></a>. Cambridge U.P. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521022644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521022644"><bdi>978-0521022644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Measurement%3A+Causality+Issues+in+Milton+Friedman%27s+Monetary+Economics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.pub=Cambridge+U.P.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521022644&rft.au=J.+Daniel+Hammond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1n9R4Kr03sC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendryEricsson1989" class="citation web cs1">Hendry, David F.; Ericsson, Neil R. (July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/1989/355/ifdp355.pdf">"An Econometric Analysis of UK Money Demand in <i>Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom</i> by Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Finance Discussion Papers: 355. Federal Reserve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040149/http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/1989/355/ifdp355.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Econometric+Analysis+of+UK+Money+Demand+in+Monetary+Trends+in+the+United+States+and+the+United+Kingdom+by+Milton+Friedman+and+Anna+J.+Schwartz&rft.series=International+Finance+Discussion+Papers%3A+355&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve&rft.date=1989-07&rft.aulast=Hendry&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.au=Ericsson%2C+Neil+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Fpubs%2Fifdp%2F1989%2F355%2Fifdp355.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hendry_letter-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hendry_letter_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendry2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Forbes_Hendry" title="David Forbes Hendry">Hendry, David F.</a> (April 25, 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fcfb6334-ac11-11e2-a063-00144feabdc0.html">"Friedman's t-ratios were overstated by nearly 100%"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030075628/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fcfb6334-ac11-11e2-a063-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Friedman%27s+t-ratios+were+overstated+by+nearly+100%25&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.aulast=Hendry&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Ffcfb6334-ac11-11e2-a063-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscribano,_Alvaro2004" class="citation journal cs1">Escribano, Alvaro (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eco.uc3m.es/temp/alvaroe/MDUK-MD04.pdf">"Nonlinear error correction: The case of money demand in the United Kingdom (1878–2000)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_Dynamics" title="Macroeconomic Dynamics">Macroeconomic Dynamics</a></i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1365100503030013">10.1017/S1365100503030013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F2573">10016/2573</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154353317">154353317</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172546/http://www.eco.uc3m.es/temp/alvaroe/MDUK-MD04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macroeconomic+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Nonlinear+error+correction%3A+The+case+of+money+demand+in+the+United+Kingdom+%281878%E2%80%932000%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10016%2F2573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154353317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1365100503030013&rft.au=Escribano%2C+Alvaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eco.uc3m.es%2Ftemp%2Falvaroe%2FMDUK-MD04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span><br />Escribano's approach had already been recognized by Friedman, Schwartz, Hendry <i>et al</i>. (p. 14 of <i>the pdf</i>) as yielding significant improvements over previous money demand equations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colander, D. (1995). <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/13501789500000005" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/13501789500000005">Is Milton Friedman an artist or a scientist?</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Methodology</i>, <i>2</i>(1), 105–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Noah (January 12, 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-01-12/milton-friedman-s-cherished-theory-is-laid-to-rest">"Milton Friedman's Cherished Theory Is Laid to Rest"</a></span>. <i>www.bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926085853/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-01-12/milton-friedman-s-cherished-theory-is-laid-to-rest">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman%27s+Cherished+Theory+Is+Laid+to+Rest&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fview%2Farticles%2F2017-01-12%2Fmilton-friedman-s-cherished-theory-is-laid-to-rest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Macpherson, Crawford (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3231697">"Elegant Tombstones: A Note on Friedman's Freedom"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Canadian Political Science Association: <span class="nowrap">95–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008423900035241">10.1017/S0008423900035241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3231697">3231697</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154470384">154470384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science+%2F+Revue+canadienne+de+science+politique&rft.atitle=Elegant+Tombstones%3A+A+Note+on+Friedman%27s+Freedom&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154470384%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3231697%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008423900035241&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3231697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1980" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, Bruce J. 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(2009). <i>The methodology of positive economics: reflections on the Milton Friedman legacy</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Block, Walter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273074293">"Was Milton Friedman a Socialist? Yes"</a>. <i>MEST Journal</i>. 1(1):11–26: <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12709%2Fmest.01.01.01.02.pdf">10.12709/mest.01.01.01.02.pdf</a></span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MEST+Journal&rft.atitle=Was+Milton+Friedman+a+Socialist%3F+Yes&rft.volume=1%281%29%3A11%E2%80%9326&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12709%2Fmest.01.01.01.02.pdf&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273074293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usinflationcalculator.com/inflation/historical-inflation-rates/">"Historical Inflation Rates: 1914-2024"</a>. <i>www.usinflationcalculator.com</i>. July 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usinflationcalculator.com&rft.atitle=Historical+Inflation+Rates%3A+1914-2024&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usinflationcalculator.com%2Finflation%2Fhistorical-inflation-rates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordo1989" class="citation book cs1">Bordo, Michael (1989). "The Contributions of "A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960" to Monetary History". <i>Money, History, and International Finance: Essays in Honor of Anna J. Schwartz</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226065936" title="Special:BookSources/0226065936"><bdi>0226065936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contributions+of+%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States%2C+1867%E2%80%931960%22+to+Monetary+History&rft.btitle=Money%2C+History%2C+and+International+Finance%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Anna+J.+Schwartz&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0226065936&rft.aulast=Bordo&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/events/monetary-history-united-states-1867-1960">"A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960"</a>. <i>Cato Institute</i>. November 21, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States%2C+1867%E2%80%931960&rft.date=2003-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fevents%2Fmonetary-history-united-states-1867-1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Temin, Peter. "Review: Money, Money Everywhere: A Retrospective Review. Reviewed work(s): <i>A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960.