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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectal_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectal_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialectal variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectal_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs_and_tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_and_tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verbs and tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_and_tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Some_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Some phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_Picard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_Picard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Written Picard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_Picard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_Picard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_Picard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Learning Picard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_Picard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Picard language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardies" title="Pikardies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pikardies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardische_Sprache" title="Pikardische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pikardische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لغة بيكارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة بيكارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_picardo" title="Idioma picardo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma picardo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pec%C3%A2rd" title="Pecârd – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pecârd" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardu" title="Picardu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Picardu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikard_dili" title="Pikard dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pikard dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пікардская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пікардская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пикардски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пикардски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardeg" title="Pikardeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pikardeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard" title="Picard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Picard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardisk" title="Pikardisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pikardisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardische_Sprache" title="Picardische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Picardische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardo" title="Picardo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Picardo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikarda_franca_dialekto" title="Pikarda franca dialekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pikarda franca dialekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardiera" title="Pikardiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pikardiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان پیکاردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان پیکاردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard" title="Picard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Picard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardish" title="Picardish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Picardish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_picarda" title="Lingua picarda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua picarda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4" title="피카르디어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피카르디어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardijski_jezik" title="Pikardijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pikardijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Picardia" title="Bahasa Picardia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Picardia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_picarde" title="Lingua picarde – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua picarde" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_piccarda" title="Lingua piccarda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua piccarda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פיקארדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיקארדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Picardica" title="Lingua Picardica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Picardica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikard%C5%B3_kalba" title="Pikardų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pikardų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardisch" title="Picardisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Picardisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_piccarda" title="Lingua piccarda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lingua piccarda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пикардски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пикардски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പിക്കാർഡ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിക്കാർഡ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لغه بيكارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه بيكارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardisch" title="Picardisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Picardisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="ピカルディ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピカルディ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ПикагӀдхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ПикагӀдхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardisk" title="Pikardisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pikardisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard" title="Picard – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Picard" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard" title="Picard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Picard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88" title="پکارڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پکارڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard" title="Picard – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Picard" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_picarda" title="Lenga picarda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga picarda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardsch" title="Picardsch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Picardsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_pikardyjski" title="Język pikardyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język pikardyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_picarda" title="Língua picarda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua picarda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardesch_(Sprooch)" title="Pikardesch (Sprooch) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pikardesch (Sprooch)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_picard%C4%83" title="Limba picardă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba picardă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Пикардский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пикардский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱤᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_leid" title="Picard leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Picard leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_pikarde" title="Gjuha pikarde – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha pikarde" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Picard