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Vidi kôd stranice Tuva – Wikipedija
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Тес-Хемский кожуун.jpg|300px|minijatura|desno|Krajolik u Tuvi.]] '''Republika Tuva''' ([[Ruski jezik|ruski]]: ''Респу́блика Тыва́'', [[tuvanski jezik|tuvanski]]: ''Тыва Республика'') je [[ruske republike|republika]] u [[Ruska Federacija|Ruskoj Federaciji]]. U međunarodnom nazivlju, na engleskom se nazivala kao ''Respublika Tyva'', a kasnije, nakon [[1993.]] službeno ime je '''Tyva Republic'''. == Zemljopis == Tuva se nalazi na krajnjem [[sibir]]skom jugu. Istočni dio Tuve je šumovit i gorski, a zapad čine suhe nizine. * ''Površina:'' 170.500 četvornih kilometara * ''Granice:'' ** ''unutarnje:'' [[Hakasija]] (SZ/S), [[Krasnojarski kraj]] (S), [[Irkutska oblast]] (S/SI), [[Burjatija]] (I), [[Republika Altaj|Altaj]] (SZ/Z) ** ''međunarodne'': [[Mongolija]] (J) (dužina granične crte: 1.305 km *Najviša točka: [[Mongun-Tajga]]) (3.970&nbsp;m) *Najveći raspon sjever-jug: 450 km. *Najveći raspon istok-zapad: preko 700 km. === Rijeke === U Tuvi we nalazi preko 8 tisuca rijeka. U ovo ulaze gornji tokovi rijeke [[Jenisej]]a. Većina tuvanskih rijeka su pritoke Jenisej. Cesto su izvori mineralnih voda. U veće rijeke spadaju: *[[Boljšoj Jenisej]] (zvan i kao Biy-Khem ili Bii-Khem) *[[Kantegir]] *[[Hemčik]] *[[Malij Jenisej]] (zvan i kao Ka-Khem i Kaa-Khem) *[[Gornji Jenisej]] (zvan i kao Ulug-Khem) === Jezera === U Tubing su brojna jezera, od kojih su mnoga [[ledenjačka jezera|ledenjačka]] i [[slana jezera|slana]]. Najveća jezera su: *[[Azas]] (100 km²)&mdash - najveće *[[Uvs Nuur]] - dio je u Mongoliji; spada u svjetsku baštinu ([[UNESCO]]) *[[Kadiš]] *[[Mani-Hol]] *[[Todža]] === Planine === Područje na istoku je dosta brdovito/gorovito, otprilike 600 m visoko, a okružuju ga gorja [[Sajan]] i [[Tannu-Ola]]. Brda i planine čine 80% ozemlja Tuve. [[Mongun-Tajga]] (3.970 m) je najviši vrh u [[Sibir]]u. === Rudna bogatstva === Glavna rudna bogatstva su [[ugljen]], [[željezo|željezna ruda]], [[zlato]] i ine [[rude]]. === Klima === *''Prosječna godišnja temperatura'': nema podataka *''Prosječna siječanjska temperatura'': &minus;32°C *''Prosječna srpanjska temperatura'': +18°C *''Prosjek godišnjih [[padalina]]'': 150 mm (nizine) do 1.000 mm (u gorjima) == Upravne podjele == {{Glavni|Upravne podjele Tuve}} == Povijest == Povijesnu pokrajinu '''[[Tannu Uriankhai]]''', čiji je dio i Tuva, su kontrolirali [[Mongoli]] od 13. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća. Od [[1757.]] do [[1911.]] je bila pod kineskom vlasti, odnosno pod vlašću "mandžurske" dinastije [[Qing (dinastija)|Qing]]. Tijekom 19. stoljeća počinje rusko naseljavanje u Tuvi, koje je polučilo na koncu i [[Pekinški sporazum|kinesko-ruski sporazum]] iz [[1860.]] godine, kojim je Kina dopustila Rusima naseljavanje, omogućujući im živjeti u brodicama i šatorima <!-- ??? -->. Rusima se [[1881.]] dopustilo živjeti u "postojanim" nastambama. Dotad se uspostavila velika ruska zajednica, čije je poslove vodio državni službenik u Rusiji. Valja napomenuti da su ti isti službenici rješavali sporove i regulirale odnose s tuvanskim poglavarima. Ruski interesi u Tuvi su se nastavili i u 20. stoljeću. Za vrijeme [[Wuchanški ustanak|ustanka u Wuchangu 1911.]] u Kini, [[carska Rusija]] je pomogla [[separatizam|separatistički]] pokret među Tuvancima. Ruski car [[Nikola II Romanov]] je zapovjedio svojim postrojbama ulazak u Tuvu 1912., jer su ruski naseljenici bili napadnuti. Tuva je nominalno postala nezavisna, prije nego što je postala ruskim [[protektorat]]om 1914. godine. Ovo su zatražili i brojni prominentni Tuvanci, uključujući i samog Visokog Lamu, iako je moguće da su zapravo se ponašali zbog prisile od strane ruskih vojnika. Uspostavljen je glavni grad, imenom '''Belocark'''. U međuvremenu, Mongolija je 1911. postala nezavisnom, doduše pod ruskom zaštitom. Nakon [[ruska revolucija 1917.