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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>East London Federation of Suffragettes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers'_Suffrage_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers'_Suffrage_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Workers' Suffrage Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers'_Suffrage_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers'_Socialist_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers'_Socialist_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Workers' Socialist Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers'_Socialist_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Workers'_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Workers'_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Communist Workers' Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Workers'_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_Treasurers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_Treasurers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honorary Treasurers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_Treasurers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Communist Workers' Group" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid Red; border-bottom:2px solid Red; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Workers' Socialist Federation</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1914</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Federation of Suffragettes">East London Federation of Suffragettes</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Suffrage_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Suffrage Federation">Workers' Suffrage Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)" title="Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)">Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Dreadnought" title="Workers' Dreadnought">Workers' Dreadnought</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(later)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers International">Communist Workers International</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Left_communism" title="Category:Left communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.0em;font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liste_1924_-_19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/160px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/240px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/320px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Leninism">Anti-Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">Mass strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bordigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigism">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">In China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Appel" title="Jan Appel">Jan Appel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Cervetto" title="Arrigo Cervetto">Arrigo Cervetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chirik" title="Marc Chirik">Marc Chirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandizo_Munis" title="Grandizo Munis">Grandizo Munis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Myasnikov" title="Gavril Myasnikov">Gavril Myasnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Parodi" title="Lorenzo Parodi">Lorenzo Parodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_(German_politician)" title="Karl Schröder (German politician)">Karl Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Coupat" title="Julien Coupat">Julien Coupat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties#Left_communist_organizations_by_country" title="List of communist parties">Extant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Communist Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Organisation_(UK)" title="Communist Workers' Organisation (UK)">Communist Workers' Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Committee" title="The Invisible Committee">The Invisible Committee</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Parliamentary_Communist_Federation" title="Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation">Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Bulletin_Group" title="Communist Bulletin Group">Communist Bulletin Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1919)" title="Communist League (UK, 1919)">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_International" title="Communist Workers' International">Communist Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers' Party of Germany">Communist Workers' Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vpered" title="Vpered">Forward</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_of_Germany" title="International Socialists of Germany">International Socialists of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Proletarian_Culture" title="League for Proletarian Culture">League for Proletarian Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Communists_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Left Communists (Weimar Republic)">Left Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Working_Group" title="Marxist Working Group">Marxist Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_Ferment" title="Revolutionary Workers Ferment">Revolutionary Workers Ferment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialism or Barbarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers' Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Workers' Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Truth" title="Workers' Truth">Workers' Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiqqun" title="Tiqqun">Tiqqun</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Template:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Workers' Socialist Federation</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>. Under many different names, it gradually broadened its politics from a focus on <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> to eventually become a <a href="/wiki/Left_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left communist">left communist</a> grouping. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_London_Federation_of_the_WSPU">East London Federation of the WSPU</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: East London Federation of the WSPU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It originated as the East London Federation of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">Suffragettes</a>). The East London Federation was founded by Dr <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard Pankhurst</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> in 1893,<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and differed from its parent organisation in being <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and including men, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, Sylvia had many disagreements with the route the WSPU was taking. She wanted an explicitly socialist organisation tackling wider issues than women's suffrage, aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a>, based among <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>. She also wanted to focus on collective workers' action, not individual attacks on property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes">East London Federation of Suffragettes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: East London Federation of Suffragettes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These and other differences, including personal ones, led to Sylvia's expulsion, along with the East London Federation, from the WSPU. In early 1914, they renamed themselves the <b>East London Federation of Suffragettes</b> (ELFS) and launched a newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Dreadnought">Women's Dreadnought</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19883_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19883-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, the group campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> and agitated among <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">parliamentarians</a>, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>. But with the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, they began also to attack participation in the war, supporting the positions of the <a href="/wiki/Zimmerwald_Conference" title="Zimmerwald Conference">Zimmerwald Conference</a>. This view initially lost the group support, but they began work to ameliorate suffering in the East End.