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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomy and physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_and_neck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_and_neck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Head and neck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_and_neck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbs_and_locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbs_and_locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Limbs and locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbs_and_locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Breathing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Osmoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Thermoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_and_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Communication and intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reproduction and life cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction and life cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courtship_and_mounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courtship_and_mounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Courtship and mounting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courtship_and_mounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eggs_and_hatchlings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs_and_hatchlings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eggs and hatchlings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs_and_hatchlings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lifespan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematics_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematics_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Systematics and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systematics_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Systematics and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systematics_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fossil history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>External relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Internal relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_the_two_suborders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_the_two_suborders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Differences between the two suborders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_the_two_suborders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Human uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_space_flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_space_flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>On space flights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_space_flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>As pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food_and_other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food_and_other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>As food and other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food_and_other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turtle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilpad" title="Skilpad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skilpad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildkr%C3%B6ten" title="Schildkröten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schildkröten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8A" title="ኤሊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤሊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="कछुआ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कछुआ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="سلحفاة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلحفاة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կրիաներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կրիաներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broasc%C3%A2" title="Broascâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Broascâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikinakw" title="Mikinakw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mikinakw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karumbe" title="Karumbe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Karumbe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1sba%C4%9Falar" title="Tısbağalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tısbağalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="تیسباغا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیسباغا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku" title="Ku – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ku" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96" title="Чарапахі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарапахі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96" title="Чарапахі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарапахі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="कछुआ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कछुआ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Костенурки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Костенурки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="རུས་སྤལ་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རུས་སྤལ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornja%C4%8De" title="Kornjače – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kornjače" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baot" title="Baot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortugues" title="Tortugues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tortugues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Тимĕр шапасем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕр шапасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawikag-iwon" title="Pawikag-iwon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pawikag-iwon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelvy" title="Želvy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Želvy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crwban" title="Crwban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crwban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skildpadder" title="Skildpadder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skildpadder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="فكرون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فكرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildkr%C3%B6ten" title="Schildkröten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schildkröten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9h_digh%C3%A1hii_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Tsistee%C5%82" title="Chʼééh digháhii dóó Tsisteeł – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼééh digháhii dóó Tsisteeł" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilpkonnalised" title="Kilpkonnalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kilpkonnalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Χελώνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χελώνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0na" title="Galàna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Galàna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testuduloj" title="Testuduloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Testuduloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortoka" title="Dortoka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dortoka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="لاک‌پشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاک‌پشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjaldb%C3%B8kur" title="Skjaldbøkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skjaldbøkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortue" title="Tortue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tortue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtar" title="Turtar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Turtar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir-seilche" title="Muir-seilche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Muir-seilche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaruga" title="Tartaruga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tartaruga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8A" title="آولاکۊ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آولاکۊ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B" title="કાચબો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાચબો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌹𐌻𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BBi-%C3%A9" title="Kûi-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kûi-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%B6%81" title="거북 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거북" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afifiya" title="Afifiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Afifiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կրիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="कछुआ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कछुआ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopawy" title="Nopawy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nopawy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornja%C4%8De" title="Kornjače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kornjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortugo" title="Tortugo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tortugo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-ong" title="Pag-ong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pag-ong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kura-kura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga" title="Tortuga – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tortuga" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%81" title="Уæртджын хæфс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уæртджын хæфс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjaldbaka" title="Skjaldbaka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skjaldbaka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulus" title="Bulus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bulus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಡಲಾಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಡಲಾಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კუები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%95%D9%9B%D9%85" title="کرٕٛم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کرٕٛم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тасбақалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тасбақалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kobe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2ti" title="Tòti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tòti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Таш бакалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таш бакалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Черепаха – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Черепаха" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bru%C5%86rupu%C4%8Di" title="Bruņrupuči – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bruņrupuči" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deckelsmouken" title="Deckelsmouken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Deckelsmouken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97%C5%BEliai" title="Vėžliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vėžliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%BCze" title="Testüze – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Testüze" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A8ldpadde" title="Sjèldpadde – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjèldpadde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C3%B3b%C3%A1" title="Nkóbá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkóbá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuga" title="Tortuga – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tortuga" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekn%C5%91s%C3%B6k" title="Teknősök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teknősök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Желки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Желки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokatra" title="Sokatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sokatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE" title="ആമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5" title="कासव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कासव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87" title="زحلفه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زحلفه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2" title="کوز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯊꯦꯡꯒꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯦꯡꯒꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC-g%C5%ADi" title="Ŭ-gŭi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ-gŭi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="လိပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildpadden" title="Schildpadden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schildpadden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%AA" title="कच्छप – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कच्छप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1" title="カメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiltpoden" title="Skiltpoden – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skiltpoden" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilpadder" title="Skilpadder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skilpadder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjelpadder" title="Skjelpadder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skjelpadder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartuga" title="Tartuga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tartuga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%81%E0%AC%9B" title="କଇଁଛ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଇଁଛ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshbaqalar" title="Toshbaqalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toshbaqalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%DA%86%D9%88%D9%BE%DA%91%D8%A7" title="کھچوپڑا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھچوپڑا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%BE" title="کيشپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيشپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82wie" title="Żółwie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żółwie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasbaqa" title="Tasbaqa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tasbaqa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qapl%C4%B1_baqa" title="Qaplı baqa – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qaplı baqa" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aestoas%C4%83" title="Țestoasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țestoasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarapara" title="Qarapara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qarapara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Черепахи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черепахи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Таасбаҕалар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таасбаҕалар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bilanga" title="bilanga – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bilanga" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱦᱚᱨᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱚᱨᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostoine" title="Tostoine – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tostoine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turtle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breshka" title="Breshka – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Breshka" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartuca" title="Tartuca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tartuca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%91%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D" title="ඉබ්බෝ සහ කැස්බෑවෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉබ්බෝ සහ කැස්බෑවෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turtle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%DA%87%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڪڇون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪڇون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korytna%C4%8Dkotvar%C3%A9" title="Korytnačkotvaré – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korytnačkotvaré" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelve" title="Želve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Želve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Чьрѣпахи – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Чьрѣпахи" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubo" title="Qubo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qubo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4)" title="Корњаче (ред) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корњаче (ред)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudines" title="Testudines – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Testudines" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilpikonnat" title="Kilpikonnat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kilpikonnat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ldpaddor" title="Sköldpaddor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sköldpaddor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagong_(Testudines)" title="Pagong (Testudines) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagong (Testudines)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஆமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifker" title="Ifker – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ifker" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C3%B3ne" title="Celóne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Celóne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="เต่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เต่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82" title="Сангпушт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сангпушт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%AB" title="ᎤᎵᎾᏫ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎵᎾᏫ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27%C3%ABno" title="Ma'ëno – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'ëno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplumba%C4%9Fa" title="Kaplumbağa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaplumbağa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Черепахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Черепахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="کچھوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کچھوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7" title="تاشپاقا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاشپاقا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzgvi" title="Duzgvi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzgvi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katussambad" title="Katussambad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katussambad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_R%C3%B9a" title="Bộ Rùa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Rùa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padakunn" title="Padakunn – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Padakunn" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9C" title="龜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="龜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba-%C3%B3" title="Ba-ó – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ba-ó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chelonian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chelonian (disambiguation)">Chelonian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Turtles<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late Jurassic – Present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:136.50153846154px; width:83.498461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:165.33846153846px; width:54.661538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:166.33846153846px; width:52.661538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> Stem-group turtles are from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/250px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/330px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/500px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Common_box_turtle" title="Common box turtle">Common box turtle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Testudines" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantestudines" title="Pantestudines">Pantestudines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Testudinata" title="Testudinata">Testudinata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perichelydia" title="Perichelydia">Perichelydia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testudines</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Batsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsch">Batsch</a>, 1788<sup id="cite_ref-TTWG_2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTWG_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a></li><li>†<a href="/wiki/Paracryptodira" title="Paracryptodira">Paracryptodira</a>?</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Testudines_families" title="List of Testudines families">14 living families</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:World.distribution.testudines.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/World.distribution.testudines.1.png/250px-World.distribution.testudines.1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/World.distribution.testudines.1.png/330px-World.distribution.testudines.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/World.distribution.testudines.1.png/500px-World.distribution.testudines.1.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Blue: sea turtles, black: land turtles </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dubois2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Chelonii <small>Latreille 1800</small></li> <li>Chelonia <small>Ross and Macartney 1802</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Turtles</b> are <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Testudines</b>, characterized by a special <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell" title="Turtle shell">shell</a> developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the <a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a> (side necked turtles) and <a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a> (hidden necked turtles), which differ in the way the head retracts. There are 360 living and recently extinct <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of turtles, including land-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a> and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Terrapin" title="Terrapin">terrapins</a>. They are found on most continents, some islands and, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a>, much of the ocean. Like other <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> (reptiles, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>) they breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. </p><p>Turtle shells are made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>; the upper part is the domed <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell#Carapace" title="Turtle shell">carapace</a>, while the underside is the flatter <a href="/wiki/Plastron" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastron">plastron</a> or belly-plate. Its outer surface is covered in <a href="/wiki/Scale_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (anatomy)">scales</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, the material of hair, horns, and claws. The carapace bones develop from ribs that grow sideways and develop into broad flat plates that join up to cover the body. Turtles are <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectotherms</a> or "cold-blooded", meaning that their internal temperature varies with their direct environment. They are generally opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a> and mainly feed on plants and animals with limited movements. Many turtles <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</a> short distances seasonally. Sea turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances to lay <a href="/wiki/Egg#Amniote_eggs_and_embryos" title="Egg">their eggs</a> on a favored beach. </p><p>Turtles have <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_turtles" title="Cultural depictions of turtles">appeared in myths and folktales</a> around the world. Some terrestrial and freshwater species are widely kept as pets. Turtles have been <a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">hunted</a> for their meat, for use in traditional medicine, and for their shells. Sea turtles are often killed accidentally as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> in fishing nets. Turtle habitats around the world are being destroyed. As a result of these pressures, many species are extinct or threatened with extinction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_etymology">Naming and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>turtle</i> is borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tortue</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tortre</i></span> 'turtle, <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> and may be used without knowledge of taxonomic distinctions. In North America, it may denote the order as a whole. In Britain, the name is used for <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> as opposed to freshwater <a href="/wiki/Terrapin" title="Terrapin">terrapins</a> and land-dwelling tortoises. In Australia, which lacks true tortoises (family Testudinidae), non-marine turtles were traditionally called tortoises, but more recently turtle has been used for the entire group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein20129_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein20129-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the order, <i>Testudines</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/tj/: 't' in 'tune'">tj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b0\/En-us-Testudines.oga\/En-us-Testudines.