language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikard%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Pikardščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pikardščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardin_kieli" title="Picardin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Picardin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikardiska" title="Pikardiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pikardiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பிக்கார்து மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிக்கார்து மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_dili" title="Picard dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Picard dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пікардійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пікардійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Picard" title="Tiếng Picard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Picard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic%C3%A5rd_(lingaedje)" title="Picård (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Picård (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardisch" title="Picardisch – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Picardisch" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮卡第语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%92%AD%E6%96%87" title="皮咭文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="皮咭文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardisch" title="Picardisch – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Picardisch" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97kardu_kalba" title="Pėkardu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėkardu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮卡第语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34024#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Endangered Romance language of northern France and southern Belgium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Picard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Picard (disambiguation)">Picard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Picard</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">picard</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pikaʁ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">700,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Iberian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Rhaetian?<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Arpitan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Picard</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Old Gallo-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (recognised by the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pcd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pcd">pcd</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pica1241">pica1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3276">Picard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-he">51-AAA-he</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl_2.svg/320px-Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl_2.svg/480px-Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl_2.svg/640px-Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="856" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The geographical spread of Picard and Chtimi among the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl languages</a> (other than French) can be seen in shades of green and yellow on this map.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Picard is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Picard</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pikaʁ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dd\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-picard.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-picard.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyoko\u00ef-picard.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-picard.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-picard.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Lyoko%C3%AF-picard.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï-picard.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <i><a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27o%C3%AFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> spoken in the northernmost of France and parts of <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainaut province">Hainaut</a> province in Belgium. Administratively, this area is divided between the French <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a> region and the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> along the border between both countries due to its traditional core being the districts of <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallonie_Picarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallonie Picarde">Walloon Picardy</a>). </p><p>The language or dialect is referred to by different names, as residents of <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> call it simply <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Picard</i></span>, but in the more populated region of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></span></span> it is called <b><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Ch'ti</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Ch'timi</i></span></b> (sometimes written as <i>Chti</i> or <i>Chtimi</i>). This is the area that makes up <a href="/wiki/Romance_Flanders" title="Romance Flanders">Romance Flanders</a>, around the metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, and northeast <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> around <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thune" title="Béthune">Béthune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a>. <i>Picard</i> is also named <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rouchi</i></span></b> around <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Roubaignot</i></span></b> around <a href="/wiki/Roubaix" title="Roubaix">Roubaix</a>, or simply <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a></i></span> in general French. </p><p>In 1998, Picard native speakers amounted to 700,000 individuals, the vast majority of whom were elderly people (aged 65 and over).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its daily use had drastically declined, Picard was declared by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific,_and_Cultural_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation">United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation</a> (UNESCO) a "severely <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of 2023, the Picard language was listed as “vulnerable” by UNESCO.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_word_ch'ti"><span id="Origin_of_the_word_ch.27ti"></span>Origin of the word <i>ch'ti</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the word ch'ti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>ch'ti</i>, <i>chtimi</i> or <i>ch'timi</i> to designate the Picard language was invented during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poilu" title="Poilu">Poilus</a> from non-Picard speaking areas to refer to their brothers in arms from <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a>. It is an onomatopoeia created based on the frequent use of the /ʃ/ (<i>ch-</i>) phoneme and of the /ʃti/ (<i>chti</i>) sound in Picard: "<i>ch'ti</i>" means <i>the one,</i> as in the sentence "<i>ch'est chti qui a fait cha"</i> ( he is the one who has done that), for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belgium%27s_French_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium's French Community">Belgium's French Community</a> gave full official recognition to Picard as a regional language along with <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Gaumais</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(r%C3%A9gion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (région)">Lorraine</a>), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Champenois" class="mw-redirect" title="Champenois">Champenois</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Champagne,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne, France">Champagne</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine German</a> in its 1990 decree. The French government has not followed suit and has not recognized Picard as an official regional language (in line with its policy of linguistic unity, which allows for only one official language in France, as per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French Constitution</a>), but some reports have recognized Picard as a language distinct from French. </p><p>A 1999 report by Bernard Cerquiglini, the director of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Institut national de la langue française</i></span> (National Institute of the French Language) stated: </p> <blockquote><p>The gap has continued to widen between French and the varieties of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">langues d'oïl</a></i></span>, which today we would call "French dialects"; <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Frainc-Comtou dialect">Franc-comtois</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>, Picard, <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin (language)">Poitevin</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Saintongeais">Saintongeais</a></span></span>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Bourguignon-morvandiau</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> must be accepted among the regional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">languages of France</a>; by placing them on the list [of French regional languages], they will be known from then on as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">langues d'oïl</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Even if it has no official status as a language in France, Picard, along with all the other languages spoken in France, benefits from actions led by the Culture Minister's <a href="/wiki/General_Delegation_for_the_French_language_and_the_languages_of_France" title="General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France">General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aire_de_r%C3%A9partition_du_picard.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aire_de_r%C3%A9partition_du_picard.PNG/160px-Aire_de_r%C3%A9partition_du_picard.PNG" decoding="async" width="160" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aire_de_r%C3%A9partition_du_picard.PNG/240px-Aire_de_r%C3%A9partition_du_picard.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aire_de_r%C3%A9partition_du_picard.PNG/320px-Aire_de_r%C3%A9partition_du_picard.PNG 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>spread of <b>Picard</b> (Picard, Chti, Rouchi, etc.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Picard, like French, is one of the <i><a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïl languages">langues d'oïl</a></i> and belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Roman</a> family of languages. It consists of all the varieties used for writing (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">scriptae</i>) in the north of France from before 1000 (in the south of France at that time the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a> was used). Often, the <i>langues d'oïl</i> are referred to simply as <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>. Picard is phonetically quite different from the North-central <i>langues d'oïl</i>, which evolved into modern French. Among the most notable traits, the evolution in Picard towards <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> is less marked than in the central <i>langues d'oïl</i> in which it is particularly striking; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, tonic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, as well as in front of tonic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> (from earlier <i>*au</i>; the open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> of the French <i>p<b>o</b>rte</i>) in central Old French but not in Picard: </p> <ul><li>Picard <i>keval</i> ~ Old French <i>cheval</i> (horse; pronounced in Old French <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>tʃ</b>əˈval]</span> rather than the modern <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ʃ</b>əˈval]</span>), from <i>*kabal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">vulgar Latin</a> <i>caballus</i>): retaining the original <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in Picard before tonic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>.</li> <li>Picard <i>gambe</i> ~ Old French <i>jambe</i> (leg; pronounced in Old French <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ<b>dʒ</b>ãmbə]</span> rather than the modern <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ʒ</b>ɑ̃b]</span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> is the <i>ge</i> sound in bei<b>ge</b>), from <i>*gambe</i> (vulgar Latin <i>gamba</i>): absence of palatalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> in Picard before tonic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>.</li> <li>Picard <i>kief</i> ~ Old French <i>chef</i> (leader), from <i>*kaf</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>caput</i>): less palatalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in Picard</li> <li>Picard <i>cherf</i> ~ Old French <i>cerf</i> (stag; pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>tʃ</b>erf]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>ts</b>erf]</span> respectively), from <i>*kerf</i> (Latin <i>cervus</i>): simple palatalization in Picard, palatalization then fronting in Old French<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="''cervus → *kárf → ʃerf'' seems implausible; more likely it is ''cervus → *serf → ʃerf''. Response: it's most likely to be cervus → tʃerf (cf. Italian cervo with tʃ) → ʃerf in Picard and cervus → tʃerf → tserf → serf in French (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The effects of palatalization can be summarised as this: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and (tonic) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>: Picard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> (written <i>ch</i>) ~ Old French <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> (written <i>c</i>)</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> + tonic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>: Picard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> ~ Old French <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>.</li></ul> <p>There are striking differences, such as Picard <i>cachier</i> ('to hunt') ~ Old French <i>chacier</i>, which later took the modern French form of <i>chasser</i>. Because of the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to the northernmost regions of France, French (that is, the languages that were spoken in and around Paris) greatly influenced Picard and vice versa. The closeness between Picard and French causes the former to not always be recognised as a language in its own right, but rather a "distortion of French" as it is often viewed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectal_variations">Dialectal variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialectal variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being geographically and syntactically affiliated according to some <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> due to their inter-comprehensible morphosyntactic features, Picard in Picardy, Ch'timi and Rouchi still intrinsically maintain conspicuous discrepancies. Picard includes a variety of very closely related dialects. It is difficult to list them all accurately in the absence of specific studies on the dialectal variations, but these varieties can probably <i>provisionally</i> be distinguished: <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Amiénois, Vimeu-Ponthieu, Vermandois, Thiérache, Beauvaisis, "chtimi" (Bassin Minier, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>), dialects in other regions near Lille (Roubaix, Tourcoing, Mouscron, Comines), "rouchi" (<a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennois</a>) and Tournaisis, Borain, Artésien rural, Boulonnais. The varieties are defined by specific phonetic, morphological and lexical traits and sometimes by a distinctive literary tradition. </p><p>The Ch'ti language was re-popularised by the 2008 French <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Sticks" title="Welcome to the Sticks">Welcome to the Sticks</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis</i>; <small>French pronunciation:</small> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bjɛ̃vny ʃe le ʃti]</a>) which broke nearly every <a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> record in France and earned over $245,000,000 worldwide on an 11 million euro budget.