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ELFS got a chain of <a href="/wiki/Cost_price" title="Cost price">cost price</a> restaurants set up, and itself set up a <a href="/wiki/Toy#Economics" title="Toy">toy factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">free clinic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montessori" class="mw-redirect" title="Montessori">Montessori</a> nursery. They also agitated for <a href="/wiki/Widow%27s_pension" title="Widow's pension">widow's pensions</a> and dependent's allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workers'_Suffrage_Federation"><span id="Workers.27_Suffrage_Federation"></span>Workers' Suffrage Federation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Workers' Suffrage Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As public opinion turned against the war, the group gained new support, and its newspaper increased its circulation. To reflect its now broader political positions, in March 1916 it renamed itself the <b>Workers' Suffrage Federation</b> (WSF).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in July 1917, the newspaper was renamed the <i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Dreadnought" title="Workers' Dreadnought">Workers' Dreadnought</a></i>. From the start of 1917, it adopted a new aim: "to secure Human Suffrage, namely, a Vote, for every Woman and Man of full age, and to win Social and Economic Freedom for the People".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19883–4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19883–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WSF supported the <a href="/wiki/1916_Irish_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="1916 Irish Rising">1916 Irish Rising</a> and became a leading proponent of improved <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> while continuing agitation for a universal franchise. As such, it opposed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franchise_Bill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franchise Bill (page does not exist)">Franchise Bill</a> which ultimately gave women in Britain the vote in <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general elections</a> as the restrictions on women voting were much stricter than those on men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its evolving position, during much of 1917, the party remained focused on campaigning for universal suffrage and an end to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. It welcomed the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in Russia, largely on the basis that it would establish a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> elected by universal suffrage<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19884_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19884-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and withdraw Russia from the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198833_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198833-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the months went by, the WSF noted in <i>Workers' Dreadnought</i> that a situation of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a> had broken out between the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198834_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198834-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and upon analyzing the attitudes of the various socialist faction, decided to align with the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198834–35_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198834–35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party then enthusiastically supported the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198835–36_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198835–36-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which acted as a catalyst that changed their position from supporting universal suffrage towards anti-parliamentarism. When, in January 1918, the new Bolshevik government in Russia dissolved the Assembly, the group now welcomed its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a> and now argued that <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> were the most democratic form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19884–5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19884–5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WSF also looked forward to the Russian withdrawal from the war, welcoming the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> as a step towards peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198836–37_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198836–37-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the WSF led campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, with the slogan "<a href="/wiki/Hands_off_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands off Russia">Hands off Russia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198837_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198837-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WSF demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">British government</a> negotiate peace with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>, urged the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> to take action in support of the Soviet government, and eventually called on workers' to launch a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> that would force an end to the intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198837–38_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198837–38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the April 1918 issue of <i>Workers' Dreadnought</i>, Pankhurst argued that the most effective way to aid the Soviet government in Russia would be to establish <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> in Britain, and later insisted that a <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> would be needed to overthrow global capitalism in order for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198838–39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198838–39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workers'_Socialist_Federation"><span id="Workers.27_Socialist_Federation"></span>Workers' Socialist Federation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Workers' Socialist Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WSF's support for the soviet system led them to doubt the possibility of establishing <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19885_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19885-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasingly arguing that only the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> could form the "guiding and co-ordinating machinery" of the <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198819_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198819-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1918, the party's conference agreed to again rename the group, now as the <b>Workers' Socialist Federation</b>, reflecting its growing opposition to Parliamentarism. However, their views on parliamentarism remained in a state of transition, with substantial internal disagreement on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19885–6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19885–6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As preparation for the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 United Kingdom general election</a> was underway, the WSF stated that it would not stand candidates in the election, Pankhurst herself refusing to stand for the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Hallam</a> constituency, but it remained willing to support other socialist candidates for Parliament. The group went on to support the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK,_1903)" title="Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)">Socialist Labour Party</a>'s (SLP) three candidates in the election, along with independent socialists <a href="/wiki/David_Kirkwood" title="David Kirkwood">David Kirkwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">John Maclean</a>, and permitted individual members to campaign for <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19886_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19886-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1919, the WSF had moved to a hardline anti-parliamentary position, with Pankhurst arguing socialists needed to choose between "perpetuating the Parliamentary system" or building up "an industrial republic on Soviet lines."