Mehmed the Conqueror and his time : Babinger, Franz, 1891-1967 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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scope="media-button-1">.media-button-1 a.media-button { display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 0; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: left; background: transparent; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { outline: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: inline-block; padding: 0; font-weight: 400; color: #fff; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button { display: inline-flex; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button > svg.media-button { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background-color: #333; border-radius: 1rem 0 0 1rem; } .media-button-1 .icon.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #999; } .media-button-1 .icon.active.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f00; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { width: auto; height: 5rem; color: #999; display: inline-flex; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { padding-right: 1rem; font-size: 1.3rem; text-transform: uppercase; color: inherit; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: none; content: "web"; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button,.media-button-1 .more.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button { background: #474747; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.web.media-button:after { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background: transparent; } .media-button-1 .web.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #ffcd27; } .media-button-1 .texts.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #faab3c; } .media-button-1 .video.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f1644b; } .media-button-1 .audio.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #00adef; } .media-button-1 .software.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #9ecc4f; } .media-button-1 .images.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #aa99c9; } } @media (min-width: 1200px) { .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: inline; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button .label.media-button { display: none; } }</style><style scope="media-menu-1">.media-menu-1 { outline: none; } .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { z-index: -1; top: -40rem; background-color: #222; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: top; transition-timing-function: ease; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { position: relative; line-height: normal; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { position: absolute; width: 100%; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .media-menu-inner.media-menu { top: 0; } .media-menu-1 .overflow-clip.media-menu { position: absolute; z-index: -1; top: 4rem; left: 0; height: 0; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: height; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .overflow-clip.media-menu { height: 40rem; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { display: block; position: static; width: auto; height: 5rem; transition-property: none; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { font-size: 0; } }</style><style scope="primary-nav-1">.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 input.primary-nav:focus { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { position: relative; display: flex; height: 4rem; grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart search user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem 4rem; -ms-grid-rows: 100%; grid-template-rows: 100%; background: #222; border-bottom: 1px solid #333; } .primary-nav-1 nav.hide-search.primary-nav { grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: flex; margin-left: auto; user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav { background: none; color: inherit; border: none; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; } .primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { position: static; float: left; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; -webkit-transform: translate(0, 0); -ms-transform: translate(0, 0); transform: translate(0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .primary-nav-1 media-menu.primary-nav { grid-column-start: hamburger-start; grid-column-end: user-end; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 2.7rem; display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 9.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 5px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; grid-area: hamburger; padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: rgb(255, 0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 .sr-only.primary-nav { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav { padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .search-activated.primary-nav { position: relative; z-index: 3; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: none; font-size: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: uppercase; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { color: #999; padding: 0.5rem; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:hover,.primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:focus { color: #fff; outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: block; width: 3rem; height: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .link-home.primary-nav { text-decoration: none; display: inline-flex; } .primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline-offset: 1px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 890px) and (max-device-width: 905px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 0; } } @media (min-width: 906px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 889px) { .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: initial; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav .user-info.primary-nav { float: right; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .primary-nav-1 { ; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { display: flex; z-index: 4; height: 5rem; padding-right: 1.