</i> By Milton Friedman; Anna Jacobson Schwartz." <i>Reviews in American History,</i> Vol. 5, No. 2 (Jun. 1977), pp. 151–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.oecd.org/money/broad-money-m3.htm">"Monetary aggregates – Broad money (M3)"</a>. <i>theOECD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theOECD&rft.atitle=Monetary+aggregates+%E2%80%93+Broad+money+%28M3%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Fmoney%2Fbroad-money-m3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2012" class="citation news cs1">Krugman, Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/miltons-paradise-lost/">"Milton's Paradise Lost"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Milton%27s+Paradise+Lost&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F01%2Fmiltons-paradise-lost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/milton-friedman-unperson/">"Milton Friedman, Unperson"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. August 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman%2C+Unperson&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F08%2Fmilton-friedman-unperson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, James (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1814559">"The Monetary Interpretation of History"</a>. <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">464–</span>485. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1814559">1814559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Monetary+Interpretation+of+History&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E485&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1814559%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1814559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eichengreen-1992-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eichengreen-1992_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichengreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Eichengreen, Barry (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenfettersgol00eich/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Golden Fetters</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195064315" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195064315"><bdi>978-0195064315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Fetters&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195064315&rft.aulast=Eichengreen&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenfettersgol00eich%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-2022-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF-2022_257-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF-2022_257-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF-2022_257-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020/12/rebuilding-worker-power-mishel.htm">"Rebuilding Worker Power – IMF F&D"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=Rebuilding+Worker+Power+%E2%80%93+IMF+F%26D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F2020%2F12%2Frebuilding-worker-power-mishel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernanke2004" class="citation book cs1">Bernanke, Ben (2004). <i>Essays on the Great Depression</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691118208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691118208"><bdi>978-0691118208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Great+Depression&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0691118208&rft.aulast=Bernanke&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Alan O. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mdWW-z1OPcC&pg=PA89"><i>Milton Friedman: A Biography</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230603455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230603455"><bdi>978-0230603455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230603455&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Alan+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mdWW-z1OPcC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1999" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Milton (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twoluckypeopleme00frie"><i>Two Lucky People: Memoirs</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226264158" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226264158"><bdi>978-0226264158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Lucky+People%3A+Memoirs&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0226264158&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwoluckypeopleme00frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_Friedman&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?531388-1/after-words-jennifer-burns"><i>After Words</i> interview with Jennifer Burns on <i>Milton Friedman: The Last Conservative</i>, December 1, 2023</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2023" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Jennifer (2023). <i>Milton Friedman: The Last Conservative</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374601140" title="Special:BookSources/9780374601140"><bdi>9780374601140</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1355021202">1355021202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+The+Last+Conservative&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1355021202&rft.isbn=9780374601140&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econjwatch.org/issues/volume-10-issue-2-may-2013">"Symposium: Why Is There No Milton Friedman Today?"</a>. <i>Econ Journal Watch</i>. <b>10</b> (2). May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econ+Journal+Watch&rft.atitle=Symposium%3A+Why+Is+There+No+Milton+Friedman+Today%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconjwatch.org%2Fissues%2Fvolume-10-issue-2-may-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jones, Daniel Stedman. <i>Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics</i> (2nd ed. 2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskey2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_McCloskey" title="Deirdre McCloskey">McCloskey, Deirdre</a> (Winter 2003). "Other Things Equal: Milton". <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Journal" title="Eastern Economic Journal">Eastern Economic Journal</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40326463">40326463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Other+Things+Equal%3A+Milton&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40326463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McCloskey&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteelman2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steelman, Aaron (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Friedman, Milton (1912–2006)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n118">10.4135/9781412965811.n118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friedman%2C+Milton+%281912%E2%80%932006%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n118&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Steelman&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodRonald_N._Wood1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_Wood" title="John Cunningham Wood">Wood, John Cunningham</a>; Ronald N. Wood, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_juHqHUkJAMC"><i>Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments</i></a>. Critical Assessments of Contemporary Economists Vol. IV. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415020053" title="Special:BookSources/9780415020053"><bdi>9780415020053</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20296405">20296405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milton+Friedman%3A+Critical+Assessments&rft.place=London&rft.series=Critical+Assessments+of+Contemporary+Economists+Vol.