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Testudines.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/En-us-Testudines.oga/En-us-Testudines.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Testudines.oga" title="File:En-us-Testudines.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">teh-<span style="font-size:90%">STEW</span>-din-eez</i></a>), is based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">testudo</i></span> 'tortoise';<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was coined by German naturalist <a href="/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch">August Batsch</a> in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-TTWG_2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTWG_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order has also been historically known as <i>Chelonii</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreille</a> 1800) and <i>Chelonia</i> (Ross and <a href="/wiki/James_Macartney_(anatomist)" title="James Macartney (anatomist)">Macartney</a> 1802),<sup id="cite_ref-Dubois2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are based on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χελώνη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">chelone</i></span>) 'tortoise'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testudines is the official order name due to the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of priority">principle of priority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubois2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>chelonian</b> is used as a formal name for members of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-TTWG_2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTWG_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201114_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201114-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_physiology">Anatomy and physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy and physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living</a> species of turtle (and fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leatherback turtle">leatherback turtle</a>, which can reach over 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) in length and weigh over 500 kg (1,100 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest known turtle was <i><a href="/wiki/Archelon" title="Archelon">Archelon ischyros</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> sea turtle up to 4.5 m (15 ft) long, 5.25 m (17 ft) wide between the tips of the front flippers, and estimated to have weighed over 2,200 kg (4,900 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest living turtle is <i><a href="/wiki/Chersobius_signatus" title="Chersobius signatus">Chersobius signatus</a></i> of South Africa, measuring no more than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and weighing 172 g (6.1 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell">Shell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell" title="Turtle shell">Turtle shell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_skeleton_cross-section,_labelled_as_infographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of one half of a tortoise skeleton, cut in half vertically showing the vertebrae following curving along the carapace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turtle_skeleton_cross-section%2C_labelled_as_infographic.svg/330px-Turtle_skeleton_cross-section%2C_labelled_as_infographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turtle_skeleton_cross-section%2C_labelled_as_infographic.svg/500px-Turtle_skeleton_cross-section%2C_labelled_as_infographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turtle_skeleton_cross-section%2C_labelled_as_infographic.svg/960px-Turtle_skeleton_cross-section%2C_labelled_as_infographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4470" data-file-height="2498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sagittal_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagittal section">Sagittal section</a> of a tortoise skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>The shell of a turtle is unique among <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> and serves to protect the animal and provide shelter from the elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201222_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201222-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primarily made of 50–60 bones and consists of two parts: the domed, dorsal (back) <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell#Carapace" title="Turtle shell">carapace</a> and the flatter, ventral (belly) <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell#Plastron" title="Turtle shell">plastron</a>. They are connected by lateral (side) extensions of the plastron.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> is fused with the vertebrae and ribs while the plastron is formed from bones of the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">shoulder girdle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gastralia" title="Gastralia">gastralia</a> (abdominal ribs).<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During development, the ribs grow sideways into a carapacial ridge, unique to turtles, entering the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> (inner skin) of the back to support the carapace. The development is signaled locally by proteins known as <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">fibroblast growth factors</a> that include <a href="/wiki/FGF10" title="FGF10">FGF10</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cebra-Thomas_Tan_2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cebra-Thomas_Tan_2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shoulder girdle in turtles is made up of two bones, the scapula and the <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gaffney_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaffney-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the shoulder and pelvic girdles of turtles are located within the shell and hence are effectively within the rib cage. The trunk ribs grow over the shoulder girdle during development.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_Sues_2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoch_Sues_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_the_Turtle_Gets_its_Shell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a section through a turtle embryo showing formation of the shell, with the ribs growing sideways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/How_the_Turtle_Gets_its_Shell.svg/500px-How_the_Turtle_Gets_its_Shell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/How_the_Turtle_Gets_its_Shell.svg/960px-How_the_Turtle_Gets_its_Shell.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">Development</a> of the shell. The ribs are growing sideways into the carapacial ridge, seen here as a bud, to support the carapace.<sup id="cite_ref-Cebra-Thomas_Tan_2005_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cebra-Thomas_Tan_2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The shell is covered in <a href="/wiki/Epidermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermal">epidermal</a> (outer skin) scales known as <a href="/wiki/Scute" title="Scute">scutes</a> that are made of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, the same substance that makes up hair and fingernails. Typically, a turtle has 38 scutes on the carapace and 16 on the plastron, giving them 54 in total. Carapace scutes are divided into "marginals" around the margin and "vertebrals" over the vertebral column, though the scute that overlays the neck is called the "cervical". "Pleurals" are present between the marginals and vertebrals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216–17_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216–17-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastron scutes include gulars (throat), humerals, pectorals, abdominals, and anals. <a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Side-necked turtles</a> additionally have "intergular" scutes between the gulars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtle scutes are usually structured like <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> tiles, but some species, like the <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtle</a>, have overlapping scutes on the carapace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201216-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shapes of turtle shells vary with the adaptations of the individual species, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sometimes with sex</a>. Land-dwelling turtles are more dome-shaped, which appears to make them more resistant to being crushed by large animals. Aquatic turtles have flatter, smoother shells that allow them to cut through the water. Sea turtles in particular have streamlined shells that reduce <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> and increase stability in the open ocean. Some turtle species have pointy or spiked shells that provide extra <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">protection from predators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> against the leafy ground. The lumps of a tortoise shell can tilt its body when it gets flipped over, allowing it to flip back. In male tortoises, the tip of the plastron is thickened and used for butting and ramming during combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201222–26_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201222–26-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shells vary in flexibility. Some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Box_turtle" title="Box turtle">box turtles</a>, lack the lateral extensions and instead have the carapace bones fully fused or <a href="/wiki/Ankylosis" title="Ankylosis">ankylosed</a> together. Several species have hinges on their shells, usually on the plastron, which allow them to expand and contract. <a href="/wiki/Softshell_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Softshell turtle">Softshell turtles</a> have rubbery edges, due to the loss of bones. The leatherback turtle has hardly any bones in its shell, but has thick <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> and an outer layer of leathery skin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201222–23,_26–27_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201222–23,_26–27-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_and_neck">Head and neck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Head and neck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mocs%C3%A1ri_tekn%C5%91s_Kiserd%C5%91_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Closeup of the head and neck of turtle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mocs%C3%A1ri_tekn%C5%91s_Kiserd%C5%91_2016.jpg/220px-Mocs%C3%A1ri_tekn%C5%91s_Kiserd%C5%91_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mocs%C3%A1ri_tekn%C5%91s_Kiserd%C5%91_2016.jpg/330px-Mocs%C3%A1ri_tekn%C5%91s_Kiserd%C5%91_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mocs%C3%A1ri_tekn%C5%91s_Kiserd%C5%91_2016.jpg/440px-Mocs%C3%A1ri_tekn%C5%91s_Kiserd%C5%91_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="2065" /></a><figcaption>Head and neck of a <a href="/wiki/European_pond_turtle" title="European pond turtle">European pond turtle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The turtle's skull is unique among living <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a> (which includes reptiles, birds and mammals); it is solid and rigid with no openings for muscle attachment (<a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal fenestrae">temporal fenestrae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201118_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201118-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201233_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201233-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscles instead attach to recesses in the back of the skull. Turtle skulls vary in shape, from the long and narrow skulls of softshells to the broad and flattened skull of the <a href="/wiki/Mata_mata" title="Mata mata">mata mata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201233_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201233-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some turtle species have developed large and thick heads, allowing for greater muscle mass and stronger bites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles that are carnivorous or <a href="/wiki/Durophagy" title="Durophagy">durophagous</a> (eating hard-shelled animals) have the most powerful bites. For example, the durophagous <i><a href="/wiki/Mesoclemmys_nasuta" title="Mesoclemmys nasuta">Mesoclemmys nasuta</a></i> has a bite force of 432 lbf (1,920 N). Species that are <a href="/wiki/Insectivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous">insectivorous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piscivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscivorous">piscivorous</a> (fish-eating), or <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> have lower bite forces.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living turtles lack teeth but have beaks made of <a href="/wiki/Rhamphotheca" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamphotheca">keratin sheaths</a> along the edges of the jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201233–34_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201233–34-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sheaths may have sharp edges for cutting meat, serrations for clipping plants, or broad plates for breaking <a href="/wiki/Mollusks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusks">mollusks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201234_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201234-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtles, and several extinct forms, have evolved a bony <a href="/wiki/Secondary_palate" title="Secondary palate">secondary palate</a> which completely separates the oral and nasal cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The necks of turtles are highly flexible, possibly to compensate for their rigid shells. Some species, like sea turtles, have short necks while others, such as <a href="/wiki/Snake-necked_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake-necked turtle">snake-necked turtles</a>, have long ones. Despite this, all turtle species have eight <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">neck vertebrae</a>, a consistency not found in other reptiles but similar to mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201236_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201236-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some snake-necked turtles have both long necks and large heads, limiting their ability to lift them when not in water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some turtles have folded structures in the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> that vibrate to produce sound. Other species have <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal cord">vocal cords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limbs_and_locomotion">Limbs and locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Limbs and locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to their heavy shells, turtles are slow-moving on land. A <a href="/wiki/Desert_tortoise" title="Desert tortoise">desert tortoise</a> moves at only 0.22–0.48 km/h (0.14–0.30 mph). By contrast, sea turtles can swim at 30 km/h (19 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limbs of turtles are adapted for various means of locomotion and habits and most have five toes. Tortoises are specialized for terrestrial environments and have column-like legs with elephant-like feet and short toes. The <a href="/wiki/Gopher_tortoise" title="Gopher tortoise">gopher tortoise</a> has flattened front limbs for digging in the substrate. Freshwater turtles have more flexible legs and longer toes with <a href="/wiki/Webbed_foot" title="Webbed foot">webbing</a>, giving them thrust in the water. Some of these species, such as <a href="/wiki/Snapping_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapping turtles">snapping turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mud_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud turtle">mud turtles</a>, mainly walk along the water bottom, as they would on land. Others, such as terrapins, swim by paddling with all four limbs, switching between the opposing front and hind limbs, which keeps their direction stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201238_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201238-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Sea_Turtle_swimming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marine turtle swimming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Green_Sea_Turtle_swimming.jpg/250px-Green_Sea_Turtle_swimming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Green_Sea_Turtle_swimming.jpg/330px-Green_Sea_Turtle_swimming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Green_Sea_Turtle_swimming.jpg/500px-Green_Sea_Turtle_swimming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtles</a> have <a href="/wiki/Streamlined" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamlined">streamlined</a> shells and limbs adapted for fast and efficient swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_1984_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_1984-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sea turtles and the <a href="/wiki/Pig-nosed_turtle" title="Pig-nosed turtle">pig-nosed turtle</a> are the most specialized for swimming. Their front limbs have evolved into flippers while the shorter hind limbs are shaped more like rudders. The front limbs provide most of the thrust for swimming, while the hind limbs serve as stabilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201238–40_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201238–40-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtles such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> rotate the front limb flippers like a bird's wings to generate a propulsive force on both the upstroke and on the downstroke. This is in contrast to similar-sized freshwater turtles (measurements having been made on young animals in each case) such as the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_turtle" title="Caspian turtle">Caspian turtle</a>, which uses the front limbs like the oars of a rowing boat, creating substantial negative thrust on the recovery stroke in each cycle. In addition, the streamlining of the marine turtles reduces drag. As a result, marine turtles produce a propulsive force twice as large, and swim six times as fast, as freshwater turtles. The swimming efficiency of young marine turtles is similar to that of fast-swimming fish of open water, like <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davenport_1984_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_1984-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to other reptiles, turtles tend to have reduced tails, but these vary in both length and thickness among species and between sexes. <a href="/wiki/Snapping_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapping turtles">Snapping turtles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big-headed_turtle" title="Big-headed turtle">big-headed turtle</a> have longer tails; the latter uses it for balance while climbing. The <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a> is found underneath and at the base, and the tail itself houses the reproductive organs. Hence, males have longer tails to contain the penis. In sea turtles, the tail is longer and more <a href="/wiki/Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a> in males, who use it to grasp mates. Several turtle species have spines on their tails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201240_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201240-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201118_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201118-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Eared_Slider%27s_Eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head of a red-eared slider turtle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Red_Eared_Slider%27s_Eye.jpg/220px-Red_Eared_Slider%27s_Eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Red_Eared_Slider%27s_Eye.jpg/330px-Red_Eared_Slider%27s_Eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Red_Eared_Slider%27s_Eye.jpg/440px-Red_Eared_Slider%27s_Eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Red-eared_slider" title="Red-eared slider">red-eared slider</a> has an exceptional seven types of color-detecting cells in its eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritsches_et_al_2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritsches_et_al_2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Turtles make use of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> to find food and mates, avoid predators, and orient themselves. The <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>'s light-sensitive cells include both <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> for vision in low light, and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> with three different <a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">photopigments</a> for bright light, where they have full-color vision. There is possibly a fourth type of cone that detects <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, as hatchling sea turtles respond experimentally to ultraviolet light, but it is unknown if they can distinguish this from longer wavelengths. A freshwater turtle, the <a href="/wiki/Red-eared_slider" title="Red-eared slider">red-eared slider</a>, has an exceptional seven types of cone cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritsches_et_al_2013_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritsches_et_al_2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Granda_Dvorak_1977_pp._451–495_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granda_Dvorak_1977_pp._451–495-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_1981_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_1981-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea turtles orient themselves on land by night, using visual features detected in dim light. They can use their eyes in clear surface water, muddy coasts, the darkness of the deep ocean, and also above water. Unlike in terrestrial turtles, the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> (the curved surface that lets light into the eye) does not help to focus light on the retina, so focusing underwater is handled entirely by the lens, behind the cornea. The cone cells contain oil droplets placed to shift perception toward the red part of the spectrum, improving color discrimination. Visual acuity, studied in hatchlings, is highest in a horizontal band with retinal cells packed about twice as densely as elsewhere. This gives the best vision along the visual horizon. Sea turtles do not appear to use <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a> for orientation as many other animals do. The deep-diving leatherback turtle lacks specific adaptations to low light, such as large eyes, large lenses, or a reflective <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum</a>. It may rely on seeing the <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">bioluminescence</a> of prey when hunting in deep water.