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hreflang="az" data-title="İranda rabitə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارتباطات در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتباطات در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_en_Iran" title="Communication en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communication en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="תקשורת באיראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקשורת באיראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD_%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံရှိ ဆက်သွယ်ရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံရှိ ဆက်သွယ်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Communications in Iran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohreh" title="Zohreh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zohreh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="การสื่อสารในประเทศอิหร่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสื่อสารในประเทศอิหร่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_Telecom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/IR_Telecom.JPG/300px-IR_Telecom.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/IR_Telecom.JPG/450px-IR_Telecom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/IR_Telecom.JPG/600px-IR_Telecom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20% and the highest level of development in telecommunications.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Iran has been awarded the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> special certificate for providing telecom services to rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> Iran's telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">Telecommunication Company of Iran</a> (TCI). Fixed-line penetration in 2004 was relatively well-developed by regional standards, standing at 22 lines per 100 people, higher than Egypt with 14 and Saudi Arabia with 15, although behind the UAE with 27.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> Iran had more than 1 <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> per inhabitant by 2012.<a href="#cite_note-zawya.com-5">[5]</a> Iran has a population of 80 million with some 56% of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranians</a> under the age of 25.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> In 2008, there were more than 52,000 rural offices, providing Telecom services to the villages across the country. The number of fixed telephone lines is above 24 million, with penetration factor of 33.66%. In 2012, there were 43 million internet users in Iran, making the country first in the Middle East in terms of number.<a href="#cite_note-payvand.com1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-atiehbahar.com-8">[8]</a> As of 2020, 70 million Iranians are using high-speed <a href="/wiki/Mobile_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile internet">mobile internet</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20 percent and the highest level of development in telecommunications.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Iran has been awarded the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas. By the end of 2009, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> market was the fourth-largest market in the region at $9.2 billion and is expected to grow to $12.9 billion by 2014 at a <a href="/wiki/CAGR" class="mw-redirect" title="CAGR">CAGR</a> of 6.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-voice-quality.tmcnet.com-10">[10]</a> According to the Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), the <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> (ICT) sector had a 1.1–1.3% share of GDP in 2002. About 150,000 people are employed in the ICT sector, including around 20,000 in the software industry.<a href="#cite_note-ebusinessforum.com-11">[11]</a> There were 1,200 registered information technology (IT) companies in 2002, 200 of which were involved in software development. Software exports stood around $50 million in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-iran-daily.com-12">[12]</a> Between 2009 and 2020 the Telecommunications market more than doubled.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics of Iran</a></div> The government runs the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">broadcast media</a>, which includes three national <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> stations and two national <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> networks, as well as dozens of local radio and television stations. In 2000 there were 252 radios, 158 television sets, 219 <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> lines, and 110 personal computers for every 1,000 residents. <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">Computers</a> for home use became more affordable in the mid-1990s, and since then demand for access to the Internet has increased rapidly. In 1998, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (renamed <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (Iran)">the Ministry of Information & Communication Technology</a>) began selling <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> accounts to the general public. In 2006, the Iranian telecom industry's revenues were estimated at $1.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> By the end of 2009, Iran's telecommunications market was the fourth-largest market in the region at $9.2 billion and is expected to grow to $12.9 billion by 2014 at a <a href="/wiki/CAGR" class="mw-redirect" title="CAGR">CAGR</a> of 6.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-voice-quality.tmcnet.com-10">[10]</a> The Fourth Five Year Economic Development Plan has proposed the following key benchmarks for 2010: 36 million fixed lines; 50% penetration rate for mobile phones; establishment of reliable rural ICT connections and 30 million internet users. Given the recent developments of the industry, the objectives are very likely to be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-atiehbahar.com-8">[8]</a> According to one report,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Iran has seen above average growth, specially in mobile subscriber numbers. Mobile data services are available but account for a small proportion of total data consumption in 2014. Some telecom parameters of 2012 & 2014 are as below: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subscribers to telecoms services – 2012 & 2014 (millions): </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sector</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2014 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Broadband</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fixed-line telephony</td> <td>28.8</td> <td>29.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mobile phone</td> <td>58.2</td> <td>61.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> More than 23 million Iranians have access to the Internet and over 45 million own mobile phones (2009/10). Tech-savvy citizens use text messages to communicate with friends and browse the Internet — which the government controls in terms of access and speed — for a multiplicity of purposes. Blogging is also immensely popular.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>IRAN: Telecoms and Technology Forecast (Market Profile)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006 est.</th> <th>2007 est. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Telephone main lines ('000)</td> <td>12,888</td> <td>15,341</td> <td>16,342</td> <td>18,985</td> <td>19,934</td> <td>20,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Telephone main lines (per 100 population)</td> <td>19.1</td> <td>22.6</td> <td>23.8</td> <td>27.3</td> <td>28.4</td> <td>28.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mobile subscribers ('000)</td> <td>2,410</td> <td>3,449</td> <td>4,271</td> <td>7,222</td> <td>7,583</td> <td>17,799 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mobile subscribers (per 100 population)</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>25.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Internet users ('000)</td> <td>3,168</td> <td>4,800</td> <td>5,500</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>7,350</td> <td>7,718 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Internet users (per 100 population)</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>10.1</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>10.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Personal computers (stock per 1,000 population)</td> <td>75</td> <td>91</td> <td>105</td> <td>105</td> <td>110</td> <td>116 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pricing (2008)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Item</th> <th>Price (US $) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Telephone, charge per local call from home, 3 mins (av)</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Personal computer, 512 MB RAM (av)</td> <td>1,326 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran#Budget" title="Politics of Iran">Telecom proposed budget</a> (FY 2017)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sector</th> <th>Estimated $ Value </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology_of_Iran" title="Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Iran">Ministry of Communications and Information Technology</a> (and affiliated agencies)</td> <td>80.1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Center for Cyberspace</td> <td>1.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Space Agency">Iran Space Agency</a></td> <td>4.6 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#"National_internet"">NIN</a> and telecom infrastructure</td> <td>190 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radio transmissions/ creating competitive markets</td> <td>120 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>E-Government/e-Content for NIN</td> <td>80 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infrastructure/ major cyberspace projects</td> <td>26.5 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran_Computer_and_Video_Games_Foundation" title="Iran Computer and Video Games Foundation">Computer game development</a></td> <td>0.9 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Press">Press</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Press">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Media of Iran</a></div> The press in Iran is privately and government owned and reflects a diversity of political and social views. A special court has authority to monitor the print media and may suspend publication or revoke the licenses of papers or journals that a jury finds guilty of publishing anti-religious material, slander, or information detrimental to the national interest. Since the late 1990s the court has shut down many pro-reform newspapers and other periodicals. Most Iranian newspapers are published in Persian, but newspapers in English and other languages also exist. The most widely circulated periodicals are based in Tehrān. Popular daily and weekly newspapers include <a href="/wiki/Ettelaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ettelaat">Ettelaat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a>, Resalat, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Daily">Iran Daily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Times" title="Tehran Times">Tehran Times</a> (Iran Daily and Tehran Times are both English-language papers).