+IV&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20296405&rft.isbn=9780415020053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_juHqHUkJAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Economist_Milton_Friedman_dies_at_94" class="extiw" title="n:Economist Milton Friedman dies at 94">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman" class="extiw" title="q:Milton Friedman">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miltonfriedman.hoover.org">Collected Works of Milton Friedman</a> (Multiple Text, audio, video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2hx/">The Milton Friedman papers</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/library-archives">Hoover Institution Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/busecon/econfac/Friedman.html">Selected Bibliography for Milton Friedman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pfr10.html">Profile</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/RAS/pfr10.htm">Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a>/RePEc</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/milton-friedman">Milton Friedman</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bfi.uchicago.edu/">Becker Friedman Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edchoice.org/">The Foundation for Educational Choice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economictheories.org/2008/08/milton-friedman-histor-theory-biography.html">Milton Fridman</a> at Scarlett</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/friedman-lecture.html">Inflation and Unemployment</a> 1976 lecture at <a href="/wiki/NobelPrize.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NobelPrize.org">NobelPrize.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/friedman-speech.html">Nobel Memorial Prize acceptance speech</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Friedman.html">"Milton Friedman (1912–2006)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman+%281912%E2%80%932006%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FFriedman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720073859/http://www.newsweek.com/id/207218">Milton Friedman vs. The Fed Bailout</a> by Michael Hirsh, <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>, July 17, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/opinion/01stockman.html">Four Deformations of the Apocalypse</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">David Stockman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 31, 2010</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russ_Roberts" title="Russ Roberts">Roberts, Russ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/milton_friedman/">"Milton Friedman Podcasts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EconTalk" title="EconTalk">EconTalk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconTalk&rft.atitle=Milton+Friedman+Podcasts&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econtalk.org%2Farchives%2F_featuring%2Fmilton_friedman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilton+Friedman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DV6pTH0AAAAJ">Milton Friedman</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/139">A collection of Milton Friedman's works</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Videos</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?20878">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?61272-1/milton-friedman-road-serfdom"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Friedman on the 50th Anniversary Edition of F.A. Hayek's <i>Road to Serfdom</i>, November 20, 1994.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?159003-1/depth-milton-friedman"><i>In Depth</i> interview with Friedman, September 3, 2000</a></li></ul></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep494">"The Open Mind – Living Within Our Means (1975)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep493">"The Open Mind – A Nobel Laureate on the American Economy (1977)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/guests/3988">Milton Friedman</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)"><i>Charlie Rose</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miltonfriedman.blogspot.com/"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Free to Choose' (1980) a [PBS] TV series by Milton Friedman"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1Fj5tzuYBE"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Free to Choose</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html">Milton Friedman</a>, <i>Commanding Heights</i>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>, October 1, 2000, interview, profile and video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201002106/http://www.cato.org/special/friedman/">Milton Friedman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freetochoose.net/">Free to Choose Network</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Vitaliyevich_Kantorovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_C._Koopmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjalling C. Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> </b><br />1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_E._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Meade">James E. Meade</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics681" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>)<br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a><br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milton_Friedman88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milton_Friedman" title="Template:Milton Friedman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milton_Friedman" title="Template talk:Milton Friedman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milton_Friedman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milton Friedman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milton_Friedman88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Statistics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_test" title="Friedman test">Friedman test</a></li></ul></li> <li>Decision theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedman%E2%80%93Savage_utility_function" title="Friedman–Savage utility function">Friedman–Savage utility function</a></li></ul></li> <li>Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_rule" title="Friedman rule">Friedman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule" title="Friedman's k-percent rule">Friedman's k-percent rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Chile" title="Miracle of Chile">Miracle of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_income_hypothesis" title="Permanent income hypothesis">Permanent income hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_bibliography" title="Milton Friedman bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Positive_Economics" title="Essays in Positive Economics">Essays in Positive Economics</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Price_Theory_(Milton_Friedman)" title="Price Theory (Milton Friedman)">Price Theory</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Monetary_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Monetary History of the United States">A Monetary History of the United States</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman_bibliography" title="Milton Friedman bibliography">Milton Friedman bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedman_doctrine" title="Friedman doctrine">Friedman doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">Patri Friedman</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1976_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1976 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1976_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1976 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Maguire</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Samuel Blumberg</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Carleton Gajdusek</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1971 Nobel Prize winners">1971</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1972 Nobel Prize winners">1972</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1973_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1973 Nobel Prize winners">1973</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners">1974</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners">1975</a></dd> <dd><b>1976 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners">1979</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners">1980</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners">1981</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chicago_school_of_economics214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicago_school_economists" title="Template:Chicago school economists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicago_school_economists" title="Template talk:Chicago school economists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago_school_economists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago school economists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chicago_school_of_economics214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Calvert_Simons" title="Henry Calvert Simons">Henry Calvert Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(economist)" title="Karl Brunner (economist)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_D._Cagan" title="Phillip D. Cagan">Phillip D. Cagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_G._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry G. Johnson">Harry G. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Allan H. Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laidler" title="David Laidler">David Laidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Sumner" title="Scott Sumner">Scott Sumner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cliometrics" title="Cliometrics">New economic history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Townsend" title="Robert M. Townsend">Robert M. Townsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">New social economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Mincer" title="Jacob Mincer">Jacob Mincer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._List" title="John A. List">John A. List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Venkatesh" title="Sudhir Venkatesh">Sudhir Venkatesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr." title="Roland G. Fryer Jr.">Roland Fryer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tullock" title="Gordon Tullock">Gordon Tullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Gregory_Holcombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Randall Gregory Holcombe">Randall Holcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Downs" title="Anthony Downs">Anthony Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Niskanen" title="William A. Niskanen">William A. Niskanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Director" title="Aaron Director">Aaron Director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Landes" title="William Landes">William Landes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Richard Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Easterbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Easterbrook">Frank H. Easterbrook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business and finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry Markowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron Scholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Julian Lincoln Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_French" title="Kenneth French">Kenneth French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Harvey" title="Campbell Harvey">Campbell Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template talk:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">United States National Medal of Science</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huda_Akil" title="Huda Akil">Huda Akil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Larry_Bartels" title="Larry Bartels">Larry Bartels</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gebisa_Ejeta" title="Gebisa Ejeta">Gebisa Ejeta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eve_Marder" title="Eve Marder">Eve Marder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Petsko" title="Gregory Petsko">Gregory Petsko</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Weinbaum" title="Sheldon Weinbaum">Sheldon Weinbaum</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angela_Belcher" title="Angela Belcher">Angela Belcher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blau" title="Helen Blau">Helen Blau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emery_N._Brown" title="Emery N. Brown">Emery N. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._David_Tilman" title="G. David Tilman">G. David Tilman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Woodruff" title="Teresa Woodruff">Teresa Woodruff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lawrence_Edwards" title="Richard Lawrence Edwards">R. Lawrence Edwards</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subra_Suresh" title="Subra Suresh">Subra Suresh</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Dabiri" title="John Dabiri">John Dabiri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork" title="Cynthia Dwork">Cynthia Dwork</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Alley" title="Richard Alley">Richard Alley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Freedman" title="Wendy Freedman">Wendy Freedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keivan_Stassun" title="Keivan Stassun">Keivan Stassun</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Economic Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">Presidents of the American Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis A. Walker</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles F. Dunbar</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John B. Clark</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry C. Adams</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah W. Jenks</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon N. Patten</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis R. Dewey</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry W. Farnam</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank A. Fetter</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Gray_(economist)" title="John H. Gray (economist)">John H. Gray</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter F. Willcox</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas N. Carver</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Template talk:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Bates Clark Medal recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton Friedman</a> (1951)</li> <li><i>No Award</i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik S. Houthakker</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Leon Nerlove</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin S. Feldstein</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_A._Hausman" title="Jerry A. Hausman">Jerry A. Hausman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_J._Grossman" title="Sanford J. Grossman">Sanford J. Grossman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kreps" title="David M. Kreps">David M. Kreps</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul R. Krugman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan C. Athey</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Levin_(economist)" title="Jonathan Levin (economist)">Jonathan Levin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Finkelstein" title="Amy Finkelstein">Amy Finkelstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Chetty" title="Raj Chetty">Raj Chetty</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gentzkow" title="Matthew Gentzkow">Matthew Gentzkow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr." title="Roland G. Fryer Jr.">Roland Fryer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliy_Sannikov" title="Yuliy Sannikov">Yuliy Sannikov</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Donaldson_(economist)" title="Dave Donaldson (economist)">Dave Donaldson</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parag_Pathak" title="Parag Pathak">Parag Pathak</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Nakamura" title="Emi Nakamura">Emi Nakamura</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Dell" title="Melissa Dell">Melissa Dell</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Andrews" title="Isaiah Andrews">Isaiah Andrews</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Itskhoki" title="Oleg Itskhoki">Oleg Itskhoki</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Strack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Strack (page does not exist)">Philipp Strack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libertarianism366" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism" title="Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism" title="Template talk:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libertarianism366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian capitalism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Conservative libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian transhumanism">Libertarian transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical liberalism">Neo-classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></span><br /><span style="vertical-align:1px;">(<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age-of-consent_reform" title="Age-of-consent