<sup id="cite_ref-Fritsches_et_al_2013_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fritsches_et_al_2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles have no ear openings; the <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a> is covered with scales and encircled by a bony <a href="/wiki/Otic_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Otic capsule">otic capsule</a>, which is absent in other reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201236_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201236-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their hearing thresholds are high in comparison to other reptiles, reaching up to 500 <a href="/wiki/Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hz">Hz</a> in air, but underwater they are more attuned to lower frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> has been shown experimentally to respond to low sounds, with maximal sensitivity between 100 and 400 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinAlessi2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinAlessi2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles have <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory</a> (smell) and <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal</a> receptors along the nasal cavity, the latter of which are used to detect chemical signals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201235–36_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201235–36-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments on green sea turtles showed they could learn to respond to a selection of different odorant chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Triethylamine" title="Triethylamine">triethylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">cinnamaldehyde</a>, which were detected by olfaction in the nose. Such signals could be used in navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-MantonKarr1972_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MantonKarr1972-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing">Breathing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Breathing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_softshell_turtle_(Nilssonia_gangetica)_Babai_River_nose-breathing_at_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of a river turtle with only its nose above water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Indian_softshell_turtle_%28Nilssonia_gangetica%29_Babai_River_nose-breathing_at_surface.jpg/220px-Indian_softshell_turtle_%28Nilssonia_gangetica%29_Babai_River_nose-breathing_at_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Indian_softshell_turtle_%28Nilssonia_gangetica%29_Babai_River_nose-breathing_at_surface.jpg/330px-Indian_softshell_turtle_%28Nilssonia_gangetica%29_Babai_River_nose-breathing_at_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Indian_softshell_turtle_%28Nilssonia_gangetica%29_Babai_River_nose-breathing_at_surface.jpg/440px-Indian_softshell_turtle_%28Nilssonia_gangetica%29_Babai_River_nose-breathing_at_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>A submerged <a href="/wiki/Indian_softshell_turtle" title="Indian softshell turtle">Indian softshell turtle</a> nose-breathing at river surface</figcaption></figure> <p>The rigid shell of turtles is not capable of expanding and making room for the lungs, as in other amniotes, so they have had to evolve special adaptations for respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordeiro_2016_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordeiro_2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyson_2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyson_2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lungs of turtles are attached directly to the carapace above while below, connective tissue attaches them to the organs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201241_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201241-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have multiple lateral (side) and medial (middle) chambers (the numbers of which vary between species) and one terminal (end) chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lungs are ventilated using specific groups of abdominal muscles attached to the organs that pull and push on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordeiro_2016_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordeiro_2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, it is the turtle's large liver that compresses the lungs. Underneath the lungs, in the <a href="/wiki/Coelomic_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelomic cavity">coelomic cavity</a>, the liver is connected to the right lung by the <a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">root</a>, and the stomach is directly attached to the left lung, and to the liver by a <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a>. When the liver is pulled down, inhalation begins.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyson_2014_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyson_2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting the lungs is a wall or <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a>, which is thought to prevent them from collapsing.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During exhalation, the contraction of the <a href="/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Transversus abdominis muscle">transversus abdominis muscle</a> propels the organs into the lungs and expels air. Conversely, during inhalation, the relaxing and flattening of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle" title="Abdominal external oblique muscle">oblique abdominis muscle</a> pulls the transversus back down, allowing air back into the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyson_2014_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyson_2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many turtles spend large amounts of their lives underwater, all turtles breathe air and must surface at regular intervals to refill their lungs. Depending on the species, immersion periods vary between a minute and an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species can <a href="/wiki/Enteral_respiration" title="Enteral respiration">respire through the cloaca</a>, which contains large sacs that are lined with many finger-like projections that take up dissolved <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from the water.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulation">Circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snapping_turtle_in_Mud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of a turtle climbing out of mud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Snapping_turtle_in_Mud.JPG/250px-Snapping_turtle_in_Mud.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Snapping_turtle_in_Mud.JPG/330px-Snapping_turtle_in_Mud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Snapping_turtle_in_Mud.JPG/500px-Snapping_turtle_in_Mud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chelydra_serpentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelydra serpentina">Snapping turtle</a> emerging from period of <a href="/wiki/Brumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumation">brumation</a>, in which it buried itself in mud. Turtles have multiple circulatory and physiological adaptations to enable them to go long periods without breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Turtles share the linked <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory</a> and pulmonary (lung) systems of vertebrates, where the three-chambered heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the lungs and then pumps the returned <a href="/wiki/Oxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenated blood">oxygenated blood</a> through the body's tissues. The cardiopulmonary system has both structural and physiological adaptations that distinguish it from other vertebrates. Turtles have a large lung volume and can move blood through non-pulmonary blood vessels, including some within the heart, to avoid the lungs while they are not breathing. They can hold their breath for much longer periods than other reptiles and they can tolerate the resulting low oxygen levels. They can moderate the increase in acidity during <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic (non-oxygen-based) respiration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">chemical buffering</a> and they can lie dormant for months, in <a href="/wiki/Aestivation" title="Aestivation">aestivation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumation">brumation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heart has two <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a> but only one <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a>. The ventricle is subdivided into three chambers. A muscular ridge enables a complex pattern of blood flow so that the blood can be directed either to the lungs via the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a>, or to the body via the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>. The ability to separate the two outflows varies between species. The leatherback has a powerful muscular ridge enabling almost complete separation of the outflows, supporting its actively swimming lifestyle. The ridge is less well developed in freshwater turtles like the sliders (<i><a href="/wiki/Trachemys" title="Trachemys">Trachemys</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles are capable of enduring periods of anaerobic respiration longer than many other vertebrates. This process breaks down sugars incompletely to <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>, rather than all the way to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water as in <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic (oxygen-based) respiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyneken_2008_Circulatory-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They make use of the shell as a source of additional buffering agents for combating increased acidity, and as a sink for lactic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Osmoregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sea turtles, the bladder is one unit and in most freshwater turtles, it is double-lobed.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtle bladders are connected to two small accessory bladders, located at the sides to the neck of the urinary bladder and above the <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arid-living tortoises have bladders that serve as reserves of water, storing up to 20% of their body weight in fluids. The fluids are normally low in <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solutes</a>, but higher during droughts when the reptile gains <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> salts from its plant diet. The bladder stores these salts until the tortoise finds fresh drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-Bentley_2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bentley_2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To regulate the amount of salt in their bodies, sea turtles and the <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a>-living <a href="/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin" title="Diamondback terrapin">diamondback terrapin</a> secrete excess salt in a thick sticky substance from their <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">tear glands</a>. Because of this, sea turtles may appear to be "crying" when on land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201131_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201131-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thermoregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_basking_cooter_turtles_(5861462496).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="cooter turtles basking in sunshine near their pond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Two_basking_cooter_turtles_%285861462496%29.jpg/250px-Two_basking_cooter_turtles_%285861462496%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Two_basking_cooter_turtles_%285861462496%29.jpg/330px-Two_basking_cooter_turtles_%285861462496%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Two_basking_cooter_turtles_%285861462496%29.jpg/500px-Two_basking_cooter_turtles_%285861462496%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Smaller pond turtles, like these <a href="/wiki/Northern_red-bellied_cooter" title="Northern red-bellied cooter">northern red-bellied cooters</a>, regulate their temperature by basking in the sun.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turtles, like other reptiles, have a limited ability to <a href="/wiki/Homoiotherm" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoiotherm">regulate their body temperature</a>. This ability varies between species, and with body size. Small pond turtles regulate their temperature by crawling out of the water and basking in the sun, while small terrestrial turtles move between sunny and shady places to adjust their temperature. Large species, both terrestrial and marine, have sufficient mass to give them substantial <a href="/wiki/Thermal_inertia" title="Thermal inertia">thermal inertia</a>, meaning that they heat up or cool down over many hours. The <a href="/wiki/Aldabra_giant_tortoise" title="Aldabra giant tortoise">Aldabra giant tortoise</a> weighs up to some 60 kilograms (130 lb) and is able to allow its temperature to rise to some 33 °C (91 °F) on a hot day, and to fall naturally to around 29 °C (84 °F) by night. Some giant tortoises seek out shade to avoid overheating on sunny days. On <a href="/wiki/Grand_Terre_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Terre Island">Grand Terre Island</a>, food is scarce inland, shade is scarce near the coast, and the tortoises compete for space under the few trees on hot days. Large males may push smaller females out of the shade, and some then overheat and die.<sup id="cite_ref-Pough_Janis_2019_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough_Janis_2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult sea turtles, too, have large enough bodies that they can to some extent control their temperature. The largest turtle, the leatherback, can swim in the waters off <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, which may be as cold as 8 °C (46 °F), while their body temperature has been measured at up to 12 °C (22 °F) warmer than the surrounding water. To help keep their temperature up, they have a system of <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_heat_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercurrent heat exchange">countercurrent heat exchange</a> in the blood vessels between their body core and the skin of their flippers. The vessels supplying the head are insulated by fat around the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Pough_Janis_2019_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough_Janis_2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a green sea turtle on the seabed, feeding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg/220px-Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg/330px-Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg/440px-Green_Sea_Turtle_grazing_seagrass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a> grazing on seagrass </figcaption></figure> <p>Most turtle species are opportunistic omnivores; land-dwelling species are more <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a> and aquatic ones more <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally lacking speed and agility, most turtles feed either on plant material or on animals with limited movements like mollusks, worms, and insect larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_helmeted_turtle" title="African helmeted turtle">African helmeted turtle</a> and snapping turtles, eat fish, amphibians, reptiles (including other turtles), birds, and mammals. They may take them by <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">ambush</a> but also scavenge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012231_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012231-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" title="Alligator snapping turtle">alligator snapping turtle</a> has a worm-like appendage on its tongue that it <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">uses to lure fish</a> into its mouth. Tortoises are the most herbivorous group, consuming grasses, leaves, and fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201129–30_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201129–30-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many turtle species, including tortoises, supplement their diet with eggshells, animal bones, hair, and droppings for extra nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012237_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012237-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtles generally eat their food in a straightforward way, though some species have special feeding techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yellow-spotted_river_turtle" title="Yellow-spotted river turtle">yellow-spotted river turtle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Painted_turtle" title="Painted turtle">painted turtle</a> may <a href="/wiki/Filter_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feed">filter feed</a> by skimming the water surface with their mouth and throat open to collect particles of food. When the mouth closes, the throat constricts and water is pushed out through the nostrils and the gap in between the jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012235_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012235-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species employ a "gape-and-suck method" where the turtle opens its jaws and expands its throat widely, sucking the prey in.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Damme_1997_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Damme_1997-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201130_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201130-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diet of an individual within a species may change with age, sex, and season, and may also differ between populations. In many species, juveniles are generally carnivorous but become more herbivorous as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012239_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012239-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Barbour%27s_map_turtle" title="Barbour's map turtle">Barbour's map turtle</a>, the larger female mainly eats mollusks while the male usually eats <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blanding%27s_turtle" title="Blanding's turtle">Blanding's turtle</a> may feed mainly on snails or crayfish depending on the population. The <a href="/wiki/European_pond_turtle" title="European pond turtle">European pond turtle</a> has been recorded as being mostly carnivorous much of the year but switching to <a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_alba" title="Nymphaea alba">water lilies</a> during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012229_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012229-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species have developed <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">specialized</a> diets such as the hawksbill, which eats <a href="/wiki/Sponges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponges">sponges</a>, the leatherback, which feeds on <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_snail-eating_turtle" title="Mekong snail-eating turtle">Mekong snail-eating turtle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201128-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_intelligence">Communication and intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Communication and intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelodina_oblonga_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an oblong turtle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chelodina_oblonga_1.jpeg/250px-Chelodina_oblonga_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chelodina_oblonga_1.jpeg/330px-Chelodina_oblonga_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chelodina_oblonga_1.jpeg/500px-Chelodina_oblonga_1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oblong_turtle" title="Oblong turtle">oblong turtle</a> has a sizable vocal repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-Glies_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glies-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></div> <p>While popularly thought of as mute, turtles make various sounds to communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202139_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202139-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferrara_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrara-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study which recorded 53 species found that all of them vocalized.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tortoises may bellow when courting and mating.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrara_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrara-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201236_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein201236-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various species of both freshwater and sea turtles emit short, low-frequency calls from the time they are in the egg to when they are adults. These vocalizations may serve to create group cohesion when <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrara_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrara-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oblong_turtle" title="Oblong turtle">oblong turtle</a> has a particularly large vocal range; producing sounds described as clacks, clicks, squawks, hoots, various kinds of chirps, wails, <i>hooos</i>, grunts, growls, blow bursts, howls, and drum rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-Glies_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glies-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Play behavior has been documented in some turtle species.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Florida_red-bellied_cooter" title="Florida red-bellied cooter">Florida red-bellied cooters</a> can learn novel tasks and have demonstrated a long-term memory of at least 7.5 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Learning_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Learning-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, giant tortoises can learn and remember tasks, and master lessons much faster when trained in groups.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tortoises appear to be able to retain <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a> nine years after their initial training.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that turtles can navigate the environment using landmarks and a map-like system resulting in accurate direct routes towards a goal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navigation in turtles have been correlated to high cognition function in the medial cortex region of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crested_Caracara_eating_a_turtle_(16753759877).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a large bird eating a turtle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crested_Caracara_eating_a_turtle_%2816753759877%29.jpg/220px-Crested_Caracara_eating_a_turtle_%2816753759877%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crested_Caracara_eating_a_turtle_%2816753759877%29.jpg/330px-Crested_Caracara_eating_a_turtle_%2816753759877%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crested_Caracara_eating_a_turtle_%2816753759877%29.jpg/440px-Crested_Caracara_eating_a_turtle_%2816753759877%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4410" data-file-height="3308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crested_caracara" title="Crested caracara">Crested caracara</a> eating a turtle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense">Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a></div> <p>When sensing danger, a turtle may flee, freeze or withdraw into its shell. Freshwater turtles flee into the water, though the <a href="/wiki/Sonora_mud_turtle" title="Sonora mud turtle">Sonora mud turtle</a> may take refuge on land as the shallow temporary ponds they inhabit make them vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012252–253_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012252–253-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When startled, a softshell turtle may dive underwater and bury itself under the sea floor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201140_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201140-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a predator persists, the turtle may bite or discharge from its cloaca. Several species produce foul-smelling chemicals from musk glands. Other tactics include threat displays and <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_hinge-back_tortoise" title="Bell's hinge-back tortoise">Bell's hinge-back tortoise</a> can <a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">play dead</a>. When attacked, big-headed turtle hatchlings squeal, possibly startling the predator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012252–253,_301_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012252–253,_301-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_golfina_escobilla_Oaxaca_Mexico_Claudio_Giovenzana_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Turtle_golfina_escobilla_Oaxaca_Mexico_Claudio_Giovenzana_2010.jpg/250px-Turtle_golfina_escobilla_Oaxaca_Mexico_Claudio_Giovenzana_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Turtle_golfina_escobilla_Oaxaca_Mexico_Claudio_Giovenzana_2010.jpg/330px-Turtle_golfina_escobilla_Oaxaca_Mexico_Claudio_Giovenzana_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Turtle_golfina_escobilla_Oaxaca_Mexico_Claudio_Giovenzana_2010.jpg/500px-Turtle_golfina_escobilla_Oaxaca_Mexico_Claudio_Giovenzana_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>An olive ridley sea turtle nesting on Escobilla Beach, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Female sea turtles migrate long distances to nest on favored beaches.