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs_and_tenses">Verbs and tenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbs and tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first person plural often appears in spoken Picard in the form of the neutral third person <i>in</i>; however, the written form prioritizes <i>os</i> (as in French, where <i>on</i> is used for <i>nous</i>). On the other hand, the spelling of conjugated verbs will depend on the pronunciation, which varies within the Picard domain. For instance southern Picard would read <i>il étoait / étoét</i> while northern Picard would read <i>il étot</i>. This is noted as variants in the following: </p> <table class="wikitable centre" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11" width="100%">TO BE : ète (être) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" width="60%">Indicative</th> <th colspan="2">Subjunctive</th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Present</th> <th colspan="2">Imperfect</th> <th>Future</th> <th colspan="2">Conditional</th> <th colspan="2">Present</th> <th colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>North</th> <th>South</th> <th></th> <th>North</th> <th>South</th> <th></th> <th><i>Variables</i></th> <th></th> <th><i>Variables</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>ej su</td> <td>j'éto(s)</td> <td>j'étoé / étoais</td> <td>ej srai</td> <td>ej séro(s)</td> <td>ej sroé</td> <td>qu'ej soéche</td> <td>qu'ej fuche / seuche</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YOU</td> <td>t'es</td> <td>t'étos</td> <td>t'étoés / étoais</td> <td>tu sros</td> <td>té séros</td> <td>tu sroés</td> <td>eq tu soéches</td> <td>eq tu fuches / seuches</td> <td>soéche</td> <td>fus / fuche </td></tr> <tr> <td>HE</td> <td>il est</td> <td>i'étot</td> <td>il étoét / étoait</td> <td>i sro</td> <td>i sérot</td> <td>i sroét</td> <td>qu'i soéche</td> <td>qu'i fuche / seuche</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SHE</td> <td>al est</td> <td>al étot</td> <td>al étoét / étoait</td> <td>ale sro</td> <td>ale sérot</td> <td>ale sroét</td> <td>qu'ale soéche</td> <td>qu'ale fuche / seuche</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ONE</td> <td>in est</td> <td>in étot</td> <td>in étoét / étoait</td> <td>in sro</td> <td>in sérot</td> <td>in sroét</td> <td>qu'in soéche</td> <td>qu'in fuche / seuche</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WE</td> <td>os sonmes</td> <td>os étonmes</td> <td>os étoinmes</td> <td>os srons</td> <td>os séronmes</td> <td>os sroinmes</td> <td>qu'os soéïonches</td> <td>qu'os fuchonches / seuchonches / sonches</td> <td>soéïons</td> <td>fuchons </td></tr> <tr> <td>YOU</td> <td>os ètes</td> <td>os étotes</td> <td>os étoétes</td> <td>os srez</td> <td>os sérotes</td> <td>os sroétes</td> <td>qu'os soéïèches</td> <td>qu'os fuchèches / seuchèches</td> <td>soéïez</td> <td>fuchez </td></tr> <tr> <td>THEY</td> <td>is sont</td> <td>is étotte</td> <td>is étoétte / étoaitte</td> <td>is sront</td> <td>is sérotte</td> <td>is sroétte</td> <td>qu'is soéchtte</td> <td>qu'is fuchtte / seuchtte</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable centre" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11" width="100%">TO HAVE : avoèr (avoir) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" width="60%">Indicative</th> <th colspan="2">Subjunctive</th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Present</th> <th colspan="2">Imperfect</th> <th>Future</th> <th colspan="2">Conditional</th> <th colspan="2">Present</th> <th colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>North</th> <th>South</th> <th></th> <th>North</th> <th>South</th> <th></th> <th><i>Variables</i></th> <th></th> <th><i>Variables</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>j'ai</td> <td>j'ai</td> <td>j'avo(s)</td> <td>j'avoés / avoais</td> <td>j'arai</td> <td>j'érai</td> <td>j'aros</td> <td>j'éroé</td> <td>eq j'euche</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>YOU</td> <td>t'as</td> <td>t'os</td> <td>t'avos</td> <td>t'avoés</td> <td>t'aras</td> <td>t'éros</td> <td>t'aros</td> <td>t'éroés</td> <td>eq t'euches</td> <td>aïe </td></tr> <tr> <td>HE</td> <td>i'a</td> <td>il o</td> <td>i'avot</td> <td>il avoét</td> <td>i'ara</td> <td>il éro</td> <td>i'arot</td> <td>il éroét</td> <td>qu'il euche</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SHE</td> <td>al a</td> <td>al o</td> <td>al avot</td> <td>al avoét</td> <td>al ara</td> <td>al éro</td> <td>al arot</td> <td>al éroét</td> <td>qu'al euche</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ONE</td> <td>in a</td> <td>in o</td> <td>in avot</td> <td>in avoét</td> <td>in ara</td> <td>in éro</td> <td>in arot</td> <td>in éroét</td> <td>qu'in euche</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>WE</td> <td>os avons</td> <td>os avons</td> <td>os avonmes</td> <td>os avoinmes</td> <td>os arons</td> <td>os érons</td> <td>os aronmes</td> <td>os éroinmes</td> <td>qu'os euchonches / aïonches</td> <td>aïons </td></tr> <tr> <td>YOU</td> <td>os avez</td> <td>os avez</td> <td>os avotes</td> <td>os avoétes</td> <td>os arez</td> <td>os érez</td> <td>os arotes</td> <td>os éroétes</td> <td>qu'os euchèches / aïèches</td> <td>aïez </td></tr> <tr> <td>THEY</td> <td>is ont</td> <td>il ont</td> <td>is avotte</td> <td>is avoétte</td> <td>is aront</td> <td>is éront</td> <td>is arotte</td> <td>is éroétte</td> <td>qu'is euhtte</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable centre" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11" width="100%">TO GO : s'in aler (s'en aller) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" width="60%">Indicative</th> <th colspan="2">Subjunctive</th> <th colspan="2">Imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Present</th> <th colspan="2">Imperfect</th> <th>Future</th> <th colspan="2">Conditional</th> <th colspan="2">Present</th> <th colspan="2"> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th>North</th> <th>South</th> <th></th> <th>North</th> <th>South</th> <th></th> <th><i>Variables</i></th> <th></th> <th><i>Variables</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>j'm'in vas</td> <td>ej m'in vos</td> <td>j'm'in alos</td> <td>ej m'in aloés / aloais</td> <td>j'm'in irai</td> <td>j'm'in iros</td> <td>ej m'in iroé</td> <td>qu'ej m'in ale</td> <td>qu'ej m'in voaiche </td></tr> <tr> <td>YOU</td> <td>té t'in vas</td> <td>tu t'in vos</td> <td>té t'in alos</td> <td>tu t'in aloés</td> <td>tu t'in iros</td> <td>té t'in iros</td> <td>tu t'in iroés</td> <td>qu'té t'in ale</td> <td>qu'tu t'in voaiches </td></tr> <tr> <td>HE</td> <td>i s'in va</td> <td>i s'in vo</td> <td>i s'in a lot</td> <td>i s'in aloét</td> <td>i s'in iro</td> <td>i s'in irot</td> <td>i s'in iroét</td> <td>qu'i s'in ale</td> <td>qu'i s'in voaiche </td></tr> <tr> <td>SHE</td> <td>ale s'in va</td> <td>ale s'in vo</td> <td>ale s'in a lot</td> <td>ale s'in aloét</td> <td>ale s'in iro</td> <td>ale s'in irot</td> <td>ale s'in iroét</td> <td>qu'ale s'in ale</td> <td>qu'ale s'in voaiche </td></tr> <tr> <td>ONE</td> <td>in s'in va</td> <td>in s'in vo</td> <td>in s'in a lot</td> <td>in s'in aloét</td> <td>in s'in ira</td> <td>in s'in irot</td> <td>in s'in iroét</td> <td>qu'in s'in ale</td> <td>qu'in s'in voaiche </td></tr> <tr> <td>WE</td> <td>os nos in alons</td> <td>os nos in alons</td> <td>os nos in alonmes</td> <td>os nos in aloinmes</td> <td>os nos in irons</td> <td>os nos in ironmes</td> <td>os nos in iroinmes</td> <td>qu'os nos in allotte</td> <td>qu'os nos in alonches </td></tr> <tr> <td>YOU</td> <td>os vos in alez</td> <td>os vos in alez</td> <td>os vos in alotes</td> <td>os vos in aloétes</td> <td>vos vos in irez</td> <td>os vos in irotes</td> <td>os vos in iroétes</td> <td>qu'os vos in allotte</td> <td>qu'os vos in alèches </td></tr> <tr> <td>THEY</td> <td>is s'in vont</td> <td>is s'in vont</td> <td>is s'in alotte</td> <td>is s'in aloétte</td> <td>is s'in iront</td> <td>is s'in irotte</td> <td>is s'in iroétte</td> <td>qu'is s'in allote</td> <td>qu'is s'in voaichtte </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Picard words derive from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th> <th>Picard</th> <th>French </th></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Inglé</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Anglais</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hello!