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite">Satellite</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Satellite">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Iranian Space Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries</a></div> Since the 1970s, there have been a number of proposals for a state-owned <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a>, called Zohreh (en:<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>) from 1993 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The planned satellite would have similar capabilities to a commercially produced Western satellite, while such capabilities are already provided through leases owned by the Iranian telecommunications sector. An agreement was signed between <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 2005 to develop the satellite with a planned launch date of 2007,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> but the launch has been postponed until at least 2009, set to follow actual construction of the satellite.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telephone">Telephone</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Telephone">edit</a>]</div> The telephone system is inadequate but being modernized and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing telephone service to several thousand villages that are not connected now.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic">Domestic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic">edit</a>]</div> As a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches. Iran's telecommunication network enjoys the highest growth rate in the Middle East. One of the indicators that clearly illustrates this growth rate is the increase in the number of installed main lines. In 1978 there were only about 850,000 fixed lines installed in Iran. This number rose to about 1,767,000 by 1986 and to about 2,380,000 by 1989. One of the objectives of the first five-year development plan (1989–1994) for the telecommunication sector was to add one million new fixed lines to the network. However, due to the establishment and expansion of many low-capacity and high-capacity exchanges, the actual growth rate that was achieved was considerably higher. In fact more than 3.1 million new main lines were installed during the period of the first five-year plan. Four million new lines were expected to be added by the end of the second five-year plan (1994–1999), which would increase the number of installed main lines to about 9,510,000 fixed lines. Iran's telecom market, which generated an estimated $9.1 billion in 2010 (of which 2/3 from "voice" mobile-phone and 1/10 from "data" mobile-phone services), has been growing significantly, especially its mobile-phone business. As of 2010, Iran had about 66 million mobile-phone subscribers covering about 70% of the population. In contrast, about 36% of Iranians had fixed-line phones.<a href="#cite_note-stecklow1-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landlines">Landlines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Landlines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>24.8 million (2008), with a penetration rate of 34%.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li> <li>30.6 million (2017) <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_phone">Mobile phone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobile phone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Middle_East_and_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa">List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa</a></div> <ul><li>Mobile: 123.7 million (Jan 2019);<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> 80.85 million (end of 2012 est.);<a href="#cite_note-zawya.com-5">[5]</a> 68 million (Sep. 2011);<a href="#cite_note-tamintelecom1-28">[28]</a> 35 million (early 2008)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and 4.3 million in 2004. The bulk of mobile subscriptions in Iran are made up of <a href="/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone" title="Prepaid mobile phone">prepaid</a> users.<a href="#cite_note-zawya.com-5">[5]</a> As of 2014, 75% of the cell phones in the market were <a href="/wiki/Smuggling_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggling in Iran">smuggled into the country</a>. Since 2018, mobile registry scheme in Iran has been deployed to combat smuggling of mobile phones.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <ul><li>Penetration rate: 91.2% as of September 2011;<a href="#cite_note-tamintelecom1-28">[28]</a> 130% as of February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> owners: 12 million (2014 est.),<a href="#cite_note-medium.com-32">[32]</a> 30 million (2015)<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-33">[33]</a> 47 million (2016), mostly <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and Huawei models.<a href="#cite_note-ft.com-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Short Text Messages: Iranians send 80 million <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> per day (Nov. 2008).<a href="#cite_note-payvand.com-35">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Operators">Operators</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operators">edit</a>]</div> Major mobile operators as of 2008: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran">Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran</a> (MCI Hamrahe Aval) with 70% market share, <a href="/wiki/MTN_Irancell" title="MTN Irancell">MTN Irancell</a> (28%), and Emirates Telecommunications Corp (<a href="/wiki/Etisalat" title="Etisalat">Etisalat</a>) who won a license for 300 million euros in December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Etisalat has been replaced by an Iranian consortium and operates under the name <a href="/wiki/RighTel" class="mw-redirect" title="RighTel">RighTel</a>. The two national operators, Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran and MTN Irancell both offer <a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a>-based data services.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-38">[38]</a> Recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] a new <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> mobile broadband service provider called ApTel has started its work in Iran.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2011, major foreign supplier to Iran's mobile-phone networks are: <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> of China along, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Telefon AB L.M.</a> and Nokia Siemens Networks, a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> Corp. and <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stecklow1-25">[25]</a> As of 2016, France's <a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Orange S.A.">Orange S.A.</a> and U.K.'s <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a> (through HiWEB.ir) are also developing mobile IT in Iran.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="3G_network">3G network</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 3G network">edit</a>]</div> Abu Dhabi-based <a href="/wiki/Etisalat" title="Etisalat">Etisalat</a> and Tamin Telecom, the telecommunications investment arm of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Organization_(Iran)#Affiliated_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Organization (Iran)">Iran's social security and pensions department</a>, will gain exclusive rights for two years to offer second- and third-generation services (<a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>) in Iran (2008). Assuming a minimum network investment of $4 billion, Etisalat can gain about 20 percent to 25% market share over five years of its operations (by 2013).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 2009 it was announced that Etisalat, however, failed to secure the right to be Iran's exclusive 3G operator for two years.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-38">[38]</a> Later, Tamin Telecom announced that, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Development_and_Renovation_Organization_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran">IDRO</a> and Imam Khomeini Decree Center have replaced Etisalat because of contractual disagreements.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2011, Tamin Telecom revealed plans to cover 60 percent of the population with its <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a> network and 40 percent with its <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> network by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="4G_network">4G network</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 4G network">edit</a>]</div> As of 2020, <a href="/wiki/4G_LTE" class="mw-redirect" title="4G LTE">4G LTE</a> population coverage in Iran has reached around 90%. The government is preparing regulations for 5G deployment and aims to launch services in the next couple of years.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> As of 2010, international connection services are provided exclusively by Infrastructure Company of Iran, a fully owned subsidiary of TCI.<a href="#cite_note-researchandmarkets.com-42">[42]</a> Submarine <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic">fiber-optic</a> cable to <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> with access to <a href="/wiki/Fiber-Optic_Link_Around_the_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe">Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe</a> (FLAG); <a href="/wiki/ERMC_(cable_system)" title="ERMC (cable system)">Trans Asia Europe</a> (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations – 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2007)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Apart from Iran-Kuwait submarine communications cable network, Iran is launching an optical fiber channel and a submarine communications cable in the Persian Gulf. The next program is to connect the country with global optical fiber networks from northern and northwestern borders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_and_Television">Radio and Television</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Radio and Television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iran" title="Television in Iran">Television in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_language_television_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Persian language television channels">List of Persian language television channels</a></div> <ul><li>Radio broadcast stations: AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Number of radios: 22 million (2005)</li> <li>Television broadcast stations: 29 (plus 450 repeaters) (1997)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Number of television sets: 15 million (2007 est.)</li> <li>Although formally illegal, the use of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> receivers in urban areas is widespread. Over 30 percent of Iranians watch <a href="/wiki/Satellite_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite channel">satellite channels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li></ul> Since 2015, Iran is domestically manufacturing <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> 6,000W digital transmitters.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Internet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Internet censorship in Iran</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:65.183372530088px 75.836191528872px 0 0; border-top-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 2016 Iran Household Internet Access<a href="#cite_note-digiato-46">[46]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Internet Access (61.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No Internet Access (33.