reform">Age-of-consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Technolibertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></b></li> <li><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism_in_the_United_States554" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Conservatism in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian values">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives"><span style="color:white">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Jurists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">Yoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen_(political_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Deneen (political theorist)">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ailes" title="Roger Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Perot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative parties in the United States"><span style="color:white">Parties</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Think tanks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advancing_American_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advancing American Freedom (page does not exist)">Advancing American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">Historical factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Literature</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Republic,_Not_an_Empire" title="A Republic, Not an Empire">A Republic, Not an Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#B10000; color:white;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B10000; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121010775">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46761275">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/44065/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYvThBYBJfdFYRG7RR8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118535625">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79117948">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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[\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbate2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvenueChicagoUs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernanke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Rostker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlock2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoaz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordo1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBresnahan1998–1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Doherty1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarnoy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuddScholz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalmia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Asman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevaney1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoherty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDopfer1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEamonn_Butler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbenstein2007\"] = 12,\n [\"CITEREFEdwardsMontes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichengreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscribano,_Alvaro2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman,_Milton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman,_Schwartz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanFriedman1990\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanFriedman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanKowalczyk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith,_J_K1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGobleFreyfogle2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGratulatoriaÁrnason\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarms2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrod\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendryEricsson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Daniel_Hammond2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJim_Christie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKearlPopeWhitingWimmer1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeir_Armstrong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_HooverWarren_Young2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristula-Green2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandsburg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Summers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_Lessig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacpherson1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangu-Ward2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMankiw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Feeney2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Skousen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaureen_Sullivan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCloskey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton_Friedman1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton_Friedman1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton_FriedmanAnna_Jacobson_SchwartzNational_Bureau_of_Economic_Research2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton_FriedmanRose_D._Friedman1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton_FriedmanRose_D._Friedman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilton_Friedman_and_Rose_Friedman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpazo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_Sullivan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Galbács2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Robinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Mirowski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossZeckhauser1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnetzer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilk1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolty2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorkin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteelman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrellWilson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobin1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_HornMirowskiStapleford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Overtveldt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVáclav_Klaus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldemar_Ingdahl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWapshott2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Ray_Mask_II2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodRonald_N._Wood1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Steven_Moore,_CMA1984\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"1976 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Charlie Rose guest\"] = 1,\n [\"Chicago School (economics)\"] = 1,\n [\"Chicago school economists\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 82,\n [\"Conservatism US footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Friedman, Milton\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Economics\"] = 1,\n [\"Economics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google Scholar id\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox economist\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive film clip\"] = 2,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"John Bates Clark Medal recipients\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Libertarianism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Milton Friedman\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Neoliberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"New York Times topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel laureates in economics\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of the American Economic Association\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 17,\n [\"Winners of the National Medal of Science\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","19.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","11.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","4.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.3"],["[others]","440","25.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-cr5t5","timestamp":"20250217044848","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Milton 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