</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Bojour !</i></span> or <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Bojour mes gins !</i></span> (formal) or <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Salut ti z’aute !</i></span> (informal)</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bonjour</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bonjour mes gens !</i></span> <i>or</i> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Salut vous autres !</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening!</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Bonsoèr !</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bonsoir</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night!</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">La boinne nuit !</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bonne nuit !</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye!</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">À s'ervir !</i></span> <b>or</b> <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">À l’arvoïure !</i></span> <b>or</b> <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">À t’ervir !</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Au revoir !</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Have a nice day!</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Eune boinne jornée !</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bonne journée !</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please/if you please</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Sins vos komander</i></span> (formal) or <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Sins t' komander</i></span> (informal)</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">S'il vous plaît</i></span> (lit: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sans vous commander</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Merchi</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Merci</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am sorry</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Pardon</i></span> or <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Échtchusez-mi</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pardon</i></span> <i>or</i> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Excusez-moi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What is your name?</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Kmint qu’os vos aplez ?</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comment vous appelez-vous ?</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much?</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Combin qu’cha coûte ?</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Combien ça coute ?</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not understand.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Éj n'comprinds poin.</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je ne comprends pas.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, I understand.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Oui, j' comprinds.</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Oui, je comprends.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Help!</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">À la rescousse !</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">À l'aide</i></span> (lit.: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">À la rescousse !</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can you help me please?</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Povez-vos m’aider, sins vos komander ?</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pouvez-vous m'aider, s'il vous plaît ?</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where are the toilets?</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">D'ousqu'il est ech tchioér ?</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Où sont les toillettes ?</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">Slang</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Où sont les chiottes ?</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you speak English?</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Parlez-vos inglé ?</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parlez-vous anglais ?</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not speak Picard.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Éj n’pérle poin picard.</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je ne parle pas picard.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not know.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Éj n’sais mie.</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je ne sais pas.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I know.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Éj sais.</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je sais.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am thirsty.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">J’ai soé.</i></span> (literally, "I have thirst")</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">J'ai soif.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am hungry.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">J’ai fan.</i></span> (literally, "I have hunger")</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">J'ai faim.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you? / How are things going? / How is everything?</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Comint qu’i va ?</i></span> (formal) or <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Cha va t’i ?</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comment vas-tu ?</i></span> <i>or</i> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ça va ?</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am fine.</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Cha va fin bien.</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ça va bien.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sugar</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Chuque</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sucre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crybaby</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">Brayou</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pleurnicheur</i></span> (lit: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">brailleur</i></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_phrases">Some phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Some phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many words are very similar to French, but a large number are unique to Picard—principally terms relating to <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a>. </p><p>Here are several typical phrases in Picard, accompanied by French and English translations: </p> <dl><dd><b>J'ai prins min louchet por mi aler fouir min gardin.</b> <dl><dd><i>J'ai pris ma bêche pour aller bêcher mon jardin.</i> <dl><dd>"I took my spade to go dig my garden."</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Mi, à quate heures, j'archine eune bonne tartine.</b> <dl><dd><i>Moi, à quatre heures, je mange une bonne tartine.</i> <dl><dd>"At four o'clock, I eat a good snack."</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Quind un Ch'ti mi i'est à l'agonie, savez vous bin che qui li rind la vie ? I bot un d'mi.