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Undeclared (5%)</div> </div> </div></div> In 1993 Iran became the second country in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to be connected to the Internet, and since then the government has made significant efforts to improve the nation's ICT infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> Iran's national Internet connectivity infrastructure is based on two major networks: the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the public data network. The <a href="/wiki/PSTN" class="mw-redirect" title="PSTN">PSTN</a> provides a connection for end-users to Internet service providers (ISPs) over mostly digital lines and supports modem-based connections. The Data Communication Company of Iran (DCI), a subsidiary of TCI, operates the public data network. Iran's external Internet links use the basic Internet protocol of <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) via satellite exclusively. For data lines, copper, fiber, satellite and microwave are the available media, and popular services are high-speed Internet via digital subscriber lines (<a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a>), high-bandwidth lease lines and satellite. About 33 Iranian cities are connected directly by the <a href="/wiki/ERMC_(cable_system)" title="ERMC (cable system)">Trans-Asia-Europe cable</a> network, or "silk road", connecting China to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> According to the Statistical Center of Iran, 13.5 million households (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">55.5% of all Iranians</a>) have access to the internet (2016). Of this number, 7 million households have access to fixed <a href="/wiki/High-speed_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed internet">high-speed internet</a> connection, and 10.7 million households have access to wireless high-speed internet.<a href="#cite_note-techrasa.com-47">[47]</a> In 2016 64.8% of urban households and 36.1% of rural households had access to computers at their home.<a href="#cite_note-techrasa.com-47">[47]</a> As of 2020, mobile broadband coverage had exceeded 91 percent in Iran.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since 2005 the Iranian government has been developing its "<a href="/wiki/National_Information_Network" title="National Information Network">National Information Network</a>" to tighten its control over content as well as increasing speed.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The project, which is separate from the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, will be completed by 2017.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This network will be separated from the rest of the internet, specifically for domestic use. Creating such a network, similar to <a href="/wiki/Kwangmyong_(network)" title="Kwangmyong (network)">one used by North Korea</a> would prevent unwanted information from outside of Iran getting into the closed system, such as with an <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a> network. <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> also use similar systems.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Iran has announced that all government ministries and state bodies will be available through the secure "national information network" (NIN).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The current internet services will not be replaced by the National Information Network or "Clean Internet" as it is called. In order to protect the privacy of Iranian internet users, a number of non-governmental organizations are currently developing domestic search engines that people can use through the NIN.<a href="#cite_note-http-53">[53]</a> Iranian officials have accused U.S.-based technology companies such as <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> of working in tandem with U.S. authorities to spy on Iranian online trends, search behavior, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking site">social networking sites</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>. These companies have denied those allegations despite <a href="/wiki/NSA_leaks" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA leaks">NSA leaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> As of 2013, 90% of all of <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">Internet traffic</a> is being <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Webhosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Webhosting">hosts</a> outside the country.<a href="#cite_note-BYI-55">[55]</a> Iran said it set a "world record" of 46% in online participation using NIN during the national <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Much has been reported on the ways in which NIN aids the government with censorship and controls on the internet. Whilst to date, the existence of the NIN has not resulted in long-term disconnection from the global Internet, in the short-term it has been used by the authorities for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-article19.org-57">[57]</a> This was illustrated during the widespread deliberate disruptions to both mobile and networked Internet connections in the midst of nationwide protests in late 2017 and into early 2018. Research by the Campaign for Human Rights in Iran (CHRI) identified that the authorities had ordered IXPs to intentionally interrupt international traffic while maintaining national connections hosted on the NIN.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Strengthening and driving local users towards local platforms is central to the NIN strategy. This has included efforts to undermine <a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">net neutrality</a>, by requiring domestic ISPs to zero-rate domestic platforms, in effect subsidising users’ use of local Internet platforms. These domestic platforms are subject to the close oversight, influence and enforcement powers of the authorities. Pushing users to use these services strengthens the government's surveillance and monitoring capabilities and raises concerns for the protection of the right to privacy.<a href="#cite_note-article19.org-57">[57]</a> These platforms are required to apply Iranian law, including content-based restrictions on content outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Iran">Islamic Penal Code</a>, the Press Laws and the Computer Crimes Law.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Over-reliance on domestic platforms is therefore likely to have a detrimental effect on the diversity and pluralism of content available on these platforms. 80 percent of modem imports are smuggled to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iran#Venture_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Iran">Banking in Iran § Venture Capital</a></div> Iran has developed (or is in the process of developing) <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Iran#Technology_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Iran">IT/technology parks</a>, infrastructures for local <a href="/wiki/Email_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Email server">emails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> (such as "TD Messenger" produced by Tehran Data), domestic <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Yooz" title="Yooz">Yooz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsijoo" title="Parsijoo">Parsijoo</a> or "Gorgor.ir"), auction website (e.g. "Esam.ir"), <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Digikala" title="Digikala">Digikala</a>), <a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">e-government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran#Internet_and_distance_education" title="Education in Iran">distance education</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Payame_Noor_University" title="Payame Noor University">Payame Noor University</a>), <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social medias</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cloob" title="Cloob">Cloob</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aparat" title="Aparat">Aparat</a>), a domestic version of the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Sharif_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif University">Sharif Linux</a>", bespoke or <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> software for <a href="/wiki/Web_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browsing">web browsing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>; <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> and various business/financial and industrial software (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Iran_Software_%26_Hardware_Co._(NOSA)" title="Iran Software & Hardware Co. (NOSA)">NOSA</a>), security software (e.g. Padvish Antivirus or APA at <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_University" title="Shiraz University">Shiraz University</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-http-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-BYI-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Iran is also manufacturing key <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="IT">IT</a> components, including a local <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pars%C3%A9_Semiconductor_Co." title="Parsé Semiconductor Co.">microprocessors</a> (design only), <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> (experimental basis), <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran#TCI's_main_subsidiaries" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">fiber optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Httpwwwpayvandcomnewsfebhtml-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> As of 2020 there were 7 <a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange points</a> built in some Iranian cities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> 72 private data centers were connected to them.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyber-security">Cyber-security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cyber-security">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iran_Cyber_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Cyber Police">Iran Cyber Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberwarfare in Iran">Cyberwarfare in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense industry of Iran</a></div> Iran is among 5 countries with <a href="/wiki/Cyber_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber warfare">cyber warfare</a> capabilities according to the Defense Tech institute (US military and security institute).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_service_provider|ISPs">Internet service provider|ISPs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Internet service provider|ISPs">edit</a>]</div> The leading Data Communication Company of Iran (DCI) which belongs to TCI (now privatized) and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Research_Organization_for_Science_and_Technology" title="Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology">Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology</a> (IROST) are two bodies that act as ISPs. As of 2008, the largest privately owned ISP was Parsnet, which serves only <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> The leading ISP with a provincial focus is Isfahan-based Irangate.net.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727015312/http://www.austrade.gov.au/ICT-to-Iran/default.aspx">Neda Rayaneh Institute</a> was the first private ISP in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> Domain names with the ".ir" suffix are assigned by the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM). DCI maintains the network infrastructure, providing Internet access via the IRANPAK X.25 packet-switching network, which covers most major cities. DCI is the only ISP with a permit for supplying government agencies. DCI supplies both <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leased_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Leased lines">leased lines</a> to its users.