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo-mobile'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 10px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav { display: block; float: right; vertical-align: middle; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { padding: 1rem 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { background: transparent; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: block; padding: 1rem 0.5rem; float: right; font-size: 1.4rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none; color: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover { color: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { vertical-align: middle; fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active svg.primary-nav { fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 nav-search.primary-nav { float: right; margin-left: 1rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: inline-block; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; max-width: 165px; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: inline; } }</style><style scope="search-menu-1">.search-menu-1 .menu-wrapper.search-menu { position: relative; } .search-menu-1 button.search-menu:focus,.search-menu-1 input.search-menu:focus { outline-color: #428bca; outline-width: 0.16rem; outline-style: auto; outline-offset: 2px !important; } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { position: absolute; right: 0; left: 0; z-index: 4; padding: 0 4.5rem; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; } .search-menu-1 .tx-slide.search-menu { overflow: hidden; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { top: -1500px; } .search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu,.search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem; display: block; } .search-menu-1 .advanced-search.search-menu { text-decoration: none; color: #428bca; line-height: normal; padding: 0.5rem; margin-top: 5px; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { overflow: visible; right: 2rem; left: auto; z-index: 5; padding: 1rem 2rem; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; color: #333; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 .open.search-menu { opacity: 1; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu + label.search-menu { padding-top: 7px; } .search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem 0 0 0; } }</style><style scope="wayback-search-1">.wayback-search-1 { font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { max-width: 600px; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-top: 0; font-weight: 200; } .wayback-search-1 a.wayback-search { font-weight: 500; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: 0.7rem 2rem; margin: 1.5rem 0; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; border: none; border-radius: 7px; background-color: #fcf5e6; box-shadow: 3px 3px 0 0 #c3ad97; } .wayback-search-1 label.wayback-search { display: none; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { width: 100%; max-width: 215px; max-height: 60px; margin-bottom: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { display: block; width: 100%; height: 3rem; padding: 0.5rem 1rem 0.5rem 2.5rem; font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #858585; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 2rem; background: #eee; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus { border-color: #66afe9; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6); outline: none; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { position: relative; overflow: hidden; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 3px; width: 2.4rem; height: 2.4rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #999; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus + svg.wayback-search { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 3rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { margin: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; font-size: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: inline-block; width: 50%; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #333; } } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: .5rem; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: none; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { padding-left: 3rem; margin-top: .3rem; font-size: 1.4rem; border-color: #bca38e; background: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::placeholder,.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::-webkit-input-placeholder { color: #8e8e8e; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: block; width: auto; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { margin: 0 1.5rem; } }</style><style scope="save-page-form-1">.save-page-form-1 div.save-page-form { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; grid-column-gap: .8rem; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: none; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="text"] { width: 100%; height: 3rem; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #999; border-radius: .5rem; color: #222; font-size: inherit; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; appearance: none; padding: .4rem .8rem; font: normal 1.3rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff; border: none; border-radius: 16px; background: #222; cursor: pointer; } .save-page-form-1 .error.save-page-form { display: none; margin-top: .5rem; font-weight: bold; color: #ffcd27; } .save-page-form-1 .visible.save-page-form { display: block; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .save-page-form-1 h3.save-page-form { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } }</style><style scope="wayback-slider-1">.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.6rem; } .wayback-slider-1 a.wayback-slider { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.3rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 0; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider a.wayback-slider { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 { display: block; grid-column: 1 / 4; padding: 0 1.