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances, more specifically the marine species that can travel up to thousands of kilometers. Some non-marine turtles, such as the species of <i><a href="/wiki/Geochelone" title="Geochelone">Geochelone</a></i> (terrestrial), <i><a href="/wiki/Chelydra" title="Chelydra">Chelydra</a></i> (freshwater), and <i><a href="/wiki/Malaclemys" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaclemys">Malaclemys</a></i> (estuarine), migrate seasonally over much shorter distances, up to around 27 km (17 mi), to lay eggs. Such short migrations are comparable to those of some lizards, snakes, and crocodilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Southwood_Avens_2009_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Southwood_Avens_2009-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtles nest in a specific area, such as a beach, leaving the eggs to hatch unattended. The young turtles leave that area, migrating long distances in the years or decades in which they grow to maturity, and then return seemingly to the same area every few years to mate and lay eggs, though the precision varies between species and populations. This "natal homing" has appeared remarkable to biologists, though there is now plentiful evidence for it, including from genetics.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohmann_et_al_2013_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohmann_et_al_2013-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How sea turtles navigate to their breeding beaches remains unknown. One possibility is <a href="/wiki/Imprinting_(psychology)" title="Imprinting (psychology)">imprinting</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, where the young learn the chemical signature, effectively the scent, of their home waters before leaving, and remember that when the time comes for them to return as adults. Another possible cue is the orientation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> at the natal beach. There is experimental evidence that turtles have an effective magnetic sense, and that they use this in <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">navigation</a>. Proof that homing occurs is derived from genetic analysis of populations of loggerheads, hawksbills, leatherbacks, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">olive ridleys</a> by nesting place. For each of these species, the populations in different places have their own <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> genetic signatures that persist over the years. This shows that the populations are distinct and that homing must be occurring reliably.<sup id="cite_ref-Lohmann_et_al_2013_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lohmann_et_al_2013-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_life_cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reproduction and life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortoise_Snap_(2_frames).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frames from a film showing one desert tortoise biting the other desert tortoise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tortoise_Snap_%282_frames%29.jpg/250px-Tortoise_Snap_%282_frames%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tortoise_Snap_%282_frames%29.jpg/330px-Tortoise_Snap_%282_frames%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tortoise_Snap_%282_frames%29.jpg/440px-Tortoise_Snap_%282_frames%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Desert tortoises fighting</figcaption></figure> <p>Turtles have a wide variety of mating behaviors but do not form <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair-bonds</a> or social groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearse_2001_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearse_2001-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terrestrial species, males are often larger than females and fighting between males establishes a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a> for access to mates. For most semi-aquatic and bottom-walking aquatic species, combat occurs less often. Males of these species instead may use their size advantage to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_coercion_among_animals" title="Sexual coercion among animals">mate forcibly</a>. In fully aquatic species, males are often smaller than females and rely on <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship displays</a> to gain mating access to females.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_1980_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry_1980-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In green sea turtles, females generally outnumber males.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1972_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1972-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtship_and_mounting">Courtship and mounting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Courtship and mounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Courtship varies between species, and with habitat. It is often complex in aquatic species, both marine and freshwater, but simpler in the semi-aquatic mud turtles and snapping turtles. A male tortoise bobs his head, then subdues the female by biting and butting her before mounting.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_mud_turtle" title="Scorpion mud turtle">scorpion mud turtle</a> approaches the female from the rear, and often resorts to aggressive methods such as biting the female's tail or hind limbs, followed by a mounting.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry_Iverson_2011_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry_Iverson_2011-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female choice is important in some species, and female green sea turtles are not always receptive. As such, they have evolved behaviors to avoid the male's attempts at copulation, such as swimming away, confronting the male followed by biting or taking up a refusal position with her body vertical, her limbs widely outspread, and her plastron facing the male. If the water is too shallow for the refusal position, the females resort to beaching themselves, as the males do not follow them ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1972_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1972-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three-toed_Box_Turtle_(47930139991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a male turtle mounting a female" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Three-toed_Box_Turtle_%2847930139991%29.jpg/220px-Three-toed_Box_Turtle_%2847930139991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Three-toed_Box_Turtle_%2847930139991%29.jpg/330px-Three-toed_Box_Turtle_%2847930139991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Three-toed_Box_Turtle_%2847930139991%29.jpg/440px-Three-toed_Box_Turtle_%2847930139991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5816" data-file-height="3592" /></a><figcaption>Mounting behavior in the <a href="/wiki/Three-toed_box_turtle" title="Three-toed box turtle">three-toed box turtle</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>All turtles fertilize internally; mounting and copulation can be difficult. In many species, males have a concave plastron that interlocks with the female's carapace. In species like the <a href="/wiki/Russian_tortoise" title="Russian tortoise">Russian tortoise</a>, the male has a lighter shell and longer legs. The high, rounded shape of box turtles are particular obstacles for mounting. The male <a href="/wiki/Eastern_box_turtle" title="Eastern box turtle">eastern box turtle</a> leans backward and hooks onto the back of the female's plastron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012270–271_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012270–271-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquatic turtles mount in water,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012270_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012270-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201133_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201133-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and female sea turtles support the mounting male while swimming and diving.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During copulation, the male turtle aligns his tail with the female's so he can insert his penis into her cloaca.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201120–22_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201120–22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some female turtles can <a href="/wiki/Female_sperm_storage" title="Female sperm storage">store sperm</a> from multiple males and their <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">egg clutches</a> can have multiple sires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012260_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012260-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pearse_2001_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearse_2001-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggs_and_hatchlings">Eggs and hatchlings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eggs and hatchlings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snapping_turtle_4_md.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Land turtle laying an egg in a hole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Snapping_turtle_4_md.jpg/250px-Snapping_turtle_4_md.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Snapping_turtle_4_md.jpg/330px-Snapping_turtle_4_md.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Snapping_turtle_4_md.jpg/500px-Snapping_turtle_4_md.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Common_snapping_turtle" title="Common snapping turtle">common snapping turtle</a> depositing her eggs in a hole she dug</figcaption></figure> <p>Turtles, including sea turtles, lay their eggs on land, although some lay eggs near water that rises and falls in level, submerging the eggs. While most species build nests and lay eggs where they forage, some travel miles. The <a href="/wiki/Common_snapping_turtle" title="Common snapping turtle">common snapping turtle</a> walks 5 km (3 mi) on land, while sea turtles travel even further; the leatherback swims some 12,000 km (7,500 mi) to its nesting beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201133_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201133-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most turtles create a nest for their eggs. Females usually dig a flask-like chamber in the substrate. Other species lay their eggs in vegetation or crevices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012277_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012277-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females choose nesting locations based on environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, which are important for developing embryos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201133_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201133-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the species, the number of eggs laid varies from one to over 100. Larger females can lay eggs that are greater in number or bigger in size. Compared to freshwater turtles, tortoises deposit fewer but larger eggs. Females can lay multiple clutches throughout a season, particularly in species that experience unpredictable <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012273,_276_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012273,_276-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tortoise hatching from egg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg/250px-Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg/330px-Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg/500px-Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marginated_tortoise" title="Marginated tortoise">Marginated tortoise</a> emerges from its egg</figcaption></figure> <p>Most mother turtles do no more in the way of parental care than covering their eggs and immediately leaving, though some species guard their nests for days or weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201137_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201137-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs vary between rounded, oval, elongated, and between hard- and soft-shelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012274_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012274-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species have their <a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">sex determined by temperature</a>. In some species, higher temperatures produce females and lower ones produce males, while in others, milder temperatures produce males and both hot and cold extremes produce females.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is experimental evidence that the embryos of <i><a href="/wiki/Mauremys_reevesii" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauremys reevesii">Mauremys reevesii</a></i> can move around inside their eggs to select the best temperature for development, thus influencing their sexual destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-YeMa2019_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeMa2019-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other species, sex is <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Chromosomal_systems" title="Sex-determination system">determined genetically</a>. The length of incubation for turtle eggs varies from two to three months for temperate species, and four months to over a year for tropical species.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species that live in warm temperate climates can <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_diapause" title="Embryonic diapause">delay their development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012286_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012286-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatching young turtles break out of the shell using an <a href="/wiki/Egg_tooth" title="Egg tooth">egg tooth</a>, a sharp projection that exists temporarily on their upper beak.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012294_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012294-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatchlings dig themselves out of the nest and find safety in vegetation or water. Some species stay in the nest for longer, be it for overwintering or to wait for the rain to loosen the soil for them to dig out.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young turtles are highly vulnerable to predators, both in the egg and as hatchlings. Mortality is high during this period but significantly decreases when they reach adulthood. Most species grow quickly during their early years and slow down when they mature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012301–302_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012301–302-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lifespan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turtles can live long lives. The oldest living turtle and land animal is said to be a <a href="/wiki/Seychelles_giant_tortoise" title="Seychelles giant tortoise">Seychelles giant tortoise</a> named <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(tortoise)" title="Jonathan (tortoise)">Jonathan</a>, who turned 187 in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoise</a> named <a href="/wiki/Harriet_(tortoise)" title="Harriet (tortoise)">Harriet</a> was collected by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in 1835; it died in 2006, having lived for at least 176 years. Most wild turtles do not reach that age. Turtles keep growing new scutes under the previous scutes every year, allowing researchers to estimate how long they have lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin201144–45_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin201144–45-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also <a href="/wiki/Negligible_senescence" title="Negligible senescence">age slowly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oldage_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldage-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survival rate for adult turtles can reach 99% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly_13-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematics_and_evolution">Systematics and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Systematics and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turtle_classification" title="Turtle classification">Turtle classification</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Testudines_families" title="List of Testudines families">List of Testudines families</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_history">Fossil history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fossil history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origin_of_Turtle_Body_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of evolution of turtle shells showing four fossil species" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Origin_of_Turtle_Body_Plan.jpg/260px-Origin_of_Turtle_Body_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Origin_of_Turtle_Body_Plan.jpg/390px-Origin_of_Turtle_Body_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Origin_of_Turtle_Body_Plan.jpg/520px-Origin_of_Turtle_Body_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the origins of the turtle body plan through the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>: isolated bony plates evolved to <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell#Origins" title="Turtle shell">form a complete shell</a>, in a sequence involving <i><a href="/wiki/Pappochelys" title="Pappochelys">Pappochelys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eorhynchochelys" title="Eorhynchochelys">Eorhynchochelys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odontochelys" title="Odontochelys">Odontochelys</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Proganochelys" title="Proganochelys">Proganochelys</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_Sues_2019_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoch_Sues_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Zoologists have sought to explain the evolutionary origin of the turtles, and in particular of their unique shells. In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Versluys" title="Jan Versluys">Jan Versluys</a> proposed that bony plates in the dermis, called <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a>, fused to the ribs beneath them, later called the "Polka Dot Ancestor" by Olivier Rieppel.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_Sues_2019_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoch_Sues_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory accounted for the evolution of fossil <a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">pareiasaurs</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Bradysaurus" title="Bradysaurus">Bradysaurus</a></i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Anthodon_(reptile)" title="Anthodon (reptile)">Anthodon</a></i>, but not for how the ribs could have become attached to the bony dermal plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_Sues_2019_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoch_Sues_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent discoveries have painted a different scenario for the evolution of the turtle's shell. The <a href="/wiki/Crown_group#Stem_groups" title="Crown group">stem</a>-turtles <i><a href="/wiki/Eunotosaurus" title="Eunotosaurus">Eunotosaurus</a></i> of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pappochelys" title="Pappochelys">Pappochelys</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Eorhynchochelys" title="Eorhynchochelys">Eorhynchochelys</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> lacked carapaces and plastrons but had shortened torsos, expanded ribs, and lengthened dorsal vertebrae. Also in the Late Triassic, <i><a href="/wiki/Odontochelys" title="Odontochelys">Odontochelys</a></i> had a partial shell consisting of a complete bony plastron and an incomplete carapace. The development of a shell reached completion with the Late Triassic <i><a href="/wiki/Proganochelys" title="Proganochelys">Proganochelys</a></i>, with its fully developed carapace and plastron.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoch_Sues_2019_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoch_Sues_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyson2020_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyson2020-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adaptations that led to the evolution of the shell may have originally been for digging and a <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">fossorial</a> lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyson2020_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyson2020-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known members of the Pleurodira lineage are the <a href="/wiki/Platychelyidae" title="Platychelyidae">Platychelyidae</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known unambiguous cryptodire is <i><a href="/wiki/Sinaspideretes" title="Sinaspideretes">Sinaspideretes</a>,</i> a close relative of softshell turtles, from the Late Jurassic of China.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtles became highly diverse during the Cretaceous, as climatic conditions in this period were favourable for their global dispersal.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, members of the pleurodire families <a href="/wiki/Bothremydidae" title="Bothremydidae">Bothremydidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podocnemididae" title="Podocnemididae">Podocnemididae</a> became widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere due to their coastal habits.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known soft-shelled turtles and sea turtles appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tortoises originated in Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A late surviving group of stem-turtles, the <a href="/wiki/Meiolaniidae" title="Meiolaniidae">Meiolaniidae</a>, survived in Australasia into the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relationships">External relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The turtles' exact ancestry has been disputed. It was believed they were the only surviving branch of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">evolutionary grade</a> <a href="/wiki/Anapsid" title="Anapsid">Anapsida</a>, which includes groups such as <a href="/wiki/Procolophonidae" title="Procolophonidae">procolophonids</a> and pareiasaurs. All anapsid skulls lack a <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal opening</a> while all other living amniotes have temporal openings.<sup id="cite_ref-Rieppel_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieppel-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later suggested that the anapsid-like turtle skulls may be due to <a href="/wiki/Backward_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward evolution">backward evolution</a> rather than to anapsid descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil evidence has shown that early stem-turtles possessed small temporal openings.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyson2020_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyson2020-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some early morphological <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> studies have placed turtles closer to <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuataras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>) than to <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a> and birds).<sup id="cite_ref-Rieppel_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieppel-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, several <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> studies place turtles either within Archosauria,<sup id="cite_ref-Mannen_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannen-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, more commonly, as a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to extant archosaurs,<sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwabe_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwabe-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roos_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katsu_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsu-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though an analysis conducted by Tyler Lyson and colleagues (2012) recovered turtles as the sister group of lepidosaurs instead.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ylenia Chiari and colleagues (2012) analyzed 248 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_gene" title="Nuclear gene">nuclear genes</a> from 16 vertebrates and suggested that turtles share a <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">more recent common ancestor</a> with birds and crocodilians. The date of separation of turtles and birds and crocodilians was estimated to be <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=255">255</a> million years ago</span> during the Permian.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiari2012_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiari2012-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through <a href="/wiki/Genomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomic">genomic</a>-scale phylogenetic study of <a href="/wiki/Ultra-conserved_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-conserved element">ultra-conserved elements</a> (UCEs) to clarify the placement of turtles within reptiles, Nicholas Crawford and colleagues (2012) similarly found that turtles are closer to birds and crocodilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2012_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_2012-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the draft (unfinished) genome sequences of the green sea turtle and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_softshell_turtle" title="Chinese softshell turtle">Chinese softshell turtle</a>, Zhuo Wang and colleagues (2013) concluded that turtles are likely a sister group of crocodilians and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_2013_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_2013-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The external phylogeny of the turtles is shown in the <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> below.