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19887_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19887-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the party's conference in June 1919, it voted to ignore all future elections, and also to follow the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a> by opening discussions with other socialist groups with the aim of forming a single communist party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19887–8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19887–8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, it organised meetings in London later in the month, which were attended both by anti-parliamentarists such as the WSF and <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Socialist_Society" title="South Wales Socialist Society">South Wales Socialist Society</a> (SWSS), as well as by supporters of "Revolutionary Parliamentarism", including the SLP and <a href="/wiki/British_Socialist_Party" title="British Socialist Party">British Socialist Party</a> (BSP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19889_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19889-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pankhurst wrote to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in July 1919, asking for his support for the party's opposition to standing in elections; but to her disappointment, he argued that renouncing parliamentary action would be a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19888_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19888-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not changing its views, the WSF accordingly deprioritised this policy in the hope of furthering the unity negotiations, a decision criticised by <a href="/wiki/Rose_Witcop" title="Rose Witcop">Rose Witcop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1919)" title="Communist League (UK, 1919)">Communist League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198810–11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198810–11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also began working with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Workers%27_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Workers' Committee (page does not exist)">London Workers' Committee</a>. </p><p>Alongside the question of parliamentary action, the issue of affiliation to the Labour Party provided another roadblock to the unity negotiations. In March 1920, the WSF's executive committee declared that "if the BSP refuses to withdraw from the Labour Party, we get on with [the] formation of [a] <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)" title="Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)">Communist Party</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198866_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198866-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 1920, it had become apparent that the unity negotiations would not satisfy all the participants, as they were unable to agree either on the issues of parliamentary action or whether the new communist party should attempt to affiliate to the Labour Party. In an attempt to get ahead of the Communist Unity Convention, which they believed would be dominated by those on the "right-wing" that favored parliamentarism and affiliation, the WSF instead called an "Emergency Conference", inviting all the "<a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left-wing communists</a>" which opposed parliamentarism and affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198811_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198811-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)"><span id="Communist_Party_.28British_Section_of_the_Third_International.29"></span>Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Workers' Socialist Federation">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)" title="Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)">Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)</a></div> <p>The conference was held in June 1920 but was attended only by WSF members, some local groups and independents. It agreed to form the <b>Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)</b> (CP(BSTI)) and voted to boycott future unity meetings. Instead, it attempted to interest the SLP in a merger. They proposed opening discussions with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Section_of_the_International_Socialist_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Section of the International Socialist Labour Party">British Section of the International Socialist Labour Party</a>, but then withdrew, leaving the exercise a failure. However, the CP(BSTI) did gain influence in the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Labour Party (UK)">Communist Labour Party</a> and the tiny <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Wales_and_the_West_of_England" title="Communist Party of South Wales and the West of England">Communist Party of South Wales and the West of England</a> was formed on their platform. </p><p>The BSP had meanwhile formed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB). Lenin called on other communists to join the new party, and the CP(BSTI) was one of the groups covered in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Left-Wing_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder">Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i>. Although <i>Workers Dreadnaught</i> was openly critical of this pamphlet, Pankhurst attended the Second Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, where Lenin personally persuaded Sylvia that her objections were less important than unity, and that it would be possible to maintain an anti-Parliamentary opposition within the CPGB. Pankhurst called a conference, inviting the <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Shop_Stewards%27_and_Workers%27_Committee_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Shop Stewards' and Workers' Committee Movement (page does not exist)">English Shop Stewards' and Workers' Committee Movement</a>, the Communist Labour Party, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Workers%27_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scottish Workers' Committee (page does not exist)">Scottish Workers' Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Parliamentary_Communist_Federation" title="Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation">Glasgow Communist Group</a>. She was arrested in September, but with the support of <a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Willie Gallacher</a>, all the groups at the conference bar <a href="/wiki/Guy_Aldred" title="Guy Aldred">Guy Aldred</a>'s Glasgow Communist Group agreed to merge with the Communist Party of Great Britain in January 1921. </p><p>After a period, Pankhurst was instructed to place the <i>Workers' Dreadnought</i> under the control of the party, which she refused to do. In particular, she criticised the Communist Party members of the <a href="/wiki/Poplar,_London" title="Poplar, London">Poplar</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Guardians">Board of Guardians</a> for agreeing to reduce outdoor <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law">Poor Law</a> relief, which was cited as the reason for her expulsion from the CPGB in September 1921. While the idea of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, newly accepted as the governing principle for the CPGB, would seem to suggest that she was in breach of discipline, <i><a href="/wiki/Labour_Monthly" title="Labour Monthly">Labour Monthly</a></i> continued as the personal organ of <a href="/wiki/R._P._Dutt" class="mw-redirect" title="R. P. Dutt">R. P. Dutt</a> and even received subsidies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_Workers'_Party"><span id="Communist_Workers.27_Party"></span>Communist Workers' Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communist Workers' Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Syndicalism" title="Category:Syndicalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Hand That Will Rule The World—One Big Union""><img alt=""The Hand That Will Rule The World—One Big Union"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/250px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg/375px-The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_hand_that_will_rule_the_world.