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-slider-1 .grid.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(auto, 260px) 1fr minmax(auto, 260px); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 .link-lists.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: calc(50% - 1.25rem) calc(50% - 1.25rem); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } }</style><style scope="more-slider-1">.more-slider-1 ul.more-slider { padding: 0; margin: -1rem 0 0 0; list-style: none; } .more-slider-1 a.more-slider { display: block; padding: 1rem 0; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; }</style><style scope="media-subnav-1">.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { font-size: 1.6rem; } .media-subnav-1 a.media-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { font-size: 1.3rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 0; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } .media-subnav-1 img.media-subnav { display: block; width: 90px; height: 90px; margin: 0 auto 1rem auto; border-radius: 45px; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { margin-top: 0; font-size: 1.8rem; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-pack: space-evenly; -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; text-align: center; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: inline-block; width: 12rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav + a.media-subnav { margin-left: 2rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 40% 20% 40%; grid-template-columns: 40% 20% 40%; } .media-subnav-1 .wayback-search.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 3; grid-column: 1 / 4; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { display: none; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { padding-top: 3.5rem; max-width: 16rem; } .media-subnav-1 .links.media-subnav { padding: 0 1.5rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 2; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: block; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 50% 3rem 50%; grid-template-columns: 50% 50%; -ms-grid-rows: (auto)[7]; grid-template-rows: repeat(7, auto); grid-column-gap: 3rem; grid-auto-flow: column; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(1) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(2) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(3) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(4) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(5) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(6) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(7) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(8) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(9) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(10) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(11) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(12) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(13) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(14) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 3; } }</style><style scope="media-slider-1">.media-slider-1 .media-slider-container.media-slider { position: relative; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: none; position: absolute; top: 3rem; right: 0; left: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition: height 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; padding: 0; height: 31.9rem; overflow-x: hidden; font-size: 1.4rem; background: #333; } .media-slider-1 .open.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .hidden.media-slider { display: none; } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { padding: 1rem; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { display: block; height: 35.8rem; left: 4rem; top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { left: 0; z-index: 3; height: auto; min-height: 21rem; background: #474747; transform: translate(0, -100%); transition: transform 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { height: 22rem; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.open.media-slider { transform: translate(0, 0); } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { max-width: 100rem; padding: 1.5rem 0; margin: 0 auto; } }</style><style scope="desktop-subnav-1">.desktop-subnav-1 ul.desktop-subnav { position: relative; z-index: 3; padding: .8rem 0; margin: 0; font-size: 1.2rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; background: #333; } .desktop-subnav-1 li.desktop-subnav { display: inline-block; padding: 0 15px; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #aaa; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:hover,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:active,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:focus { color: #fff; } .desktop-subnav-1 .donate.desktop-subnav svg.desktop-subnav { width: 1.6rem; height: 1.6rem; vertical-align: top; fill: #f00; }</style><style scope="signed-out-dropdown-1">.signed-out-dropdown-1 .nav-container.signed-out-dropdown { position: relative; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; right: 0; z-index: 4; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { top: -1500px; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { transition-duration: 0.5s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { max-width: 100vw; overflow: auto; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.6rem 2rem; margin: 0; font-size: inherit; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.4rem 0 0.7rem 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; max-height: calc(100vh - 7.2rem + 1px); overflow: auto; box-sizing: border-box; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { margin: 0.5rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { display: block; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; padding: 1rem 2rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { font-size: 0.8em; color: #999; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .callout.