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> By the regulations of Iran, these ISPs should rely on TCI for their bandwidth. Previously serviced by TCI's Public Switch Telephone Network, the ISPs have been provided with modern data line capacity through a national IP-based network. With the completion of this new network, Internet services in Iran is expected to improve dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_trade-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_and_costs">Speed and costs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Speed and costs">edit</a>]</div> Iranian internet has an average speed of 2 Mbit/s, about one-tenth of the global average (2014). <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the world leader, boasts an average of 72 Mbit/s; the United States ranks 31st, at about 21 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-78">[78]</a> A 2 Mbit/s subscription costs $5 a month, daily traffic is charged at 60¢/GB but traffic is free at night at up to 5 GB per night. Upload speeds are typically 40% of the download speed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]People must pay four times price for download and upload using internet than national internet network.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> According speedtest.net in 2019, the average landline Internet speed in Iran is 12.84 Mbit/s and the country is ranked 104 among 130 audited countries. The global average speed of landline Internet services is 49.26 Mbit/s. Mobile Internet services is significantly better in Iran compared to landline services, with an average speed of 27.71 Mbit/s — 4 Mbit/s higher than the global average. Iran is ranked 51.<a href="#cite_note-en.eghtesadonline.com-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broadband_Internet_access">Broadband Internet access</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Broadband Internet access">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_internet_users_per_100_person.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Iran_internet_users_per_100_person.png/350px-Iran_internet_users_per_100_person.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Iran_internet_users_per_100_person.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Number of Internet users in Iran per 100 people, from 2000 to 2011. Data: World Bank</figcaption></figure> As of 2012, 11 private access providers (PAPs) and TCI compete for market share, offering <a href="/wiki/ADSL2%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSL2+">ADSL2+</a>, <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a>, and other fixed <a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">wireless broadband</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Meanwhile, fixed <a href="/wiki/Broadband_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband internet">broadband internet</a> connections quadrupled between 2011 and 2015 to 8.3m lines.<a href="#cite_note-ft.com-34">[34]</a> Iran's IP-based 'national data network' is being developed by Information Technology Company (ITC), which is also a TCI subsidiary. This network covers 210 Iranian cities and has 60,000 high-speed ports to meet the needs of its end users such as business and ISPs (2009).<a href="#cite_note-Australian_trade-77">[77]</a> Some actions are being taken to build and optimize infrastructure for provision of broadband services in the next five years and the Regulatory has decided to grant the license of offering <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> services to some private companies based on auction and then the license for the <a href="#Mobile_phone">3rd mobile operator</a>. Companies that are under the PAP license:<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatel" title="Shatel">Shatel</a></li> <li>Afranet</li> <li>Asiatech</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_Online" title="Pars Online">Pars Online</a></li> <li>Pishgaman Kavir</li> <li>Fan Ava</li> <li>Asre Novin</li> <li>Datak Telecom</li> <li>Asre Telecom</li> <li>Kara Amin Ertebat</li> <li>Laser</li> <li>Neda Gostar Saba (SabaNet)</li> <li>Irsa Communications Network</li></ul> Landline ISP ranking in customer satisfaction (score out of 20, 2018 survey):<a href="#cite_note-en.eghtesadonline.com-81">[81]</a> Shatel:17.55 AsiaTech:15.67 Datak:15.53 HiWeb:15.17 Pars Online:14.64 Saba Net:14.31 Pishgaman:13.3 HelmaGostar:12.94 TCI:10.91 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">Internet-based economy</a> was 0.8% of GDP in Iran while it is 13% in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li>Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 12 certified for high-speed connections<a href="#cite_note-opennet.net-85">[85]</a> – Iran had 1,223 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in 2009, all <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> operated.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_trade-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_code" title="Country code">Country code</a> (Top-level domain): IR</li> <li>Internet users (including internet cafe users): 23 million (2007);<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7">[7]</a> 43 million (2012).<a href="#cite_note-payvand.com1-6">[6]</a> Internet penetration is 53% across the population and 77% in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, according to government data. About 11 million Iranians have mobile Internet access (2014).<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-86">[86]</a> Iran's National Internet Development Centre says internet penetration stood at 73% in 2015, making Iran one of the biggest internet users in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-87">[87]</a></li> <li>250,000 users have access to <a href="/wiki/High-speed_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed Internet">high-speed Internet</a> service in Iran (October 2006)<a href="#cite_note-opennet.net-85">[85]</a> While having the most internet users in the Middle East, in terms of <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> users Iran is only 14th in Middle East (2012).<a href="#cite_note-payvand.com1-6">[6]</a> In 2013, some 867,000 people are using high-speed internet, and about 6 million people are using internet via <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic communications">optical fiber network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>The number of <a href="/wiki/GPRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPRS">GPRS</a> users amounts to 27.5 million, accounting for 36 percent of total internet users in Iran.</li> <li>Iran ranks 32nd in the world in terms of the number <a href="/wiki/Websites" class="mw-redirect" title="Websites">websites</a>. Until 2009, 200,000 sites have been launched in Iran. 118,000 sites are using the domain ".ir".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>As of 2016, most visited <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> in Iran are <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (1st), <a href="/wiki/Parsijoo" title="Parsijoo">Parsijoo</a> (2nd), <a href="/wiki/Bing_(search_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing (search engine)">Bing</a> (3rd), <a href="/wiki/Yooz" title="Yooz">Yooz</a> (4th).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-payvand.com2-91">[91]</a></li> <li>As of 2019, top three visited websites in Iran are Google (1st), Instagram.com (2nd), digikala (3rd)<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Alternate 2019-rankings are: 1. Google, 2. Aparat (YouTube equivalent), 3. <a href="/wiki/Digikala" title="Digikala">Digikala</a> (e-commerce like Amazon), 4. Namnak (news), 5. Varzesh3 (sports), 6. Instagram, 7. Wikipedia, 8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaparak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaparak (page does not exist)">Shaparak</a> (e-payment services), 9.<a href="/wiki/Telewebion" title="Telewebion">Telewebion</a> (webcast service for <a href="/wiki/IRIB" class="mw-redirect" title="IRIB">IRIB</a>), 10. <a href="/wiki/Divar" title="Divar">Divar</a> (consumer-to-consumer sales).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Some 1,218 of Iranian cities have access to Internet and 1,460 telecommunication centers are operational there (2008)<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>Iran's <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> network extends over 120,000 kilometers and has optical fiber connections with all neighboring states (2008).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> As of 2008, more than 36000 kilometers optical fiber in the backbone network and 45000 kilometers in cities have been installed.<a href="#cite_note-researchandmarkets.com-42">[42]</a></li> <li>There are an estimated 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Internet_cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet cafe">Internet cafes</a> operating in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> (2008). Prepaid Internet-access cards are widely available throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a></li> <li>As of 2008, more than 100 companies sell International <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> cards and the government has announced to issue 4–5 VoIP licenses through holding bids for national use.<a href="#cite_note-researchandmarkets.com-42">[42]</a></li> <li>As of 2020, nearly 30,000 villages had connections to the mobile telephone network.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran#Internet_and_distance_education" title="Education in Iran">Distance education in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogging in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Internet censorship in Iran</a></div> Full <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> service is available in all major cities and it is very rapidly increasing. Many small towns and even some villages now have full Internet access. The government aims to provide 10% of government and commercial services via the Internet by end-2008 and to equip every school with computers and Internet connections by the same date.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> The Internet has become an expanding means to accessing information and self-expression among the younger population. Iran is also the world's fourth largest country of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian blogs">bloggers</a> with approx. 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> blogs<a href="#cite_note-opennet.net-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Internet censorship in Iran</a> is amongst the most restrictive and sophisticated in the world.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> As of 2014, 67.4 percent of Iranian young people (between the ages of 15 and 29) use the internet.<a href="#cite_note-tehrantimes.com-98">[98]</a> 69.3% of Iranian young people reported using anti-internet <a href="/wiki/Filtering_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtering software">filtering software</a> to be able to surf through blocked websites.<a href="#cite_note-tehrantimes.com-98">[98]</a> Three-fifths of Iranians use <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-payvand.com3-99">[99]</a> Iranians spend an average of nine hours on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites every day.<a href="#cite_note-payvand.com3-99">[99]</a> according of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">government of Iran</a>, the first stage of smart filtering for the internet has been successful and the second stage has been launched in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> As of 2016, 40 percent of content used by Iranian Internet citizens are produced in the country.