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<span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Faculties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="جامعة الزيتونة (تونس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة الزيتونة (تونس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B7-%D0%97%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BD%D3%99_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Әз-Зәйтүнә университеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әз-Зәйтүнә университеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Ez-Zitouna" title="Universität Ez-Zitouna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universität Ez-Zitouna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="دانشگاه الزیتونه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه الزیتونه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Zitouna" title="Université Zitouna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Zitouna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Zaitunah" title="Universitas Zaitunah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Zaitunah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%90-%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אוניברסיטת א-זיתונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת א-זיתונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="جامعة الزيتونه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة الزيتونه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Ez-Zitouna" title="Universiti Ez-Zitouna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Ez-Zitouna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%81" title="جامعہ زیتونہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جامعہ زیتونہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Ez-Zitouna" title="Universidade Ez-Zitouna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade Ez-Zitouna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Университет аз-Зайтуна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Университет аз-Зайтуна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_Zejtune" title="Universiteti Zejtune – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti Zejtune" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Zejtuna" title="Univerzitet Zejtuna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet Zejtuna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeytune_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Zeytune Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zeytune Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B7-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Університет аз-Зайтуна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Університет аз-Зайтуна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%81" title="جامعہ زیتونہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جامعہ زیتونہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E7%AA%81%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="栽突那大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="栽突那大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="University of Ez-Zitouna – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="University of Ez-Zitouna" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q428136#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="View the content page [c]" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&params=36.794466_N_10.164118_E_region:TN-11_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°47′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°09′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.794466°N 10.164118°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.794466; 10.164118</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">University in Tunisia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ez-Zitouna University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_zitouna_tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mosqu%C3%A9e_zitouna_tunis.jpg/220px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_zitouna_tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mosqu%C3%A9e_zitouna_tunis.jpg/330px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_zitouna_tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mosqu%C3%A9e_zitouna_tunis.jpg/440px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_zitouna_tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a>, historically the seat of the university</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor">Vice-Chancellor</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Salem Bouyahia (President)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">90</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">350</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uz.rnu.tn/">www<wbr />.uz<wbr />.rnu<wbr />.tn</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ez-Zitouna_University_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Ez-Zitouna_University_logo.png/220px-Ez-Zitouna_University_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Ez-Zitouna_University_logo.png/330px-Ez-Zitouna_University_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/49/Ez-Zitouna_University_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="113" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ez-Zitouna University</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جامعة الزيتونة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jāmi‘a al-Zaytūna</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Université Ez-Zitouna</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">ancient medieval university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia. The university originates in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a>, founded at the end of the 7th century or in the early 8th century, which developed into a major Islamic centre of learning in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of the Higher Institute of Theology and the Higher Institute of Islamic Civilisation in Tunis and a research institution, the Center of Islamic Studies, in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque#History" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djamaa_Zitouna_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Djamaa_Zitouna_17.jpg/220px-Djamaa_Zitouna_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Djamaa_Zitouna_17.jpg/330px-Djamaa_Zitouna_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Djamaa_Zitouna_17.jpg/440px-Djamaa_Zitouna_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a> in the historic <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">medina of Tunis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is little information about teaching at the Zaytuna Mosque prior to the 14th century. During this time there were most likely courses being offered voluntarily by <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> (Islamic legal scholars), but not in an organized manner.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries, Kairouan was the early centre of learning and intellectual pursuits in Tunisia and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in general. Starting from the 13th century, Tunis became the capital of Ifriqiya under <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift in power helped al-Zaytuna to flourish and become one of the major centres of Islamic learning. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, the first social historian in history, was one of its products.<sup id="cite_ref-ref-242_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-242-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flourishing university attracted students and men of learning from all parts of the known world at the time. Along with disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> – such as <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i>) – the university taught <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i> (Islamic <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also had a <i><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">kuttab</a></i>, or elementary school, that taught youth how to read, write, and memorize religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system of teaching was not rigid: attendance was not mandatory and students could follow the courses of their choice. Students who followed a course and became knowledgeable enough to teach the subject on their own were granted a certificate called an <i><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">ijazah</a></i> by their instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rich libraries were also attached to the university. The manuscripts covered almost all subjects and sciences, including grammar, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Documentations" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentations">documentations</a>, etiquette of research, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">vocational training</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-hafez2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hafez2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mosques-libraries2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosques-libraries2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its famous libraries, al-Abdaliyah, included a large collection of rare manuscripts that attracted scholars from abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the library's original collection was dispersed or destroyed when the Spanish occupied Tunis and broke into the Zaytuna Mosque in 1534.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administrative and curricular reforms to the institution were begun by Ahmad Bey in 1842. They continued in 1875 under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Pasha" title="Hayreddin Pasha">Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi</a>, who also expanded the al-Abdaliyah Library and opened it to the public. In 1896 new courses were introduced such as <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and in 1912 these reforms were extended to the university's other branches in Kairouan, <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tozeur" title="Tozeur">Tozeur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 20th century the students were mostly recruited from Tunisia's wealth families but afterwards its recruitment broadened. Under <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French colonial rule</a> it turned into a bastion of Arab and Islamic culture resisting French influence. Some prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalist</a> movement studied here, such as <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">'Abd al-Hamid ibn Badis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Tewfik_El_Madani" title="Ahmed Tewfik El Madani">Tawfiq Madani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional pedagogy of the university opposed French influence in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia" title="Culture of Tunisia">Tunisian culture</a>, even though younger people who studied there and who were unable to attend other universities lost the concept of the university having prestige. The students, faculty, and alumni became an integral part of the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Destour" title="Destour">Destour</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisia's Independence</a>, the modern Zitouna University was established on April 26, 1956.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Reforms to the education system in 1958 and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tunis">University of Tunis</a> in 1960 reduced the Zitouna's importance.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university's library was also integrated into the National Libraries of Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zitouna University was succeeded by the Zitouna Faculty of Shari’a and Theology on March 1, 1961 which became one of the components of University of Tunis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This date also seems to contradict cited sources attributing this change to a few years later (see following). Please also clarify if possible. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1964–1965 its status as an independent university was abolished by President <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> and it was relegated to being a theological college for the University of Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For years afterward, under the rule of both Bourguiba and his successor <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a>, the educational institution was kept officially and physically distinct from the mosque itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> The Zitouna name was restored by <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a> in 1987, after having been changed under Bourguiba.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, after the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> and in response to a court petition by a group of Tunisian citizens, the mosque's former educational offices were reopened and it was declared as an independent educational institution once again.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="Special:EditPage/University of Ez-Zitouna">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The present-day institution has some 1200 students and 90 faculty, divided between two associated institutes — the Higher Institute of Theology and the Higher Institute of Islamic Civilisation in Tunis — and a research institution, the Center of Islamic Studies (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مركز الدراسات الإسلامية بالقيروان</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>. </p><p>Lessons in the Higher Institute of Theology began in the academic year 1988/89. It awards </p> <ol><li>Bachelor's degree in Shari'a and Islamic thought in Islamic Sciences</li> <li>Master in Islamic Sciences</li> <li>Ph.D. in Islamic Sciences</li> <li>Superior Technician in Applied Multimedia on Islamic Arts</li> <li>Superior Technician in Arts of Islamic Heritage</li></ol> <p>The Higher Institute of Islamic Civilisation has some 300 students and 40 researchers. It awards </p> <ol><li>National diploma of the first cycle in Islamic studies (D.E.U.P.C.)