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; margin-left: 10px; padding: 0 5px; border-radius: 2px; background: #fee257; color: #2c2c2c; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: bold; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown svg.signed-out-dropdown { fill: #fff; margin-right: 1rem; height: 1.4rem; width: 1.4rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; overflow: visible; top: 0; left: auto; z-index: 5; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { max-height: calc(100vh - 8.5rem + 1px); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { border-bottom-color: #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; color: #333; transition: background 0.1s ease-out, color 0.1s ease-out; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; font-size: 0.8em; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:hover,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:active,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:focus { color: #fff; background: #428bca; outline: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 1; overflow: visible; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 33.5rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 18.5rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 40rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 26rem; } }</style><style scope="ia-topnav-1">.ia-topnav-1 { ; color: #fff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .ia-topnav-1 primary-nav.ia-topnav:focus { outline: none !important; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.ia-topnav { display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; z-index: 3; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.visible.ia-topnav { display: block; } .ia-topnav-1 .topnav.ia-topnav { position: relative; z-index: 4; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .ia-topnav-1 desktop-subnav.ia-topnav { display: none; } }</style><style>body {transition: opacity ease-in 0.2s; } body[unresolved] {opacity: 0; display: block; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } </style> <ia-topnav locallinks="true" waybackpagesarchived="916 billion" class="x-scope ia-topnav-1"> <div class="topnav style-scope ia-topnav"> <primary-nav class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope primary-nav-1"> <nav class="style-scope primary-nav"> <button class="hamburger style-scope primary-nav" title="Open main menu" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHamburger"> <icon-hamburger class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope icon-hamburger-1"> <svg viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="hamburgerTitleID hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"> <title id="hamburgerTitleID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">Hamburger icon</title> <desc id="hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon.</desc> <path d="m30.5 26.5c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5z" fill="#999" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"></path> </svg> </icon-hamburger> </button> <div class="branding style-scope primary-nav"> <a title="Go home" class="link-home style-scope primary-nav" href="/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHome"> <svg class="ia-logo style-scope primary-nav" viewBox="0 0 27 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="logoTitleID logoDescID"> <title id="logoTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Internet Archive logo</title> <desc id="logoDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">A line drawing of the Internet Archive headquarters building fa莽ade.</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <mask id="mask-2" fill="white" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="M26.6666667,28.6046512 L26.6666667,30 L0,30 L0.000283687943,28.6046512 L26.6666667,28.6046512 Z M25.6140351,26.5116279 L25.6140351,28.255814 L1.05263158,28.255814 L1.05263158,26.5116279 L25.6140351,26.5116279 Z M3.62469203,7.6744186 L3.91746909,7.82153285 L4.0639977,10.1739544 L4.21052632,13.9963932 L4.21052632,17.6725617 L4.0639977,22.255044 L4.03962296,25.3421929 L3.62469203,25.4651163 L2.16024641,25.4651163 L1.72094074,25.3421929 L1.55031755,22.255044 L1.40350877,17.6970339 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549 p., [23] leaves of plates : 24 cm","Translation of Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit","Includes bibliographical references and index"],"loans__status__num_history":"118","access-restricted-item":"true","ocr_module_version":"0.0.14","ocr_converted":"abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.11","page_number_confidence":"94","filesxml":"Wed Apr 3 9:04:17 UTC 2024","page_number_module_version":"1.0.5","collection":["internetarchivebooks","inlibrary","printdisabled"]},"reviews":[{"reviewbody":"Mehmed the Conqueror (1432-1481) and His Time\nFranz Babinger.\n\nAlmost 6 weeks it\u0027s taken to read and absorb this extraordinary book whose author (Franz Babinger, German) died in 1967 (drowned in Albania) before he could supply footnotes, now painstakingly assembled here, so part explaining the complex history of a complex book about Mehmed II who in 1453 at the age of 21 conquered Constantinople, the ancient city of Byzantium, the (Greek) centre of the Eastern Church which outlived the (Latin) Roman Empire by a thousand years.\n\nBabinger does not shy away from the nefarious role European city states played in enabling Mehmed to maintain his grip on the Mediterranean and the Balkans nor does he omit the manifest of Europeans (gunmakers, fixers, chancers) in the employ of Mehmed whose unabashed collusion (and laissez allez attitudes to commerce) brought slavery and destruction to much of Europe\u0027s periphery. The \u0027free market\u0027 existed long before its name was coined.\n\nIt is only by understanding the rise of the Ottomans that you can begin to understand how and why eventually they fell (and how they fell). The fall of the Ottoman Empire was as much the collapse of a narrative as it was the collapse of a jaded administration. The Balkan Wars of the early decades of the 20th century and the various Turko-Russian wars of the late 19th century (not to mention Crimea) all find their origins here. My limited understanding of Lepanto found a new home here. Tanzimat, Gulhane, Berlin, Mudros, Sevres, Lausanne and the Balkan wars of the 1990s all feed off the fundamental events of 1453 (Fatih) and afterwards.