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Precursors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Labour unionisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism#Anarcho-syndicalist_groups" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Organisations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (1864–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWA%E2%80%93AIT" title="IWA–AIT">IWA–AIT</a> and affiliates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Regional_Workers%27_Federation" title="Argentine Regional Workers' Federation">Argentine Regional Workers' Federation</a> (FORA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Workers_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Workers Confederation">Brazilian Workers Confederation</a> (COB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> (CNT–AIT, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Revolutionary_Anarcho-Syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists">Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists</a> (CRAS, Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Workers%27_Union" title="Free Workers' Union">Free Workers' Union</a> (FAU, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Syndikalistisk_Forbund" title="Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund">Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund</a> (NSF–IAA, Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Federation" title="Solidarity Federation">Solidarity Federation</a> (SF–IWA, Britain)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Spain)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Spain)">General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGT, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(Chile)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (Chile)">IWW-Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW-South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union" title="Irish Transport and General Workers' Union">Irish Transport and General Workers' Union</a> (ITGWU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagoppositionens_Sammenslutning" title="Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning">Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning</a> (FS, Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Workers' Union (Portugal)">National Workers' Union</a> (UON, Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAC_Syndikalisterna" title="SAC Syndikalisterna">Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation</a> (SAC, Sweden)</li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Thompson_Bain" title="James Thompson Bain">Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Berth" title="Édouard Berth">Berth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">De Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Delesalle" title="Paul Delesalle">Delesalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fitzgerald_(trade_unionist)" title="Mary Fitzgerald (trade unionist)">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Griffuelhes" title="Victor Griffuelhes">Griffuelhes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Janvion" title="Émile Janvion">Janvion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Jouhaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monatte" title="Pierre Monatte">Monatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Oliver" title="Juan García Oliver">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Pelloutier" title="Fernand Pelloutier">Pelloutier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related subjects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">Labour power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syndicalism_sidebar" title="Template:Syndicalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syndicalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Syndicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syndicalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syndicalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pankhurst reorganised her group of supporters around <i>Workers Dreadnought</i>, and began criticising the admittance of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_International_of_Labour_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Red International of Labour Unions">Red International of Labour Unions</a>, and warning that they felt the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> were beginning to "slip to the right". The decline in <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> that culminated in the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Shop_Stewards_Movement" title="Shop Stewards Movement">Shop Stewards Movement</a> had reignited debates over <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unionism</a> within the British socialist movement, which split into two camps: the "<a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(business)" title="Consolidation (business)">Amalgamationists</a>" that advocated the amalgamation of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">existing trade unions</a> into <a href="/wiki/Industrial_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial union">industrial unions</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual Unionists</a>" that advocated for building new industrial unions from scratch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198890–91_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198890–91-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where trade unionists aligned with the CPGB largely pursued amalgamation, the <i>Dreadnought</i> group had moved away from that position towards dual unionism, with Pankhurst writing in an August 1921 article that workers needed to unite into <a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a> capable of abolishing capitalism. Pankhurst criticised the attempts to reform existing trade unions from within, drawing parallels between the amalgamationists' <a href="/wiki/Entryism" title="Entryism">tactic</a> of trying to change union leadership from within and earlier socialist experiences with electoralism, arguing that institutional trade unionism needed to be abolished entirely and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198891_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198891-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Dreadnought</i> group advocated grouping together <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Union">Industrial Unions</a> under the auspices of the "All-Workers Revolutionary Union": intended as "<a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a>" which would unite all workers in a struggle against capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198816_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198816-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1922, the <i>Dreadnought</i> group established the <b>Communist Workers' Party</b> (CWP), with this newly-adopted industrial unionist policy as its foundation. In the party's programme, it stated its aim as such:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198892_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198892-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To prepare for the proletarian revolution, by setting up <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> in all branches of production, distribution and administration, in order that the workers may seize and maintain control.<br />With this object, to organise <a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Revolutionary Union</a>:<br />(a) built up on the workshop basis, covering all workers, regardless of sex, craft, or grade, who pledge themselves to work for the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> and the establishment of the workers' Soviets;<br />(b) organised into a department for each industry or service;<br />(c) the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a> being organised as a department of the One Revolutionary Union, so that they may have local and national representation in the workers' Soviets.