</b> (<i>Les Capenoules</i> (a music group)) <dl><dd><i>Quand un gars du Nord est à l'agonie, savez-vous bien ce qui lui rend la vie ? Il boit un demi.</i> <dl><dd>"When a northerner is dying, do you know what revives him? He drinks a pint."</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Pindant l'briquet un galibot composot, assis sur un bos,</b></dd> <dd><b>L'air d'eune musique qu'i sifflotot</b></dd> <dd><b>Ch'étot tellemint bin fabriqué, qu'les mineurs lâchant leurs briquets</b></dd> <dd><b>Comminssotent à's'mette à'l'danser (Edmond Tanière - <i>La polka du mineur</i>)</b> <dl><dd><i>Pendant le casse-croûte un jeune mineur composa, assis sur un bout de bois</i></dd> <dd><i>L'air d'une musique qu'il sifflota</i></dd> <dd><i>C'était tellement bien fait que les mineurs, lâchant leurs casse-croûte</i></dd> <dd><i>Commencèrent à danser.</i> <dl><dd>"During lunch a young miner composed, seated on a piece of wood</dd> <dd>"The melody of a tune that he whistled</dd> <dd>"It was so well done that the miners, leaving their sandwiches,</dd> <dd>"Started to dance to it" (Edmond Tanière - <i>La polka du mineur</i>, "The Miner's Polka")</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>I n'faut pas qu'ches glaines is cantent pus fort que ch'co.</b> <dl><dd><i>Il ne faut pas que les poules chantent plus fort que le coq.</i> <dl><dd>"Hens must not sing louder than the rooster" (n. b. this saying really refers to men and women rather than poultry)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>J' m'in vo à chlofe, lo qu'i n'passe poin d'caroche.</b> <dl><dd><i>Je vais au lit, là où il ne passe pas de carrosse.</i> <dl><dd>"I go to bed where no car is running."</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Moqueu d'gins</b> <dl><dd><i>railleur</i>, <i>persifleur</i> (lit. <i>moqueur des gens</i>) <dl><dd>"someone who mocks or jeers at people" (compare <i>gens</i>, which is French for "people")</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>Ramaseu d'sous</b> <dl><dd><i>personne âpre au gain</i> (lit. <i>ramasseur de sous</i>) <dl><dd>"a greedy person"</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardinal numbers in Picard from 1 to 20 are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Picard</th> <th>French </th></tr> <tr> <td>One</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">un</i></span> (m) / <span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">eune</i></span> (f)</td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">un</i></span> (m) / <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">une</i></span> (f) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">deus</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">deux</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">troés</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">trois</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Four</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">quate</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quatre</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Five</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">chonc</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cinq</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Six</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">sis</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">six</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seven</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">sèt</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sept</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eight</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">uit</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">huit</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nine</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">neu</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">neuf</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ten</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">dis</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dix</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eleven</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">onze</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">onze</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twelve</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">dousse</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">douze</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thirteen</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">trèsse</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">treize</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourteen</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">quatore</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quatorze</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifteen</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">tchinse</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quinze</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sixteen</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">sèse</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">seize</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventeen</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">dis-sèt</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dix-sept</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eighteen</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">dis-uit</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dix-huit</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nineteen</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">dis-neu</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dix-neuf</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twenty</td> <td><span title="Picard-language text"><i lang="pcd">vint</i></span></td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vingt</i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enseigne_caf%C3%A9_picard_Cayeux_sur_mer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enseigne_caf%C3%A9_picard_Cayeux_sur_mer.JPG/250px-Enseigne_caf%C3%A9_picard_Cayeux_sur_mer.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enseigne_caf%C3%A9_picard_Cayeux_sur_mer.JPG/375px-Enseigne_caf%C3%A9_picard_Cayeux_sur_mer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Enseigne_caf%C3%A9_picard_Cayeux_sur_mer.JPG/500px-Enseigne_caf%C3%A9_picard_Cayeux_sur_mer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Picard language signage in <a href="/wiki/Cayeux-sur-Mer" title="Cayeux-sur-Mer">Cayeux-sur-Mer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Picard is not taught in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> schools (apart from a few one-off and isolated courses) and is generally only spoken among friends or family members. It has nevertheless been the object of scholarly research at universities in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, as well as at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since people are now able to move around France more easily than in past centuries, the different varieties of Picard are converging and becoming more similar. In its daily use, Picard is tending to lose its distinctive features and may be confused with regional French. At the same time, even though most Northerners can understand Picard today, fewer and fewer are able to speak it, and people who speak Picard as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> are increasingly rare, particularly under 50.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Sticks" title="Welcome to the Sticks">Welcome to the Sticks</a></i>, starring comedian <a href="/wiki/Dany_Boon" title="Dany Boon">Dany Boon</a>, deals with Ch'ti language and culture and the perceptions of the region by outsiders, and it was the highest-grossing French film of all time at the <a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> in France<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was surpassed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intouchables" title="The Intouchables">The Intouchables</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_Picard">Written Picard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Written Picard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today Picard is primarily a spoken language, but in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period, there is a wealth of literary texts in Picard. However, Picard was not able to compete with French and was slowly reduced to the status of a regional language. </p><p>A more recent body of Picard literature, written during the last two centuries, also exists. Modern written Picard is generally a transcription of the spoken language. For that reason, words are often spelled in a variety of different ways (in the same way that English and French were before they were standardized). </p><p>One system of spelling for Picard words is similar to that of French. It is undoubtedly the easiest for French speakers to understand but can also contribute the stereotype that Picard is only a corruption of French rather than a language in its own right. </p><p>Various spelling methods have been proposed since the 1960s to offset the disadvantage and to give Picard a visual identity that is distinct from French. There is now a consensus, at least between universities, in favor of the written form known as <b>Feller-Carton</b> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> spelling system, which was developed by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Feller" title="Jules Feller">Jules Feller</a>, and adapted for Picard by Professor <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Carton" title="Fernand Carton">Fernand Carton</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning_Picard">Learning Picard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Learning Picard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Picard, although primarily a spoken language, has a body of written literature: poetry, songs ("<a href="/wiki/P%27tit_Quinquin_(song)" title="P'tit Quinquin (song)">P'tit quinquin</a>" for example), comic books, etc. </p><p>A number of dictionaries and <i>patois</i> guides also exist (for French speakers): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Debrie" title="René Debrie">René Debrie</a>, <i>Le cours de picard pour tous - Eche pikar, bèl é rade (le Picard vite et bien). Parlers de l'Amiénois</i>. Paris, Omnivox, 1983 (+ 2 cassettes), 208p.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Dawson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Dawson (page does not exist)">Alain Dawson</a>, <i>Le picard de poche</i>. Paris : Assimil, 2003, 192p.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Dawson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Dawson (page does not exist)">Alain Dawson</a>, <i>Le "chtimi" de poche, parler du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais</i>. Paris : Assimil, 2002, 194p.</li> <li>Armel Depoilly (A. D. d'Dérgny), <i>Contes éd no forni, et pi Ramintuvries</i> (avec lexique picard-français). Abbeville : Ch'Lanchron, 1998, 150p.</li> <li>Jacques Dulphy, <i>Ches diseux d'achteure : diries 1989</i>. Amiens : Picardies d'Achteure, 1992, 71p. + cassette</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Vasseur" title="Gaston Vasseur">Gaston Vasseur</a>, <i>Dictionnaire des parlers picards du Vimeu (Somme), avec index français-picard (par l'équipe de Ch'Lanchron d'Abbeville)</i>. Fontenay-sous-Bois : SIDES, 1998 (rééd. augmentée), 816p. (11.800 termes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Vasseur" title="Gaston Vasseur">Gaston Vasseur</a>, <i>Grammaire des parlers picards du Vimeu (Somme) - morphologie, syntaxe, anthropologie et toponymie</i>. 1996, 144p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pcd:"> Picard edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joret_line" title="Joret line">Joret line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/pcd">Picard</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">"Oil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008064016/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Oil&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Foila1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/picard">"World Atlas of Languages: Picard"</a>. <i>en.wal.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=World+Atlas+of+Languages%3A+Picard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fpicard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182710/https://www.lexico.com/definition/picard">"Picard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Picard">the original</a> on 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Picard&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FPicard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Picard" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Picard">"Picard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Picard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DPicard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Picard">"Picard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Picard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FPicard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuger2003" class="citation conference cs1">Auger, Julie (14–17 February 2003). <i>Issues of authenticity, purity, and autonomy in minority languages: What is 'real' Picard, and who is an 'authentic' speaker?</i>. Congress Minority and Diasporic Languages of Europe. Berkeley, US: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Issues+of+authenticity%2C+purity%2C+and+autonomy+in+minority+languages%3A+What+is+%27real%27+Picard%2C+and+who+is+an+%27authentic%27+speaker%3F&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+US&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=2003-02-14%2F2003-02-17&rft.aulast=Auger&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowakYoquelet" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Pawel; Yoquelet, Corey (eds.). <i>Berkeley Linguistics Society (BLS 29)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkeley+Linguistics+Society+%28BLS+29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span><br />* - in France: c. 500 000 speakers <b>[fr]</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.encyclopedie.picardie.fr/index.php/Le_picard,_langue_d'o%C3%AFl">[1]</a> <br /> - in Belgium: a rough approximation is about 12% to 15% of people in province of Hainaut, i.e. c. 150 000 to 200 000 speakers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOHCHR_rapporteurs1998" class="citation web cs1">OHCHR rapporteurs (20 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=frn2">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'According to the UN, about 500,000 speakers in France and 200,000 in Belgium' [archive], Selon l'ONU, environ 500 000 locuteurs en France et 200 000 en Belgique"</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27According+to+the+UN%2C+about+500%2C000+speakers+in+France+and+200%2C000+in+Belgium%27+%5Barchive%5D%2C+Selon+l%27ONU%2C+environ+500%26thinsp%3B000+locuteurs+en+France+et+200%26thinsp%3B000+en+Belgique&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft.au=OHCHR+rapporteurs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dfrn2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/picard">"World Atlas of Languages: Picard"</a>. <i>en.wal.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wal.unesco.org&rft.atitle=World+Atlas+of+Languages%3A+Picard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fpicard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hautsdefrance.fr/langues-regionales/">"Nos langues régionales"</a>. <i>Région Hauts-de-France</i> (in French). 