\n \nThe time it took to read this book had less to do with the missing original footnotes and more to do with the need to constantly stop to reference what the author mentions, places, names, battles, wives, factions, practice, laws, and so on. Who were the Pontic Greeks? What\u0027s a Sanjak? What\u0027s Jyzia? Are Turks and Ottomans synonymous? \n\nFor its fluid prose alone, this book will have been worth the read.\n\nTo read more about the missing footnotes and the use (dearth) of particularly Turkish sources, read https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849734?read-now=1\u0026refreqid=excelsior%3A0c65d2fedae21689f992ad3ed0ac3352\u0026seq=1 \nJSTOR Mehmet the Conqueror Halil Inalcik (died aged 100 in 2016)\n\nProfessor Inalcik is critical of Babinger\u0027s selection and/or omission of sources and while these certainly are important they are also relatively minor as the book does not sink or swim whether or how Mehmed\u0027s second Bulgarian or Black Sea campaign is treated comprehensively or not. Babinger\u0027s book may well profit from Inalcik\u0027s detailed remarks but they might be more readily received had he (Inalcik) acknowledged, anywhere in his lengthy article, the strengths, the achievement of Babinger\u0027s book. Wikipedia cites him as a defender from Babinger\u0027s view of Mehmed as \u0027bloodthirsty\u0027.\n\nWhat Babinger actually wrote to conclude his narrative (page 432) was that \u0022In his lifetime, Mehmed was regarded as bloodthirsty not just by the Christian world but by a good part of his subjects.\u0022 \nBabinger relays Spandugino\u0027s estimate that Mehmed was responsible for 873,000 deaths (quite art from death by plague that accompanied his campaigns).","reviewtitle":"Painting the Forth Bridge","reviewer":"Porlock","reviewer_itemname":"@porlock","reviewdate":"2020-04-20 09:20:06","createdate":"2020-04-20 09:20:06","stars":"5"}],"server":"ia601603.us.archive.org","simplelists":{"holdings":{"americanuniversity-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2021-01-18 03:46:03.134486"},"barryuniversity-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-05-08 08:11:47.762108"},"binghamton-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-09-22 02:09:31.750604"},"dartmouthlibrary-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-04-07 09:07:21.612978"},"drakeuniversity-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2019-12-16 05:47:13.240773"},"gwulibraries-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2021-02-19 03:03:03.157392"},"johnshopkins-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-03-31 10:37:44.40062"},"kalamazoocollege-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2019-03-13 08:49:55.525091"},"marymount-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-12-22 01:02:37.82833"},"occidentalcollegelibrary-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-03-26 17:20:26.495261"},"rochester-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2021-01-21 05:00:20.712747"},"unb-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2021-05-18 07:50:37.503721"},"uni-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2021-04-23 20:52:18.478609"},"universityofarizona-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-04-14 05:56:08.80501"},"universityofcoloradoboulder-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2020-04-17 04:50:43.496909"},"universityofoklahoma-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charles.horn@gmail.com"},"sys_last_changed":"2019-12-04 20:08:41.187967"},"wilsoncollege-ol":{"notes":{"isbn":["9780691099002"]},"sys_changed_by":{"source":"mdapi","username":"charleshorn@archive.org"},"sys_last_changed":"2021-07-01 04:38:30.102424"}}},"uniq":1780858850,"workable_servers":["ia601603.us.archive.org","ia801603.us.archive.org"],"xisbn":{"stat":"ok","list":[{"url":["http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3168859?referer=xid"],"publisher":"Princeton University Press","form":["BA"],"lccn":["77071972"],"lang":"eng","city":"Princeton, N.J.","author":"Franz Babinger ; translated from the German by Ralph Manheim ; edited, with a pref., by William C. 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itemprop="datePublished">1978</span> </a> </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Topics</dt> <dd class="" itemprop="keywords" ><a href="/search.php?query=subject%3A%22index%22" rel="nofollow">index</a>, <a href="/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Mehmed+II%2C+Sultan+of+the+Turks%2C+1432-1481%22" rel="nofollow">Mehmed II, Sultan of the Turks, 1432-1481</a>, <a href="/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Turkey+--+History+--+Mehmed+II%2C+1451-1481%22" rel="nofollow">Turkey -- History -- Mehmed II, 1451-1481</a></dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Publisher</dt> <dd > <span itemprop="publisher">Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press</span> </dd> </dl><dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Collection</dt> <dd> <a href="/details/internetarchivebooks" rel="nofollow">internetarchivebooks</a>; <a href="/details/inlibrary" rel="nofollow">inlibrary</a>; <a href="/details/printdisabled" rel="nofollow">printdisabled</a> </dd> </dl>  <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Contributor</dt> <dd > <a href="/details/internetarchivebooks">Internet Archive</a> </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Language</dt> <dd> <span><a href="/search.php?query=%28language%3Aeng+OR+language%3A%22English%22%29" rel="nofollow">English</a></span> </dd> </dl>  <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Item Size</dt> <dd > 1.2G </dd> </dl> </div>  <div class="clearfix"></div> <div id="descript" itemprop="description">xx, 549 p., [23] leaves of plates : 24 cm<br><br>Translation of Mehmed der Eroberer und seine Zeit<br><br>Includes bibliographical references and index </div> <div class="metadata-expandable-list row" role="list"> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Access-restricted-item</dt> <dd > true </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Addeddate</dt> <dd > 2015-02-06 17:11:09.45091 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Bookplateleaf</dt> <dd > 0007 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Boxid</dt> <dd > IA1138324 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Camera</dt> <dd > Canon EOS 5D Mark II </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>City</dt> <dd > Princeton, N.J. </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Containerid</dt> <dd > S0022 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Donor</dt> <dd > <a href="/search.php?query=donor%3A%22internetarchivebookdrive%22" > internetarchivebookdrive </a> </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Edition</dt> <dd > 2. print. </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>External-identifier</dt> <dd class=" breaker-breaker" > <a href="/search.php?query=external-identifier%3A%22urn%3Aoclc%3Arecord%3A1036690823%22" > urn:oclc:record:1036690823<a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036690823" target="_blank" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|"><img loading="lazy" title="[WorldCat (this item)]" alt="[WorldCat (this item)]" class="external-identifier-icon" src="/images/worldcat-small.png"/></a> </a><br><a 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</dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Isbn</dt> <dd > <span itemprop="isbn">0691099006</span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Lccn</dt> <dd > 77071972 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Ocr</dt> <dd > ABBYY FineReader 11.0 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Ocr_converted</dt> <dd > abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.11 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Ocr_module_version</dt> <dd > 0.0.14 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Openlibrary</dt> <dd > OL4560847M </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Openlibrary_edition</dt> <dd > <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4560847M" > OL4560847M </a> </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Openlibrary_work</dt> <dd > <a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1374596W" > OL1374596W </a> </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Page-progression</dt> <dd > lr </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Page_number_confidence</dt> <dd > 94 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Page_number_module_version</dt> <dd > 1.0.5 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Pages</dt> <dd > <span itemprop="numberOfPages">628</span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Ppi</dt> <dd > 500 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Related-external-id</dt> <dd > urn:isbn:0691010781<br>urn:lccn:77071972<br>urn:oclc:271779895<br>urn:oclc:28597887<br>urn:oclc:716361786<br>urn:oclc:761513976 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Republisher_date</dt> <dd > 20151128034657 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Republisher_operator</dt> <dd > scanner-shenzhen-leo@archive.org </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Scandate</dt> <dd > 20151127072715 </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Scanner</dt> <dd class=" breaker-breaker" > scribe5.shenzhen.archive.org </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Scanningcenter</dt> <dd > shenzhen </dd> </dl> <dl class="metadata-definition metadata-hidden" style="display: none"> <dt>Worldcat (source edition)</dt> <dd > <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3168859" > 3168859 </a> </dd> </dl> <button type="button" class="show-more-button" onclick="$('.metadata-hidden').slideToggle('fast'); $(this).find('.show-more-button__text').toggle();" > <div class="show-more-button__text">Show More</div> <div class="show-more-button__text" style="display: none">Show Less</div> </button> </div>  <div class="row metadata-list"> <dl class="metadata-definition"> <dt>Full catalog record</dt> <dd > <a href="/download/mehmedconqueror00fran/mehmedconqueror00fran_archive_marc.xml">MARCXML</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="reviews"> <h2 style="font-size:30px;font-weight:500;border-bottom:1px solid #979797; padding-bottom:5px; margin-top:50px;"> <div class="left-icon" style="margin-top:3px"><span class="iconochive-comment" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="icon-label sr-only">comment</span></div> Reviews </h2> <div class="small-label"> Reviews cannot be added to this item. </div> <div class="aReview" id="review-1587374406"> <b>Reviewer:</b> <a href="https://archive.org/details/%40porlock" data-event-click-tracking="ItemReviews|ReviewerLink">Porlock</a> - <span alt="5.00 out of 5 stars" title="5.00 out of 5 stars"><span class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="icon-label sr-only">favorite</span><span class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="icon-label sr-only">favorite</span><span class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="icon-label sr-only">favorite</span><span class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="icon-label sr-only">favorite</span><span class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="icon-label sr-only">favorite</span></span> - April 20, 2020 <br/> <b>Subject:</b> Painting the Forth Bridge <div class="breaker-breaker"> Mehmed the Conqueror (1432-1481) and His Time<br />Franz Babinger.<br />Almost 6 weeks it's taken to read and absorb this extraordinary book whose author (Franz Babinger, German) died in 1967 (drowned in Albania) before he could supply footnotes, now painstakingly assembled here, so part explaining the complex history of a complex book about Mehmed II who in 1453 at the age of 21 conquered Constantinople, the ancient city of Byzantium, the (Greek) centre of the Eastern Church which outlived the (Latin) Roman Empire by a thousand years.<br />Babinger does not shy away from the nefarious role European city states played in enabling Mehmed to maintain his grip on the Mediterranean and the Balkans nor does he omit the manifest of Europeans (gunmakers, fixers, chancers) in the employ of Mehmed whose unabashed collusion (and laissez allez attitudes to commerce) brought slavery and destruction to much of Europe's periphery. The 'free market' existed long before its name was coined.