|ruske revolucije]] iz 1917. godine, [[boljševici|boljševičke]] snage su zauzele Tuvu u siječnju 1920., a glavni grad ''Belocark'' su preimenovali u [[Kyzyl]] (u prijevodu: "crveni"). [[14. kolovoza]] [[1921.]] boljševici, poduprti iz Rusije, su uspostavili [[Tuvanska Narodna Republika|Tuvansku Narodnu Republiku]], popularno zvanu '''Tannu-Tuva'''. [[SSSR]] je pripojio Tuvu [[1944.]], očigledno uz odobrenje tuvanskog [[Mali Hural|Malog Hurala]] (skupštine), iako nije bilo svetuvanskog glasovanja o ovom pitanju. [[Solčak Toka|Solčaku Toci]], vođi tuvanskih komunista se dala dužnost Prvog tajnika [[Tuvanska komunistička stranka|Tuvanske komunističke stranke]] i ''de facto'' tuvanskog vladara. Tuva je postala autonomnom oblašću i kasnije [[ASSR]]-om [[10. listopada]] [[1961.]] Tokinu vlast je obilježio usredotočeni napor uvođenja [[kolektivizacija|kolektivizacije]] i uništenja tuvanske kulture, pogotovu one religijske naravi. Solčak Toka je umro 1973. godine. U veljači 1990. je osnovan [[Tuvanski demokratski pokret]]. Utemeljitelj mu je bio [[Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei]], filolog na Kizilskom sveučilištu. Stranka je imala za glavni cilj stvaranje radnih mjesta i stanogradnju, dviju stvari čega je bilo najmanje u Tuvi, kao i poboljšanje statusa [[tuvanski jezik|tuvanskog jezika]] i kulture. Kasnije, tijekom godine, uslijedio je val [[protivruski ispadi 1990.|napada]] usmjeren protiv brojne ruske zajednice u Tuvi; ishod je bio 88 mrtvih. Moralo se pozvati ruske postrojbe. Brojni Rusi su onda iselili iz ove republike. Tuva je bila potpisnikom sporazuma kojim je stvorena Ruska Federacija. Sporazum je potpisan [[31. ožujka]] [[1992.]] Novi ustav tuvanske republike je sastavljen [[22. listopada]] [[1993.]] Ovim činom je stvorena skupština od 32 člana ([[Visoki Hural]]) i [[Veliki tuvanski Hural|Veliki Hural]], koji je odgovoran za inozemne poslove, skrbeći se za to da se tuvanskim zakonima daje prednost i bilo koje promjene u ustavu. Ustave također dopušta mogućnost [[referendum]]a, ako Tuva uzme u obzir biti nezavisnom. Ovaj ustav je prošao sa 62,2% Tuvanaca na referendumu od [[12. prosinca]] 1993. U isto vrijeme, Tuva je malo promijenila službeno ime - od oblika Tuva (Тува) u Tyva (Тыва). [[Kina|NR Kina]] nikad nije priznala ruska zahtijevanja; zemljovidi izrađeni u [[Tajvan]]u su često uključivali Tuvu (skupa s [[Vanjska Mongolija|Vanjskom Mongolijom]]) kao dio Kine. Ovo zahtijevanje, kao i tajvanski zahtjev za cijelom kontinentalnom Kinom je bilo uvelike ignorirano od početka 1990-ih. == Politika == Na čelu tuvanske vlade je predsjednik Vlade, kojeg se izabire na rok od četiri godine. U 2005. godini, predsjednik Vlade je [[Sherig-ool Oorzhak]], koji je bio već prije ponovno izabran 17. ožujka 2002. godine. Tuvansko zakonodavno tijelo [[Veliki Hural]], ima 162 zastupnička mjesta, a svaki zastupnik se bira na razdoblje od četiri godine. Ustav republike Tuve je prihvaćen 23. listopada 1993. godine. == Prijevoz == Auto-ceste i cestovna mreža: Željeznička mreža i čvorišta: Riječni i jezerski prijevoz: Zračne veze, zračne luke: == Gospodarstvo == Tuva ima razvijeno [[rudarstvo]] ([[ugljen]], [[kobalt]], [[zlato]] i dr.). Prehrambena, drvna i metaloprerađivačka industrija također su dobro razvijene. Glavnina industrijske proizvodnje okupljena je u glavnome gradu [[Kizil (grad)|Kizil]]u i u [[Ak-Dovurak]]u. == Kultura == Tuvanci su poznati po [[pjevanje iz vrata|pjevanju iz vrata]] <!-- svako pjevanje je iz grla -->. [[Hureš]], tuvansko hrvanje, je vrlo omiljen šport. Natjecanja se održavaju na godišnjem festivalu [[Naadym]]u kod [[Tos-Bulak]]a. === Vjera === Tuvinci su većinom [[budisti]], u kombinaciji s raširenim [[šamanizam|šamanizmom]]. Postoje problemi s vjerskim slobodama za [[kršćani|kršćane]] i [[muslimani|muslimane]], prema skupinama za ljudska prava. Tuvinci imaju nadprosječnu zaraženost [[sifilis]]om. Prema "Moscow Times"-u, 2,5% stanovništva je zaraženo ovom bolešću. Za ovo se okrivljava tuvansko šamanističko vjerovanje, prema kojem je žena plodnija ako je imala velik broj spolnih partnera prije braka.