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronic_commerce">Electronic commerce</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Electronic commerce">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Payment_systems" title="Central Bank of Iran">Payment systems in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran#Retail_industry" title="Industry of Iran">Retail industry in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran#E-commerce" title="Intellectual property in Iran">E-commerce and intellectual property in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange#Electronic_trading_and_market_data" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">E-trading in the Tehran Stock Exchange</a></div> Iran's electronic commerce was 10,000 billion rials ($1 billion) in March 2009 and growing 60% annually.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Online-sales reached $300,000 per day in 2014 with more than 20,000 active <a href="/wiki/Online_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Online stores">online stores</a> with electronics being the most popular sale product.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-78">[78]</a> In 2007, Tetra-Tech IT Company announced that using <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a> is now possible for online sales and in Iranian e-card terminals at shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies for Iranians and foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saman_Bank" title="Saman Bank">Saman Bank</a> was the first bank to introduce <a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">online banking services in Iran</a>. Since, it has been at the forefront of expansion and enhancement of electronic banking. In 2010, a state-linked technology group (the Rouyesh Technical Centre) established the country's first online supermarket.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2015, the dollar value of <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> reached $17.4 billion. With the new national information network, Internet speed has increased drastically. Iran's penetration rate of the internet stands at 82.12% (2016), with 19 million people using the internet on their mobile phones. As of 2016, 600 cities in Iran had access to <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> networks and 200 cities had access to <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> Internet. The rate of mobile phone penetration in Iran stands at 94.46%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Iran is presently implementing a <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a> system across the country in order to facilitate e-commerce and <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">tax collection</a>. The executive state organizations, which are the largest buyers of goods in the country, cannot buy and use goods that do not have the "<a href="/wiki/Irancode" title="Irancode">Irancode</a>".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Majlis</a> adopted the Electronic Commerce Law:<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <ul><li>Articles 62–66 of this law specify that <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Iran's existing intellectual-property laws</a> apply to all electronic transactions.</li> <li>Articles 33–49 of the Electronic Commerce Law of 2004 seek to ensure consumer protection in electronic transactions. This legislation ensures the right of consumers to complete disclosure of information by suppliers before, during and after electronic transactions. Also specified are the terms under which contracts for electronic commerce may be broken.</li> <li>Article 37 gives consumers seven days to withdraw from any contract without penalty.</li> <li>Article 42 stipulates that the protections laid down in this law do not apply to financial services, immovable property, automatic vending machines, transactions over public payphones and auctions.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Fifth Five-Year Development Plan (2010–15)</a> has set the target of conducting electronically:<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <ul><li>80 percent of governmental transactions,</li> <li>20 percent of domestic trade</li> <li>30 percent of foreign trade.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_development">Software development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Software development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">Foreign Direct Investment in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property in Iran</a></div> According to the Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), the <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> (ICT) sector had a 1.1–1.3% share of GDP in 2002. About 150,000 people are employed in the ICT sector, including around 20,000 in the software industry.<a href="#cite_note-ebusinessforum.com-11">[11]</a> There were 1,200 registered information technology (IT) companies in 2002, 200 of which were involved in software development. Software exports stood around $50 million in 2008<a href="#cite_note-iran-daily.com-12">[12]</a> and $400 million in 2014.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Iran imports a large part of its software. According to the EJISDC, around 95% of the output of the domestic industry is <a href="/wiki/Bespoke" title="Bespoke">bespoke</a> development (including translation/adaptation from foreign source) —as opposed to product work—meaning export possibilities are low.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> Domestic firms involved in software production include Sena Soft, Dadeh-Pardazi, Iran Argham, Kafa System Information Network, Iran System and Puya.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Development_and_Renovation_Organization_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran">IDRO</a>'s subsidiaries "Magfa" (Information Technology Development Center) and Iran Info-Tech Development Co. are also leading players in this sector. The largest private computer software producer in Iran is <a href="/wiki/System_Group" title="System Group">Hamkaran Systems</a> with 7000 customers.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran_Computer_and_Video_Games_Foundation" title="Iran Computer and Video Games Foundation">Iran's National Foundation for Computer Games</a> unveiled the country's first <a href="/wiki/Online_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Online video game">online video game</a> in 2010, capable of supporting up to 5,000 users at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Although there are no established clusters in Tehran, a major facility, the Tehran Software and Information Technology Park, is planned. International Development Ireland was selected as the consultant for the project in mid-2004. There are also plans for a technology park in the free-trade zone on <a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island</a> in the Persian Gulf, which already contains the necessary technological infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> The government's drive to automate manual processes is expected to account for about 70% of demand for <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, but there are also some 15,000 private-sector factories that have software needs.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> Foreign investment in the sector is minimal, although some links are being developed with the <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Indian software industry</a>. Poor <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">intellectual property protection in Iran</a> has also hindered the development of Iranian software companies causing a lack of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">foreign direct investment</a> in this sector.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_apps">Popular apps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popular apps">edit</a>]</div> As of 2019, main categories are tools with 12,024 apps published in this group, followed by health and sports (4,368), travel and transportation (2,578), social media (2,227) and shopping (2,072). The most popular Android apps as measured by <a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a> downloads are:<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Financial services: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Asan_Pardakht" title="Asan Pardakht">Asan Pardakht</a> with 9 million downloads.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mofid_Securities" title="Mofid Securities">Mofid Securities</a></dd> <dd>Nobitex</dd></dl> Shopping: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Divar_(website)" title="Divar (website)">Divar</a> has some 17 million people downloaded.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheypoor" title="Sheypoor">Sheypoor</a> has been downloaded over 5 million times.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Digikala" title="Digikala">Digikala</a> had 3 million hits.</dd></dl> Transportation: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Snapp" title="Snapp">Snapp</a> (taxi riding app) has been downloaded 7 million times.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tap30" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap30">Tap30</a> with 2 million downloads.</dd></dl> Social Media Platforms, Messengers: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> with 23 million downloads.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> (fork) with 13 million users.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_start-ups">Technology start-ups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Technology start-ups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iran#Venture_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Iran">Venture Capital in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Iran#Technology_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Iran">Technology parks in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBRIDGES" title="IBRIDGES">iBRIDGES</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is an innovative country with a population of approximately 80 million and 120% mobile penetration. Yet the technology "start-up economy" represents less than 1% of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran's GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FT5-112">[112]</a> Since 2012, Iran's startup ecosystem has flourished. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions</a> are also helping spur <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a> in Iran by protecting them from outside competition.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-113">[113]</a> Iran has three <a href="/wiki/Seed_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed accelerator">seed accelerators</a> already (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211649/http://avatech.ir/">Avatech</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmondgroup.com/">DMOND</a>), a few <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">VCs</a> (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060943/http://saravapars.com/en/">Sarava Pars</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331053148/http://www.shenasaco.com/index.php?lang=en">Shenasa</a>) and 170 <a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">incubators</a> (e.g. MAPS).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> eCommerce is growing at a rapid speed. The advent of higher Internet speed marks the beginning of a new era for entrepreneurs. Iran Entrepreneurship Association (IEA) is the flagship <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> in the "entrepreneurship revolution" in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-116">[116]</a> TechRasa is the leading <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">online media</a> devoted to the coverage of technology startups.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> As of 2015, there are almost 180 <a href="/wiki/Technology_startup" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology startup">technology startups</a> companies in Iran, many of them backed by <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">state-run universities</a> (this number does not include <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Iran#Technology_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Iran">3,000 (non-IT) knowledge based companies</a> also active in Iran).