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_2012_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_2012-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Diapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> (lizards, snakes) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoology_of_Egypt_(1898)_(Varanus_exanthematicus).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_exanthematicus%29.png/70px-Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_exanthematicus%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_exanthematicus%29.png/105px-Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_exanthematicus%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_exanthematicus%29.png/140px-Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_exanthematicus%29.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Testudines</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg/60px-Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg/90px-Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg/120px-Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="671" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a> (crocodiles, alligators) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/120px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/250px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png 1.5x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a> (birds) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg/80px-Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg/120px-Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg/160px-Spot-billed_pelican_takeoff_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="858" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_relationships">Internal relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Internal relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern turtles and their extinct relatives with a complete shell are classified within the clade <a href="/wiki/Testudinata" title="Testudinata">Testudinata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent common ancestor of living turtles, corresponding to the split between Pleurodira (side-necked species) and <a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a> (hidden necked species), is estimated to have occurred around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=210">210</a> million years ago</span> during the Late Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Thompson and colleagues (2021) comment that living turtles have low diversity, relative to how long they existed. Diversity has been stable, according to their analysis, except for a single rapid increase around the <a href="/wiki/Eocene-Oligocene_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eocene-Oligocene boundary">Eocene-Oligocene boundary</a> some 30 million years ago, and a large regional extinction at roughly the same time. They suggest that global climate change caused both events, as the cooling and drying caused the land to become arid and turtles to become extinct there, while new continental margins opened up by the climate change provided habitats for other species to evolve.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_Spinks_Shaffer_2021_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_Spinks_Shaffer_2021-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cladogram, from Nicholas Crawford and colleagues 2015, shows the internal phylogeny of the Testudines down to the level of <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_Parham_2015_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_Parham_2015-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knauss_Joyce_Lyson_Pearson_pp._125–142_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knauss_Joyce_Lyson_Pearson_pp._125–142-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The analysis by Thompson and colleagues in 2021 supports the same structure down to the family level.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_Spinks_Shaffer_2021_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_Spinks_Shaffer_2021-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Testudines</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chelidae" title="Chelidae">Chelidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Chelus_fimbriata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelus_fimbriata%29.jpg/70px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelus_fimbriata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelus_fimbriata%29.jpg/105px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelus_fimbriata%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelus_fimbriata%29.jpg/140px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelus_fimbriata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pelomedusidae" title="Pelomedusidae">Pelomedusidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Pelomedusa_subrufa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Pelomedusa_subrufa%29.jpg/120px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Pelomedusa_subrufa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Pelomedusa_subrufa%29.jpg/250px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Pelomedusa_subrufa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Podocnemididae" title="Podocnemididae">Podocnemididae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Podocnemis_expansa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Podocnemis_expansa%29.jpg/120px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Podocnemis_expansa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Podocnemis_expansa%29.jpg/250px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Podocnemis_expansa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i> (Side‑necked turtles) </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Trionychia" title="Trionychia">Trionychia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Carettochelyidae" title="Carettochelyidae">Carettochelyidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pig-nosed_turtle_(Carettochelys_insculpta)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pig-nosed_turtle_%28Carettochelys_insculpta%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Pig-nosed_turtle_%28Carettochelys_insculpta%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pig-nosed_turtle_%28Carettochelys_insculpta%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Pig-nosed_turtle_%28Carettochelys_insculpta%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pig-nosed_turtle_%28Carettochelys_insculpta%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Pig-nosed_turtle_%28Carettochelys_insculpta%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i> (Pig‑nosed turtle) </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Trionychidae" title="Trionychidae">Trionychidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Lissemys_punctata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Lissemys_punctata%29.jpg/65px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Lissemys_punctata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Lissemys_punctata%29.jpg/98px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Lissemys_punctata%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Lissemys_punctata%29.jpg/130px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Lissemys_punctata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="429" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i> (Softshell turtles) </i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Testudinoidea" title="Testudinoidea">Testudinoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Emydidae" title="Emydidae">Emydidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emydoidea_blandingiiHolbrookV1P03A_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Emydoidea_blandingiiHolbrookV1P03A_flipped.jpg/120px-Emydoidea_blandingiiHolbrookV1P03A_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Emydoidea_blandingiiHolbrookV1P03A_flipped.jpg/250px-Emydoidea_blandingiiHolbrookV1P03A_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="438" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i> (Terrapins) </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Platysternidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platysternidae">Platysternidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Platysternon_megacephalum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Platysternon_megacephalum%29.jpg/120px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Platysternon_megacephalum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Platysternon_megacephalum%29.jpg/250px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Platysternon_megacephalum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="982" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Geoemydidae" title="Geoemydidae">Geoemydidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Morenia_ocellata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Morenia_ocellata%29.jpg/120px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Morenia_ocellata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Morenia_ocellata%29.jpg/250px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Morenia_ocellata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="581" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Testudinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudinidae">Testudinidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Centrochelys_sulcata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg/120px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg/250px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Centrochelys_sulcata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="783" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i> (Tortoises) </i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chelonioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonioidea">Chelonioidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Cheloniidae" title="Cheloniidae">Cheloniidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Chelonia_mydas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelonia_mydas%29.jpg/90px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelonia_mydas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelonia_mydas%29.jpg/135px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelonia_mydas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelonia_mydas%29.jpg/180px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelonia_mydas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Dermochelyidae" title="Dermochelyidae">Dermochelyidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Dermochelys_coriacea).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Dermochelys_coriacea%29.jpg/90px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Dermochelys_coriacea%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Dermochelys_coriacea%29.jpg/135px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Dermochelys_coriacea%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Dermochelys_coriacea%29.jpg/180px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Dermochelys_coriacea%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="721" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i> (Leatherback) </i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i> (Sea turtles) </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelydroidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelydroidea (page does not exist)">Chelydroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Chelydridae" title="Chelydridae">Chelydridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Chelydra_serpentina).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelydra_serpentina%29.jpg/120px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelydra_serpentina%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelydra_serpentina%29.jpg/250px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chelydra_serpentina%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="617" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i> (Snapping turtles) </i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Dermatemydidae" title="Dermatemydidae">Dermatemydidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChloremysAbnormisFord_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ChloremysAbnormisFord_white_background.jpg/120px-ChloremysAbnormisFord_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/ChloremysAbnormisFord_white_background.jpg/250px-ChloremysAbnormisFord_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="920" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Kinosternidae" title="Kinosternidae">Kinosternidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Sternotherus_odoratus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Sternotherus_odoratus%29.jpg/70px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Sternotherus_odoratus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Sternotherus_odoratus%29.jpg/105px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Sternotherus_odoratus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Sternotherus_odoratus%29.jpg/140px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Sternotherus_odoratus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i> (Hardshell turtles) </i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i> (Hidden‑necked turtles) </i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_the_two_suborders">Differences between the two suborders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Differences between the two suborders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Neck retraction</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T.h._hermanni_con_speroni_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a cryptodiran with its head pulled back straight into its shell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/T.h._hermanni_con_speroni_5.JPG/250px-T.h._hermanni_con_speroni_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="178" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/T.h._hermanni_con_speroni_5.JPG/330px-T.h._hermanni_con_speroni_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/T.h._hermanni_con_speroni_5.JPG/500px-T.h._hermanni_con_speroni_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a> retract their necks backward.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelomedusa_subrufa_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a pleurodiran with its head and neck folded toward the side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pelomedusa_subrufa_%28cropped%29.JPG/216px-Pelomedusa_subrufa_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pelomedusa_subrufa_%28cropped%29.JPG/324px-Pelomedusa_subrufa_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pelomedusa_subrufa_%28cropped%29.JPG/432px-Pelomedusa_subrufa_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a> retract their necks sideways.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:400px;max-width:400px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_neck_retraction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagrams of the top-down bending of the neck of cryptodirans, and the left-right bending of the neck in pleurodirans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Turtle_neck_retraction.svg/398px-Turtle_neck_retraction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="398" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Turtle_neck_retraction.svg/597px-Turtle_neck_retraction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Turtle_neck_retraction.svg/796px-Turtle_neck_retraction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The different mechanisms of neck retraction in the two suborders of turtles</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Turtles are divided into two living suborders: Cryptodira and Pleurodira.<sup id="cite_ref-Joyce_2021_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyce_2021-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two groups differ in the way the neck is retracted for protection. Pleurodirans retract their neck to the side and in front of the shoulder girdles, whereas cryptodirans retract their neck backward into their shell. These motions are enabled by the morphology and arrangement of neck vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-Werneburg_2015_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werneburg_2015-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrel_2008_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrel_2008-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea turtles (which belong to Cryptodira) have mostly lost the ability to retract their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012110_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrenstein2012110-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adductor muscles in the lower jaw create a pulley-like system in both subgroups. However, the bones that the muscles articulate with differ. In Pleurodira, the pulley is formed with the <a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_bone" title="Pterygoid bone">pterygoid bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>, but in Cryptodira the pulley is formed with the otic capsule. Both systems help to vertically redirect the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Abduction_and_adduction" title="Anatomical terms of motion">adductor</a> muscles and maintain a powerful bite.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferreira_Lautenschlager_Evers_Pfaff_2020_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferreira_Lautenschlager_Evers_Pfaff_2020-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further difference between the suborders is the attachment of the pelvis. In Cryptodira, the pelvis is free, linked to the shell only by ligaments. In Pleurodira, the pelvis is <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">sutured</a>, joined with bony connections, to the carapace and to the plastron, creating a pair of large columns of bone at the back end of the turtle, linking the two parts of the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise_Stayton_2017_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise_Stayton_2017-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turtles are widely distributed across the world's continents, oceans, and islands with terrestrial, fully aquatic, and semi-aquatic species. Sea turtles are mainly tropical and subtropical, but leatherbacks can be found in colder areas of the Atlantic and Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Pough_2001_pp._146–151_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough_2001_pp._146–151-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living Pleurodira all live in freshwater and are found only in the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferreira_Bronzati_Langer_Sterli_2018_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferreira_Bronzati_Langer_Sterli_2018-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cryptodira include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species, and these range more widely.<sup id="cite_ref-Pough_2001_pp._146–151_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough_2001_pp._146–151-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world regions richest in non-marine turtle species are the Amazon basin, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainages</a> of the United States, and parts of South and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Buhlmann_et_al_2009_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buhlmann_et_al_2009-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For turtles in colder climates, their distribution is limited by constraints on reproduction, which is reduced by long hibernations. North American species barely range above the southern Canadian border.<sup id="cite_ref-Ultsch_p=339_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultsch_p=339-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some turtles are found at high altitudes, for example, the species <i><a href="/wiki/Terrapene_ornata" title="Terrapene ornata">Terrapene ornata</a></i> occurs up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the leatherback sea turtle can dive over 1,200 m (3,900 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a></i> can tolerate both below freezing and over 40 °C (104 °F) in body temperature, though they are most active at 26–34 °C (79–93 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loggerhead_ted-noaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a marine turtle escaping from a specially-designed fishing net" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Loggerhead_ted-noaa.jpg/220px-Loggerhead_ted-noaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Loggerhead_ted-noaa.jpg/330px-Loggerhead_ted-noaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Loggerhead_ted-noaa.jpg/440px-Loggerhead_ted-noaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Many turtles have been killed accidentally in fishing nets.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_Lewison_McDonald_McDonald_2010_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_Lewison_McDonald_McDonald_2010-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some trawlers now use nets fitted with <a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">turtle excluders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery_2021_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery_2021-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seen here, a loggerhead escapes a net so fitted.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among vertebrate orders, turtles are second only to <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a> in the percentage of threatened species. 360 modern species have existed since 1500 AD. Of these, 51–56% are considered threatened and 60% considered threatened or extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodin2018_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodin2018-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtles face many threats, including <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, harvesting for consumption, the pet trade,<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodin_2011_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodin_2011-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021160–166_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021160–166-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021156_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021156-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021157_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021157-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian species have a particularly high extinction risk, primarily due to their long-term unsustainable exploitation for food and medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly2_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly2-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 83% of Asia's non-marine turtle species are considered threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodin2018_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodin2018-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, turtle extinction is progressing much faster than during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous-Tertiary_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction">Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction</a>. At this rate, all turtles could be extinct in a few centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turtle <a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">hatcheries</a> can be set up when protection against flooding, erosion, predation, or heavy <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> is required.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese markets have sought to satisfy an increasing demand for turtle meat with farmed turtles. In 2007 it was estimated that over a thousand turtle farms operated in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Fishfarmer_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fishfarmer-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the same, wild turtles continue to be caught and sent to market in large numbers, resulting in what conservationists have called "the Asian turtle crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Firefly2_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly2-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of the biologist George Amato, the hunting of turtles "vacuumed up entire species from areas in Southeast Asia", even as biologists still did not know how many species lived in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, all the <a href="/wiki/Asian_box_turtle" title="Asian box turtle">Asian box turtles</a> were placed on the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> list of endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-Firefly2_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firefly2-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harvesting wild turtles is legal in some American states,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there has been a growing demand for American turtles in China.<sup id="cite_ref-hylton_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hylton-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pittman_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pittman-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a> estimated in 2008 that around 3,000 pounds of softshell turtles were exported weekly via <a href="/wiki/Tampa_International_Airport" title="Tampa International Airport">Tampa International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pittman_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pittman-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the great majority of turtles exported from the US between 2002 and 2005 were farmed.<sup id="cite_ref-hylton_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hylton-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of sea turtles are accidentally killed in <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">gillnets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a> nets as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a>. A 2010 study suggested that over 8 million had been killed between 1990 and 2008; the Eastern Pacific and the Mediterranean were identified as among the areas worst affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_Lewison_McDonald_McDonald_2010_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace_Lewison_McDonald_McDonald_2010-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, the United States has required all <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_trawling" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp trawling">shrimp trawlers</a> to fit their nets with <a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">turtle excluder devices</a> that prevent turtles from being entangled in the net and drowning.<sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery_2021_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery_2021-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More locally, other human activities are affecting marine turtles. In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">shark culling</a> program, which uses <a href="/wiki/Shark_nets" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark nets">shark nets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_line_(shark_control)" title="Drum line (shark control)">drum lines</a>, has killed over 5,000 turtles as bycatch between 1962 and 2015; including 719 loggerhead turtles and 33 hawksbill sea turtles, which are listed as critically endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-QLDcull_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QLDcull-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native turtle populations can also be threatened by <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive ones</a>. The central North American red-eared slider turtle has been listed among the "<a href="/wiki/100_of_the_World%27s_Worst_Invasive_Alien_Species" title="100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species">world's worst invasive species</a>", pet turtle having been released globally. They appear to compete with native turtle species in eastern and western North America, Europe, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021107_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021107-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Human uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_space_flights">On space flights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: On space flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two tortoises were on the Soviet Union's September 1968 <a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumlunar_trajectory" title="Circumlunar trajectory">circumlunar flight</a>, making them the first earthly living things to travel to the vicinity of the Moon. Turtles were also on the <a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">Zond 6</a> (1968) and the <a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">Zond 7</a> (1969) circumlunar flights.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_turtles" title="Cultural depictions of turtles">Cultural depictions of turtles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_Turtle" title="World Turtle">World Turtle</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurmavatara_(tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu),_from_Garhwa,_Allahabad_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4th-century sculpture of turtle avatar of Vishnu. Garhwa, India"><img alt="Photograph of temple sculpture in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kurmavatara_%28tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu%29%2C_from_Garhwa%2C_Allahabad_District.jpg/145px-Kurmavatara_%28tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu%29%2C_from_Garhwa%2C_Allahabad_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kurmavatara_%28tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu%29%2C_from_Garhwa%2C_Allahabad_District.jpg/218px-Kurmavatara_%28tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu%29%2C_from_Garhwa%2C_Allahabad_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kurmavatara_%28tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu%29%2C_from_Garhwa%2C_Allahabad_District.jpg/291px-Kurmavatara_%28tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu%29%2C_from_Garhwa%2C_Allahabad_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="3187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">4th-century sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">turtle avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garhwa" title="Garhwa">Garhwa, India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V10_D562_The_hindoo_earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World resting on four elephants on the back of the World Turtle. Western depiction of "The Hindu Earth", 1877"><img alt="Lithograph drawing of world resting on 4 elephants standing on a giant turtle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PSM_V10_D562_The_hindoo_earth.jpg/500px-PSM_V10_D562_The_hindoo_earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PSM_V10_D562_The_hindoo_earth.jpg/960px-PSM_V10_D562_The_hindoo_earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">World resting on four elephants on the back of the <a href="/wiki/World_Turtle" title="World Turtle">World Turtle</a>. Western depiction of "The Hindu Earth", 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangxi-Lugou-rebuilding-stele-3581.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bixi supporting Kangxi Emperor's stele, Beijing, 1698"><img alt="Chinese funeral stone held up by a stone tortoise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kangxi-Lugou-rebuilding-stele-3581.jpg/250px-Kangxi-Lugou-rebuilding-stele-3581.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kangxi-Lugou-rebuilding-stele-3581.jpg/330px-Kangxi-Lugou-rebuilding-stele-3581.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kangxi-Lugou-rebuilding-stele-3581.jpg/500px-Kangxi-Lugou-rebuilding-stele-3581.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bixi_(tortoise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bixi (tortoise)">Bixi</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 1698</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_34.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mock Turtle in Lewis Carroll's 1865 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"><img alt="Children's book illustration with turtle figure standing on hind legs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_34.png/250px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_34.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_34.png/330px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_34.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_34.png/500px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_34.png 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mock_Turtle" title="Mock Turtle">Mock Turtle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s 1865 <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Turtle_1898_Manhattan_Theatre_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster for 1898 production of The Turtle at the Manhattan Theatre, Broadway"><img alt="Painting of a turtle standing on hind legs, with top hat and cane, on theatre poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_Turtle_1898_Manhattan_Theatre_poster.jpg/150px-The_Turtle_1898_Manhattan_Theatre_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_Turtle_1898_Manhattan_Theatre_poster.jpg/225px-The_Turtle_1898_Manhattan_Theatre_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_Turtle_1898_Manhattan_Theatre_poster.jpg/300px-The_Turtle_1898_Manhattan_Theatre_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster for 1898 production of <i>The Turtle</i> at the Manhattan Theatre, Broadway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrapin_Shell_Leg_Rattles_Worn_by_Lead_Woman_Dancer,_Oconaluftee_Village,_NC._-_NARA_-_281630.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrapin shell leg rattles worn by lead Cherokee woman dancer, 20th century"><img alt="Photograph of cloth with four terrapin shell rattles to be tied around a dancer's leg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Terrapin_Shell_Leg_Rattles_Worn_by_Lead_Woman_Dancer%2C_Oconaluftee_Village%2C_NC._-_NARA_-_281630.jpg/250px-Terrapin_Shell_Leg_Rattles_Worn_by_Lead_Woman_Dancer%2C_Oconaluftee_Village%2C_NC._-_NARA_-_281630.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Terrapin_Shell_Leg_Rattles_Worn_by_Lead_Woman_Dancer%2C_Oconaluftee_Village%2C_NC._-_NARA_-_281630.jpg/330px-Terrapin_Shell_Leg_Rattles_Worn_by_Lead_Woman_Dancer%2C_Oconaluftee_Village%2C_NC._-_NARA_-_281630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Terrapin_Shell_Leg_Rattles_Worn_by_Lead_Woman_Dancer%2C_Oconaluftee_Village%2C_NC._-_NARA_-_281630.jpg/500px-Terrapin_Shell_Leg_Rattles_Worn_by_Lead_Woman_Dancer%2C_Oconaluftee_Village%2C_NC._-_NARA_-_281630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terrapin shell leg rattles worn by lead <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> woman dancer, 20th century</div> </li> </ul> <p>Turtles have featured in human cultures across the world since ancient times. They are generally viewed positively despite not being "cuddly" or flashy; their association with the ancient times and old age have contributed to their endearing image.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke20219–10_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke20219–10-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Turtle" title="World Turtle">World Turtle</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma or Kacchapa</a>, supports four elephants on his back; they, in turn, carry the weight of the whole world on their backs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202163–68_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202163–68-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turtle is one of the ten <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatars</a> or incarnations of the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202163–68_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202163–68-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> pose Kurmasana is named for the avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2011_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2011-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World Turtles are found in Native American cultures including the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>. They tell many versions of the <a href="/wiki/Creation_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation story">creation story</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Native_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Native American folklore)">Turtle Island</a>. One version has Muskrat pile up earth on Turtle's back, creating the continent of North America. An <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> version has the pregnant <a href="/wiki/Sky_Woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Woman">Sky Woman</a> fall through a hole in the sky between a tree's roots, where she is caught by birds who land her safely on Turtle's back; the Earth grows around her. The turtle here is altruistic, but the world is a heavy burden, and the turtle sometimes shakes itself to relieve the load, causing earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202163–68_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202163–68-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Converse1908_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Converse1908-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Encyclopedia_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A turtle was the symbol of the Ancient Mesopotamian god <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> from the 3rd millennium BCE onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202144–48_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202144–48-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a> told that only the tortoise refused the invitation of the gods <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> to their wedding, as it preferred to stay at home. Zeus then ordered it to carry its house with it, ever after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202156_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202156-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another of their gods, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, invented a seven-stringed <a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">lyre</a> made with the shell of a tortoise.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Plastromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastromancy">plastromancy</a>, dating back to 1200 BCE, oracles were obtained by inscribing questions on turtle plastrons using the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">oldest known form of Chinese characters</a>, burning the plastron, and interpreting the resulting cracks. Later, the turtle was one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">four sacred animals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Han_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Han period">Han period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a> were mounted on top of stone turtles, later linked with <a href="/wiki/Bixi" title="Bixi">Bixi</a>, the turtle-shelled son of the Dragon King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202149–52_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202149–52-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marine turtles feature significantly in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal">Australian Aboriginal</a> art.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> used the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">testudo</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Testudo_formation" title="Testudo formation">("tortoise") formation</a> where soldiers would form a <a href="/wiki/Shield_wall" title="Shield wall">shield wall</a> for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021107_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021107-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Tortoise_and_the_Hare" title="The Tortoise and the Hare">The Tortoise and the Hare</a>" tells how an unequal race may be won by the slower partner.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021139_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021139-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s 1865 <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> features a <a href="/wiki/Mock_Turtle" title="Mock Turtle">Mock Turtle</a>, named for <a href="/wiki/Mock_turtle_soup" title="Mock turtle soup">a soup meant to imitate</a> the expensive soup made from real turtle meat.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021135_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021135-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, the French playwright <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gandillot" title="Léon Gandillot">Léon Gandillot</a> wrote a comedy in three acts named <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Tortue</i></span> that was "a Parisian sensation"<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_Life_1899_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Life_1899-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in its run in France, and came to the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Theatre" title="Manhattan Theatre">Manhattan Theatre</a>, Broadway, New York, in 1898 as <i>The Turtle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021137_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021137-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "cosmic turtle" and the island motif reappear in <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>'s 1974 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(book)" title="Turtle Island (book)">Turtle Island</a></i>, and again in <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i> series as Great A'Tuin, starting with the 1983 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colour_of_Magic" title="The Colour of Magic">The Colour of Magic</a></i>. It is supposedly of the species <i>Chelys galactica</i>, the galactic turtle, complete with four elephants on its back to support Discworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021118–120_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021118–120-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A giant fire-breathing turtle called <a href="/wiki/Gamera" title="Gamera">Gamera</a> is the star of a series of Japanese monster movies in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a></i> genre and has had twelve films from 1965 to 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021146–148_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021146–148-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtles have been featured in comic books and animations such as the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021148–151_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021148–151-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pets">As pets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: As pets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some turtles, particularly small terrestrial and freshwater species, are kept as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_2017_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_2017-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021181_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021181-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for pet turtles increased in the 1950s, with the US being the main supplier, particularly of farm-bred red-eared sliders. The popularity for exotic pets has led to an increase in illegal <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">wildlife trafficking</a>. Around 21% of the value of live animal trade is in reptiles, and turtles are among the more popularly traded species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021181–183_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021181–183-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor husbandry of tortoises can cause chronic <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a> (nasal swelling), overgrown beaks, <a href="/wiki/Hyperparathyroidism" title="Hyperparathyroidism">hyperparathyroidism</a> (which softens their skeleton), <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, various reproductive problems, and injuries from dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_2017_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_2017-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, people in the United States have organized and gambled on <a href="/wiki/Turtle_racing" title="Turtle racing">turtle races</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2021120–122_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2021120–122-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food_and_other_uses">As food and other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: As food and other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flesh of captured wild turtles continues to be eaten in Asian cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Turtle_soup" title="Turtle soup">turtle soup</a> was once a popular dish in <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gopher tortoise stew has been popular with some groups in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supposed aphrodisiac or medicinal properties of turtle eggs created a large trade for them in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard-shell turtle plastrons and soft-shell carapaces are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> imported nearly 200 metric tons of hard-shells from its neighbors yearly from 1999 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular medicinal preparation based on herbs and turtle shells is <i><a href="/wiki/Guilinggao" title="Guilinggao">guilinggao</a></i> jelly.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The substance <a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">tortoiseshell</a>, usually from the hawksbill turtle, has been used for centuries to make jewelry, tools, and ornaments around the Western Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_168-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawksbills have accordingly been hunted for their shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_2018_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox_2018-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trading of tortoiseshell was internationally banned in 1977 by CITES.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cultures have used turtle shells to make music: Native American <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a> made them into ceremonial rattles, while <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtecs</a> made <i><span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">ayotl</i></span></i> drums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202158–60_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202158–60-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_2_395489_Catching_turtles,_wood_engraving,_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catching turtles in Australia, 1875"><img alt="Historic engraving of men catching turtles on a beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/StateLibQld_2_395489_Catching_turtles%2C_wood_engraving%2C_1875.jpg/250px-StateLibQld_2_395489_Catching_turtles%2C_wood_engraving%2C_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/StateLibQld_2_395489_Catching_turtles%2C_wood_engraving%2C_1875.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_2_395489_Catching_turtles%2C_wood_engraving%2C_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catching turtles in Australia, 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TurtleSeafood.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turtles on sale as food in Canada, 2007"><img alt="photo of turtles on sale as food in a shop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TurtleSeafood.jpg/174px-TurtleSeafood.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TurtleSeafood.jpg/261px-TurtleSeafood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TurtleSeafood.jpg/348px-TurtleSeafood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turtles on sale as food in Canada, 2007</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_plastrons_as_TCM_in_Xi%27an_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turtle plastrons for traditional Chinese medicine"><img alt="Photograph of a box of turtle plastrons in a market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Turtle_plastrons_as_TCM_in_Xi%27an_market.jpg/180px-Turtle_plastrons_as_TCM_in_Xi%27an_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Turtle_plastrons_as_TCM_in_Xi%27an_market.jpg/271px-Turtle_plastrons_as_TCM_in_Xi%27an_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Turtle_plastrons_as_TCM_in_Xi%27an_market.jpg/361px-Turtle_plastrons_as_TCM_in_Xi%27an_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Turtle plastrons for traditional Chinese medicine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peigne_en_%C3%A9caille.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tortoiseshell comb; the material was expensive and decorative, and widely used for small items.[200]"><img alt="Photograph of a decoratively ridged comb made of tortoiseshell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peigne_en_%C3%A9caille.jpg/347px-Peigne_en_%C3%A9caille.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peigne_en_%C3%A9caille.jpg/520px-Peigne_en_%C3%A9caille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Peigne_en_%C3%A9caille.jpg/693px-Peigne_en_%C3%A9caille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tortoiseshell comb; the material was expensive and decorative, and widely used for small items.<sup id="cite_ref-Strieker_2001_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strieker_2001-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheldonbasking.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A pet red-eared slider basking on a floating platform under a sun lamp"><img alt="Photograph of a pet turtle in a terrarium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sheldonbasking.JPG/330px-Sheldonbasking.JPG" decoding="async" width="206" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sheldonbasking.JPG/500px-Sheldonbasking.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sheldonbasking.JPG/960px-Sheldonbasking.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pet red-eared slider basking on a floating platform under a sun lamp</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prohibited_from_capturing_and_consuming_tutles,_Bluefields,_Nicaragua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A notice in Bluefields, Nicaragua in 2023 indicating that the capturing and consuming of turtles is prohibited"><img alt="A notice in Bluefields, Nicaragua in 2023 indicating that the capturing and consuming of turtles is prohibited" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prohibited_from_capturing_and_consuming_tutles%2C_Bluefields%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/263px-Prohibited_from_capturing_and_consuming_tutles%2C_Bluefields%2C_Nicaragua.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prohibited_from_capturing_and_consuming_tutles%2C_Bluefields%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/395px-Prohibited_from_capturing_and_consuming_tutles%2C_Bluefields%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Prohibited_from_capturing_and_consuming_tutles%2C_Bluefields%2C_Nicaragua.jpg/526px-Prohibited_from_capturing_and_consuming_tutles%2C_Bluefields%2C_Nicaragua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="2283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A notice in <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> in 2023 indicating that the capturing and consuming of turtles is prohibited</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Turtle_Day" title="World Turtle Day">World Turtle Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TTWG_2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TTWG_2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TTWG_2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TTWG_2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurtle_Taxonomy_Working_Group2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Taxonomy_Working_Group" title="Turtle Taxonomy Working Group">Turtle Taxonomy Working Group</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf"><i>Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chelonian Research Monographs (no. 1). Vol. 7 (8th ed.). Chelonian Research Foundation: Turtle Conservancy. pp. 10, 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3854%2Fcrm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017">10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5323-5026-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5323-5026-9"><bdi>978-1-5323-5026-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1124067380">1124067380</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035801/http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turtles+of+the+World%3A+Annotated+Checklist+and+Atlas+of+Taxonomy%2C+Synonymy%2C+Distribution%2C+and+Conservation+Status&rft.series=Chelonian+Research+Monographs+%28no.+1%29&rft.pages=10%2C+24&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Chelonian+Research+Foundation%3A+Turtle+Conservancy&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1124067380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3854%2Fcrm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5323-5026-9&rft.au=Turtle+Taxonomy+Working+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.turtleconservancy.org%2Fdocuments%2F2017%2Fcrm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubois2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois2010_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuboisBour2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dubois, Alan; Bour, Roger (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/BzB_Volumes/Volume_57_2/149_171_BzB57_2_Dubois_Alain_and_Bour_Roger.PDF">"The Distinction Between Family-Series and Class-Series Nominain Zoological Nomenclature, With Emphasis on the Nomina Created by Batsch (1788, 1789) and on the Higher Nomenclature of Turtles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bonn Zoological Bulletin</i>. <b>57</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/BzB_Volumes/Volume_57_2/149_171_BzB57_2_Dubois_Alain_and_Bour_Roger.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bonn+Zoological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Distinction+Between+Family-Series+and+Class-Series+Nominain+Zoological+Nomenclature%2C+With+Emphasis+on+the+Nomina+Created+by+Batsch+%281788%2C+1789%29+and+on+the+Higher+Nomenclature+of+Turtles&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Bour%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoologicalbulletin.de%2FBzB_Volumes%2FVolume_57_2%2F149_171_BzB57_2_Dubois_Alain_and_Bour_Roger.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=turtle">"turtle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bauer, Aaron (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.24553">"Vocalization by extant nonavian reptiles: A synthetic overview of phonation and the vocal apparatus"</a>. <i>The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>304</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1478–</span>1528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.24553">10.1002/ar.24553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33099849">33099849</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225069598">225069598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record%3A+Advances+in+Integrative+Anatomy+and+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Vocalization+by+extant+nonavian+reptiles%3A+A+synthetic+overview+of+phonation+and+the+vocal+apparatus&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1478-%3C%2Fspan%3E1528&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225069598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33099849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.24553&rft.aulast=P.+Russell&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=M.+Bauer%2C+Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Far.24553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCapshaw,_GraceWillis,_Katie_L.Han,_DaweiBierman,_Hilary_S.2020" class="citation book cs1">Capshaw, Grace; Willis, Katie L.; Han, Dawei; Bierman, Hilary S. 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"Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: the Case of Taiwan". <i>Chelonian Conservation and Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2744%2FCCB-0747.1">10.2744/CCB-0747.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86821249">86821249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chelonian+Conservation+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Unregulated+Trade+in+Turtle+Shells+for+Chinese+Traditional+Medicine+in+East+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+the+Case+of+Taiwan&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2744%2FCCB-0747.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86821249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Tien-Hsi&rft.au=Chang%2C+H.-C.&rft.au=Lue%2C+Kuang-Yang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangWuGuo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Huan; Wu, Min-Yi; Guo, De-Jian; et al. (2013). "Gui-ling-gao (turtle jelly), a traditional Chinese functional food, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in splenocytes isolated from BALB/c mice". <i>Journal of Functional Foods</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">625–</span>632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jff.2013.01.004">10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F16357">10397/16357</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Functional+Foods&rft.atitle=Gui-ling-gao+%28turtle+jelly%29%2C+a+traditional+Chinese+functional+food%2C+exerts+anti-inflammatory+effects+by+inhibiting+iNOS+and+pro-inflammatory+cytokine+expressions+in+splenocytes+isolated+from+BALB%2Fc+mice&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E625-%3C%2Fspan%3E632&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10397%2F16357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jff.2013.01.004&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Huan&rft.au=Wu%2C+Min-Yi&rft.au=Guo%2C+De-Jian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox_2018-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cox_2018_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCox2018" class="citation news cs1">Cox, Lisa (November 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/13/hawksbill-turtle-poaching-to-be-fought-with-dna-technology">"Hawksbill Turtle Poaching to be Fought with DNA Technology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Hawksbills are the only sea turtles hunted for their shells, despite international trade in hawksbill products being banned more than 20 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hawksbill+Turtle+Poaching+to+be+Fought+with+DNA+Technology&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2018%2Fnov%2F13%2Fhawksbill-turtle-poaching-to-be-fought-with-dna-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conserveturtles.org/11503-2/">"Global Status of the Hawksbill Sea Turtle: The Tortoiseshell Trade"</a>. Sea Turtle Conservancy. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Status+of+the+Hawksbill+Sea+Turtle%3A+The+Tortoiseshell+Trade&rft.pub=Sea+Turtle+Conservancy&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conserveturtles.org%2F11503-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke202158–60-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke202158–60_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryke2021">Pryke 2021</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strieker_2001-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strieker_2001_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrieker2001" class="citation web cs1">Strieker, Gary (April 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061215162652/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/04/10/japan.turtles/">"Tortoiseshell Ban Threatens Japanese Tradition"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/04/10/japan.turtles/">the original</a> on December 15, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tortoiseshell+Ban+Threatens+Japanese+Tradition&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2001-04-10&rft.aulast=Strieker&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2001%2FTECH%2Fscience%2F04%2F10%2Fjapan.turtles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2011" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Carl J. (2011). <i>Turtle: A Extraordinary Natural History 245 Million Years in the Making</i>. Crestline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-2775-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-2775-7"><bdi>978-0-7858-2775-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turtle%3A+A+Extraordinary+Natural+History+245+Million+Years+in+the+Making&rft.pub=Crestline&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-2775-7&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrenstein2012" class="citation book cs1">Orenstein, Ronald (2012). <i>Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins: a Natural History</i>. Firefly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77085-119-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77085-119-1"><bdi>978-1-77085-119-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/791162481">791162481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turtles%2C+Tortoises+and+Terrapins%3A+a+Natural+History&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F791162481&rft.isbn=978-1-77085-119-1&rft.aulast=Orenstein&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPryke2021" class="citation book cs1">Pryke, Louise (2021). <i>Turtle</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-336-2"><bdi>978-1-78914-336-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1223025640">1223025640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turtle&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1223025640&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-336-2&rft.aulast=Pryke&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurtle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turtle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turtlesurvival.org/">Turtle Survival Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turtleconservancy.org/">Turtle Conservancy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328020135/https://webofmeetings.com/2020/earthsciences/paleontology/turtle-evolution-symposium-2021/">Symposium on Turtle Evolution</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Testudines566" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Testudines" title="Template:Testudines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Testudines" title="Template talk:Testudines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Testudines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Testudines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Testudines566" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testudines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a></li> <li>Order: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testudines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)#Hierarchy_of_ranks" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Superfamily30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Superfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Testudines_families" title="List of Testudines families">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div id="Genus15"><b><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Cryptodira" title="Cryptodira">Cryptodira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Chelonioidea</a><br />(Sea turtles)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cheloniidae39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Cheloniidae" title="Cheloniidae">Cheloniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Allopleuron" title="Allopleuron">Allopleuron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">Caretta</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Carolinochelys" title="Carolinochelys">Carolinochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">Chelonia</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Eochelone" title="Eochelone">Eochelone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Eretmochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gigantatypus" title="Gigantatypus">Gigantatypus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Glarichelys" title="Glarichelys">Glarichelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Itilochelys" title="Itilochelys">Itilochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ridley_sea_turtle" title="Ridley sea turtle">Lepidochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Mexichelys" title="Mexichelys">Mexichelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Miocaretta" title="Miocaretta">Miocaretta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flatback_sea_turtle" title="Flatback sea turtle">Natator</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pacifichelys" title="Pacifichelys">Pacifichelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Syllomus" title="Syllomus">Syllomus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Tasbacka" title="Tasbacka">Tasbacka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Dermochelyidae" title="Dermochelyidae">Dermochelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Arabemys" title="Arabemys">Arabemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Corsochelys" title="Corsochelys">Corsochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Cosmochelys" title="Cosmochelys">Cosmochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">Dermochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Eosphargis" title="Eosphargis">Eosphargis</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Mesodermochelys" title="Mesodermochelys">Mesodermochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Psephophorus" title="Psephophorus">Psephophorus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Euclastes" title="Euclastes">Euclastes</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Peritresius" title="Peritresius">Peritresius</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Procolpochelys" title="Procolpochelys">Procolpochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Protosphargis" title="Protosphargis">Protosphargis</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Puppigerus" title="Puppigerus">Puppigerus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Kinosternoidea" title="Kinosternoidea">Kinosternoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dermatemydidae35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Dermatemydidae" title="Dermatemydidae">Dermatemydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hickatee" title="Hickatee">Dermatemys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kinosternidae" title="Kinosternidae">Kinosternidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrow-bridged_musk_turtle" title="Narrow-bridged musk turtle">Claudius</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Hoplochelys" title="Hoplochelys">Hoplochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinosternon" title="Kinosternon">Kinosternon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Staurotypus" title="Staurotypus">Staurotypus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sternotherus" title="Sternotherus">Sternotherus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Testudinoidea" title="Testudinoidea">Testudinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emydidae" title="Emydidae">Emydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Acherontemys" title="Acherontemys">Acherontemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chrysemys" title="Chrysemys">Chrysemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clemmys" title="Clemmys">Clemmys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deirochelys" title="Deirochelys">Deirochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emys" title="Emys">Emys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinemys" title="Actinemys">Actinemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Emydoidea">Emydoidea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptemys" title="Glyptemys">Glyptemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graptemys" title="Graptemys">Graptemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin" title="Diamondback terrapin">Malaclemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudemys" title="Pseudemys">Pseudemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Box_turtle" title="Box turtle">Terrapene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trachemys" title="Trachemys">Trachemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilburemys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilburemys (page does not exist)">Wilburemys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Geoemydidae" title="Geoemydidae">Geoemydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Batagur" title="Batagur">Batagur</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Banhxeochelys" title="Banhxeochelys">Banhxeochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asian_box_turtle" title="Asian box turtle">Cuora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclemys" title="Cyclemys">Cyclemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_pond_turtle" title="Black pond turtle">Geoclemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geoemyda" title="Geoemyda">Geoemyda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahminy_river_turtle" title="Brahminy river turtle">Hardella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heosemys" title="Heosemys">Heosemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_forest_turtle" title="Sulawesi forest turtle">Leucocephalon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malayemys" title="Malayemys">Malayemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mauremys" title="Mauremys">Mauremys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melanochelys" title="Melanochelys">Melanochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morenia" title="Morenia">Morenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malayan_flat-shelled_turtle" title="Malayan flat-shelled turtle">Notochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_giant_turtle" title="Malaysian giant turtle">Orlitia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pangshura" title="Pangshura">Pangshura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinoclemmys" title="Rhinoclemmys">Rhinoclemmys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacalia" title="Sacalia">Sacalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siebenrockiella" title="Siebenrockiella">Siebenrockiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cane_turtle" title="Cane turtle">Vijayachelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> <a href="/wiki/Big-headed_turtle" title="Big-headed turtle">Platysternidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Big-headed_turtle" title="Big-headed turtle">Platysternon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">Testudinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aldabrachelys" title="Aldabrachelys">Aldabrachelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astrochelys" title="Astrochelys">Astrochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centrochelys" title="Centrochelys">Centrochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chelonoidis" title="Chelonoidis">Chelonoidis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angulate_tortoise" title="Angulate tortoise">Chersina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cylindraspis" title="Cylindraspis">Cylindraspis</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cymatholcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cymatholcus (page does not exist)">Cymatholcus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floridemys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floridemys (page does not exist)">Floridemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geochelone" title="Geochelone">Geochelone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gopherus" title="Gopherus">Gopherus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Hadrianus_(turtle)" title="Hadrianus (turtle)">Hadrianus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Hesperotestudo" title="Hesperotestudo">Hesperotestudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homopus" title="Homopus">Homopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indotestudo" title="Indotestudo">Indotestudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinixys" title="Kinixys">Kinixys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancake_tortoise" title="Pancake tortoise">Malacochersus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manouria" title="Manouria">Manouria</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Megalochelys" title="Megalochelys">Megalochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligopherus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligopherus (page does not exist)">Oligopherus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammobates" title="Psammobates">Psammobates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyxis_(turtle)" title="Pyxis (turtle)">Pyxis</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Solitudo" title="Solitudo">Solitudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leopard_tortoise" title="Leopard tortoise">Stigmochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Stylemys" title="Stylemys">Stylemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Testudo_(genus)" title="Testudo (genus)">Testudo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Trionychia" title="Trionychia">Trionychia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Pig-nosed_turtle" title="Pig-nosed turtle">Carettochelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Allaeochelys" title="Allaeochelys">Allaeochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Anosteira" title="Anosteira">Anosteira</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pig-nosed_turtle" title="Pig-nosed turtle">Carettochelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Trionychidae" title="Trionychidae">Trionychidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amyda" title="Amyda">Amyda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apalone" title="Apalone">Apalone</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Axestemys" title="Axestemys">Axestemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitra_(turtle)" title="Chitra (turtle)">Chitra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclanorbis" title="Cyclanorbis">Cyclanorbis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycloderma" title="Cycloderma">Cycloderma</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Drazinderetes" title="Drazinderetes">Drazinderetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malayan_softshell_turtle" title="Malayan softshell turtle">Dogania</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Gilmoremys" title="Gilmoremys">Gilmoremys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Hutchemys" title="Hutchemys">Hutchemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Khunnuchelys" title="Khunnuchelys">Khunnuchelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lissemys" title="Lissemys">Lissemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nilssonia_(turtle)" title="Nilssonia (turtle)">Nilssonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wattle-necked_softshell_turtle" title="Wattle-necked softshell turtle">Palea</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Palaeoamyda" title="Palaeoamyda">Palaeoamyda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelochelys" title="Pelochelys">Pelochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelodiscus" title="Pelodiscus">Pelodiscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rafetus" title="Rafetus">Rafetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trionyx" title="Trionyx">Trionyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Basilochelys" title="Basilochelys">Basilochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sinaspideretes" title="Sinaspideretes">Sinaspideretes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chelydridae66" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Chelydridae" title="Chelydridae">Chelydridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chelydra" title="Chelydra">Chelydra</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Chelydrops" title="Chelydrops">Chelydrops</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Chelydropsis" title="Chelydropsis">Chelydropsis</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Emarginachelys" title="Emarginachelys">Emarginachelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Macrocephalochelys" title="Macrocephalochelys">Macrocephalochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrochelys" title="Macrochelys">Macrochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Planiplastron" title="Planiplastron">Planiplastron</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Protochelydra" title="Protochelydra">Protochelydra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="/wiki/Nanhsiungchelyidae" title="Nanhsiungchelyidae">Nanhsiungchelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Anomalochelys" title="Anomalochelys">Anomalochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Basilemys" title="Basilemys">Basilemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Jiangxichelys" title="Jiangxichelys">Jiangxichelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="/wiki/Protostegidae" title="Protostegidae">Protostegidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Alienochelys" title="Alienochelys">Alienochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Archelon" title="Archelon">Archelon</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Atlantochelys" title="Atlantochelys">Atlantochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bouliachelys" title="Bouliachelys">Bouliachelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Calcarichelys" title="Calcarichelys">Calcarichelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Cratochelone" title="Cratochelone">Cratochelone</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Desmatochelys" title="Desmatochelys">Desmatochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Iserosaurus" title="Iserosaurus">Iserosaurus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Notochelone" title="Notochelone">Notochelone</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ocepechelon" title="Ocepechelon">Ocepechelon</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pneumatoarthrus" title="Pneumatoarthrus">Pneumatoarthrus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Protostega" title="Protostega">Protostega</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Rhinochelys" title="Rhinochelys">Rhinochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Santanachelys" title="Santanachelys">Santanachelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Terlinguachelys" title="Terlinguachelys">Terlinguachelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Adocus" title="Adocus">Adocus</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Argillochelys" title="Argillochelys">Argillochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bashuchelys" title="Bashuchelys">Bashuchelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ctenochelys" title="Ctenochelys">Ctenochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Prionochelys" title="Prionochelys">Prionochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Toxochelys" title="Toxochelys">Toxochelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Pleurodira" title="Pleurodira">Pleurodira</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="/wiki/Araripemydidae" title="Araripemydidae">Araripemydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Araripemys" title="Araripemys">Araripemys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="/wiki/Bothremydidae" title="Bothremydidae">Bothremydidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Araiochelys" title="Araiochelys">Araiochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Arenila" title="Arenila">Arenila</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Azabbaremys" title="Azabbaremys">Azabbaremys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bothremys" title="Bothremys">Bothremys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Cearachelys" title="Cearachelys">Cearachelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Chedighaii" title="Chedighaii">Chedighaii</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Chupacabrachelys" title="Chupacabrachelys">Chupacabrachelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Eotaphrosphys" title="Eotaphrosphys">Eotaphrosphys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Foxemys" title="Foxemys">Foxemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Galianemys" title="Galianemys">Galianemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ilatardia" title="Ilatardia">Ilatardia</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Inaechelys" title="Inaechelys">Inaechelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Itapecuruemys" title="Itapecuruemys">Itapecuruemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Jainemys" title="Jainemys">Jainemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Kinkonychelys" title="Kinkonychelys">Kinkonychelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Kurmademys" title="Kurmademys">Kurmademys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Labrostochelys" title="Labrostochelys">Labrostochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Nigeremys" title="Nigeremys">Nigeremys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Phosphatochelys" title="Phosphatochelys">Phosphatochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Polysternon" title="Polysternon">Polysternon</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Puentemys" title="Puentemys">Puentemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Rosasia" title="Rosasia">Rosasia</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Rhothonemys" title="Rhothonemys">Rhothonemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sankuchemys" title="Sankuchemys">Sankuchemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Taphrosphys" title="Taphrosphys">Taphrosphys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ummulisani" title="Ummulisani">Ummulisani</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Zolhafah" title="Zolhafah">Zolhafah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Chelidae" title="Chelidae">Chelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthochelys" title="Acanthochelys">Acanthochelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chelodina" title="Chelodina">Chelodina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mata_mata" title="Mata mata">Chelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseya" title="Elseya">Elseya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_River_turtle" title="Mary River turtle">Elusor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydura" title="Emydura">Emydura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hydromedusa" title="Hydromedusa">Hydromedusa</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Lomalatachelys" title="Lomalatachelys">Lomalatachelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesoclemmys" title="Mesoclemmys">Mesoclemmys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myuchelys" title="Myuchelys">Myuchelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrynops" title="Phrynops">Phrynops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twist-necked_turtle" title="Twist-necked turtle">Platemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Prochelidella" title="Prochelidella">Prochelidella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_swamp_turtle" title="Western swamp turtle">Pseudemydura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rheodytes" title="Rheodytes">Rheodytes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_side-necked_turtle" title="Red side-necked turtle">Rhinemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Yaminuechelys" title="Yaminuechelys">Yaminuechelys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Pelomedusidae" title="Pelomedusidae">Pelomedusidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_helmeted_turtle" title="African helmeted turtle">Pelomedusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelusios" title="Pelusios">Pelusios</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Podocnemididae" title="Podocnemididae">Podocnemididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Albertwoodemys" title="Albertwoodemys">Albertwoodemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Bauruemys" title="Bauruemys">Bauruemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Brontochelys" title="Brontochelys">Brontochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Caninemys" title="Caninemys">Caninemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Carbonemys" title="Carbonemys">Carbonemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Cerrejonemys" title="Cerrejonemys">Cerrejonemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Cordichelys" title="Cordichelys">Cordichelys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madagascan_big-headed_turtle" title="Madagascan big-headed turtle">Erymnochelys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Lapparentemys" title="Lapparentemys">Lapparentemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Latentemys" title="Latentemys">Latentemys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big-headed_Amazon_River_turtle" title="Big-headed Amazon River turtle">Peltocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podocnemis" title="Podocnemis">Podocnemis</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Stupendemys" title="Stupendemys">Stupendemys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">†<a href="/wiki/Sahonachelyidae" title="Sahonachelyidae">Sahonachelyidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sahonachelys" title="Sahonachelys">Sahonachelys </a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sokatra" title="Sokatra">Sokatra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Caribemys" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribemys">Caribemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Caririemys" title="Caririemys">Caririemys</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Tacuarembemys" title="Tacuarembemys">Tacuarembemys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.turtleconservancy.org/documents/2017/crm-7-checklist-atlas-v8-2017.pdf"><i>Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status</i></a>. † = extinct.</li></ul> <ul><li>See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Testudines_families" title="List of Testudines families">List of Testudines families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individual_turtles_and_tortoises65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Individual_turtles" title="Template:Individual turtles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Individual_turtles" title="Template talk:Individual turtles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Individual_turtles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Individual turtles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individual_turtles_and_tortoises65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individual <a class="mw-selflink selflink">turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelita_(turtle)" title="Adelita (turtle)">Adelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwaita" title="Adwaita">Adwaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoan_Kiem_turtle" title="Hoan Kiem turtle">Cụ Rùa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_(tortoise)" title="Diego (tortoise)">Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldabra_giant_tortoise#Lifespan" title="Aldabra giant tortoise">Esmeralda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(tortoise)" title="Harriet (tortoise)">Harriet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(tortoise)" title="Jonathan (tortoise)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_George" title="Lonesome George">Lonesome George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Turpen" title="Mr Turpen">Mr Turpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_and_Mzee" title="Owen and Mzee">Mzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_(tortoise)" title="Timothy (tortoise)">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%27i_Malila" title="Tu'i Malila">Tu'i Malila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moon travelers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">Zond 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">Zond 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turtles_in_human_activities27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turtles_in_human_activities" title="Template:Turtles in human activities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turtles_in_human_activities" title="Template talk:Turtles in human activities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turtles_in_human_activities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turtles in human activities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turtles_in_human_activities27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Turtles in human activities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_turtles" title="Cultural depictions of turtles">Cultural depictions of turtles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_turtles" title="List of fictional turtles">fictional turtles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtle farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island" title="Turtle Island">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_racing" title="Turtle racing">Turtle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_soup" title="Turtle soup">Turtle soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bife_de_tartaruga" title="Bife de tartaruga">Turtle steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turtle" title="World Turtle">World Turtle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_chordate_classes597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chordata" title="Template:Chordata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chordata" title="Template talk:Chordata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_chordate_classes597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> classes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Clade <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Leptocardii (lancelets)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Urochordata)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larvacean" title="Larvacean">Appendicularia (larvaceans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acopa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolidobranchia" title="Stolidobranchia">Stolidobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliacea" title="Thaliacea">Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enterogona" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterogona">Enterogona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebobranchia" title="Phlebobranchia">Phlebobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplousobranchia" title="Aplousobranchia">Aplousobranchia</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cyclostomata87" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Myxini (hagfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia (lampreys)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-37px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(jawed vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:left;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bony vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(lobe-finned fish)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia (coelacanths)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Dipnoi (lungfish)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-25px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia (mammals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-19px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (scaled reptiles: snakes, lizards, worm lizards)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testudines (turtles)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archosauria81" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (crocodilians)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves (birds)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea (sea squirts)</a></i></li> <li>²classes of clade <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and descendants)</a></li> <li>³orders of traditional class <i><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia (reptiles)</a></i></li> <li><i>italics</i> denote paraphyletic groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3507" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Testudines</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223044" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q223044">Q223044</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Testudines" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Testudines">Testudines</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Testudines/">Testudines</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Testudines">Testudines</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id16323">16323</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=384">384</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/BXVZV">BXVZV</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/52570439">52570439</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TESTO">1TESTO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/793">793</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/39532">39532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10605">10605</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=948936">948936</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021053576">NHMSYS0021053576</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8459">8459</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e98d3c12-4c58-47a2-a0e3-9bb1bfadbe82">e98d3c12-4c58-47a2-a0e3-9bb1bfadbe82</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=639666">639666</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=56475">56475</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/726CA836-1A1F-D038-FF4B-FB3931F1FB6E">726CA836-1A1F-D038-FF4B-FB3931F1FB6E</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=48134">48134</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=2689">2689</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFChenChangLue2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenYangMeyers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheungDudgeon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiariCahaisGaltierDelsuc2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConverseParker1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordeiroAbeKlein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfordFairclothMcCormackBrumfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfordParhamSellasFaircloth2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenportMunksOxford1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisBurghardt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDegenhardtChristiansen1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodgeGaluardiMillerLutcavage2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraven2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuboisBour2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEversBarrettBenson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEversBenson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraraVogtSousa-Lima2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreiraBandyopadhyayJoyce2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreiraBronzatiLangerSterli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreiraLautenschlagerEversPfaff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilice2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritschesWarrant2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaffney1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilesDavisMcCauleyKuchling2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandaDvorak1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGutnickWeissenbacherKuba2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrelO\u0026#039;ReillyRichmond2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrelVan_DammeAerts2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirayamaIsajiHibino2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmeyrVambergerBranchSchleicher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHylton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIversonMoll2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwabeHaraKumazawaShibamoto2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengar1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorgewich-Cohen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyceAnquetinCadenaClaude2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKatsuBraunGuilletteIguchi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinCodd2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnaussJoyceLysonPearson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambertzBöhmePerry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeMilsom2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohmannLohmannBrothersPutman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLysonBever2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLysonSchachnerBotha-BrinkScheyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLysonSperlingHeimbergGauthier2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallinson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannenLi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMantonKarrEhrenfeld1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinAlessiGaspardTucker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCallum2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellanNicksonBenn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerDinkelacker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorera-BrenesMonge-Nájera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholsonHolroydBensonBarrett2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrenstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._RussellM._Bauer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearse2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPittman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoropatKoolVickers-RichRich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPough2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoughJanis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestFranklin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritchard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez-García2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiterLiawYamawakiNaumann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodinStanfordvan_DijkEisemberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodinWaldeHornevan_Dijk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieppel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieppelDeBraga1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipple1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosAggarwalJanke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalasBroglioRodríguez2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchochSuesBenson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthwoodAvens2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrieker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThom2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsonSpinksShaffer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurtle_Taxonomy_Working_Group2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUltsch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_DammeAerts1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallaceLewisonMcDonaldMcDonald2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangPascual-AnayaZadissaLi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnerMillerBronikowskiJanzen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerneburgWilsonParrJoyce2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiseStayton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyneken2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynekenWitherington2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeMaSunLi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZardoyaMeyer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangWuGuo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dijk2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chordata\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 79,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 17,\n [\"Clade\"] = 23,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 19,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 3,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossilrange\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"L\u0026S\"] = 1,\n [\"LSJ\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Ma\"] = 2,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"MirrorH\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Named turtles\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 77,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Testudines\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Turtles in human activities\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","16.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","7.4"],["recursiveClone 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