<br />It is only by understanding the rise of the Ottomans that you can begin to understand how and why eventually they fell (and how they fell). The fall of the Ottoman Empire was as much the collapse of a narrative as it was the collapse of a jaded administration. The Balkan Wars of the early decades of the 20th century and the various Turko-Russian wars of the late 19th century (not to mention Crimea) all find their origins here. My limited understanding of Lepanto found a new home here. Tanzimat, Gulhane, Berlin, Mudros, Sevres, Lausanne and the Balkan wars of the 1990s all feed off the fundamental events of 1453 (Fatih) and afterwards.<br /> <br />The time it took to read this book had less to do with the missing original footnotes and more to do with the need to constantly stop to reference what the author mentions, places, names, battles, wives, factions, practice, laws, and so on. Who were the Pontic Greeks? What's a Sanjak? What's Jyzia? Are Turks and Ottomans synonymous? <br />For its fluid prose alone, this book will have been worth the read.<br />To read more about the missing footnotes and the use (dearth) of particularly Turkish sources, read <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849734?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A0c65d2fedae21689f992ad3ed0ac3352&seq=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849734?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A0c65d2fedae21689f992ad3ed0ac3352&seq=1</a> <br />JSTOR Mehmet the Conqueror Halil Inalcik (died aged 100 in 2016)<br />Professor Inalcik is critical of Babinger's selection and/or omission of sources and while these certainly are important they are also relatively minor as the book does not sink or swim whether or how Mehmed's second Bulgarian or Black Sea campaign is treated comprehensively or not. Babinger's book may well profit from Inalcik's detailed remarks but they might be more readily received had he (Inalcik) acknowledged, anywhere in his lengthy article, the strengths, the achievement of Babinger's book. Wikipedia cites him as a defender from Babinger's view of Mehmed as 'bloodthirsty'.<br />What Babinger actually wrote to conclude his narrative (page 432) was that "In his lifetime, Mehmed was regarded as bloodthirsty not just by the Christian world but by a good part of his subjects." <br />Babinger relays Spandugino's estimate that Mehmed was responsible for 873,000 deaths (quite art from death by plague that accompanied his campaigns). </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 thats-right item-details-archive-info"> <section class="boxy item-stats-summary"> <p itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter" > <link itemprop="interactionType" href="http://schema.org/BorrowAction"/> <span class="item-stats-summary__count" itemprop="userInteractionCount" >3,272</span> Previews </p> <p class="favorite-count"> <span class="item-stats-summary__count">76</span> <span class="item-stats-summary__label">Favorites</span> </p> <p> <a href="#reviews"> <span class="item-stats-summary__count">1</span> Review </a> </p> </section> <section class="boxy item-download-options"> <h1 class="download-button"> DOWNLOAD OPTIONS </h1> <p>No suitable files to display here.</p> <p class="download-lending-message">EPUB and PDF access not available for this item.</p> </section> <div class="boxy white-bg collection-list"> <section class="collection-list"> <h1 class="collection-title">IN COLLECTIONS</h1> <a class="collection-item" href="/details/internetarchivebooks" data-event-click-tracking="CollectionList|internetarchivebooks" > Internet Archive Books <img class="item-img" loading="lazy" aria-label=internetarchivebooks src="/services/img/internetarchivebooks" > </a> <a class="collection-item" href="/details/inlibrary" data-event-click-tracking="CollectionList|inlibrary" > Texts to Borrow <img class="item-img" loading="lazy" aria-label=inlibrary src="/services/img/inlibrary" > </a> <a class="collection-item" href="/details/printdisabled" data-event-click-tracking="CollectionList|printdisabled" > Books for People with Print Disabilities <img class="item-img" loading="lazy" aria-label=printdisabled src="/services/img/printdisabled" > </a> </section> </div> <section class="boxy white-bg item-upload-info"> <p> Uploaded by <a href="/details/@lotu_tii" class="item-upload-info__uploader-name"> Lotu Tii </a> on <time >February 6, 2015</time> </p> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="also-found" class="container container-ia width-max js-playset" data-identifier="mehmedconqueror00fran" data-host-name="www20.us.archive.org" data-mediatype="texts"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 tilebars"> <h1 class='small-label js-playset-items'>SIMILAR ITEMS (based on metadata)</h1> <div id="js-related"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container container-ia"> </div> <div class="terms-of-service"> <a class="stealth" href="/about/terms.php">Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014)</a> </div> </main> </div>  <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > if (typeof archive_analytics !== 'undefined') { archive_analytics.send_pageview_on_load(archive_analytics); archive_analytics.process_url_events(location); var vs = archive_analytics.get_data_packets(); for (var i in vs) { if (!vs[i]) { vs[i] = {}; } vs[i]['cache_bust']=Math.random(); vs[i]['server_ms']=2863; vs[i]['server_name']="www20.us.archive.org"; } if (document.querySelectorAll('.more_search').length) { archive_analytics.send_scroll_fetch_base_event(); } } </script> <img src="//athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=control&cache_bust=1792627173" alt="" /> <noscript> <img src="//athena.archive.org/0.gif?kind=track_js&track_js_case=disabled&cache_bust=704436368" /> </noscript> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { if (typeof archive_analytics !== 'undefined') archive_analytics.create_tracking_image('in_page_executes'); }); </script> </div> </body> </html>

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Mehmed the Conqueror and his time : Babinger, Franz, 1891-1967 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive