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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rhymes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tone_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Tone sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_Hokkien_and_Mandarin_tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_Hokkien_and_Mandarin_tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Relationship between Hokkien and Mandarin tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_Hokkien_and_Mandarin_tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_colloquial_pronunciations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_colloquial_pronunciations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary and colloquial pronunciations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_colloquial_pronunciations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_other_varieties_of_Hokkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_other_varieties_of_Hokkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speak_Hokkien_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speak_Hokkien_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Speak Hokkien Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speak_Hokkien_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of Hokkien spoken in parts of Malaysia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Penang Hokkien</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">庇能福建話</span></span> <br /> <i>Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā</i> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Tai-lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-lo">Tâi-lô</a>)</span> <br /> <i>Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa</i> <span style="font-size:70%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerian_District" title="Kerian District">Kerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larut,_Matang_and_Selama_District" title="Larut, Matang and Selama District">Larut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hulu_Perak_District" title="Hulu Perak District">Hulu Perak</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese#Coastal_Min" title="Min Chinese">Coastal Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Penang Hokkien</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-minClassification_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minClassification-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a><br />- Modified <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a><br />- Modified <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī)<br />- Ad hoc methods<br /><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Characters">Chinese Characters</a><br /> - <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a><br />Hangul (Experimental)<br />- Hokkien Imji<br />Mixed script comprising the above methods</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">nan</code> for <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> / <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Min Nan</a> which encompasses a variety of Hokkien dialects including "Penang-Medan Hokkien" / "Penang Hokkien".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-jek">79-AAA-jek</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Penang Hokkien</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E8%83%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:庇能">庇能</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:福建話">福建話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa /<br />Pī-nɛ́ng<sup id="cite_ref-open_e_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open_e-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hok-kiàn-ōa</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AA%B3%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:檳城">檳城</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:福建話">福建話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:槟城">槟城</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:福建话">福建话</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Bīnchéng Fújiànhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Pin-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-ōa</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Pin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="158" data-durationhint="354" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="670" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="670" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="336" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="502" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Timothy_speaking_Penang_Hokkien.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="502" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Penang Hokkien speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Penang Hokkien</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">庇能福建話</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-u%C3%A2n_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB_Phing-im_Hong-%C3%A0n" title="Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn">Tâi-lô</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn-tailo">Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pi˨˩nɛŋ˦˥<span class="wrap"> </span>hɔk̚˦kiɛn˥˧ua˨˩/</span>) is a local variant of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. It is spoken <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">natively</a> by 63.9% of <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Penang's Chinese community</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-penang_monthly_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penang_monthly-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also by some <a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Penangite Malays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Opalyn_Mok_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was once the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> among the majority <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese</a> population in <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>. However, since the 1980s, many younger speakers have <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shifted</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a> under the Speak Mandarin Campaign in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school" title="Chinese independent high school">Chinese-medium schools in Malaysia</a>, even though Mandarin was not previously spoken in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Opalyn_Mok_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a> has been adopted as the only <a href="/wiki/Language_of_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Language of instruction">language of instruction</a> in Chinese schools and, from the 1980s to mid-2010s, these schools penalised students and teachers for using non-Mandarin <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study found that Penang Hokkien was a 'threatened' language in the <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale" title="Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale">Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale</a>, due to the encroachment of Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penang Hokkien is a subdialect of <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a> (漳州; <i>Tsiang-tsiu</i>) Hokkien, with extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. Compared to dialects in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (福建; <i>Hok-kiàn</i>) <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">province</a>, it most closely resembles the variety spoken in the district of <a href="/wiki/Haicang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haicang District">Haicang</a> (海滄; <i>Hái-tshng</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Longhai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai City">Longhai</a> (龍海; <i>Liông-hái</i>) <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> and in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Jiaomei" title="Jiaomei">Jiaomei</a> (角美; <i>Kak-bí</i>) and Xinglin (杏林; <i>Hēng-lîm</i>) in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> (廈門; <i>Ēe-muî</i>) <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">prefecture</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, similar dialects are spoken in the states bordering <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>), as well as in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It is markedly distinct from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Penang Hokkien is largely a spoken language, however it can be written in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> (唐人字; <i>Tn̂g-lâng-jī</i>), or <a href="/wiki/Romanised" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanised">romanised</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (紅毛字; <i>Âng-môo-jī</i>). Penang Hokkien has a growing body of written, particularly romanised material, thanks largely in part to its increasing online presence on social media. Many topics focus on the language itself such as dictionaries and learning materials. This is linked to efforts to preserve, revitalise and promote the language as part of Penang's cultural heritage, due to increasing awareness of the loss of Penang Hokkien usage among younger generations in favour of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a> and English. The standard romanisation systems commonly used in these materials are based on <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī</a>, with varying modifications to suit Penang Hokkien phonology.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Char_Koay_Teow_in_Penang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Char_Koay_Teow_in_Penang.jpg/220px-Char_Koay_Teow_in_Penang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Char_Koay_Teow_in_Penang.jpg/330px-Char_Koay_Teow_in_Penang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Char_Koay_Teow_in_Penang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A Char Koay Teow stall. An example of how a Penangite writes Penang Hokkien using ad hoc methods.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hokkien Language Association of Penang (<i>Persatuan Bahasa Hokkien Pulau Pinang</i>; 庇能福建話協會) is one such organisation which promotes the language's usage and revitalisation. Through their <a href="/wiki/Speak_Hokkien_Campaign" title="Speak Hokkien Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</a> they promote a Tâi-lô based system modified to suit the phonology of Penang Hokkien and its loanwords. This system is used throughout this article and its features are detailed below. </p><p>The Speak Hokkien Campaign also promotes the use of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese characters</a> derived from recommended character lists for <a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">written Hokkien</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Taiwan's Ministry of Education</a>. </p><p>Most native-speakers are not aware of these standardised systems and resort to ad hoc methods of romanisation based on <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> spelling rules. These methods are in common use for many proper names and food items, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Char_Kway_Teow" class="mw-redirect" title="Char Kway Teow">Char Kway Teow</a></i> (炒粿條; <i>tshá-kúe-tiâu</i>). These spellings are often inconsistent and highly variable with several alternate spellings being well established, e.g. <i>Char Koay Teow</i>. These methods, which are more intuitive to the average native-speaker, are the basis of non-standard romanisation systems used in some written material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Initials </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span><br />名 (miâ) </td> <td>n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span><br />爛 (nuā) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span><br />硬 (ngēe) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td>p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span><br />比 (pí) </td> <td>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span><br />大 (tuā) </td> <td>ts <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</span><br />姊 (tsí) </td> <td> </td> <td>k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span><br />教 (kàu) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span><br />影 (iánn) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></span> </th> <td>ph <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span><br />脾 (phî) </td> <td>th <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span><br />拖 (thua) </td> <td>tsh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>]</span><br />飼 (tshī) </td> <td> </td> <td>kh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span><br />扣 (khàu) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span><br />米 (bí) </td> <td>d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span><br />tsian-doi (煎蕊) </td> <td>j <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>]</span><br />字 (jī) </td> <td> </td> <td>g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>]</span><br />牛 (gû) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td>f <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span><br />sóo-fá (沙發) </td> <td> </td> <td>s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span><br />時 (sî) </td> <td>sh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span><br />kú-shérn (古申) </td> <td> </td> <td>h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span><br />喜 (hí) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span><br />賴 (luā) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span><br />ríng-gi̋t (令吉) </td> <td> </td> <td>y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span><br />sa-yang (捎央) </td> <td>w <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span><br />我 (wá) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Unlike other dialects of Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> remain the same and do not undergo palatalisation to become <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal">alveolo-palatal</a> before /i/, e.g. 時 [si] instead of [ɕi].</li> <li>Words that begin with a null initial, i.e. begin with a vowel without a preceding consonant may feature an initial glottal stop /ʔ/, this is not indicated in writing.</li> <li>The consonants <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> are only used in the spelling of loanwords. They may be analysed in terms of native Hokkien phonology as beginning with a null initial and may instead be spelled with <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> respectively, e.g. 我 <i>wá</i>/<i>uá</i> and 捎央 <i>sa-yang</i>/<i>sa-iang</i>.</li> <li>The consonants <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> are only used in loanwords.</li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Finals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>-m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span><br />暗 (<i>à<b>m</b></i>) </td> <td>-n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span><br />安 (<i>a<b>n</b></i>) </td> <td>-ng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span><br />紅 (<i>â<b>ng</b></i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td>-p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">p̚</a>]</span><br />答 (<i>ta<b>p</b></i>) </td> <td>-t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">t̚</a>]</span><br />殺 (<i>sa<b>t</b></i>) </td> <td>-k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">k̚</a>]</span><br />角 (<i>ka<b>k</b></i>) </td> <td>-h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span><br />鴨 (<i>a<b>h</b></i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic consonant</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a>]</span><br />毋 (<i><b>m̄</b></i>) </td> <td>ng <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̍</a>]</span><br />霜 (<i>s<b>ng</b></i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Monophthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Simple </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a> </th> <th>Simple </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span><br />伊 (<i><b>i</b></i>) </td> <td>inn <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>]</span><br />圓 (<i><b>înn</b></i>) </td> <td>u <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span><br />有 (<i><b>ū</b></i>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-Mid</a> </th> <td>e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span><br />會 (<i><b>ē</b></i>) </td> <td> </td> <td>o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span><br />蠔 (<i><b>ô</b></i>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-Mid</a> </th> <td>ee <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span><br />下 (<i><b>ēe</b></i>) </td> <td>enn <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a>]</span><br />嬰 (<i><b>enn</b></i>) </td> <td>oo <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span><br />烏 (<i><b>oo</b></i>) </td> <td>onn <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a>]</span><br />嗚 (<i><b>onn</b></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span><br />亞 (<i><b>a</b></i>) </td> <td>ann <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a>]</span><br />餡 (<i><b>ānn</b></i>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Diphthongs & Triphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthong</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">Triphthong</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ai [ai]<br />愛 (<i><b>ài</b></i>) </td> <td>ia [ia]<br />椰 (<i><b>iâ</b></i>) </td> <td>io [io]<br />腰 (<i><b>io</b></i>) </td> <td>iu [iu]<br />油 (<i><b>iû</b></i>) </td> <td>ue [ue]<br />鍋 (<i><b>ue</b></i>) </td> <td>iau [iau]<br />枵 (<i><b>iau</b></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>au [au]<br />後 (<i><b>āu</b></i>) </td> <td>ia [iɛ]<br />燕 (<i><b>ià</b>n</i>)* </td> <td>ioo [iɔ]<br />娘 (<i>n<b>iôo</b></i>)* </td> <td>ua [ua]<br />話 (<i><b>uā</b></i>) </td> <td>ui [ui]<br />為 (<i><b>uī</b></i>) </td> <td>uai [uai]<br />歪 (<i><b>uai</b></i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In the Tâi-lô system for Penang Hokkien, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a> are indicated using final <span class="nowrap">⟨-nn⟩</span>, while Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī uses superscript <span class="nowrap">⟨◌ⁿ⟩</span>. Vowel nasalisation occurs in words that have nasal initials (<span class="nowrap">⟨m-⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨n-⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ng-⟩</span>), however, this is not explicitly indicated in writing with either <span class="nowrap">⟨-nn⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨◌ⁿ⟩</span>, e.g. 卵 <i>nūi</i> (/nuĩ/) instead of <i>nūinn</i>/<i>nūiⁿ</i>.<br />For most speakers who are not familiar with Tâi-lô or Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī, nasalisation is commonly indicated by putting an <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> after the initial consonant of a word. This is commonly seen for the popular Penang delicacy <i>Tau Sar Pneah</i> (豆沙餅; <i>tāu-sa-piánn</i>). In other instances, nasalisation may not be indicated at all, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Popiah" title="Popiah">Popiah</a></i> (薄餅; <i>po̍h-piánn</i>), or as in the common last name <i>Ooi</i> (黃; <i>Uînn</i>).</li> <li>The final <span class="nowrap">⟨ioo⟩</span> is only written in conjunction with words that have an initial <span class="nowrap">⟨n-⟩</span>, e.g. 娘 <i>niôo</i>. In this instance it is pronounced /iɔ̃/ and is a variant of <span class="nowrap">⟨ionn⟩</span>, with nasalisation instead indicated by the nasal initial.</li> <li>The rime <span class="nowrap">⟨ionn⟩</span> is a variant pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨iaunn⟩</span>. The two may be used interchangeably in Penang Hokkien, e.g. 張 <i>tiaunn</i>/<i>tionn</i>, 羊 <i>iâunn</i>/<i>iônn</i>.</li> <li>When <span class="nowrap">⟨ia⟩</span> is followed by final <span class="nowrap">⟨-n⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨-t⟩</span>, it is pronounced [iɛ], with <span class="nowrap">⟨ian⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨iat⟩</span> being pronounced as [iɛn] and [iɛt̚] respectively.<br />In speech, these sounds are often reduced to [ɛn] and [ɛt̚], e.g. 免 <i>mián</i>/<i>mén</i>.</li> <li>The diphthong /ua/ may be spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨wa⟩</span> in loanwords, e.g. 我 <i>wá</i>/<i>uá</i>.</li> <li>The diphthong /ia/ may be spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨ya⟩</span> in loanwords, e.g. <i>sa-yang</i>/<i>sa-iang</i> 捎央.</li> <li>There are clear distinction between /e/ and /ɛ/ vowel in Penang Hokkien. For example, the term 家 (home) is pronounced as /kɛ/ (Tâi-lô: ⟨kee⟩, Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī: ⟨ke͘⟩), while 雞 (chicken) is pronounced as /ke/, which is transcribed as ⟨ke⟩ in both Tâi-lô and Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī. However, a lot of Penang Hokkien Tâi-lô or Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī users were prone to ignore the difference. Reasons being the absence of formal letter on /ɛ/ from the <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">orthodox Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> which is based on Amoy accent, and there are lack of support from most mainstream POJ input methods for the letter ⟨e͘⟩. Despite the existence of formal notation of /ɛ/ in Tâi-lô as ⟨ee⟩, some Tâi-lô users were seems to neglect it too, possibly due to the influence from Taiwanese online resources which don't include letter /ee/ and not aware of it.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226773818">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12left td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output 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td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="wikitable defaultcenter col4left"> <caption>Non-native vowels (used in loanwords) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tâi-lô</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>er</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span></td> <td><i>b<b>ēr</b>-liân</i></td> <td>Occurs in Quanzhou accented varieties of Hokkien such as those spoken in Southern Malaysia and Singapore.<br />Used in Malay and English loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>y</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span></td> <td>豬腸粉<br /><i>ts<b>ý</b>-tshiông-fân</i></td> <td>Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ei</b></td> <td>[ei]</td> <td>無釐頭<br /><i>môu-l<b>êi</b>-thāu</i></td> <td>Used in Cantonese loanwords. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>eoi</b></td> <td>[ɵy]</td> <td>濕濕碎<br /><i>sa̋p--sa̋p--s<b>êoi</b></i></td> <td>An alternate pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨ue⟩</span> due to Cantonese influence.<br />Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as <span class="nowrap">⟨ue⟩</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>oi</b></td> <td>[ɔi]</td> <td>糜<br /><i>m<b>ôi</b></i></td> <td>Used in Malay, English, Cantonese and Teochew loanwords.<br />Replaces <span class="nowrap">⟨ol⟩</span> in Malay loanwords, e.g. <i>bo̍t-toi</i> 瓿瓵 (<i>botol</i>), <i>tsian-doi</i> 煎蕊 (<i>cendol</i>).<br />Note: The change from final <span class="nowrap">⟨-l⟩</span> in Standard Malay to <span class="nowrap">⟨-i⟩</span> is a general feature of Penang Malay, the local variety from which Penang Hokkien borrows.<br />This phonological change can be seen in other loanwords from Penang Malay, e.g. <i>sām-bai</i> 參峇 (<i>sambal</i>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ou</b></td> <td>[ou]</td> <td>大佬<br /><i>tāi-l<b>ôu</b></i></td> <td>Used in Cantonese and Teochew loanwords. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhymes">Rhymes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rhymes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Vowel(s)</th> <th colspan="2">Open</th> <th colspan="3">Nasal</th> <th colspan="4">Plosive </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[-]</th> <th>[◌̃]</th> <th>[m]</th> <th>[n]</th> <th>[ŋ]</th> <th>[p̚]</th> <th>[t̚]</th> <th>[k̚]</th> <th>[ʔ] </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[a] </th> <td>a</td> <td>ann</td> <td>am</td> <td>an</td> <td>ang</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ai] </th> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>aih </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[au] </th> <td>au</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>auh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[e] </th> <td>e</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>eng</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ek</td> <td>eh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ɛ] </th> <td>ee</td> <td>enn</td> <td>em*</td> <td>en*</td> <td>eeng*</td> <td></td> <td>et*</td> <td>eek*</td> <td>eeh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ə] </th> <td>er*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ern*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ert*</td> <td></td> <td>erh* </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ei] </th> <td>ei*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[i] </th> <td>i</td> <td>inn</td> <td>im</td> <td>in</td> <td>ing*</td> <td>ip</td> <td>it</td> <td>ik*</td> <td>ih </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ia] </th> <td>ia</td> <td>iann</td> <td>iam</td> <td></td> <td>iang</td> <td>iap</td> <td></td> <td>iak</td> <td>iah </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[iɛ] </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ian</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>iat</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[iau] </th> <td>iau</td> <td>iaunn</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[io] </th> <td>io</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ioh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[iɔ] </th> <td>ioo*</td> <td>ionn</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>iong</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>iok</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[iu] </th> <td>iu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Vowel(s)</th> <th colspan="2">Open</th> <th colspan="3">Nasal</th> <th colspan="4">Plosive </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[-]</th> <th>[◌̃]</th> <th>[m]</th> <th>[n]</th> <th>[ŋ]</th> <th>[p̚]</th> <th>[t̚]</th> <th>[k̚]</th> <th>[ʔ] </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[o] </th> <td>o</td> <td></td> <td>um*</td> <td></td> <td>ung*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>uk*</td> <td>oh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ɔ] </th> <td>oo</td> <td>onn</td> <td>om</td> <td>on*</td> <td>ong</td> <td></td> <td>ot*</td> <td>ok</td> <td>ooh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ɔi] </th> <td>oi*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ou] </th> <td>ou*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[u] </th> <td>u</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>un</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ut</td> <td></td> <td>uh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ua] </th> <td>ua</td> <td>uann</td> <td></td> <td>uan</td> <td>uang*</td> <td></td> <td>uat</td> <td></td> <td>uah </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[uai] </th> <td>uai</td> <td>uainn</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ue] </th> <td>ue</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ueh </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ui] </th> <td>ui</td> <td>uinn</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[y] </th> <td>y*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>yn*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ɵy] </th> <td>eoi*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[m̩] </th> <td colspan="2">m</td> <td colspan="7">－ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ŋ̍] </th> <td colspan="2">ng</td> <td colspan="7">－ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>* Used in loanwords, variants and onomatopoeia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Penang Hokkien, the two <i>Departing</i> tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical, and may not be distinguished except in their <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> forms. Most native speakers of Penang Hokkien are therefore only aware of four tones in unchecked syllables (high, low, rising, high falling), and two <i><a href="/wiki/Entering_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering tone">Entering</a></i> tones (high and low) in checked syllables. In most systems of romanisation, this is accounted as seven tones altogether. The tones are: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Penang Hokkien tones<sup id="cite_ref-Chuang_2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuang_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="5">Upper/Dark <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(陰)</span></th> <th colspan="5">Lower/Light <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(陽)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">No.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_name" title="Tone name">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">TL</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">Contour</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Sandhied</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">No.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_name" title="Tone name">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">TL</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_letter" title="Tone letter">Contour</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">Sandhied</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Level <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(平)</span> </th> <td>1</td> <td>陰平<br /><i>im-piânn</i></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%;">a</span></td> <td>[˦˦] (44)</td> <td>[˨˩] (21)</td> <td>5</td> <td>陽平<br /><i>iông-piânn</i></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%;">â</span></td> <td>[˨˧] (23)</td> <td>[˨˩] (21) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Rising <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(上)</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">2</td> <td rowspan="2">上聲<br /><i>sióng-siann</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:130%;">á</span></td> <td>[˥˧] (53)</td> <td rowspan="2">[˦˦] (44)</td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" style="background-color: lightgray">－ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[˦˦˥] (445) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Departing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(去)</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">3</td> <td rowspan="2">陰去<br /><i>im-khì</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:130%;">à</span></td> <td rowspan="2">[˨˩] (21)</td> <td>[˥˧] (53)</td> <td rowspan="2">7</td> <td rowspan="2">陽去<br /><i>iông-khì</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size:130%;">ā</span></td> <td rowspan="2">[˨˩] (21)</td> <td rowspan="2">[˨˩] (21) </td></tr> <tr> <td>[˦˦] (44) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Checked_tone" title="Checked tone">Entering <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(入)</span></a> </th> <td>4</td> <td>陰入<br /><i>im-ji̍p</i></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%;">a◌</span></td> <td>[ʔ˧] (3)</td> <td>[ʔ˦] (4)</td> <td>8</td> <td>陽入<br /><i>iông-ji̍p</i></td> <td><span style="font-size:130%;">a̍◌</span></td> <td>[ʔ˦] (4)</td> <td>[ʔ˧] (3) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Note </th> <td colspan="10">Entering tones (4 & 8) only occur in closed syllables where ◌ represents either <i>-p</i>, <i>-t</i>, <i>-k</i>, or <i>-h</i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The names of the tones no longer bear any relation to the tone contours. The (upper) <i>Rising</i> (2nd) tone has two variants in Penang Hokkien, a high falling tone [˥˧] (53) and a high rising tone [˦˦˥] (445). The high falling tone [˥˧] (53) is more common among the older generations while in the younger generations there has been a shift towards the use of the high rising tone [˦˦˥] (445). When the 3rd tone is sandhied to the 2nd tone, the high falling variant [˥˧] (53) is used, however some speakers may sandhi the 3rd tone to the 1st tone [˦] (44).<sup id="cite_ref-Chuang_2013_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuang_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in Amoy and Zhangzhou, there is no lower <i>Rising</i> (6th) tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penang Hokkien, like other Hokkien dialects albeit less extensive,<sup id="cite_ref-Chuang_2013_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chuang_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> (變調; <i>piàn-tiāu</i>), a process where the tone of a character changes if it is followed by another character as part of a multisyllabic compound. When a character is read in isolation as a monosyllabic word, or as the final character in a multisyllabic compound, it is pronounced with its "original tone" (本調; <i>pún-tiāu</i>). Within a multisyllabic compound, every character, except for the one in the final position undergoes tone sandhi. For example, the word 牛 <i>gû</i> in isolation is pronounced with an ascending tone, [˨˧] (23), but when it combines with a following syllable, as in 牛肉 <i>gû-bah</i>, it undergoes tone sandhi and is pronounced with a low tone, [˨˩] (21). Meanwhile 肉 <i>bah</i> in the final position is pronounced with its original tone [ʔ˧] (3). This process occurs regardless of the length of the compound, for example, in 牛肉粿條湯 <i>gû-bah-kué-tiâu-thng</i>, the first 4 characters are pronounced with their sandhied tone, while only the final character 湯 <i>thng</i>, is pronounced with its original tone. </p><p>In both Tâi-lô and Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī based romanisation systems, compounds are indicated with the use of hyphens linking the individual syllables. Single hyphens (-) are most often used and linked syllables undergo tone sandhi as described above. Double hyphens (--) are used in instances where the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi. Tone marks always show the original tone, and do not change to indicate the sandhied tone in a compound. </p> <table cellpadding="10" align="right" style="text-align: center;" class="toccolours"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>1st</b></td> <td>→</td> <td><b>7th</b></td> <td>←</td> <td><b>5th</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↑</td> <td>(↖)</td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>2nd</b></td> <td>←</td> <td><b>3rd</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>4th</b></td> <td>↔</td> <td><b>8th</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The general tone sandhi rules for Penang Hokkien are as follows: </p> <ul><li>5th becomes 7th</li> <li>7th becomes 3rd</li> <li>3rd becomes 2nd (for some speakers becomes 1st)</li> <li>2nd becomes 1st</li> <li>1st becomes 7th</li></ul> <p>Checked syllables (-p, -t, -k, -h): </p> <ul><li>4th becomes 8th</li> <li>8th becomes 4th</li></ul> <p>Although the two departing tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical in Penang Hokkien, in their sandhi forms they become [˥˧] (53) and [˨˩] (21) and are thus easily distinguishable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_between_Hokkien_and_Mandarin_tones">Relationship between Hokkien and Mandarin tones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship between Hokkien and Mandarin tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a reasonably reliable correspondence between Hokkien and Mandarin tones: </p> <ul><li>Upper <i>Level</i>: Hokkien 1st tone = Mandarin 1st tone, e.g. 雞 <i>ke</i>/<i>jī</i>.</li> <li>Lower <i>Level</i>: Hokkien 5th tone = Mandarin 2nd tone, e.g. 龍 <i>lêng</i>/<i>lóng</i>.</li> <li><i>Rising</i>: Hokkien 2nd tone = Mandarin 3rd tone, e.g. 馬 <i>bée</i>/<i>mǎ</i>.</li> <li><i>Departing</i>: Hokkien 3rd/7th tones = Mandarin 4th tone, e.g. 兔 <i>thòo</i>/<i>tù</i>, 象 <i>tshiōnn</i>/<i>xiàng</i>.</li></ul> <p>Words with <i>Entering</i> tones all end with <span class="nowrap">⟨-p⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨-t⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨-k⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨-h⟩</span> (<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>). As Mandarin no longer has any <i>Entering</i> tones, there is no simple corresponding relationship for the Hokkien 4th and 8th tones, e.g. 國 <i>kok</i>/<i>guó</i>, but 發 <i>huat</i>/<i>fā</i>. The tone in Mandarin often depends on what the initial consonant of the syllable is (see the article on <a href="/wiki/Entering_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering tone">Entering tones</a> for details). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_colloquial_pronunciations">Literary and colloquial pronunciations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literary and colloquial pronunciations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hokkien has not been taught in schools in Penang since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1911, when Mandarin was made the Chinese national language. As such, few if any people have received any formal instruction in Hokkien, and it is not used for literary purposes. However, as in other variants of Min Nan, most words have both <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial reading">literary and colloquial pronunciations</a>. Literary variants are generally eschewed in favour of colloquial pronunciations, e.g. 大學 <i>tuā-o̍h</i> instead of <i>tāi-ha̍k</i>, though literary pronunciations still appear in limited circumstances, e.g.: </p> <ul><li>in given names (but generally not surnames), e.g. 安 <i>an</i> rather than <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">uann</i></span>, 玉 <i>gio̍k</i> rather than <i>ge̍k</i>, 月 <i>gua̍t</i> rather than <i>gue̍h</i>, 明 <i>bêng</i> rather than <i>mêe</i></li> <li>in a few surnames, e.g. 葉 <i>ia̍p</i> rather than <i>hio̍h</i></li> <li>in other proper names, e.g. 龍山堂 <i>Liông-san-tông</i> rather than <i>Lêng-suann-tn̂g</i></li> <li>in certain set phrases, e.g. 差不多 <i>tsha-put-to</i> rather than <i>tshee-m̄-to</i>, 見笑 <i>kiàn-siàu</i> rather than <i>kìnn-tshiò</i></li> <li>in certain names of plants, herbs, and spices, e.g. 木瓜 <i>bo̍k-kua</i> rather than <i>ba̍k-kua</i>, 五香 <i>ngóo-hiong</i> rather than <i>gōo-hiong</i></li> <li>in names of certain professions, eg. 學生 <i>ha̍k-seng</i> instead of <i>o̍h-senn</i>, 醫生 <i>i-seng</i> rather than <i>i-senn</i>, and 老君 <i>ló-kun</i> instead of <i>lāu-kun</i>. A notable exception is 先生 <i>sin-senn</i></li></ul> <p>Unlike in China, Taiwan, and the Philippines, the literary pronunciations of numbers higher than two are not used when giving telephone numbers, etc.; e.g. 二五四 <i>jī-gōo-sì</i> instead of <i>jī-ngóo-sù</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_other_varieties_of_Hokkien">Differences from other varieties of Hokkien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differences from other varieties of Hokkien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penang Hokkien has differences in pronunciation and vocabulary when compared to other varieties of Hokkien. Although Penang Hokkien has many similarities to Zhangzhou Hokkien from which it is derived, it also has its own unique differences. </p> <ul><li>The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜 <i>muâi</i> (Amoy: <i>bê</i>), 先生 <i>sin-senn</i> (Amoy: <i>sian-sinn</i>), etc.;</li> <li>The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 調羹 <i>thâu-kiong</i> (Amoy: 湯匙 <i>thng-sî</i>);</li> <li>The adoption of pronunciations from <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>: e.g. 我 <i>wá</i>/<i>uá</i> (Zhangzhou: <i>guá</i>), 糜 <i>môi</i> (Zhangzhou: <i>muâi</i>);</li> <li>The adoption of Amoy and Quanzhou pronunciations like 歹勢 <i>pháinn-sè</i> (Zhangzhou: <i>bái</i>/<i>pháinn-sì</i>), 百 <i>pah</i> (Zhangzhou: <i>peeh</i>), etc.</li></ul> <p>General pronunciation differences can be shown as below: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" width="35%"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Penang Hokkien</th> <th>Amoy Hokkien</th> <th>Zhangzhou Dialect</th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8th tone [˦] (4)</td> <td align="center">8th tone [˦] (4)</td> <td align="center">8th tone [˩˨] (12)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-e</td> <td align="center">-ue</td> <td align="center">-e</td> <td align="center">細 <i>sè</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-ee</td> <td align="center">-e</td> <td align="center">-ee</td> <td align="center">蝦 <i>hêe</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-enn</td> <td align="center">-inn</td> <td align="center">-enn</td> <td align="center">生 <i>senn</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-eng</td> <td align="center">-ing* (/iəŋ/)</td> <td align="center">-ing* (/iəŋ/)</td> <td align="center">生 <i>seng</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-ek</td> <td align="center">-ik* (/iək̚/)</td> <td align="center">-ik* (/iək̚/)</td> <td align="center">色 <i>sek</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-iaunn / -ionn</td> <td align="center">-iunn</td> <td align="center">-ionn</td> <td align="center">想 <i>siāunn</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-iong / -iang</td> <td align="center">-iong</td> <td align="center">-iang</td> <td align="center">相 <i>siong</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-in</td> <td align="center">-un</td> <td align="center">-in</td> <td align="center">銀 <i>gîn</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">j-</td> <td align="center">l-</td> <td align="center">j-</td> <td align="center">入 <i>ji̍p</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-oo</td> <td align="center">-ng</td> <td align="center">-oo</td> <td align="center">兩 <i>nōo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-u</td> <td align="center">-i</td> <td align="center">-i</td> <td align="center">魚 <i>hû</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-ue</td> <td align="center">-e</td> <td align="center">-ue</td> <td align="center">火 <i>hué</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-ua</td> <td align="center">-ue</td> <td align="center">-ua</td> <td align="center">話 <i>uā</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">-uinn</td> <td align="center">-ng</td> <td align="center">-uinn</td> <td align="center">酸 <i>suinn</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to Penang's linguistic and ethnic diversity, Penang Hokkien is in close contact with many other languages and dialects which are drawn on heavily for loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include Malay, Teochew, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay">Malay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other dialects in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> Hokkien borrows heavily from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, but sometimes to a greater extent than other Hokkien dialects, e.g.: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Penang Hokkien</th> <th>Malay</th> <th>Other Hokkien</th> <th>Definition</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>ān-ting</i></td> <td><i>anting</i></td> <td align="center">耳鉤<br /><i>hīnn-kau</i></td> <td>earring</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>bā-lái</i></td> <td><i>balai polis</i></td> <td align="center">警察局<br /><i>kíng-tshat-kio̍k</i></td> <td>police station</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>bā-lú</i><br />峇屢</td> <td><i>baru</i></td> <td align="center">拄才<br /><i>tú-tsiah</i></td> <td>new(ly), just now</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>bān-san</i><br />萬山</td> <td><i>bangsal</i></td> <td align="center">菜市仔<br /><i>tshài-tshī-á</i></td> <td>market</td> <td>see also: <i>pá-sat</i> (巴剎) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>báng-kû</i></td> <td><i>bangku</i></td> <td align="center">椅條<br /><i>í-liâu</i></td> <td>stool</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>bá-tû</i><br />礣砥</td> <td><i>batu</i></td> <td align="center">石頭<br /><i>tsio̍h-thâu</i></td> <td>stone</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>bēr-liân</i></td> <td><i>berlian</i></td> <td align="center">璇石<br /><i>suān-tsio̍h</i></td> <td>diamond</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>bī-nā-tang</i></td> <td><i>binatang</i></td> <td align="center">動物<br /><i>tōng-bu̍t</i></td> <td>animal</td> <td>禽獸 (<i>khîm-siù</i>) is also frequently used. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>gâ-tái</i><br />疨㾂</td> <td><i>gatal</i></td> <td align="center">癢<br /><i>tsiūnn</i></td> <td>itchy</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>gēr-lí</i> / <i>gî-lí</i><br />疑理</td> <td><i>geli</i></td> <td align="center">噁<br /><i>ònn</i></td> <td>creepy; hair-raising</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>jiám-bân</i><br />染蠻</td> <td><i>jamban</i></td> <td align="center">便所<br /><i>piān-sóo</i></td> <td>toilet</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>kan-nang-tsû</i> / <i>kan-lang-tsû</i><br />蕳砃薯</td> <td><i>kentang</i></td> <td align="center">馬鈴薯<br /><i>má-lîng-tsû</i></td> <td>potato</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>kau-în</i> / <i>kau-îng</i><br />交寅</td> <td><i>kahwin</i></td> <td align="center">結婚<br /><i>kiat-hun</i></td> <td>marry</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>khit-siàn</i><br />乞善</td> <td><i>kesian</i></td> <td align="center">可憐<br /><i>khó-liân</i></td> <td>pity</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lām-peng</i></td> <td><i>lampin</i></td> <td align="center">尿帕仔<br /><i>jiō-phè-á</i></td> <td>diaper</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lô-ti</i><br />羅知</td> <td><i>roti</i></td> <td align="center">麵包<br /><i>mī-pau</i></td> <td>bread</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>ló-kun</i><br />老君</td> <td><i>dukun</i></td> <td align="center">醫生<br /><i>i-seng</i></td> <td>doctor</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lui</i><br />鐳</td> <td><i>duit</i></td> <td align="center">錢<br /><i>tsînn</i></td> <td>money</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>má-ná</i><br />嗎哪</td> <td><i>mana</i></td> <td align="center">當時<br /><i>tang-sî</i><br />啥物時陣<br /><i>siánn-mih-sî-tsūn</i></td> <td>as if; since when?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>mā-nek</i></td> <td><i>manik</i></td> <td align="center">珠仔<br /><i>tsu-á</i></td> <td>bead</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>má-tâ</i><br />馬打</td> <td><i>mata-mata</i></td> <td align="center">警察<br /><i>kíng-tshat</i></td> <td>police</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>pá-sat</i><br />巴剎</td> <td><i>pasar</i></td> <td align="center">菜市仔<br /><i>tshài-tshī-á</i></td> <td>market</td> <td>see also: <i>bān-san</i> (萬山) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>pīng-gang</i></td> <td><i>pinggang</i></td> <td align="center">腰<br /><i>io</i></td> <td>waist</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>pún</i><br />呠 / 僨</td> <td><i>pun</i></td> <td align="center">也<br /><i>iā</i></td> <td>also</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lā-sa</i></td> <td><i>rasa</i></td> <td align="center">感覺<br /><i>kám-kak</i></td> <td>to feel</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>sá-bûn</i><br />雪文</td> <td><i>sabun</i></td> <td align="center">茶箍<br /><i>tê-khoo</i></td> <td>soap</td> <td>Other varieties of Hokkien including some Taiwanese varieties also use 雪文 (<i>sá-bûn</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>sâm-pá</i><br />儳㞎</td> <td><i>sampah</i></td> <td align="center">糞埽<br /><i>pùn-sò</i></td> <td>garbage</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>sa-yang</i><br />捎央</td> <td><i>sayang</i></td> <td align="center">愛<br /><i>ài</i></td> <td>to love; what a pity</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>som-bóng</i><br />森妄</td> <td><i>sombong</i></td> <td align="center">勢利<br /><i>sè-lī</i></td> <td>snobbish</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>soo-tong</i><br />蘇東</td> <td><i>sotong</i></td> <td align="center">鰇魚<br /><i>jiû-hû</i></td> <td>squid/cuttlefish</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>su-kā</i> / <i>su-kah</i><br />私合</td> <td><i>suka</i></td> <td align="center">愛<br /><i>ài</i></td> <td>to like</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>tá-hān</i><br />扙捍</td> <td><i>tahan</i></td> <td align="center">忍耐<br /><i>lím-nāi</i></td> <td>endure</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>ta-pí</i><br />焦比 / 逐比</td> <td><i>tapi</i></td> <td align="center">但是 / 毋過<br /><i>tān-sī</i> / <i>m̄-koh</i></td> <td>but</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>to-lóng</i><br />多琅</td> <td><i>tolong</i></td> <td align="center">鬥相共<br /><i>tàu-sann-kāng</i></td> <td>help</td> <td>鬥相共 (<i>tàu-sann-kāng</i>) is also frequently used. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>tong-kat</i><br />杖楬</td> <td><i>tongkat</i></td> <td align="center">枴仔<br /><i>kuái-á</i></td> <td>walking stick</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>tsi-lā-kā</i></td> <td><i>celaka</i></td> <td align="center">該死<br /><i>kai-sí</i></td> <td>damn it</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>tsiám-pó</i></td> <td><i>campur</i></td> <td align="center">摻<br /><i>tsham</i></td> <td>to mix</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>tua-la</i><br />大帤</td> <td><i>tuala</i></td> <td align="center">面巾<br /><i>bīn-kin</i></td> <td>towel</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are also many Hokkien words which have been borrowed into Malay, sometimes with slightly different meanings, e.g.: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Malay</th> <th>Penang Hokkien</th> <th>Definition</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>beca</i></td> <td align="center">馬車<br /><i>bée-tshia</i></td> <td>horse-cart</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bihun</i></td> <td align="center">米粉<br /><i>bí-hún</i></td> <td>rice vermicelli</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Jepun</i></td> <td align="center">日本<br /><i>Ji̍t-pún</i></td> <td>Japan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>loteng</i></td> <td align="center">樓頂<br /><i>lâu-téng</i></td> <td>upstairs</td> <td>Originally means "attic" in Hokkien. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kicap</i></td> <td align="center">鮭汁<br /><i>kê-tsiap</i></td> <td>fish sauce</td> <td>Originally means "sauce" in Hokkien. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kongsi</i></td> <td align="center">公司<br /><i>kong-si</i></td> <td>to share</td> <td>Originally means "company/firm/clan association" in Hokkien. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kuaci</i></td> <td align="center">瓜子<br /><i>kua-tsí</i></td> <td>edible watermelon seeds</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kuetiau</i></td> <td align="center">粿條<br /><i>kué-tiâu</i></td> <td>flat rice noodle</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kuih</i></td> <td align="center">粿<br /><i>kué</i></td> <td>rice-flour cake</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mi</i></td> <td align="center">麵<br /><i>mī</i></td> <td>noodles</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sinseh</i></td> <td align="center">先生<br /><i>sin-senn</i></td> <td>traditional Chinese doctor</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tauhu</i></td> <td align="center">豆腐<br /><i>taū-hū</i></td> <td>tofu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tauke</i></td> <td align="center">頭家<br /><i>thâu-kee</i></td> <td>boss</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>teh</i></td> <td align="center">茶<br /><i>têe</i></td> <td>tea</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>teko</i></td> <td align="center">茶鈷<br /><i>têe-kóo</i></td> <td>teapot</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tionghua</i> / <i>Tionghoa</i></td> <td align="center">中華<br /><i>Tiong-huâ</i></td> <td>Chinese (of/relating to China)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tiongkok</i></td> <td align="center">中國<br /><i>Tiong-kok</i></td> <td>China</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tukang</i></td> <td align="center">廚工<br /><i>tû-kang</i></td> <td>craftsman</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Chinese_varieties">Other Chinese varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other Chinese varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are words in Penang Hokkien that originated from other varieties of Chinese spoken in and around Malaysia. e.g.: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Penang Hokkien</th> <th>Originated from</th> <th>Definition</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">愛<br /><i>ài</i></td> <td align="center">Teochew</td> <td>want</td> <td>Other varieties of Hokkien use 欲 <i>beh</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">我<br /><i>wá</i></td> <td align="center">Teochew</td> <td>I; me</td> <td>Originally pronounced as <i>guá</i> in Hokkien, however Penang Hokkien has adopted the Teochew pronunciation. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">我儂<br /><i>wá-lâng</i></td> <td align="center">Teochew</td> <td>we; us</td> <td>May be shortened to <i>wang</i>/<i>uang</i> (卬).<br />Other varieties of Hokkien use 阮 <i>gún</i>/<i>guán</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">汝儂<br /><i>lú-lâng</i></td> <td align="center">Teochew</td> <td>you guys</td> <td>May be shortened to <i>luang</i> (戎).<br />Other varieties of Hokkien use 恁 <i>lín</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">伊儂<br /><i>i-lâng</i></td> <td align="center">Teochew</td> <td>they; theirs</td> <td>May be shortened to <i>yang</i>/<i>iang</i> (傇).<br />Other varieties of Hokkien use 𪜶 (亻因) <i>in</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">無便<br /><i>bô-piān</i></td> <td align="center">Teochew</td> <td>nothing can be done</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">豬母酸 / 豬母霜<br /><i>tu-bó-suinn</i> / <i>tu-bó-sng</i></td> <td align="center">Teochew</td> <td>octopus (particularly as food)</td> <td>From local Teochew 豬母酸 <i>tṳ-bó-sṳng</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">啱<br /><i>ngam</i></td> <td align="center">Cantonese</td> <td>fit; suitable</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">大佬<br /><i>tāi-lôu</i></td> <td align="center">Cantonese</td> <td>bro; boss</td> <td>Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">緊張<br /><i>kán-tsiong</i> / <i>kín-tsiong</i></td> <td align="center">Cantonese</td> <td>nervous</td> <td>From the Cantonese pronunciation 緊張 <i>gán jēung</i>, or a compound of Hokkien 緊 (<i>kín</i>) + Cantonese 張 (<i>jēung</i>).<br />The original Hokkien pronunciation would be <i>kín-tiaunn</i>/<i>kín-tionn</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">無釐頭<br /><i>môu-lêi-thāu</i></td> <td align="center">Cantonese</td> <td>makes no sense</td> <td>From Cantonese 無厘頭 <i>mòuh lèih tàuh</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">豬腸粉<br /><i>tsý-tshiông-fân</i></td> <td align="center">Cantonese</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chee_cheong_fun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chee cheong fun">chee cheong fun</a></td> <td>Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">雲吞<br /><i>uān-than</i></td> <td align="center">Cantonese</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">wantan</a></td> <td>Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">濕濕碎<br /><i>sa̋p-sa̋p-sêoi</i></td> <td align="center">Cantonese</td> <td>easy; "a piece of cake"</td> <td>Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">死父<br /><i>sí-pēe</i></td> <td align="center">Singaporean Hokkien</td> <td>very</td> <td>Originated from Teochew 死父 <i>sí-pĕ</i> and adopted from Singaporean Hokkien 死爸 <i>sí-pē</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">我老兮<br /><i>wá-lāu-ê</i></td> <td align="center">Singaporean Hokkien</td> <td>oh my god; oh no</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penang Hokkien has also borrowed some words from English, some of which may have been borrowed via Malay. Often, these words tend to be more technical and less well embedded than the Malay words, e.g. brake, park, pipe, pump, etc. However some are used in common everyday language, e.g.: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Penang Hokkien</th> <th>English</th> <th>Other Hokkien</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>a-bôi</i><br />阿<i>bôi</i></td> <td>Boy</td> <td align="center">囝<br /><i>kiánn</i></td> <td>Familiar term of address for one's own son.<br />Also used generally to refer to someone else's son or younger male around one's son's age. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>a-gêr</i><br />阿<i>gêr</i></td> <td>Girl</td> <td align="center">查某囝<br /><i>tsa-bóo-kiánn</i></td> <td>Familiar term of address for one's own daughter.<br />Also used generally to refer to someone else's daughter or younger female around one's daughter's age. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>áng-kér</i><br />安哥</td> <td>Uncle</td> <td align="center">阿叔<br /><i>a-tsek</i></td> <td>Familiar term of address for a man around one's father's age.<br />Also used generally to refer to any middle-aged or older man. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>án-tí</i><br />安娣</td> <td>Aunty</td> <td align="center">阿姨<br /><i>a-î</i></td> <td>Familiar term of address for a woman around one's mother's age.<br />Also used generally to refer to any middle-aged or older woman. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>kú-shérn</i><br />古申</td> <td>cushion</td> <td align="center">墊<br /><i>tiām</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>lée-liô</i><br />黎撩</td> <td>radio</td> <td align="center">收音機<br /><i>siu-im-ki</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>móo-tó</i><br />摩哆</td> <td>motorcycle</td> <td align="center">摩托車<br /><i>môo-thok-tshia</i></td> <td>Derives from 'motor' in 'motorcycle'. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>sée-le̋rt</i><br />沙律</td> <td>salad</td> <td align="center">沙拉<br /><i>sa-la</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>sóo-fá</i><br />沙發</td> <td>sofa</td> <td align="center">膨椅<br /><i>phòng-í</i></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thai">Thai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Thai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penang Hokkien also contains words which are thought to come from <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, e.g.: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Penang Hokkien</th> <th>Definition</th> <th>Other Hokkien</th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>pua̍t</i><br />鈸 / 鏺</td> <td>1/10 of a unit of currency<br />i.e. 10 <i>sen</i> / cents<br />e.g. 50 <i>sen</i> 五鈸 <i>gōo-pua̍t</i></td> <td align="center">角<br /><i>kak</i></td> <td>Etymology ultimately unknown but thought to come from Thai <i><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, a number of movies that incorporate the use of Penang Hokkien have been filmed, as part of wider efforts to preserve the dialect's relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the more recent movies are <a href="/wiki/The_Journey_(2014_Malaysian_film)" title="The Journey (2014 Malaysian film)"><i>The Journey</i></a>, which became the highest-grossing Malaysian film in 2014, and <a href="/wiki/You_Mean_the_World_to_Me_(film)" title="You Mean the World to Me (film)"><i>You Mean the World to Me</i></a>, the first movie to be filmed entirely in Penang Hokkien. </p><p>Another significant contribution to the entertainment landscape is the Penang Hokkien Podcast. Founded in 2005 by John Ong, a Penangite residing in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a>, US - this podcast stands as the pioneering platform dedicated entirely to Penang-style Hokkien. The <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> offers a fun and engaging show for Penangites and individuals who understand the language. With its inception predating the recent wave of Penang Hokkien-focused films, the podcast provides a unique space for lighthearted and casual conversations with no topic restrictions. Listeners can enjoy funny and relatable discussions reminiscent of sharing secrets and stories with close friends. </p><p>As an initiative in the realm of Penang Hokkien entertainment, the Penang Hokkien Podcast complements the efforts to preserve the language's relevance. It serves as an audio medium that celebrates the culture, and humour associated with Penang Hokkien, offering a valuable resource for those seeking an <a href="/wiki/Immersive_learning" title="Immersive learning">immersive</a> experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speak_Hokkien_Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Speak Hokkien Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Speak_Hokkien_Campaign" title="Speak Hokkien Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</a> is a social movement aimed at the revitalisation and promotion of the Hokkien language, with a particular focus on preserving its use among Hokkien-speaking communities worldwide. Launched online on 12 Jul 2015, the campaign began as a grassroots initiative on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> by Hokkien speakers from <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and has since grown into an active platform for spreading awareness and fostering pride in the language. </p><p>While its roots lie in Penang Hokkien, the campaign also shares information about other variants of Hokkien spoken in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and beyond, emphasising the language’s diversity and cultural richness. </p><p>The campaign contrasts with Singapore’s government-led <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">Speak Mandarin Campaign</a>, advocating instead for the preservation and use of Hokkien. The Facebook page is operated by members of the Persatuan Bahasa Hokkien Pulau Pinang (Hokkien Language Association of Penang), a non-governmental organisation officially established in 2014 to safeguard the linguistic and cultural heritage of Penang Hokkien. Through its online presence, the Speak Hokkien Campaign plays a crucial role in uniting Hokkien-speaking communities globally and inspiring a renewed appreciation for the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture" title="Hokkien culture">Hokkien culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_architecture" title="Hokkien architecture">Hokkien architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien media">Hokkien media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Malaysia_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Malaysia Hokkien">Southern Malaysia Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Lan-nang-oe (Philippine Hokkien)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_and_street_names_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Place and street names of Penang">Place and street names of Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speak_Hokkien_Campaign" title="Speak Hokkien Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penanghokkien.com/">Penang Hokkien Podcast</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minClassification_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottoMin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoMin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-open_e-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-open_e_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The open-mid front unrounded vowel /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ is a feature of <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou Hokkien</a>, from which Penang Hokkien is derived. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a> records this vowel as <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span>. It is much less commonly written in <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB#Current_System#Regional_differences" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī</a> as it has merged with <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy Hokkien</a>. However it may be written as a distinct vowel in Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī using <span class="nowrap">⟨ɛ⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨e͘ ⟩</span> (with a dot above right, by analogy with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/O%CD%98" title="O͘">o͘ </a>⟩</span>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: 86–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> (1984), <i>Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology</i>, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+A+study+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoMin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoMin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/394328">the original</a> on 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysiakini&rft.atitle=D%C3%A0+m%C7%8E+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+z%C3%A0i+x%C3%ACng+%28%C3%A8r%29%3A+Hu%C3%A1y%C7%94+h%C3%A9+f%C4%81ngy%C3%A1n+sh%C3%ACb%C3%B9li%C7%8Engl%C3%AC%3F+%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%86%8D%E5%85%B4%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%8E%E8%AF%AD%E5%92%8C%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%8A%BF%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%A4%E7%AB%8B%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhiyong+%E6%9D%8E%E5%BF%97%E5%8B%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysiakini.com%2Fnews%2F394328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTingTeng2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ting, Su-Hie; Teng, Jonathan Zie-Ming (1 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0024/html">"Chinese teenagers' perceptions of vitality of Hokkien Chinese in Penang, Malaysia"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (272): 185–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2020-0024">10.1515/ijsl-2020-0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-3668">1613-3668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Chinese+teenagers%27+perceptions+of+vitality+of+Hokkien+Chinese+in+Penang%2C+Malaysia&rft.issue=272&rft.pages=185-217&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2020-0024&rft.issn=1613-3668&rft.aulast=Ting&rft.aufirst=Su-Hie&rft.au=Teng%2C+Jonathan+Zie-Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2020-0024%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chuang_2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chuang_2013_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chuang_2013_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chuang_2013_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuangChangHsieh2013" class="citation cs2">Chuang, Ching-ting; Chang, Yueh-chin; Hsieh, Feng-fan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5132554"><i>Complete and Not-So-Complete Tonal Neutralization in Penang Hokkien</i></a> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+and+Not-So-Complete+Tonal+Neutralization+in+Penang+Hokkien&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Chuang&rft.aufirst=Ching-ting&rft.au=Chang%2C+Yueh-chin&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+Feng-fan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5132554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gijzel2009" class="citation book cs1">de Gijzel, Luc (2009). <i>English-Penang Hokkien Pocket Dictionary</i>. George Town, Penang: Areca Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-44646-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-44646-0-8"><bdi>978-983-44646-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Penang+Hokkien+Pocket+Dictionary&rft.place=George+Town%2C+Penang&rft.pub=Areca+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-983-44646-0-8&rft.aulast=de+Gijzel&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh2015" class="citation news cs1">Loh, Arnold (29 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/12/29/shooting-to-begin-for-first-penang-hokkien-film/">"Shooting to Begin for First Penang Hokkien Film"</a>. <i>The Star Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star+Online&rft.atitle=Shooting+to+Begin+for+First+Penang+Hokkien+Film&rft.date=2015-12-29&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2015%2F12%2F29%2Fshooting-to-begin-for-first-penang-hokkien-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penang_Hokkien&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carstairs_Douglas" title="Carstairs Douglas">Douglas, Carstairs</a> (1899) [1873]. <i>Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects</i> (2nd corrected ed.). London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86210-068-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86210-068-3"><bdi>1-86210-068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-English+Dictionary+of+the+Vernacular+or+Spoken+Language+of+Amoy%2C+with+the+Principal+Variations+of+the+Chang-chew+and+Chin-chew+Dialects&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd+corrected&rft.pub=Publishing+Office+of+the+Presbyterian+Church+of+England&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=1-86210-068-3&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Carstairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span>, bound with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1923" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Thomas (1923). <i>Supplement to Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy</i>. Shanghai: Commercial Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+Dictionary+of+the+Vernacular+or+Spoken+Language+of+Amoy&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Commercial+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Gijzel2009" class="citation book cs1">de Gijzel, Luc (2009). <i>English-Penang Hokkien Pocket Dictionary</i>. George Town, Penang: Areca Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-44646-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-44646-0-8"><bdi>978-983-44646-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Penang+Hokkien+Pocket+Dictionary&rft.place=George+Town%2C+Penang&rft.pub=Areca+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-983-44646-0-8&rft.aulast=de+Gijzel&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenang+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a><br />(Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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