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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Marind" title="Pagsasao a Marind – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Marind" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Marind" title="Bahasa Marind – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Marind" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimarind" title="Kimarind – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimarind" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marind_tili" title="Marind tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marind tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Marind" title="Lenga Marind – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Marind" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_marind" title="Język marind – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język marind" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Маринд (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маринд (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marindin_kieli" title="Marindin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marindin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6763970#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the specific language. For the language family, see <a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Marind</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Malind District, <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(10,000 cited 1987–2002)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yakhai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind–Yakhai languages">Marind-Boazi-Yakhai</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Marindic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Marind</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mrz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mrz">mrz</a></code> – Southeast<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bpv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bpv">bpv</a></code> – Northwest</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1621">nucl1621</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Marind</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan language</a> spoken in Malind District, <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Regency" title="Merauke Regency">Merauke Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> by over ten thousand people. Dialects are Southeast Marind, Gawir, Holifoersch, and Tugeri. Bian Marind (Northwest Marind), also known as Boven-Mbian, is divergent enough to not be <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>, and has been assigned a separate ISO code.<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marind separates the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages</a>, which would otherwise occupy a nearly continuous stretch of southern New Guinea. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marind_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marind_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>prenasal</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>preaspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰw</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʰj</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Pre-aspirated glides /ʰw, ʰj/ are also heard as voiceless glides [w̥, j̊].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marind_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span>) </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>There is also a marginal vowel sound /ɐ/.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marind_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coastal Marind nouns are morphologically quite simple, lacking markers of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mrzgrm_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrzgrm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four noun classes, class I for male humans, class II for female humans and animals, and classes III and IV for inanimates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202154-5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202154-5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is widespread syncretism in exponents of noun class marking between class IV and plurals of classes I and II, which could lead to an analysis of gender IV as a class of <a href="/wiki/Plurale_tantum" title="Plurale tantum">pluralia tantum.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021117_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021117-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words describing properties, akin to <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, modify nouns in a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> construction rather than forming an adjectival phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202149_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202149-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounds can also be used to modify nouns with other nouns, or <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">desentential</a> verb stems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202168-73_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202168-73-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard first person pronouns and indexing markers do not distinguish singular from plural;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202184_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202184-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on verbs, a role neutral first person plural marker is used in addition to the standard indexing morphemes if a plural first person is an argument, no matter its semantic or grammatical role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021217_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021217-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where this marker cannot be used to disambiguate, the associative plural marker may follow the first person pronoun to force a plural interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202185_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal Marind uses demonstratives as third person pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202187_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coastal Marind has very complex verb morphology, with actors, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> arguments being indexed in a prefixal complex that precedes the lexical verb stem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021187-221_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021187-221-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefixal complex and verb stem share only one stress, on the final syllable of the prefixal complex,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021174_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021174-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they are separate phonological words, as sound changes which take place word internally do not occur at their border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021189_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complex along with markers on the verb stem itself also marks various <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense, aspect, and mood</a> categories,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021354-96_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021354-96-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Illocutionary_act" title="Illocutionary act">illocution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021500-21_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021500-21-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency changing devices</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021319-53_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021319-53-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pluractionality,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021423-33_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021423-33-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbial</a> categories, such as repetition or return to a previous state, akin to English "again",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021433-5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021433-5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a marker to indicate that a verb of position or motion takes place on top of a surface other than the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021438-43_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021438-43-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many verb stems undergo alternations marking the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> of the undergoer argument, which can be realised as a prefix, suffix, or an <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infix</a>, or in some cases, irregular or <a href="/wiki/Suppletion" title="Suppletion">suppletive</a> forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021221-52_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021221-52-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefixal complex also displays a marker for the role of a constituent placed in the immediately preverbal <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a> slot, a system which works similarly to <a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_voice" title="Symmetrical voice">Austronesian alignment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021253-96_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021253-96-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This focus system works according to <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment" title="Nominative–accusative alignment">Nominative/Accusative Alignment</a>, with the sole argument of an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a> treated the same as the more agentive argument of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021257-62_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021257-62-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the other role markers in the prefixal complex and verb stem operate on a more <a href="/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_alignment" title="Active–stative alignment">semantic basis</a>, with verbs like "fall" indexing their sole argument as an undergoer, and taking invariant third person singular agent marking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021198_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbs are <a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">negated</a> by a preverbal marker "mbya", which within noun phrases has the function of marking collectivity, "all". It is likely this marker was used alongside a negative marker in the prefixal complex to reinforce the negative meaning, as in English "not verb at all", but over time replaced the original negative marker, an example of <a href="/wiki/Jespersen%27s_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jespersen's Cycle">Jespersen's cycle</a>. Other related languages display a prefixal