<a href="#cite_note-FT6-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> As of 2016, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran#Fintech" title="Central Bank of Iran">fifty fintech firms are operating in Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parsijoo" title="Parsijoo">Parsijoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yooz" title="Yooz">Yooz</a> are 2 domestic <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> with 600,000 and 100,000 hits per day and 120,000 and 60,000 searches per day respectively.<a href="#cite_note-payvand.com2-91">[91]</a> Adro is a leading <a href="/wiki/Adtech" class="mw-redirect" title="Adtech">Adtech</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ad_exchange" title="Ad exchange">Ad exchange</a> start-up (In 2016, publishers had 365 billion impressions through Iranian <a href="/wiki/Ad_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad networks">Ad networks</a>).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a>, with 20 million visits weekly and a market share of 85%, has 25,000 downloadable Iranian and international <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a> for gaming, social media, messaging and other uses.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-113">[113]</a> Iranians developed 70 thousand mobile apps in less than 2 years (2016).<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloob" title="Cloob">Cloob</a>, the Iranian version of <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, has 2.5 million users.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soroush_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Soroush messenger">Soroush</a> is the messaging application replacing <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aparat" title="Aparat">Aparat</a> (Owned by Saba Idea Technology Co), with a staff of 65, is an Iranian video-sharing platform similar to <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, has a following of 5 millions a day and has 22,000 minutes of video uploaded daily. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takhfifan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takhfifan (page does not exist)">Takhfifan</a> (with 100 employees) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Netbarg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netbarg (page does not exist)">Netbarg</a> are two <a href="/wiki/Group_buying" title="Group buying">group buying</a> portals.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ESam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESam (page does not exist)">eSam</a> and Saddarsad are similar to <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-STP1-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Digikala" title="Digikala">Digikala</a>, an e-commerce platform like <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> with a daily average income of $400,000, ships more than 4,000 orders each day.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-113">[113]</a> With a staff of 900 and about 850,000 visitors every day, Digikala was estimated to be worth $150 million in 2014 ($500 million according to the company in 2015, over $1 billion in 2018).<a href="#cite_note-medium.com-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-techrasa.com1-129">[129]</a> As of 2015, 85–90% of Iran's <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> takes place on Digikala (which has its own <a href="/wiki/Courier" title="Courier">courier</a> system throughout Iran).<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-116">[116]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albasko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albasko (page does not exist)">Albasko</a> is another well-known e-commerce platform.<a href="#cite_note-STP1-127">[127]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fidibo (page does not exist)">Fidibo</a> is the Iranian equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-87">[87]</a> With 40,000 orders per month, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maman-Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maman-Paz (page does not exist)">Maman-Paz</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">food delivery</a> service that connects hungry workers with housewives selling home-cooked meals.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Its restaurant-based counterpart is <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZoodFood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZoodFood (page does not exist)">ZoodFood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SA-131">[131]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ShopFa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShopFa (page does not exist)">ShopFa</a>, with 2000 active <a href="/wiki/Online_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Online store">online stores</a> in 2012, is the local version of <a href="/wiki/Shopify" title="Shopify">Shopify</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STP1-127">[127]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZarinPal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZarinPal (page does not exist)">ZarinPal</a> (owned by SamanSystems), with 2 million transactions processed in 2012, is the Iranian alternative to <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STP1-127">[127]</a> As of 2015, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taskulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taskulu (page does not exist)">Taskulu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Task_management" title="Task management">task management</a> platform, had over 8000 users from 120 different countries.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-116">[116]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamijoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamijoo (page does not exist)">Hamijoo</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> platform. <a href="/w/index.php?title=AnjamMidam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AnjamMidam (page does not exist)">AnjamMidam</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">online marketplace</a> for <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelance services</a> modeled after <a href="/wiki/Fiverr" title="Fiverr">Fiverr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-116">[116]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navaak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navaak (page does not exist)">Navaak</a> is modeled after <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, the online <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Music streaming">music streaming</a> company.<a href="#cite_note-FT6-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/AloPeyk" title="AloPeyk">AloPeyk</a> is a delivery service company.<a href="#cite_note-FT5-112">[112]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pak_Charkh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pak Charkh (page does not exist)">Pak Charkh</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bike-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike-sharing">bike-sharing</a> app like Germany's <a href="/wiki/Nextbike" title="Nextbike">Nextbike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Since 2015, many foreign companies are beginning to explore ways to start technology companies in Iran (such as Germany's <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Internet" title="Rocket Internet">Rocket Internet</a>) or allow their services to become available in the country (such as United States' <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>).<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> For example, Iran Internet Group, a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran#Joint_ventures" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">joint venture</a> between South African telecom company <a href="/wiki/MTN_Irancell" title="MTN Irancell">MTN</a> and Rocket Internet has been launching Iranian versions of eBay (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozando&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozando (page does not exist)">Mozando</a>), Amazon (<a href="/wiki/Bamilo" title="Bamilo">Bamilo</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Snapp_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapp (company)">Snapp</a>/previously known as Taxi Yaab).<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-SA-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snapp_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapp (company)">Snapp</a> has over 600,000 drivers across Iran and has a valuation potential of <a href="/wiki/Unicorn_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicorn (company)">$1 billion</a> ($1.4–1.7 billion according to the company in 2018).<a href="#cite_note-techrasa.com1-129">[129]</a> It carries over 1 million passengers-a-day.<a href="#cite_note-FT5-112">[112]</a> Many returning <a href="/wiki/Iranian_citizens_abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian citizens abroad">Iranian citizens abroad</a> are also participating in this trend (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian American">Iranian Americans</a> in particular).<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumer_electronics">Consumer electronics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Consumer electronics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran#Retail_industry" title="Industry of Iran">Retail industry of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">List of Iranian companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maadiran_Group" title="Maadiran Group">Maadiran Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labor_and_tax_laws_in_Iran#Smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor and tax laws in Iran">Smuggling in Iran</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> consumer electronics and technology sector amounts to a $37 billion high (2008), according to a study by the Dubai-based subsidiary of GfK-MEMRB Marketing Services. The study also predicts that the market will continue riding the wave of growth to hit $39–$40 billion in 2009. Mobile and smartphones make up 41 percent of the entire digital consumer market with sales of $10 billion expected in 2008. It's followed by desktop and notebook computers at $5 billion and LCD televisions at $4 billion. The study also reveals the market structure by channel where, in Iran and the UAE, independent retailers still lead with 60-percent share in volume for product categories such as digital cameras, LCD televisions and mobile phones. However, large retailers like Plug-Ins, Emax and Sharaf DG are also making their presence felt by capturing the remaining 40 percent. The digital consumer technology sector is expected to see retail sales in excess of $24 billion by the end of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>’s domestic <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer electronic">consumer electronic</a> market, defined as including computing devices, mobile handsets and video audio and gaming products, was estimated at $7.3 billion in 2008 ($8.2 billion in 2010), with 47% market share for <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a>, 28% Audio/Video and 25% <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> (with growing demand for <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> handsets).<a href="#cite_note-CE-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Business Monitor International (BMI) forecasts that Iran’s demands for domestic consumer electronic devices will reach $10 billion by 2013 and $16 billion by 2016.