</p></blockquote> <p>The CWP had been influenced by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Germany" title="General Workers' Union of Germany">General Workers' Union of Germany</a> (AAUD) by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers' Party of Germany">Communist Workers' Party of Germany</a> (KAPD) during the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a>. They intended as such to establish a British counterpart to the AAUD, just as the CWP was intended as the British counterpart to the KAPD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198893_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198893-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking the AAUd's programme as a basis, in September 1922 the CWP established the <b>All-Workers' Revolutionary Union</b> (AWRU) in order to implement its <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">revolutionary unionist</a> goals, envisioning the AWRU as the One Big Union that would itself manage the transition to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198892_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198892-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union organized itself along industrial unionist lines, where recallable delegates were elected by workshops, factories, districts, areas and national councils from the bottom-up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198892–93_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198892–93-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CWP was quickly rendered redundant and was subsequently superseded by the AWRU, as the AWRU adopted the CWP's entire programme as its own and developed it into an even more comprehensive one than the CWP's, with membership of the AWRU being accepted only on the condition of adhering to all six points of the CWP platform:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198894_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198894-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>to spread <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist ideas</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">electoral abstention</a> and anti-parliamentary propaganda;</li> <li>refusal of affiliation to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> or any other reformist organisation;</li> <li>to emancipate workers from the <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">existing trade unions</a>;</li> <li>to organise '<a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Revolutionary Union</a>' as the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>;</li> <li>and affiliation to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers International">Communist Workers International</a> (KAI).</li></ol> <p>The foundation of the AWRU was grounded in the CWP's <a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">prefigurative politics</a>, as the AWRU was intended to itself organise the workers' councils which would then seize the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and form the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198894–95_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198894–95-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the CWP even claiming in 1923 that "Communism and the All-Workers' Revolutionary Union are synonymous."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198895_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198895-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model stood in contrast to how the Soviets of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the workers' councils of the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a> had formed, largely <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">spontaneously</a> without their development by pre-existing organisations, but in Britain this kind of organising was no longer possible since the decline of the strike movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198895–96_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198895–96-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the model of dual unionism never bore fruit in Britain either, as its material circumstances were far different from that of the United States, where the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW) had seen success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198896–97_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198896–97-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of reception to dual unionism meant that the organisation of the AWRU existed largely within the CWP's literature in <i>Workers' Dreadnought</i>. When the AWRU announced its campaign to build the "One Big Union" in July 1923, they also admitted that they had no funds and very few people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198897_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198897-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite optimism concerning a rise in revolutionary sentiment, by the end of 1923 the AWRU had dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198897–98_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198897–98-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the failure of the AWRU, by July 1923 the CWP had announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Unemployed_Workers%27_Organisation" title="Unemployed Workers' Organisation">Unemployed Workers' Organisation</a> (UWO), modelled closely on the IWW as an alternative to the CPGB's "reformist" <a href="/wiki/National_Unemployed_Workers%27_Movement" title="National Unemployed Workers' Movement">National Unemployed Workers' Movement</a> (NUWM). Initially, this attracted numerous former members of the NUWM, sometimes even whole branches throughout London. By the start of 1924, it claimed 3,000 members, mostly in London but also with a branch in Leeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198898_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198898-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation grew rapidly, which ended up becoming counterintuitive to the UWO's aims of organising an "army of production", given its members were made up of the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198899_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198899-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, no national group was formally constituted, and they later referred to their network as the <b>Communist Workers Group</b>, although it was by that point a very small party. On 14 June 1924, <i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Dreadnought" title="Workers' Dreadnought">Workers' Dreadnought</a></i> ceased publication, bringing a definitive end to the CWP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway1988107_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway1988107-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_Treasurers">Honorary Treasurers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honorary Treasurers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1913: Sybil Smith<sup id="cite_ref-crawford_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>1913: <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Thomas,_Viscountess_Rhondda" title="Sybil Thomas, Viscountess Rhondda">Sybil Thomas</a><sup id="cite_ref-crawford_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>1914: <a href="/wiki/Evelina_Haverfield" title="Evelina Haverfield">Evelina Haverfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-crawford_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>1915: <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Lansbury_(politician)" title="Edgar Lansbury (politician)">Edgar Lansbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-crawford_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>1916: <a href="/wiki/Norah_Smyth" title="Norah Smyth">Norah Smyth</a><sup id="cite_ref-crawford_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crawford-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-odnb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odnb_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Crawford, ‘Bull , Amy Maud (1877–1953)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63868,">accessed 1 January 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19883-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19883_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19883–4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19883–4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19884-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19884_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198833-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198833_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198834-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198834_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198834–35-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198834–35_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198835–36-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198835–36_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19884–5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19884–5_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198836–37-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198836–37_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198837-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198837_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198837–38-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198837–38_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198838–39-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198838–39_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19885-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19885_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198819-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198819_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19885–6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19885–6_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19886-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19886_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19887-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19887_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19887–8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19887–8_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19889-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19889_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway19888-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway19888_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198810–11-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198810–11_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198866-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198866_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198811-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198811_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198890–91-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198890–91_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198891-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198891_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198816-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198816_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198892-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198892_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198892_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198893-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198893_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198892–93-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198892–93_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198894-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198894_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198894–95-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198894–95_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198895-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198895_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198895–96-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198895–96_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198896–97-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198896–97_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198897-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198897_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198897–98-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198897–98_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198898-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198898_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway198899-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway198899_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShipway1988107-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShipway1988107_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipway1988">Shipway 1988</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crawford-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crawford_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Crawford, <i>The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866-1928</i>, p.185</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workers%27_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBullock1992" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Ian (1992). "Sylvia Pankhurst and the Russian Revolution: The making of a 'Left-Wing' Communist". In Bullock, Ian; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)">Pankhurst, Richard</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pywCwAAQBAJ"><i>Sylvia Pankhurst: From Artist to Anti-Fascist</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312068400" title="Special:BookSources/9780312068400"><bdi>9780312068400</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925160984">925160984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst+and+the+Russian+Revolution%3A+The+making+of+a+%27Left-Wing%27+Communist&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+From+Artist+to+Anti-Fascist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925160984&rft.isbn=9780312068400&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2pywCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+Socialist+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Mary (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdpT2MrqboQC"><i>Sylvia Pankhurst: A Life in Radical Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Virginia" title="Sterling, Virginia">Sterling, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-1518-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-1518-6"><bdi>0-7453-1518-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162569507">1162569507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+A+Life+in+Radical+Politics&rft.place=Sterling%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162569507&rft.isbn=0-7453-1518-6&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdpT2MrqboQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+Socialist+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederation1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain)" title="Anarchist Federation (Britain)">Federation, Anarchist Communist</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060401023318/http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue42/acbrit.html">"Anarchist Communism in Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain)" title="Anarchist Federation (Britain)">Organise!</a></i> (42). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: 11–18. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500079933">500079933</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flag.blackened.net/af/org/issue42/acbrit.