</li> <li>National diploma of Masters in the Islamic studies</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faculties">Faculties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Faculties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Islamic studies and Islamic civilization</li> <li>Islamic law</li> <li>Theology</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The university's alumni include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, a 14th-century scholar<sup id="cite_ref-ref-242_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-242-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This source is not accessible, and it's difficult to find other reliable sources repeating this claim. Some sources state clearly that he taught here, but we need high-quality sources that explicitly state he studied here (September 2023)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Haddad" title="Tahar Haddad">Tahar Haddad</a>, trade unionist and writer<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Th%C3%A2albi" title="Abdelaziz Thâalbi">Abdelaziz Thâalbi</a>, politician and writer<sup id="cite_ref-Gale_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gale-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboul-Qacem_Echebbi" title="Aboul-Qacem Echebbi">Aboul-Qacem Echebbi</a>, Tunisian national poet<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashur" title="Ibn Ashur">Ibn Ashur</a>. Islamic Scholar of 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaima_Issa" title="Chaima Issa">Chaima Issa</a>, journalist, poet, writer, human rights activist and prominent member of <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Tunisia)" title="National Salvation Front (Tunisia)">National Salvation Front</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:052-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChater2002" class="citation book cs1">Chater, Khalifa (2002). "Zaytūna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Vol. XI. Brill. pp. 488–490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zayt%C5%ABna&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=488-490&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Chater&rft.aufirst=Khalifa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeb1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary-Jane_Deeb" title="Mary-Jane Deeb">Deeb, Mary-Jane</a> (1995). "Zaytūnah". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped04espo/page/374/mode/2up"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 374–375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zayt%C5%ABnah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Islamic+World&rft.pages=374-375&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=Mary-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped04espo%2Fpage%2F374%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref-242-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref-242_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref-242_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnay,_Jean-Paul1979" class="citation journal cs1">Charnay, Jean-Paul (January–February 1979). "Economy and Religion in the Works of Ibn Khaldun". <i>the Maghreb Review</i>. <b>4 #1</b>: 1–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Maghreb+Review&rft.atitle=Economy+and+Religion+in+the+Works+of+Ibn+Khaldun&rft.volume=4+%231&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1979-01%2F1979-02&rft.au=Charnay%2C+Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hafez2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hafez2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbd_el-Hafiz1969" class="citation book cs1">Abd el-Hafiz, Mansour (1969). <i>Fihris Makhtutat el-Maktaba al- Ahmadiya bi Tunis</i>. Beirut: Dar el-Fat'h. pp. 8–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fihris+Makhtutat+el-Maktaba+al-+Ahmadiya+bi+Tunis&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Dar+el-Fat%27h&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Abd+el-Hafiz&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosques-libraries2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosques-libraries2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibai1987" class="citation book cs1">Sibai, M. (1987). <i>Mosque Libraries : An Historical Study</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qantara.de+-+Dialogue+with+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=The+Tunisian+Islamic+Scholar+and+Activist+Tahar+Haddad%3A+A+Rebel+Loyal+to+the+Koran+-+Qantara.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Fthe-tunisian-islamic-scholar-and-activist-tahar-haddad-a-rebel-loyal-to-the-koran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gale_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perkins, Kenneth J. (2004). "Thaalbi, Abd Al-Aziz [1874–1944]". In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mattar" title="Philip Mattar">Mattar, Philip</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa</i>. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 2182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thaalbi%2C+Abd+Al-Aziz+%5B1874%E2%80%931944%5D&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2182&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/04/05/tunisia-shaima-issa-the-first-woman-political-prisoner-under-kais-saied-s-regime_6021760_124.html">"Tunisia: Chaima Issa, the first female political prisoner under Kais Saied's regime"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 2023-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Tunisia%3A+Chaima+Issa%2C+the+first+female+political+prisoner+under+Kais+Saied%27s+regime&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fle-monde-africa%2Farticle%2F2023%2F04%2F05%2Ftunisia-shaima-issa-the-first-woman-political-prisoner-under-kais-saied-s-regime_6021760_124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicaud1974" class="citation journal cs1">Micaud, Charles A. (March 1974). "Bilingualism in North Africa: Cultural and Sociopolitical Implications". <i>The Western Political Quarterly</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 92–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F446397">10.2307/446397</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/446397">446397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Bilingualism+in+North+Africa%3A+Cultural+and+Sociopolitical+Implications&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-103&rft.date=1974-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F446397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F446397%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Micaud&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Ez-Zitouna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Ez-Zitouna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405522676">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126998455">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153906156">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QQPVp83kFJvqtXH34qXRwxt">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5344234-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95053039">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14616199k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14616199k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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