negative marker, which in Coastal Marind only remains as a component of the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">prohibitive</a> (negative imperative) marker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021488-89_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021488-89-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verb stems may also be moved out of their position following the prefixal complex, and replaced by a dummy <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a>, in order to be modified by elements that cannot otherwise modify verbs in adverbial function, such as a property word meaning "bad", which can be compounded with verb stems in this construction to mean "verb badly/wrongly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021457-9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021457-9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, this is also used to express "only" on verbs, as in "We only cooked the food (but didn't eat it.)", as the expression of "only" on arguments requires the argument to be place pre-verbal focus slot, and an "only" marker used in the prefixal complex. With the auxiliary, the verb stem is placed in this position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021459-61_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021459-61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clausal word order is more constrained by pragmatic constraints than syntactic ones, in particular the immediately preverbal position is used to mark focus, though there is a preference towards verb final word order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021482-7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021482-7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language is <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop</a>, with arguments being readily omitted from clauses if they can be assumed from context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021312_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021312-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relationships between clauses are often quite unspecified, with <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">subordinate clauses</a> appearing at the periphery of main clauses rather than embedded within them, resembling the "adjoined relative clauses" described in some <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a>, and being translatable into English as either <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">complement</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clauses</a> depending on context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021522-41_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021522-41-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct speech construction is extended to cover functions beyond just quoting, also being used to express desire, thoughts, and purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021541-5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021541-5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marind_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mrz/">Southeast</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bpv/">Northwest</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOlsson2018" class="citation book cs1">Olsson, Bruno (2018). <i>The Coastal Marind Language</i>. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coastal+Marind+Language&rft.pub=Nanyang+Technological+University%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Olsson&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarind+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrzgrm-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mrzgrm_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsson2021" class="citation book cs1">Olsson, Bruno (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110747065/"><i>A Grammar of Coastal Marind</i></a>. De Gruyter. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110747065" title="Special:BookSources/9783110747065"><bdi>9783110747065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Coastal+Marind&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9783110747065&rft.aulast=Olsson&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110747065%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarind+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202154-5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202154-5_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 54-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021117-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021117_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202149-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202149_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202168-73-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202168-73_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 68-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202184-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202184_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021217-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021217_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202185-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202185_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson202187-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson202187_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021187-221-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021187-221_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 187-221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021174-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021174_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021189-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021189_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021354-96-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021354-96_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 354-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021500-21-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021500-21_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 500-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021319-53-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021319-53_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 319-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021423-33-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021423-33_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 423-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021433-5-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021433-5_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 433-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021438-43-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021438-43_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 438-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021221-52-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021221-52_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 221-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021253-96-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021253-96_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 253-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021257-62-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021257-62_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 257-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021198-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021198_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021488-89-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021488-89_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 488-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021457-9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021457-9_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 457-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021459-61-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021459-61_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 459-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021482-7-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021482-7_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 482-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021312-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021312_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021522-41-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021522-41_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 522-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021541-5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsson2021541-5_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsson2021">Olsson 2021</a>, p. 541-5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marind_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeurtjens1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geurtjens, Hendrik (1933). <i>Marindineesch–Nederlandsch Woordenboek</i>. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 71, 5 (in Dutch). Bandoeng: Nix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marindineesch%E2%80%93Nederlandsch+Woordenboek&rft.place=Bandoeng&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Bataviaasch+Genootschap+van+Kunsten+en+Wetenschappen%2C+71%2C+5&rft.pub=Nix&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Geurtjens&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarind+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrabbe1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drabbe, Peter (1955). <i>Spraakkunst van het Marind: Zuidkust Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea</i>. Studia Instituti Anthropos, 11 (in Dutch). Wien-Mödling: Missiehuis St. Gabriël.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spraakkunst+van+het+Marind%3A+Zuidkust+Nederlands+Nieuw-Guinea&rft.place=Wien-M%C3%B6dling&rft.series=Studia+Instituti+Anthropos%2C+11&rft.pub=Missiehuis+St.+Gabri%C3%ABl&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Drabbe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarind+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsson2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Olsson, Bruno (2017). <i>The Coastal Marind Language</i> (PhD thesis). Nanyang Technological University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32657%2F10356%2F73235">10.32657/10356/73235</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F73235">10356/73235</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Coastal+Marind+Language&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Nanyang+Technological+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10356%2F73235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32657%2F10356%2F73235&rft.aulast=Olsson&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarind+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kriens, Ronald. 2003. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/8981">Report on the Kumbe river survey south coast of Irian Jaya, Indonesia</a></i>. SIL International.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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