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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theory of utility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_utility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practical economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jevons's_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jevons's_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jevons's number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jevons's_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Miscellany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Stanley Jevons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="وليم ستانلي جيفونز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وليم ستانلي جيفونز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Stenli_Cevons" title="Vilyam Stenli Cevons – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Stenli Cevons" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ویلیام استنلی جونز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام استنلی جونز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Уилям Стенли Джевънс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Стенли Джевънс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ویلیام استنلی جونز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام استنلی جونز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EB%B2%88%EC%8A%A4" title="윌리엄 스탠리 제번스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 스탠리 제번스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%8B%D6%87%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Ուիլյամ Սթենլի Ջևոնս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Սթենլի Ջևոնս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%92%27%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ויליאם סטנלי ג'בונס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם סטנלי ג'בונס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಸ್ಟ್ಯಾನ್ಲಿ ಜೆವನ್ಸ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಸ್ಟ್ಯಾನ್ಲಿ ಜೆವನ್ಸ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Stenlijs_D%C5%BEevonss" title="Viljams Stenlijs Dževonss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Stenlijs Dževonss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="وليم ستانلى جيفونز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وليم ستانلى جيفونز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="ウィリアム・スタンレー・ジェヴォンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・スタンレー・ジェヴォンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Jevons" title="Stanley Jevons – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Джевонс, Уильям Стенли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джевонс, Уильям Стенли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Stanley Jevons" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">English economist and logician (1835–1882)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">William Stanley Jevons</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Stanley_Jevons_portrait_extract.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/William_Stanley_Jevons_portrait_extract.jpg/220px-William_Stanley_Jevons_portrait_extract.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/William_Stanley_Jevons_portrait_extract.jpg/330px-William_Stanley_Jevons_portrait_extract.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/William_Stanley_Jevons_portrait_extract.jpg/440px-William_Stanley_Jevons_portrait_extract.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1835-09-01</span>)</span>1 September 1835<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 1882<span style="display:none">(1882-08-13)</span> (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill-on-Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal utility theory">Marginal utility theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons paradox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stanley_Jevons" title="Herbert Stanley Jevons">Herbert Stanley Jevons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (1876–1880)<br /><a href="/wiki/Owens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens College">Owens College</a> (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>) (1863–1875)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan" title="Augustus De Morgan">Augustus De Morgan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jevons%27s_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jevons%27s_signature.jpg/150px-Jevons%27s_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jevons%27s_signature.jpg/225px-Jevons%27s_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Jevons%27s_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;">While not a formal advisor (Jevons lived before the introduction of the PhD to Britain), De Morgan was his most influential professor.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Stanley Jevons</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 September 1835 – 13 August 1882) was an English <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logician</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> described Jevons's book <i>A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy</i> (1862) as the start of the mathematical method in economics.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It made the case that economics, as a science concerned with <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">quantities</a>, is necessarily mathematical.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In so doing, it expounded upon the "final" (marginal) <a href="/wiki/Utility_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility theory">utility theory</a> of value. Jevons' work, along with similar discoveries made by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a> in Vienna (1871) and by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a> in Switzerland (1874), marked the opening of a new period in the history of economic thought. Jevons's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility#Marginal_Revolution" title="Marginal utility">marginal revolution</a> in economics in the late 19th century established his reputation as a leading political economist and logician of the time. </p><p>Jevons broke off his studies of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> in London in 1854 to work as an <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">assayer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, where he acquired an interest in <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>. Returning to the UK in 1859, he published <i>General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy</i> in 1862, outlining the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal utility theory">marginal utility theory</a> of value, and <i>A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold</i> in 1863. For Jevons, the utility or value to a consumer of an additional unit of a product is inversely related to the number of units of that product he already owns, at least beyond some critical quantity. </p><p>Jevons received public recognition for his work on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coal_Question" title="The Coal Question">The Coal Question</a></i> (1865), in which he called attention to the gradual exhaustion of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> supplies and also put forth the view that increases in energy production efficiency leads to more, not less, consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-jm_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7f, 161f">: 7f, 161f </span></sup> This view is known today as the <a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons paradox</a>, named after him. Due to this particular work, Jevons is regarded today as the first economist of some standing to develop an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">'ecological' perspective on the economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 295f">: 295f </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jm_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>The most important of his works on <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methods</a> is his <i>Principles of Science</i> (1874),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>The Theory of Political Economy</i> (1871) and <i>The State in Relation to Labour</i> (1882). Among his inventions was the logic piano, a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jevons was born in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England. His father, Thomas Jevons, was an iron merchant who wrote about legal and economic subjects as well. His mother <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Jevons" title="Mary Anne Jevons">Mary Anne Jevons</a> was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe" title="William Roscoe">William Roscoe</a>. At the age of fifteen he was sent to London to attend the <a href="/wiki/University_College_School" title="University College School">University College School</a>. Around this time, he seemed to have formed the belief that he was capable of important achievements as a thinker. Towards the end of 1853, after having spent two years at University College, where his favourite subjects were <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, he received an offer as <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">metallurgical assayer</a> for the new mint in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The idea of leaving the UK was distasteful, but pecuniary considerations had, in consequence of the failure of his father's firm in 1847, become of vital importance, and he accepted the post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Stanley_Jevons_1858_extract.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/William_Stanley_Jevons_1858_extract.jpg/180px-William_Stanley_Jevons_1858_extract.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/William_Stanley_Jevons_1858_extract.jpg/270px-William_Stanley_Jevons_1858_extract.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/William_Stanley_Jevons_1858_extract.jpg/360px-William_Stanley_Jevons_1858_extract.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Jevons in Sydney (age 22)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jevons left the UK for <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> in June 1854 to take up a role as an Assayer at the Mint. Jevons lived with his colleague and his wife first at Church Hill, then in Annangrove at Petersham and at Double Bay before returning to England. In letters to his family he described his life, took photographs and produced a social map of Sydney. Jevons returned to England via America five years later.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He resigned his appointment, and in the autumn of 1859 re-entered the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> as a student. He was granted B.A. and M.A. degrees from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. He now gave his principal attention to the <a href="/wiki/Moral_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral science">moral sciences</a>, but his interest in natural science was by no means exhausted: throughout his life he continued to write occasional papers on scientific subjects, and his knowledge of the physical sciences greatly contributed to the success of his chief logical work, <i>The Principles of Science</i>. Not long after taking his M.A. degree, Jevons obtained a post as tutor at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Owens College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. In 1866, he was elected professor of logic and mental and moral philosophy and Cobden professor of political economy at Owens College.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_of_utility">Theory of utility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory of utility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg/220px-William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg/330px-William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of W. Stanley Jevons at 42, by G. F. Stodart</figcaption></figure> <p>Jevons arrived quite early in his career at the doctrines that constituted his most characteristic and original contributions to economics and logic. The theory of utility, which became the keynote of his general theory of political economy, was practically formulated in a letter written in 1860;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the germ of his logical principles of the substitution of similars may be found in the view which he propounded in another letter written in 1861, that "philosophy would be found to consist solely in pointing out the likeness of things." The theory of <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> above referred to, namely, that the degree of utility of a commodity is some continuous mathematical function of the quantity of the commodity available, together with the implied doctrine that economics is essentially a mathematical science, took more definite form in a paper on "A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy", written for the British Association in 1862. This paper does not appear to have attracted much attention either in 1862 or on its publication four years later in the <i>Journal of the Statistical Society</i>; and it was not till 1871, when the <i>Theory of Political Economy</i> appeared, that Jevons set forth his doctrines in a fully developed form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until after the publication of this work that Jevons became acquainted with the applications of mathematics to political economy made by earlier writers, notably <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Antoine Augustin Cournot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">H.H. Gossen</a>. The theory of utility was at about 1870 being independently developed on somewhat similar lines by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Switzerland</a>. As regards the discovery of the connection between value in exchange and final (or marginal) utility, the priority belongs to Gossen, but this in no way detracts from the great importance of the service which Jevons rendered to British economics by his fresh discovery of the principle, and by the way in which he ultimately forced it into notice. In his reaction from the prevailing view he sometimes expressed himself without due qualification: the declaration, for instance, made at the commencement of the <i>Theory of Political Economy</i>, that value depends entirely upon utility, lent itself to misinterpretation. But a certain exaggeration of emphasis may be pardoned in a writer seeking to attract the attention of an indifferent public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical Revolution">Neoclassical Revolution</a>, which would reshape economics, had been started.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jevons did not explicitly distinguish between the concepts of ordinal and cardinal utility. <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_utility" title="Cardinal utility">Cardinal utility</a> allows the relative magnitude of utilities to be discussed, while <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_utility" title="Ordinal utility">ordinal utility</a> only implies that goods can be compared and ranked according to which good provided the most utility. Although Jevons predated the debate about ordinality or cardinality of utility, his mathematics required the use of cardinal utility functions. For example, in <i>"The Theory of Political Economy"</i>, Chapter II, the subsection on "Theory of Dimensions of Economic Quantities", Jevons makes the statement that "In the first place, pleasure and pain must be regarded as measured upon the same scale, and as having, therefore, the same dimensions, being quantities of the same kind, which can be added and subtracted...." Speaking of measurement, addition and subtraction requires cardinality, as does Jevons's heavy use of integral calculus. Cardinality does not imply direct measurability, in which Jevons did not believe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_economics">Practical economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Practical economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jevons_-_Principles_of_economics,_1905_-_5157364.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jevons_-_Principles_of_economics%2C_1905_-_5157364.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Jevons_-_Principles_of_economics%2C_1905_-_5157364.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jevons_-_Principles_of_economics%2C_1905_-_5157364.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Jevons_-_Principles_of_economics%2C_1905_-_5157364.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jevons_-_Principles_of_economics%2C_1905_-_5157364.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Jevons_-_Principles_of_economics%2C_1905_-_5157364.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption><i>Principles of economics</i>, 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V11_D660_William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PSM_V11_D660_William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg/220px-PSM_V11_D660_William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PSM_V11_D660_William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg/330px-PSM_V11_D660_William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PSM_V11_D660_William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg/440px-PSM_V11_D660_William_Stanley_Jevons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Jevons published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i> in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>It was not, however, as a theorist dealing with the fundamental data of economic science, but as a writer on practical economic questions, that Jevons first received general recognition. <i>A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold</i> (1863) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coal_Question" title="The Coal Question">The Coal Question</a></i> (1865) placed him in the front rank as a writer on applied economics and statistics; and he would be remembered as one of the leading economists of the 19th century even had his <i>Theory of Political Economy</i> never been written. His economic works include <i>Money and the Mechanism of Exchange</i> (1875) written in a popular style, and descriptive rather than theoretical; a <i>Primer on Political Economy</i> (1878); <i>The State in Relation to Labour</i> (1882), and two works published after his death, <i>Methods of Social Reform" and "Investigations in Currency and Finance</i>, containing papers that had appeared separately during his lifetime. The last-named volume contains Jevons's speculations on the connection between commercial crises and sunspots. He was engaged at the time of his death upon the preparation of a large treatise on economics and had drawn up a table of contents and completed some chapters and parts of chapters. This fragment was published in 1905 under the title of <i>The Principles of Economics: a fragment of a treatise on the industrial mechanism of society, and other papers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Coal Question</i>, Jevons covered a breadth of concepts on energy depletion that have recently been revisited by writers covering the subject of <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>. For example, Jevons explained that improving energy efficiency typically reduced energy costs and thereby increased rather than decreased energy use, an effect now known as the <a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons paradox</a>. <i>The Coal Question</i> remains a paradigmatic study of resource depletion theory. Jevons's son, H. Stanley Jevons, published an 800-page follow-up study in 1915 in which the difficulties of estimating recoverable reserves of a theoretically finite resource are discussed in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, Jevons read a paper <i>On the influence of the sun-spot period upon the price of corn</i> at a meeting of the <i>British Association for the Advancement of Science</i>. This captured the attention of the media and led to the coining of the word <a href="/wiki/Sunspottery" title="Sunspottery">sunspottery</a> for claims of links between various cyclic events and sun-spots. In a later work, "Commercial Crises and Sun-Spots",<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jevons analyzed business cycles, proposing that crises in the economy might not be random events, but might be based on discernible prior causes. To clarify the concept, he presented a statistical study relating <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycles</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sunspots_(economics)" title="Sunspots (economics)">sunspots</a>. His reasoning was that sunspots affected the weather, which, in turn, affected crops. Crop changes could then be expected to cause economic changes. Subsequent studies have found that sunny weather has a small but significant positive impact on stock returns, probably due to its impact on traders' moods.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Logic">Logic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Stanley_Jevons_Logic_Piano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/William_Stanley_Jevons_Logic_Piano.jpg/220px-William_Stanley_Jevons_Logic_Piano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/William_Stanley_Jevons_Logic_Piano.jpg/330px-William_Stanley_Jevons_Logic_Piano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/William_Stanley_Jevons_Logic_Piano.jpg/440px-William_Stanley_Jevons_Logic_Piano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Jevons' Logic Piano in the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Powerhouse_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Powerhouse Museum">Sydney Powerhouse Museum</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1864 Jevons published <i>Pure Logic; or, the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity</i>, which was based on <a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">Boole's</a> <a href="/wiki/System_of_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="System of logic">system of logic</a>, but freed from what he considered the false mathematical dress of that system. In 1866 what he regarded as the great and universal principle of all reasoning dawned upon him; and in 1869 Jevons published a sketch of this fundamental doctrine under the title of <i><a href="#Works">The Substitution of Similars</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expressed this principle in its simplest form by saying: "Whatever is true of a thing is true of its like", and he worked out in detail its various applications<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <i><a href="/wiki/Logical_abacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical abacus">logical abacus</a></i>, a method of performing simple logical <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> by manipulating a <a href="/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table">truth table</a> consisting of labeled wooden boards.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that the operations could be performed by a simple mechanism and later he had a "logical machine" built from his specifications in 1869, sometimes called the "Logic Piano" because of its resemblance to an upright <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The machine was exhibited before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1870.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the following year appeared the <i>Elementary Lessons on Logic</i>, which soon became the most widely read elementary textbook on logic in the English language. In the meantime he was engaged upon a much more important logical treatise, which appeared in 1874 under the title of <i>The Principles of Science</i>. In this work Jevons embodied the substance of his earlier works on pure logic and the substitution of similars; he also enunciated and developed the view that <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">induction</a> is simply an inverse employment of <a href="/wiki/Deductive_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deductive logic">deduction</a>; he treated in a luminous manner the general theory of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>, and the relation between probability and induction; and his knowledge of the various natural sciences enabled him throughout to relieve the abstract character of logical doctrine by concrete scientific illustrations, often worked out in great detail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361–362_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361–362-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is his discussion of the use of <a href="/wiki/One-way_function" title="One-way function">one-way functions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>, including remarks on the <a href="/wiki/Integer_factorization" title="Integer factorization">integer factorization</a> problem that foreshadowed its use in <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jevons's general theory of induction was a revival of the theory laid down by <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">Whewell</a> and criticised by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>; but it was put in a new form, and was free from some of the non-essential adjuncts that rendered Whewell's exposition open to attack. The work as a whole was one of the most notable contributions to logical doctrine that appeared in the UK in the 19th century. "Though less attractively written than Mill's <i>System of Logic</i>, <i>Principles of Science</i> is a book that keeps much closer to the facts of scientific practice."<sup id="cite_ref-Jevons_1960_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jevons_1960-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Studies in Deductive Logic</i>, consisting mainly of exercises and problems for the use of students, was published in 1880. In 1877 and the following years Jevons contributed to the <i>Contemporary Review</i> some articles on Mill, which he had intended to supplement by further articles, and eventually publish in a volume as a criticism of Mill's philosophy. These articles and one other were republished after Jevons's death, together with his earlier logical treatises, in a volume, entitled <i>Pure Logic, and other Minor Works</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles on criticisms of Mill contain much that is ingenious and much that is forcible, but on the whole they cannot be regarded as taking rank with Jevons's other work. His strength lay in his power as an original thinker rather than as a critic; and he will be remembered by his constructive work as logician, economist and <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911362_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911362-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jevons's_number"><span id="Jevons.27s_number"></span>Jevons's number</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jevons's number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jevons wrote in his 1874 book <i>Principles of Science</i>: </p> <dl><dd>"Can the reader say what two numbers multiplied together will produce the number 8,616,460,799? I think it unlikely that anyone but myself will ever know."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This became known as Jevons's number and was factored by Charles J. Busk in 1889,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Norman_Lehmer" title="Derrick Norman Lehmer">Derrick Norman Lehmer</a> in 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later on a pocket calculator by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/Prime_factorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime factorization">product of two prime numbers</a>, 89,681 and 96,079. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometry">Geometry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of Jevons's contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, who was interested in <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discussed two groups of two-dimensional creatures with one group living in the plane while the other living in the surface of a sphere. He asserted that since these creatures were embedded in two dimensions, they would develop a planar version of <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a>, but that since the nature of these surfaces were different, they would arrive at very different versions of this geometry. He then extended this argument into three dimensions, noting that this raises fundamental questions of the relationship of spatial perception to mathematical truth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jevons made an almost immediate response to this article. While Helmholtz focused on how humans perceived space, Jevons focused on the question of truth in geometry. Jevons agreed that while Helmholtz's argument was compelling in constructing a situation where the <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclidean</a> axioms of geometry would not apply, he believed that they had no effect on the truth of these axioms. Jevons hence makes the distinction between truth and applicability or perception, suggesting that these concepts were independent in the domain of geometry. </p><p>Jevons did not claim that geometry was developed without any consideration for spatial reality. Instead, he suggested that his geometric systems were representations of reality but in a more fundamental way that transcends what one can perceive about reality.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jevons claimed that there was a flaw in Helmholtz's argument relating to the concept of infinitesimally small. This concept involves how these creatures reason about geometry and space at a very small scale, which is not necessarily the same as the reasoning that Helmholtz assumed on a more global scale. Jevons claimed that the Euclidean relations could be reduced locally in the different scenarios that Helmholtz created and hence the creatures should have been able to experience the Euclidean properties, just in a different representation. For example, Jevons claimed that the two-dimensional creatures living on the surface of a sphere should be able to construct the plane and even construct systems of higher dimensions and that although they may not be able to perceive such situations in reality, it would reveal fundamental mathematical truths in their theoretical existence.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1872, Helmholtz gave a response to Jevons, who claimed that Helmholtz failed to show why geometric truth should be separate from the reality of spatial perception. Helmholtz criticized Jevons's definition of truth and in particular, experiential truth. Helmholtz asserts that there should be a difference between experiential truth and mathematical truth and that these versions of truth are not necessarily consistent. This conversation between Helmholtz and Jevons was a microcosm of an ongoing debate between truth and perception in the wake of the introduction of non-Euclidean geometry in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1867, Jevons married Harriet Ann Taylor, whose father, <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Taylor" title="John Edward Taylor">John Edward Taylor</a>, had been the founder and proprietor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a></i>. Jevons suffered from ill health and sleeplessness, and found the delivery of lectures covering so wide a range of subjects very burdensome. In 1876, he was glad to exchange the Owens professorship for the professorship of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, London">University College, London</a>. Travelling and music were the principal recreations of his life; but his health continued to be bad, and he suffered from depression. He found his professorial duties increasingly irksome, and feeling that the pressure of literary work left him no spare energy, he decided in 1880 to resign the post. On 13 August 1882 he drowned whilst bathing near <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jevons was brought up a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Unitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Unitarianism">Christian Unitarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excerpts from his journals indicate he remained committed to his Christian beliefs until death. He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Cemetery" title="Hampstead Cemetery">Hampstead Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jevons was a prolific writer, and at the time of his death was a leader in the UK both as a logician and as an economist. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a> said of his work in economics that it "will probably be found to have more constructive force than any, save that of <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a>, that has been done during the last hundred years."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jevons's theory of induction has continued to be influential: "Jevons's general view of induction has received a powerful and original formulation in the work of a modern-day philosopher, Professor <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">K. R. Popper</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Jevons_1960_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jevons_1960-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1862. <i>A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy</i></li> <li>1863. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aseriousfallinv00jevogoog"><i>A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold</i></a>, Edward Stanford.</li> <li>1864. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/purelogicorlogi00jevogoog"><i>Pure Logic; or, the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity</i></a>, Edward Stanford, London</li> <li>1865. <i>The Coal Question</i>, Macmillan and Co.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1869. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/substitutionofsi00jevorich"><i>The Substitution of Similars, The True Principle of Reasoning</i></a>, Macmillan & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1870. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementarylesso00goog"><i>Elementary Lessons in Logic</i></a>, Macmillan & Co., London</li> <li>1871. <i>The Match Tax: A Problem in Finance</i>, Edward Stanford.</li> <li>1871. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofpolitica00jevouoft">The Theory of Political Economy</a></i>, Macmillan & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>"Theory of Political Economy". In James R. Newman, ed., <i>The World of Mathematics</i>, Vol. 2, Part IV, 1956.</li></ul></li> <li>1874. <i>Principles of Science</i>, Macmillan & Co.</li> <li>1875. <i>Money and the Mechanism of Exchange</i>, D. Appleton and Co.</li> <li>1878. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33219/33219-h/33219-h.htm">A Primer on Political Economy</a></i></li> <li>1880. <i>Studies in Deductive Logic</i> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesindeduct00jevouoft">1884 edition</a> (Macmillan & Co., London)</li> <li>1882. <i>The State in Relation to Labour</i></li> <li>1883. <i>Methods of Social Reform and Other Papers</i>, Macmillan and Co. <ul><li><i>Methods of Social Reform, and Other Papers</i>, Kelley, 1965.</li></ul></li> <li>1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001126115"><i>Investigations in Currency and Finance</i></a>, Macmillan and Co. 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1886. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lettersjournalof00jevoiala#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Letters and Journal of W. Stanley Jevons</i></a>, Ed. by Harriet A. Jevons, Macmillan & Co.</li> <li>1972–81. <i>Papers and Correspondence</i>, edited by R. D. Collison Black, Macmillan & the Royal Economic Society (7 vol.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338419">"On the Variation of Prices and the Value of the Currency since 1782"</a>, <i>Journal of the Statistical Society of London</i>, Vol. 28, No. 2, June 1865.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338585">"On the Frequent Autumnal Pressure in the Money Market, and the Action of the Bank of England"</a>, <i>Journal of the Statistical Society of London</i>, Vol. 29, No. 2, June 1866.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2338797">"On the Condition of the Metallic Currency of the United Kingdom, with Reference to the Question of International Coinage"</a>, <i>Journal of the Statistical Society of London</i>, Vol. 31, No. 4, December 1868.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev45unkngoog#page/n830/mode/2up">"Who Discovered the Quantification of the Predicate?"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXI, December 1872/May 1873.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002150405y;view=1up;seq=467">"The Philosophy of Inductive Inference"</a>, <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, Vol. XIV, New Series, 1873.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002150405y&view=1up&seq=788">"The Use of Hypothesis"</a>, <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, Vol. XIV, New Series, 1873.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/essaysaddresses00oweniala#page/464/mode/2up">"The Railways and the State"</a>. In: <i>Essays and Addresses</i>, Macmillan & Co., 1874.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fortnightly03unkngoog#page/n628/mode/2up">"The Future of Political Economy"</a>, <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, Vol. XX, New Series, 1876.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/fortnightly00unkngoog#page/n678/mode/2up">"Cruelty to Animals: A Study in Sociology"</a>, <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, Vol. XIX, New Series, 1876.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalsocialsc03russgoog#page/n38/mode/2up">"The Silver Question"</a>, <i>Journal of Social Science</i>, No. IX, January 1878.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev00unkngoog#page/n186/mode/2up">"John Stuart Mill's Philosophy Tested"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev00unkngoog#page/n276/mode/2up">Part II</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXXI, December 1877/January 1878; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev33unkngoog#page/n98/mode/2up">Part III</a>, Vol. XXXII, April 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev36unkngoog#page/n510/mode/2up">"Methods of Social Reform, I: Amusements of the People"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXXIII, October 1878.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev56unkngoog#page/n218/mode/2up">"Methods of Social Reform, II: A State Parcel Post"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXXIV, January 1879.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/8261/jssisiVolVIIPartLIV_334342.pdf">"The Periodicity of Commercial Crises, and its Physical Explanation,"</a> <i>Journal of The Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland</i>, Vol. VII, Part 54, 1878/1879.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev24unkngoog#page/n188/mode/2up">"Experimental Legislation and the Drink Traffic"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXXVII, January/June 1880.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nature01grougoog#page/n640/mode/2up">"Recent Mathematico-Logical Memoirs"</a>, <i>Nature</i>, Vol. XXIII, 24 March 1881.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev58unkngoog#page/n62/mode/2up">"Richard Cantillon and the Nationality of Political Economy"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev58unkngoog#page/n384/mode/2up">"The Rationale of Free Public Libraries"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev58unkngoog#page/n750/mode/2up">"Bimetallism"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XXXIX, January/June 1881.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev15unkngoog#page/n46/mode/2up">"Married Women in Factories"</a>, <i>The Contemporary Review</i>, Vol. XLI, January/June 1882.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellany">Miscellany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Miscellany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Luigi Cossa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/guidetostudyofpo00cossuoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Guide to the Study of Political Economy</i></a>, with a Preface by W. Stanley Jevons, Macmillan & Co., 1880.</li> <li>Jevons & his theory on a possible ommection between sunspots & economic activity cycles, were mentioned by Lovecraft in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_Out_of_Time" title="The Shadow Out of Time">The Shadow Out of Time</a></i> as discussed by Nathaniel Wingate Peaslee just before he was abducted by the Great Race.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. D. Collison Black (1972). "Jevons, Bentham and De Morgan", <i>Economica</i>, New Series, Vol. 39, No. 154, pp. 119–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Jones, <i>Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (Dent, Dutton: 13th ed., 1967), p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irving Fisher, 1892. <i>Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices</i>, Appendix III, "The Utility and History of Mathematical Method in Economics", p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMNGyKoJxv8C&pg=PA109">109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Stanley Jevons, 1871.<i>The Principles of Political Economy</i>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jm-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jm_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jm_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartínez-Alier1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Martinez_Alier" title="Joan Martinez Alier">Martínez-Alier, Juan</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologicaleconom0000mart"><i>Ecological Economics: Energy, Environment and Society</i></a></span>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631171461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631171461"><bdi>978-0631171461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Economics%3A+Energy%2C+Environment+and+Society.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0631171461&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez-Alier&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecologicaleconom0000mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgescu-Roegen1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas</a> (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/entropylawe00nich"><i>The Entropy Law and the Economic Process</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(Full book accessible at Scribd)</span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674257801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674257801"><bdi>978-0674257801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entropy+Law+and+the+Economic+Process.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0674257801&rft.aulast=Georgescu-Roegen&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fentropylawe00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulding1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Boulding, Kenneth E.</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionaryecon0000boul"><i>Evolutionary Economics</i></a></span>. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803916487" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803916487"><bdi>978-0803916487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Economics.&rft.place=Beverly+Hills&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0803916487&rft.aulast=Boulding&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionaryecon0000boul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jevons, William Stanley, <i>The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method</i>, Macmillan & Co., London, 1874, 2nd ed. 1877, 3rd ed. 1879. Reprinted with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nagel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Nagel">Ernst Nagel</a>, Dover Publications, New York, 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1911">Keynes 1911</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Stanley Jevons, Letters and Journal [1886] (viewed 3 September 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/jevons-letters-and-journal#lf1357_head_007">https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/jevons-letters-and-journal#lf1357_head_007</a>; Scan Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://scan.net.au/scan/journal/display.php?journal_id=62">http://scan.net.au/scan/journal/display.php?journal_id=62</a>; WM Jevons Album, Rylands Collection, University of Manchester, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/s/2mh2g8">http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/s/2mh2g8</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHis_Wife1886" class="citation book cs1">His Wife, ed. (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersjournalof00jevouoft/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Letters and Journal of William Stanley Jevons</i></a>. London: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersjournalof00jevouoft/page/150/mode/2up?view=theater">151</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+and+Journal+of+William+Stanley+Jevons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersjournalof00jevouoft%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jevons, H. Stanley Jevons, (1915) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_British_Coal_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The British Coal Trade (page does not exist)">The British Coal Trade</a></i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Trübner; (complete text available at Google Books) see especially pp. 718 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jevons, William Stanley (14 November 1878). "Commercial crises and sun-spots", <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> xix, pp. 33–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirshleifer, David and Tyler Shumway (2003). "Good day sunshine: stock returns and the weather", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Finance">Journal of Finance</a></i> 58 (3), pp. 1009–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJevons1869" class="citation book cs1">Jevons, William Stanley (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/substitutionsim02jevogoog"><i>The Substitution of Similars: The True Principle of Reasoning, Derived from a Modification of Aristotle's Dictum</i></a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/substitutionsim02jevogoog/page/n67">55</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/substitutionofsi00jevorich">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2008. <q>logical abacus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Substitution+of+Similars%3A+The+True+Principle+of+Reasoning%2C+Derived+from+a+Modification+of+Aristotle%27s+Dictum&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Jevons&rft.aufirst=William+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsubstitutionsim02jevogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>The substitution of similars</i>, he gives a description of his "logical abacus" on pp. 55ff, which "is extracted from the Proceedings of the Society for 3d April, 1866, p. 161."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxI6AQAAMAAJ&q=logical+abacus&pg=PA161"><i>Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</i></a>. 1866. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Manchester+Literary+and+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxI6AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlogical%2Babacus%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxfield1998" class="citation book cs1">Maxfield, Clive (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQP-0_ZQxdsC&q=%22logic+piano%22&pg=PA359"><i>Designus Maximus Unleashed!</i></a>. Newnes. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750690898" title="Special:BookSources/9780750690898"><bdi>9780750690898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designus+Maximus+Unleashed%21&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780750690898&rft.aulast=Maxfield&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQP-0_ZQxdsC%26q%3D%2522logic%2Bpiano%2522%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010103.html">"The Rutherford Journal - the New Zealand Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rutherford+Journal+-+the+New+Zealand+Journal+for+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutherfordjournal.org%2Farticle010103.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jevons, William Stanley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philtrans01714956">"On the mechanical performance of logical inference"</a>, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 160 (1870), 497-518 with 3 plates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361–362-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911361–362_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1911">Keynes 1911</a>, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jevons_1960-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jevons_1960_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jevons_1960_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jevons, William Stanley", in <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers</i> (1960), New York: Hawthorn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Stanley_Jevons1890" class="citation book cs1">William Stanley Jevons (1890). Robert Adamson; Harriet A. Jevons (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/purelogicandothe00jevouoft"><i>Pure logic and other minor works</i></a>. London: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+logic+and+other+minor+works&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1890&rft.au=William+Stanley+Jevons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpurelogicandothe00jevouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911362-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1911362_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1911">Keynes 1911</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/principlesofscie00jevorich#page/n165/mode/2up"><i>Principles of Science</i></a>, Macmillan & Co., 1874, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusk1889" class="citation journal cs1">Busk, Charles J. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturejournal39londuoft#page/412/mode/2up">"To Find the Factors of any Proposed Number"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>39</b> (1009): 413–415. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1889Natur..39..413B">1889Natur..39..413B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F039413c0">10.1038/039413c0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4084336">4084336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=To+Find+the+Factors+of+any+Proposed+Number&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1009&rft.pages=413-415&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4084336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F039413c0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1889Natur..39..413B&rft.aulast=Busk&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnaturejournal39londuoft%23page%2F412%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehmer, D.N., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183419373">"A Theorem in the Theory of Numbers"</a>, read before the San Francisco Section of the American Mathematical Society, 19 December 1903.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golomb, Solomon. "On Factoring Jevons' Number", <i>Cryptologia</i>, vol. XX, no. 3, July 1996, pp. 243–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_L._Richards" title="Joan L. Richards">Richards, Joan</a>. <i>Mathematical Visions: The Pursuit of Geometry in Victorian England</i>. Academic Press. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Visions%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Geometry+in+Victorian+England&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmholtz <i>Axioms of Geometry</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Joan. <i>Mathematical Visions: The Pursuit of Geometry in Victorian England</i>. Academic Press. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Visions%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Geometry+in+Victorian+England&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Joan. <i>Mathematical Visions: The Pursuit of Geometry in Victorian England</i>. Academic Press. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Visions%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Geometry+in+Victorian+England&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Joan. <i>Mathematical Visions: The Pursuit of Geometry in Victorian England</i>. Academic Press. pp. 86–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Visions%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Geometry+in+Victorian+England&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Joan. <i>Mathematical Visions: The Pursuit of Geometry in Victorian England</i>. Academic Press. pp. 87–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Visions%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Geometry+in+Victorian+England&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Joan. <i>Mathematical Visions: The Pursuit of Geometry in Victorian England</i>. Academic Press. pp. 88–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Visions%3A+The+Pursuit+of+Geometry+in+Victorian+England&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosselmans, Bert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/william-jevons/">"William Stanley Jevons"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513211720/http://web.uvic.ca/~rutherfo/mr_grvs1.html">"UVic.ca – University of Victoria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/~rutherfo/mr_grvs1.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UVic.ca+%E2%80%93+University+of+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uvic.ca%2F~rutherfo%2Fmr_grvs1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Missemer, Antoine. "William Stanley Jevons' The Coal Question (1865), Beyond the Rebound Effect", <i>Ecological Economics</i>, Volume 82, October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858029267923;view=1up;seq=603">"Review of <i>A Survey of Political Economy</i> by John Macdonell and <i>The Theory of Political Economy</i> by Prof. Stanley Jevons"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (2297): 589–590. 4 November 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+A+Survey+of+Political+Economy+by+John+Macdonell+and+The+Theory+of+Political+Economy+by+Prof.+Stanley+Jevons&rft.issue=2297&rft.pages=589-590&rft.date=1871-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Diau.31858029267923%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c3470751;view=1up;seq=831">"Review of <i>Investigations in Currency and Finance</i> by W. Stanley Jevons"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (2957): 817. 28 June 1884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+Investigations+in+Currency+and+Finance+by+W.+Stanley+Jevons&rft.issue=2957&rft.pages=817&rft.date=1884-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.c3470751%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"J. S. Mill's Philosophy Tested by Prof. Jevons", <i>Mind</i>, Vol. 3, No. 10, April 1878.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Reginald. "Mill's Treatment of Geometry: A Reply to Jevons", <i>Mind</i>, New Series, Vol. 50, No. 197, January 1941.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Neville_Keynes" title="John Neville Keynes">Keynes, John Neville</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jevons,_William_Stanley" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jevons, William Stanley">Jevons, William Stanley</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jevons%2C+William+Stanley&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=361-362&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Neville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>R.D. Collison Black (1987). "Jevons, William Stanley", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 2, pp. 1008–14.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Grattan-Guinness" title="Ivor Grattan-Guinness">Ivor Grattan-Guinness</a>, 2000. <i>The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Terry Peach (1987). "Jevons as an economic theorist", <i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i>, v. 2, pp. 1014–19.</li> <li>The first part of this article was based on an article in the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive#Encyclopedia_of_Marxism" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Encyclopedia of Marxism</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/">www.marxists.org</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bam, Vincent, <i>et al</i>. "Hypothetical Fallibilism in Peirce and Jevons", <i>Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society</i>, Vol. 15, No. 2, Spring, 1979.</li> <li>Barrett, Lindsay and Connell, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010103.html">"Jevons and the Logic 'Piano’"</a>, <i>The Rutherford Journal</i>, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2006.</li> <li>Collison Black, R. D. "Jevons and Cairnes", <i>Economica</i>, New Series, Vol. 27, No. 107, Aug., 1960.</li> <li>Collison Black, R. D. "Jevons, Bentham and De Morgan", <i>Economica</i>, New Series, Vol. 39, No. 154, May, 1972.</li> <li>De Marchi, N. B. "The Noxious Influence of Authority: A Correction of Jevons' Charge", <i>Journal of Law and Economics</i>, Vol. 16, No. 1, Apr., 1973.</li> <li>Grattan-Guinness, I. "'In Some Parts Rather Rough': A Recently Discovered Manuscript Version of William Stanley Jevons's 'General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy' (1862)", <i>History of Political Economy</i>, Vol. 34, Number 4, Winter 2002.</li> <li>Jevons, H. Winefrid. "William Stanley Jevons: His Life", <i>Econometrica</i>, Vol. 2, No. 3, Jul., 1934.</li> <li>Keynes, J. M. "William Stanley Jevons 1835–1882: A Centenary Allocation on his Life and Work as Economist and Statistician", <i>Journal of the Royal Statistical Society</i>, Vol. 99, No. 3, 1936.</li> <li>Könekamp, Rosamund. "William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882). Some Biographical Notes", <i>Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies</i>, Vol. 30, No. 3, Sept. 1962.</li> <li>Konvitz, Milton R. "An Empirical Theory of the Labor Movement: W. Stanley Jevons", <i>The Philosophical Review</i>, Vol. 57, No. 1, Jan., 1948.</li> <li>La Nauze, J. A. "The Conception of Jevon's Utility Theory", <i>Economica</i>, New Series, Vol. 20, No. 80, Nov., 1953.</li> <li>Maas, Harro. <i>William Stanley Jevons and the Making of Modern Economics</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Madureira, Nuno Luis. "The Anxiety of Abundance: William Stanley Jevons and Coal Scarcity in the Nineteenth Century", <i>Environment and History</i>, Volume 18, Number 3, August 2012.</li> <li>Mays, W. and Henry, D. P. "Jevons and Logic", <i>Mind</i>, New Series, Vol. 62, No. 248, Oct., 1953.</li> <li>Mosselmans, Bert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eshet.net/public//-1_mosselmans.pdf">"William Stanley Jevons and the Extent of Meaning in Logic and Economics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809114827/http://www.eshet.net/public/-1_mosselmans.pdf">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>History and Philosophy of Logic</i>, Volume 19, Issue 2, 1998.</li> <li>Mosselmans, Bert. <i>William Stanley Jevons and the Cutting Edge of Economics</i>, Routledge, 2007.</li> <li>Noller, Carl W. "Jevons on Cost", <i>Southern Economic Journal</i>, Vol. 39, No. 1, Jul., 1972.</li> <li>Paul, Ellen Frankel. "W. Stanley Jevons: Economic Revolutionary, Political Utilitarian", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>, Vol. 40, No. 2, Apr./Jun., 1979.</li> <li>Peart, Sandra. "'Disturbing Causes', 'Noxious Errors', and the Theory-Practice Distinction in the Economics of J.S. Mill and W.S. Jevons", <i>The Canadian Journal of Economics</i>, Vol. 28, No. 4b, Nov., 1995.</li> <li>Peart, Sandra. <i>The Economics of W. S. Jevons</i>, Routledge, 1996.</li> <li>Peart, Sandra. "Jevons and Menger Re-Homogenized?: Jaffé after 20 Years", <i>The American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>, Vol. 57, No. 3, Jul., 1998.</li> <li>Peart, Sandra. "Facts Carefully Marshalled' in the Empirical Studies of William Stanley Jevons", <i>History of Political Economy</i>, Vol. 33, Annual Supplement, 2001.</li> <li>Robertson, Ross M. "Jevons and His Precursors", <i>Econometrica</i>, Vol. 19, No. 3, Jul., 1951.</li> <li>Schabas, Margaret. "The 'Worldly Philosophy' of William Stanley Jevons", <i>Victorian Studies</i>, Vol. 28, No. 1, Autumn, 1984.</li> <li>Schabas, Margaret. "Alfred Marshall, W. Stanley Jevons, and the Mathematization of Economics", <i>Isis</i>, Vol. 80, No. 1, Mar., 1989.</li> <li>Schabas, Margaret. <i>A World Ruled by Number: William Stanley Jevons and the Rise of Mathematical Economics</i>, Princeton University Press, 1990.</li> <li>Strong, John V. "The Infinite Ballot Box of Nature: De Morgan, Boole, and Jevons on Probability and the Logic of Induction", <i>PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association</i>, Vol. 1976, Volume One: Contributed Papers, 1976.</li> <li>Wood, John C. <i>William Stanley Jevons: Critical Assessments</i>, 2 vol., Routledge, 1988.</li> <li>York, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her132/york.pdf">"Ecological Paradoxes: William Stanley Jevons and the Paperless Office"</a>, <i>Human Ecology Review</i>, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2006.</li> <li>Young, Allyn A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1804593">"Jevons' 'Theory of Political Economy'"</a>, <i>The American Economic Review</i>, Vol. 2, No. 3, Sep., 1912.</li> <li>Shepherdson, John C. "W. S. Jevons: his Logical Machine and Work Induction and Boolean Algebra" <i>Machine Intelligence</i> 15. eds. K. Furukawa; D. Michie; S. Muggleton. OUP, 1998. p. 489–505.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" class="extiw" title="commons:William Stanley Jevons"><span style="font-style:italic; 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<a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jevons.html">"William Stanley Jevons"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Stanley+Jevons&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FJevons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050826044625/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/jevons.htm">New School: William Stanley Jevons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1872/01'&dsqDb=Catalog">Royal Society certificate of election 1872</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010103.html">Jevons and the Logic 'Piano'</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rutherford_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rutherford Journal">The Rutherford Journal</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/The_Coal_Question_(e-book)">The Coal Question – Encyclopedia of Earth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/jevons-letters-and-journal">Letters and Journal of W. Stanley Jevons</a>, edited by his wife (1886). This work contains a bibliography of Jevons's writings.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowerhouse_Museum,_Sydney" class="citation news cs1">Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/exhibitions/jevons.asp">"The curious economist: William Stanley Jevons in Sydney"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+curious+economist%3A+William+Stanley+Jevons+in+Sydney&rft.au=Powerhouse+Museum%2C+Sydney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerhousemuseum.com%2Fexhibitions%2Fjevons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>William Stanley Jevons (1835–1833) <a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Stanley+Jevons+%281835%E2%80%931833%29+The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Stanley+Jevons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-ja">Jevons Family Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Library" title="University of Manchester Library">University of Manchester Library</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Works available online</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36268">Works by William Stanley Jevons</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%20Stanley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jevons%2C%20W%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Stanley%20Jevons%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Jevons%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Stanley%20Jevons%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Stanley%20Jevons%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jevons%2C%20W%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jevons%2C%20W%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Jevons%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Stanley%20Jevons%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Jevons%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Stanley%20Jevons%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20S%2E%20Jevons%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%20Stanley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Jevons%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jevons%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221835-1882%22%20AND%20Jevons%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Stanley Jevons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gAAKAAAAIAAJ">The Coal Question</a> (also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430125822/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0546">here</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofpolitica00jevouoft">The Theory of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moneymechanism00jevo">Money and the Mechanism of Exchange</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/lessons_in_logic_jevons.pdf"><i>Elementary Lessons in Logic</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/money_mechanism_jevons.pdf"><i>Money and the Mechanism of Exchange</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/political_economy_jevons.pdf"><i>The Theory of Political Economy</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/jevons/index.html">William Stanley Jevons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919184226/https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/jevons/index.html">Archived</a> 19 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/jevons/mathem.htm">Brief Account of a General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorypolitical00jevogoog">The Theory of Political Economy</a>, 1871,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorypolitical00jevogoog">The Theory of Political Economy</a>, 1879, 2nd ed.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofpolitica00jevo_0">The Theory of Political Economy</a>, 1888, 3rd ed. (1879 ed. + 3rd Preface by Harriet A. Jevons & adds to bibliographic 1st Appendix).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Langton_(banker)" title="William Langton (banker)">William Langton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Statistical_Society" title="Manchester Statistical Society">Manchester Statistical Society</a> </b><br />1869–71 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Mills</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Pre-modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">Cameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern philosophy">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham School (economics)">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_economics" title="Ricardian economics">Ricardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_historical_school_of_economics" title="English historical school of economics">English historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">German historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Marxian critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />(20th and<br />21st centuries)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_approach" title="Capability approach">Capability approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_School" title="Carnegie School">Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">Modern Monetary Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_school" title="Freiburg school">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Keynesianism#Heterodoxy_and_Keynes–Marx_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism and Keynesianism">Keynes–Marx synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusianism">Neo-Malthusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">Neo-Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Schumpeterian_economics" title="Neo-Schumpeterian economics">Neo-Schumpeterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational expectations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater/freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralist_economics" title="Structuralist economics">Structuralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy_movement" title="Technocracy movement">Technocracy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_school_of_political_economy" title="Virginia school of political economy">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">History of macroeconomic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-autistic_economics" title="Post-autistic economics">Post-autistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neoclassical_economists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoclassical_economists" title="Template:Neoclassical economists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoclassical_economists" title="Template talk:Neoclassical economists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoclassical_economists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoclassical economists"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Walrasian economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Malinvaud" title="Edmond Malinvaud">Edmond Malinvaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dr%C3%A8ze" title="Jacques Drèze">Jacques Drèze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Michel_Grandmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Michel Grandmont (page does not exist)">Jean-Michel Grandmont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Laroque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Laroque (page does not exist)">Guy Laroque</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Laroque" class="extiw" title="fr:Guy Laroque">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pascal_B%C3%A9nassy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pascal Bénassy (page does not exist)">Jean-Pascal Bénassy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Younes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Younes (page does not exist)">Yves Younes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical macroeconomics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barro" title="Robert Barro">Robert Barro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Leijonhufvud" title="Axel Leijonhufvud">Axel Leijonhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_McCallum" title="Bennett McCallum">Bennett McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Minford" title="Patrick Minford">Patrick Minford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Wallace" title="Neil Wallace">Neil Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business cycle school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_King_(economist)" title="Robert King (economist)">Robert King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Long_(economist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Long (economist) (page does not exist)">John Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Plosser" title="Charles Plosser">Charles Plosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Rebelo" title="Sérgio Rebelo">Sérgio Rebelo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Stockman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Stockman (page does not exist)">Alan Stockman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwmPTcMhMkbdFdGFktkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118984357">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80024350">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028417m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12028417m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444703">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/409965">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daao.org.au/bio/william-stanley-jevons">Australian Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/306123">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/880689">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jevons-william-stanley-3857">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118984357.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118984357">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028451759">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ht2w42">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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