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organise%21&rft.atitle=Anarchist+Communism+in+Britain&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=11-18&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500079933&rft.aulast=Federation&rft.aufirst=Anarchist+Communist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflag.blackened.net%2Faf%2Forg%2Fissue42%2Facbrit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+Socialist+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2005" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.internationalism.org/outlets/online"><i>The British Communist Left: a contribution to the history of the revolutionary movement 1914-1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897980116" title="Special:BookSources/1897980116"><bdi>1897980116</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642281773">642281773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Communist+Left%3A+a+contribution+to+the+history+of+the+revolutionary+movement+1914-1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=International+Communist+Current&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642281773&rft.isbn=1897980116&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.internationalism.org%2Foutlets%2Fonline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+Socialist+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Rob (October 1991) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/left-wing-communism-britain-1917-21an-infantile-disorder-bob-jones">"Anti-Parliamentarism and Communism in Britain, 1917-1921"</a>. <i>Discussion Bulletin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: Industrial Union Caucus in Education. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13302352">13302352</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discussion+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Anti-Parliamentarism+and+Communism+in+Britain%2C+1917-1921&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13302352&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fleft-wing-communism-britain-1917-21an-infantile-disorder-bob-jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+Socialist+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipway1988" class="citation book cs1">Shipway, Mark (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af-north.org/shipway/shipway%20index.htm"><i>Anti Parliamentary Communism: the movement for workers' councils in Britain, 1917-45</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/033343613X" title="Special:BookSources/033343613X"><bdi>033343613X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468642120">468642120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti+Parliamentary+Communism%3A+the+movement+for+workers%27+councils+in+Britain%2C+1917-45&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468642120&rft.isbn=033343613X&rft.aulast=Shipway&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af-north.org%2Fshipway%2Fshipway%2520index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+Socialist+Federation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Winslow" title="Barbara Winslow">Winslow, Barbara</a> (2021) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGg1EAAAQBAJ"><i>Sylvia Pankhurst: Sexual Politics and Political Activism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839761621" title="Special:BookSources/9781839761621"><bdi>9781839761621</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1201686427">1201686427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+Sexual+Politics+and+Political+Activism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1201686427&rft.isbn=9781839761621&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGg1EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkers%27+Socialist+Federation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(UK)" title="Socialist Action (UK)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party (England and Wales)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Party (Ireland)">Socialist Party (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party Scotland">Socialist Party Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Network" title="Socialist Workers Network">Socialist Workers Network (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_International_to_Rebuild_the_Fourth_International" title="Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International">WIRFI Supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(UK)" title="Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)">Workers Revolutionary Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anarchist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain)" title="Anarchist Federation (Britain)">Anarchist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_War" title="Class War">Class War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Press" title="Freedom Press">Freedom Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Federation" title="Solidarity Federation">Solidarity Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haringey_Solidarity_Group" title="Haringey Solidarity Group">Haringey Solidarity Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left Communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Provisional_Central_Committee)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)">Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Organisation_(UK)" title="Communist Workers' Organisation (UK)">Communist Workers' Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Studies_(1989)" title="Socialist Studies (1989)">Socialist Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement" title="32 County Sovereignty Movement">32 County Sovereignty Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1988)" title="Communist League (UK, 1988)">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfire_(group)" title="Counterfire (group)">Counterfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Working_Class_Association" title="Independent Working Class Association">Independent Working Class Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Black_Revolutionaries" title="London Black Revolutionaries">London Black Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoradh" title="Saoradh">Saoradh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Scottish Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain" title="Workers Party of Britain">Workers Party of Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marxist–Leninist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Communist_Workers" title="Association of Communist Workers">Association of Communist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Unity_and_Freedom_Party" title="Black Unity and Freedom Party">Black Unity and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Communist_Organisation" title="British and Irish Communist Organisation">British and Irish Communist Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Defeat_Revisionism,_for_Communist_Unity" title="Committee to Defeat Revisionism, for Communist Unity">Committee to Defeat Revisionism, for Communist Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_(Scotland)" title="Communist Labour Party (Scotland)">Communist Labour Party (Scotland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist League of Great Britain">Communist League of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Organisation_in_the_British_Isles" title="Communist Organisation in the British Isles">Communist Organisation in the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Scotland" title="Communist Party of Scotland">Communist Party of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_League_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Workers League of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Workers League of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiston_Communist_Party" title="Leiston Communist Party">Leiston Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Forum" title="Marxist Forum">Marxist Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_of_Britain" title="Revolutionary Communist League of Britain">Revolutionary Communist League of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Internationalist_Contingent" title="Revolutionary Internationalist Contingent">Revolutionary Internationalist Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_League" title="Revolutionary Marxist–Leninist League">Revolutionary Marxist–Leninist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Policy_Committee" title="Revolutionary Policy Committee">Revolutionary Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Socialist_Society" title="South Wales Socialist Society">South Wales Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_Left" title="Straight Left">Straight Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Institute_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Mao_Zedong_Thought" title="Workers' Institute of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought">Workers' Institute of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Scotland" title="Workers Party of Scotland">Workers Party of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_People%27s_Party_of_England" title="Working People's Party of England">Working People's Party of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trotskyist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Club_(Trotskyist)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Club (Trotskyist)">The Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Banda#Marxist_Philosophy_Forum" title="Michael Banda">Communist Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1932)" title="Communist League (UK, 1932)">Communist League (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1990)" title="Communist League (UK, 1990)">Communist League (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="International Group">International Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Group" title="International Socialist Group">International Socialist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Group_(Scotland)" title="International Socialist Group (Scotland)">International Socialist Group (Scotland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Network" title="International Socialist Network">International Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Socialist_Action_(UK)" title="League for Socialist Action (UK)">League for Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Fraction" title="Left Fraction">Left Fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninist_League_(UK)" title="Leninist League (UK)">Leninist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Group_(UK)" title="Marxist Group (UK)">Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Party" title="Marxist Party">Marxist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist Worker">Marxist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_Group" title="Militant Group">Militant Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_(Trotskyist_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (Trotskyist group)">Militant Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Britain)" title="Movement for Socialism (Britain)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Revolution_(group)" title="Permanent Revolution (group)">Permanent Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Action" title="Red Action">Red Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_League_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Communist League (UK)">Revolutionary Communist League (Chartist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1944)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944)">Revolutionary Communist Party (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(UK,_1978)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978)">Revolutionary Communist Party (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Democratic_Group" title="Revolutionary Democratic Group">Revolutionary Democratic Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(UK,_1938)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (UK, 1938)">Revolutionary Socialist League (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(UK,_1957)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (UK, 1957)">Revolutionary Socialist League (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (UK)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers%27_Party_(Trotskyist)" title="Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist)">Revolutionary Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Militant_Labour" title="Scottish Militant Labour">Scottish Militant Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Socialist Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternatives" title="Socialist Alternatives">Socialist Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democracy_Group" title="Socialist Democracy Group">Socialist Democracy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Group_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Group (UK)">Socialist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Group" title="Socialist Labour Group">Socialist Labour Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Solidarity_Network" title="Socialist Solidarity Network">Socialist Solidarity Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Network" title="Socialist Unity Network">Socialist Unity Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Scotland)" title="Solidarity (Scotland)">Solidarity (Scotland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_International_League_(1937)" title="Workers' International League (1937)">Workers' International League (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_International_League_(1985)" title="Workers' International League (1985)">Workers' International League (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Internationalist_League" title="Workers' Internationalist League">Workers' Internationalist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_League_(UK)" title="Workers League (UK)">Workers League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_League" title="Workers' Socialist League">Workers' Socialist League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anarchist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_of_Britain" title="Anarchist Federation of Britain">Anarchist Federation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Workers_Association" title="Anarchist Workers Association">Anarchist Workers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Brigade" title="The Angry Brigade">The Angry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mob" title="King Mob">King Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_Against_the_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement Against the Monarchy">Movement Against the Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Street_Club" title="Rose Street Club">Rose Street Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Hijackers" title="Space Hijackers">Space Hijackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Movement" title="United Socialist Movement">United Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Anarchists" title="Walsall Anarchists">Walsall Anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOMBLES" title="WOMBLES">WOMBLES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Friend_Group" title="Worker's Friend Group">Worker's Friend Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left Communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Parliamentary_Communist_Federation" title="Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation">Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)" title="Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)">Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Unity_Group" title="Communist Unity Group">Communist Unity Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (UK)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Workers%27_Republican_Party" title="Scottish Workers' Republican Party">Scottish Workers' Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK,_1903)" title="Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)">Socialist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Propaganda_League" title="Socialist Propaganda League">Socialist Propaganda League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Workers' Socialist Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Flame_(political_group)" title="Big Flame (political group)">Big Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Wealth_Party" title="Common Wealth Party">Common Wealth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Group_(Scotland)" title="International Socialist Group (Scotland)">International Socialist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_(UK)" title="Red Star (UK)">Red Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Republican_Socialist_Movement" title="Scottish Republican Socialist Movement">Scottish Republican Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Union_(UK)" title="Socialist Union (UK)">Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Gentlemen_Supporters_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Society of Gentlemen Supporters of the Bill of Rights">Society of Gentlemen Supporters of the Bill of Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Front_(UK)" title="Red Front (UK)">Red Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_(UK)" title="Socialist Unity (UK)">Socialist Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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