24 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R%C3%A9gion+Hauts-de-France&rft.atitle=Nos+langues+r%C3%A9gionales&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hautsdefrance.fr%2Flangues-regionales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Cerquiglini, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lang-reg/rapport_cerquiglini/langues-france.html">The Languages of France</a></i>, Report to the Minister of National Education, Research and Technology, and the Minister of Culture and Communication, April 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=bienvenuechezleschtis.htm">"Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis"</a>. <i>Box Office Mojo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Bienvenue+chez+les+Ch%27tis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fpage%3Dmain%26id%3Dbienvenuechezleschtis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~frithome/faculty/frLing/auger.shtml">Julie Auger</a>, Department of French and Italian, Indiana University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Orem, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v23n1/p16.html">"The Princess & Picard"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729021531/http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v23n1/p16.html">Archived</a> 29 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Research & Creative Activity</i>, April 2000 Volume XXIII Number 1, Indiana University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/france/opening/?sort=gross&order=DESC&p=.htm">"France All Time Opening Weekends"</a>. <i>www.boxofficemojo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boxofficemojo.com&rft.atitle=France+All+Time+Opening+Weekends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fintl%2Ffrance%2Fopening%2F%3Fsort%3Dgross%26order%3DDESC%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APicard+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Linguistic studies of Picard</dt></dl> <ul><li>Villeneuve, Anne-José. 2013. (with Julie Auger) <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Chtileu qu’i m’freumereu m’bouque i n’est point coér au monne': Grammatical variation and diglossia in Picardie". <i>Journal of French Language Studies</i> 23,1:109-133.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2010. "Picard et français; La grammaire de la différence". Mario Barra-Jover (ed.), <i>Langue française</i> 168,4:19-34.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2008. (with Anne-José Villeneuve). <i>Ne</i> deletion in Picard and in regional French: Evidence for distinct grammars. Miriam Meyerhoff & Naomi Nagy (eds.), <i>Social Lives in Language – Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 223–247.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2005. (with Brian José). “Geminates and Picard pronominal clitic allomorphy”. <i>Catalan Journal of Linguistics</i> 4:127-154.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2004. (with Brian José). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiana.edu/~iulcwp/pdfs/04-jose.pdf">(Final) nasalization as an alternative to (final) devoicing: The case of Vimeu Picard</a>”. In Brian José and Kenneth de Jong (eds.). <i>Indiana University Linguistics Club Working Papers Online</i> 4.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2003. “Le redoublement des sujets en picard”. <i>Journal of French Language Studies</i> 13,3:381-404.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2003. “Les pronoms clitiques sujets en picard: une analyse au confluent de la phonologie, de la morphologie et de la syntaxe”. <i>Journal of French Language Studies</i> 13,1:1-22.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2003. “The development of a literary standard: The case of Picard in Vimeu-Ponthieu, France”. In Brian D. Joseph et al. (eds.), <i>When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence</i>, . Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. pp. 141–164.5</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2003. “Pronominal clitics in Picard revisited”. In Rafael Núñez-Cedeño, Luís López, & Richard Cameron (eds.), <i>Language Knowledge and Language Use: Selected Papers from LSRL 31</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 3–20.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2003. “Picard parlé, picard écrit: comment s’influencent-ils l’un l’autre?”. In Jacques Landrecies & André Petit (eds.), "Le picard d’hier et d’aujourd’hui", special issue of <i>Bien dire et bien Aprandre</i>, 21, Centre d'Études médiévales et Dialectales, Lille 3, pp. 17–32.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2002. (with Jeffrey Steele) “A constraint-based analysis of intraspeaker variation: Vocalic epenthesis in Vimeu Picard”. In Teresa Satterfield, Christina Tortora, & Diana Cresti (eds.), <i>Current Issues in Linguistic Theory: Selected Papers from the XXIXth Linguistic Symposium on the Romance Languages (LSRL), Ann Arbor 8–11 April 1999</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 306–324.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2002. “Picard parlé, picard écrit: dans quelle mesure l’écrit représente-t-il l’oral?”. In Claus Pusch & Wolfgang Raible (eds.), <i>Romanistische Korpuslinguistik. Korpora und gesprochene Sprache / Romance Corpus Linguistics. Corpora and Spoken Language</i>. Tübingen: Gunter Narr. pp. 267–280. (ScriptOralia Series)</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2001. “Phonological variation and Optimality Theory: Evidence from word-initial vowel epenthesis in Picard”. <i>Language Variation and Change</i> 13,3:253-303.</li> <li>Auger, Julie. 2000. “Phonology, variation, and prosodic structure: Word-final epenthesis in Vimeu Picard”. In Josep M. Fontana et al. (eds.), <i>Proceedings of the First International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE)</i>. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra. pp. 14–24.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Picard" class="extiw" title="v:Picard">Picard</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courrier-picard.fr/region/julie-auger-meme-s-ils-sont-proches-le-picard-ia0b0n457240">«Même s’ils sont proches, le picard n’est pas un mauvais français»</a> (in French) - an article about Julie Auger's linguistic research on Picard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318181052/http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v23n1/p16.html">The Princess & Picard</a> - an essay about Picard from Indiana University, USA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordmag.com/culture/patois/patois.htm">Qu'est-ce que le Picard?</a> (in French) - history of Picard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1064932/">Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis</a> (in French)- a comedy about differences between northern and southern France.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Picard_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ches.diseux.free.fr/sons/d85.mp3">[2]</a></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ches.diseux.free.fr/diri/dir85.htm">diries 85, création collective des diseux</a></dd> <dd><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/pcd">Centre de Ressources pour la Description de l'Oral - picard</a></i> (CRDO)</dd> <dd><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocoon.huma-num.fr/exist/crdo/rechercher.xql?langue=Picard">COllections de COrpus Oraux Numériques - picard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085646/http://cocoon.huma-num.fr/exist/crdo/rechercher.xql?langue=Picard">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (COCOON)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_France" title="Template talk:Languages of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gorrois_Breton_dialect" title="Trégorrois Breton dialect">Trégorrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchois_(dialect)" title="Marchois (dialect)">Marchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianese Creole">Guianese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaracuu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaracuu language">Xaracuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Manuš Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">Guillemet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Belgium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Template:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Template talk:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorrain dialect">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template talk:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages and dialects of <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Picard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhoeks</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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