<!-- a? --> == Obrazovanje == Najvažnije visokoobrazovne ustanove u Tuvi su [[Tuvansko državno sveučilište]] i [[Tuvanski institut za humanitarno istraživanje]]. Oba se nalaze u glavnom gradu [[Kizil (grad)|Kizilu]]. == Stanovništvo == Prema popisu stanovnika iz 2002. godine, Tuvanaca (nom.mn. Tuvanci), koji su [[turkijski narodi|turkijski narod]], ima 235.313, odnosno 77% stanovništva. Ostatak, mahom u gradskim područjima čine stanovnici koji se smatraju etničkim [[Rusi]]ma, a ima ih 61.442 ili 20.1%. Sve skupa, 101 različita narodnosna skupina živi u Tuvi, od kojih samo još dvije nadilaze brojnost od tisuću, [[Komiji]], kojih je 1.404, te [[Hakasi]]) kojih je 1.219. Službeni jezici u Republici Tuvi su [[tuvanski jezik|tuvanski]] i [[ruski jezik|ruski]]. *[[Popis poznatih Tuvanaca]] *'''Broj stanovnika''': 305.510 (2002) **''gradsko'': 157.299 (51.5%) **''seosko'': 148.211 (48.5%) **''muških'': 144.961 (47,4%) **''žena'': 160.549 (52.6%) *'''Broj žena na tisuću muškaraca''': 1.108 *'''Prosječna dob''': 25,5 godina **''gradska'': 26,4 godina **''seoska'': 24,5 godina **''muških'': 25,2 godina **''žena'': 27,6 godina *'''Broj domaćinstava''': 82.882 (299.510 ljudi) **''gradskih'': 47.073 (152.542 čovjeka) **''seoskih'': 35.809 (146.968 ljudi) *'''Prosječna očekivana dob''': nema podataka == Razno == *1920-ih i 1930-ih, u Tuvi su izdane [[poštanske marke]]. Brojni [[filatelija|filatelisti]], uključujući slavnog fizičara [[Richard Feynman|Richarda Feynmana]], su bili zadivljeni dalekom, tajnom obavijenom zemljom Tuvom zahvaljujući ovim poštanskim markama. Marke su izdane uglavnom tijekom kratkog razdoblja tuvanske neovisnosti. *Tuva se pojavljuje u nagrađenom dokumentarcu ''[[Džingis Blues]]'' (engleski: ''[[Genghis Blues]]''). *[[Sergej Šojgu]], ruski ministar za hitnosti, je Tuvanac * Prema nedavnoj studiji Ilje Zaharova, ravnatelja moskovskog Vavilovljeva instituta za opću genetiku, Tuvanci su genetski najbliže u svezi s američkim Indijancima kao što su [[Eskimi]], [[Navaho|Navahi]] i [[Apači]], više nego ikoja koja druga etnička skupina. == Vidi još == *[[Tuvanci]] *[[Tuvanska narodna republika]] *[[Tuvanska glazba]] *[[Khoomei]] (Tuvansko vratno pjevanje) == Vanjske poveznice == {{Commonscat|Tuva}} *[http://gov.tuva.ru Službene stranice - na ruskome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212070308/http://gov.tuva.ru/ |date=12. veljače 2014. }} *[http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/tuva_information Tuva Discussion Group na Yahoo! Groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209002048/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tuva_information/ |date=9. veljače 2005. }} *[http://www.fotuva.org/ Tuvanski prijatelji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101010202/http://www.fotuva.org/ |date=1. studenoga 2005. }} (na engleskom) *[http://www.si-usa.com/tuva/ Tuvanske poštanske marke iz 1920-ih i 1930-ih]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428082801/http://www.si-usa.com/tuva/ |date=28. travnja 2012. }} (na engleskom) *[http://www.genghisblues.com/ ''Džingis Blues'', službena stranica o dokumentarcu] (na engleskom) *[http://www.monkeyc.org/russia/tuva/ Animirane prezentacije Tuve] (na engleskom) *[http://www006.upp.so-net.ne.jp/tuva/ Tuvanske poštanske marke] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829182551/http://www006.upp.so-net.ne.jp/tuva/ |date=29. kolovoza 2005. }} (na engleskom, japanskom, esperantu i ruskome) {{Administrativne podjele Rusije}} [[Kategorija: Tuva| ]] 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