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-CE-137">[137]</a> Held once a year, <a href="/wiki/Iran_International_Exhibitions_Company" title="Iran International Exhibitions Company">ELECOMP</a> is the greatest commercial event in Iran’s market of electronics and computer products and services.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computers">Computers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Computers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Development_and_Renovation_Organization_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pars%C3%A9_Semiconductor_Co." title="Parsé Semiconductor Co.">Parsé Semiconductor Co.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_Processing_Iran_Co." title="Data Processing Iran Co.">Data Processing Iran Co.</a></div> Iran is manufacturing some computer components under license from international companies, predominantly in the area of monitors. Eight Iranian companies are manufacturing monitors under licence of LG, Samsung, Hyundai, Benq, Tatung and CTX. Motherboard, keyboard, mouse, computer case, power supply, CPU, hard drive and printers are other components that are now manufactured locally.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_trade-77">[77]</a> Personal computer (PC) ownership in Iran stood at 7.3m in 2005, or 10.5 PCs per 100 people.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> Among the leading domestic telecoms equipment manufacturers is the Iran Telephone Manufacturing Company (ITMC), which has licensing agreements with <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> of France. ITMC is owned by TCI (45%), Industry Bank (35%) and Siemens (20%).<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> Other manufacturers include Iran Communications Industries Incorporated and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parstel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parstel (page does not exist)">Parstel</a>—which produces under licence from <a href="/wiki/Daewoo" title="Daewoo">Daewoo</a> Corporation, a South Korean firm. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Development_and_Renovation_Organization_of_Iran#Subsidiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran">IDRO's Iran Info-Tech Development Co.</a> is producing <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> under the brand name "SAHAND". Overall, ICT hardware sales were estimated to total US$700m a year in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-EIU-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ministry_of_Information_and_Communication_Technology">Ministry of Information and Communication Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ministry of Information and Communication Technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (Iran)">Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (Iran)</a></div> The main functions of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (Iran)">Ministry of Information and Communication Technology</a> are laying out and implementing policies pertaining to post and communications in Iran. The Ministry is also in charge of issuing import licenses for certain communication equipment and parts thereof. This ministry was originally named "Ministry of Post, Telegraph & Telephone".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privatization">Privatization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Privatization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization in Iran</a></div> Based on Note C of the general policies of the constitution's Article 44, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology announced that it will float the shares of affiliated companies such as Telecommunications Company in the stock market.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Under the general policies of Article 44, telecom companies are categorized in four groups as follows: <ul><li>Group One: Among the 30 provincial telecom networks, the fixed telecom networks pertain to those of Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Hamedan, Ahvaz, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan and East Azarbaijan. The first group concerns fixed line telecom networks, including those in the public sector with 30 subsidiary telecom networks in provinces. The non-governmental sector includes companies such as Iraphone, Novin, Zahi Kish, Kouh-e Nour, Montazeran Adlgostar and Pouya Ertebat with each having hundreds of thousands of subscribers.</li> <li>Group Two: The second group concerns <a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile telephone">mobile telephone</a> networks. In the public sector, they include TCI. In the non-governmental sector, they include telecommunications companies such as Omran Kish, Isfahan, Rafsanjan Complex and <a href="/wiki/Irancell" class="mw-redirect" title="Irancell">Irancell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Privatization_of_the_Iranian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization of the Iranian economy">Privatization Organization</a> has forecast that shares of TCI will be floated in the stock market by late September 2007.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>Group Three: There is only one public network in the <a href="/wiki/Data_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Data network">data network</a> sector, namely Data and Telecommunications Company of Iran which is considered a basic telecom network in terms of mobile networks and Shomal IT Company. In the non-governmental sector, there are over 100 companies with a shared data network.</li> <li>Group Four: The subsidiary telecom network named Subsidiary Telecommunications Company is another basic telecom network. They are completely owned by the state and not targeted for privatization.</li></ul> TCI's Infrastructure Telecom Company will be detached from it and it would continue its activities as a part of the ICT Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> 33 companies in the telecom sector are to be privatized by September 2007.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> This happened simultaneously with the launch of <a href="/wiki/MTN_Irancell" title="MTN Irancell">MTN Irancell</a>, a private second carrier with foreign ownership. The privatization and introduction of a second operator has created a significantly more competitive environment which has led to significant cost reductions for mobile owners and service benefits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009_–_IPO">2009 – IPO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2009 – IPO">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, 51% of the shares of TCI was sold to <a href="/wiki/Mobin_Trust_Consortium" title="Mobin Trust Consortium">Mobin Trust Consortium</a>, a consortium which some media claimed it was affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>, for the sum of $7.8 billion.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_ICP/ISP_IPOs">Other ICP/ISP IPOs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other ICP/ISP IPOs">edit</a>]</div> In late 2011, Iranian ICP/ISP Afranet (Symbol in <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a>: AFRZ1) went public.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> As of 2012, there is no other ICP/ISP companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Telecommunications">Telecommunications portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_ICT_of_Iran" title="Supreme Council of ICT of Iran">Supreme Council of ICT of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfa" title="Takfa">Takfa</a> – Iran's countrywide plan for ICT, also called "NICTA" in some countries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries_(IEI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a> – Iran's electronic banking system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardis_Technology_Park" title="Pardis Technology Park">Pardis Technology Park</a> – Iran's planned "Silicon Valley"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran#Communication_and_Information_Technology" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings of Iran in ICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">List of Iranian companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Media of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Iran">Transportation in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 2016-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MTN+invests+%E2%82%AC20m+in+Snapp%2C+Iran%27s+answer+to+Uber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesslive.co.za%2Fcompanies%2Ftelecoms%2F2016-10-12-mtn-invests-20m-in-snapp-irans-answer-to-uber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/426596/Tehrani-citizens-to-enjoy-riding-IoT-based-bikes">"Tehrani citizens to enjoy riding IoT-based bikes"</a>. 17 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175502/http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/426596/Tehrani-citizens-to-enjoy-riding-IoT-based-bikes">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tehrani+citizens+to+enjoy+riding+IoT-based+bikes&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F426596%2FTehrani-citizens-to-enjoy-riding-IoT-based-bikes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81919121">"Smart-bike sharing for Tehran"</a>. 13 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906003450/http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81919121">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2018-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart-bike+sharing+for+Tehran&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irna.ir%2Fen%2FNews%2F81919121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/15/jun/1028.html">"Iran startups open biggest event in Berlin"</a>. www.payvand.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606082710/http://www.payvand.com/news/15/jun/1028.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-06. Retrieved 2015-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.payvand.com&rft.atitle=Iran+startups+open+biggest+event+in+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F15%2Fjun%2F1028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075619/https://financialtribune.com/articles/sci-tech/52406/chinese-startups-eye-iran">"Chinese Startups Eye Iran"</a>. 28 October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialtribune.com/articles/sci-tech/52406/chinese-startups-eye-iran">the original</a> on 30 October 2016. 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Companiesandmarkets.com. 2009-12-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/Summary-Market-Report/iran-consumer-electronics-report-q1-2010-279059.asp">the original</a> on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2012-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Consumer+Electronics+Report+Q1+2010+Market+Research+Report+%E2%80%93+15+December+2009&rft.pub=Companiesandmarkets.com&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.companiesandmarkets.com%2FSummary-Market-Report%2Firan-consumer-electronics-report-q1-2010-279059.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161214053219/http://en.mehrnews.com/news/121962/600-firms-to-take-part-in-Iran-s-ELECOMP-2016">"600 firms to take part in Iran's ELECOMP 2016"</a>. 12 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mehrnews.com/news/121962/600-firms-to-take-part-in-Iran-s-ELECOMP-2016">the original</a> on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=600+firms+to+take+part+in+Iran%27s+ELECOMP+2016&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F121962%2F600-firms-to-take-part-in-Iran-s-ELECOMP-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231115/https://financialtribune.com/articles/sci-tech/55632/iran-tech-show-holds-promise">"Elecomp 2016: Iran Tech Show Holds Promise"</a>. 18 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialtribune.com/articles/sci-tech/55632/iran-tech-show-holds-promise">the original</a> on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elecomp+2016%3A+Iran+Tech+Show+Holds+Promise&rft.date=2016-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Fsci-tech%2F55632%2Firan-tech-show-holds-promise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2681/html/focus.htm">Iran-Daily: Privatization of Telecom Companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715180251/http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2681/html/focus.htm">Archived</a> July 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/2859/html/economy.htm#s232485">Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 06/03/07</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012202353/http://www.iran-daily.com/1386/2859/html/economy.htm#s232485">Archived</a> October 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1150.html">"Telecommunication Company Of Iran to be privatized"</a>. Payvand.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406124516/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1150.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telecommunication+Company+Of+Iran+to+be+privatized&rft.pub=Payvand.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.payvand.com%2Fnews%2F07%2Fmar%2F1150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iran-daily.com/1386/2859/html/economy.htm">Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 06/03/07</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012202353/http://iran-daily.com/1386/2859/html/economy.htm">Archived</a> October 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124234053/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090927/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_telecom_2">"Yahoo!"</a>. news.yahoo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090927/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_telecom_2">the original</a> on January 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Yahoo%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20090927%2Fap_on_re_mi_ea%2Fml_iran_telecom_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515162446/http://en.tsetmc.com/loader.aspx?ParTree=121C1412&inscode=52792903131341205">"AFRZ1 4,155"</a>. en.tsetmc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tsetmc.com/loader.aspx?ParTree=121C1412&inscode=52792903131341205">the original</a> on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.tsetmc.com&rft.atitle=AFRZ1+4%2C155&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tsetmc.com%2Floader.aspx%3FParTree%3D121C1412%26inscode%3D52792903131341205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913025022/http://www.cgiran.org/main/images/files/20140429102612_IranEntrepreneurshipEcosystemReport-IEA2013-v2.pdf">"Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Iran"</a> (PDF). Iran Entrepreneurship Association. Winter 2014. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Entrepreneurship+Ecosystem+in+Iran&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgiran.org%2Fmain%2Fimages%2Ffiles%2F20140429102612_IranEntrepreneurshipEcosystemReport-IEA2013-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunications+in+Iran" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/82cdgw/cyber_warfare">Cyber Warfare Market in Iran to 2021: Market Brief</a> Strategic Defence Intelligence (2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.payvand.com/news/08/dec/1005.html">Business Monitor International: Iran Telecommunications Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319003922/http://www.payvand.com/news/08/dec/1005.html">Archived</a> 2018-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2008); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zawya.com/story/Iran_reaches_100_telecommunications_penetration_BMI-ZAWYA20120412035355/">Business Monitor International: Iran Telecommunications Report</a> (2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pr-inside.com/recently-released-market-study-iran-r2360589.htm">Business Monitor International: Iran Consumer Electronics Report 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015817/http://www.pr-inside.com/recently-released-market-study-iran-r2360589.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (50-page report)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727015312/http://www.austrade.gov.au/ICT-to-Iran/default.aspx">Onda Analytics Limited: Iran Mobile Investment Overview and Market Forecast 2010–2014</a> (10-page report)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308123321/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7def4d/telecom_sector_in">Synergyst: Telecom Sector in Iran</a> – Trends and Opportunities from 2009 Through to 2013 (40-page report)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voice-quality.tmcnet.com/topics/phone-service/articles/73387-iran-telecom-market-expected-reach-129-billion-2014.htm">Iran: Strong Telecom Growth Expected, Despite Political Uncertainties</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyr.com/">Pyramid Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209080254/http://www.pyr.com/">Archived</a> 2020-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 30-page report provides a profile of the country's converged telecommunications, media and technology sectors based on proprietary data from Pyramid's research in the Iranian market (2010).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727015312/http://www.austrade.gov.au/ICT-to-Iran/default.aspx">World Bank – Information, Communication Telecommunication (ICT) in Iran</a> (2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224024915/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resource.aspx?n=1000014">Atieh Bahar: Brief Study – Telecom in Iran</a> (2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=1210287&t=d&cat_id=">Teyf Sharif Consulting: Iran Telecommunications Market Intelligence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928045136/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=1210287&t=d&cat_id=">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 61-page report give an in-depth review of Iran's telecom sector (2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416053321/http://www.webology.org/2007/v4n4/a49.html">E-commerce development in Iran, by Alireza Abbasi</a> (2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=newdebi&country_id=IR">e-Business in Iran, Economist Intelligence Unit</a> (2006) and (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/08/08/iran-ranks-69-out-of-70-in-digital-economy-2010-report/">2010 report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120156/http://payvand.com/blog/blog/2010/08/08/iran-ranks-69-out-of-70-in-digital-economy-2010-report/">Archived</a> 2018-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070410184028/http://www.irtp.com/laws/re/NATIONAL%20REPORT%202004.pdf">National Report on E-commerce in Iran</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Iranian Ministry of Commerce</a> (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/NISPAcee/UNPAN015616.pdf">Building Iran's Software Industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042110/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/NISPAcee/UNPAN015616.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> (2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109082329/http://www.science-arts.org/internet/">Internet and Telecom in Iran – A Comprehensive Survey</a> (1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Iran&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727015312/http://www.austrade.gov.au/ICT-to-Iran/default.aspx">Ministry of Information & Communication Technology of Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727015312/http://www.austrade.gov.au/ICT-to-Iran/default.aspx">Information and communications technology (ICT) to Iran</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived July 27, 2008) – Australian Trade</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705144858/http://www.dci.ir/english/index.asp">Information Technology Company</a> – affiliated with the Ministry of Communication & Information Technology (ICT) of Iran</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511155817/http://www.irantour.org/Iran/calling_iran.html">Telephone Area Codes of Cities In Iran</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221101839/http://www.gsmworld.com/cgi-bin/ni_map.pl?cc=ir&net=tc">GSM Coverage in Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american.edu/initeb/sk4484a/iran.htm">Information Technology in Iran</a> (1997)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internettrafficreport.com/asia.htm">Internet Traffic Report</a> – Iran Routers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">CIA FactBook</a> (Iran Communications statistics)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/iran/comm.htm">Iran and Space Communications</a> – Globalsecurity.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_story&doc_id=8404&title=Overview+of+e%2Dcommerce+in+Iran&channelid=4&categoryid=31">Overview of e-commerce in Iran</a> – Economist Intelligence Unit (2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modireforosh.ir/definition-of-consumer-behavior/">definition of consumer behavior/</a> – Economist behavior (2010)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em">Communications in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Communications in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_in_Iran116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_in_Iran" title="Template:Internet in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_in_Iran" title="Template talk:Internet in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_in_Iran116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Iran">Internet in Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">Dial-up</a> & <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shatel" title="Shatel">Shatel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pars_Online" title="Pars Online">Pars Online</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahrad_Network" title="Shahrad Network">Shahrad Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepanta" title="Sepanta">Sepanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabanet" title="Sabanet">Sabanet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asiatech_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asiatech Co (page does not exist)">Asiatech Co</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mobinnet" title="Mobinnet">Mobinnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTN_Irancell" title="MTN Irancell">MTN Irancell</a> , <a href="/wiki/Fanap_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanap Telecom">Fanap Telecom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/.ir" title=".ir">.ir</a>, <a href="/wiki/.co.ir" class="mw-redirect" title=".co.ir">.co.ir</a>, <a href="/wiki/.ac.ir" class="mw-redirect" title=".ac.ir">.ac.ir</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Internet">Internet Communications in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogging in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Internet censorship in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran#Internet_and_distance_education" title="Education in Iran">Internet and distance education in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Cyber_Police" title="Iranian Cyber Police">Iranian Cyber Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberwarfare in Iran">Cyberwarfare in Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cloud</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abr_Arvan" title="Abr Arvan">Abr Arvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiatech_Data_Transmission" title="Asiatech Data Transmission">Asiatech Data Transmission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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