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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_melanokortina_1" title="Receptor melanokortina 1 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Receptor melanokortina 1" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin-1-Rezeptor" title="Melanocortin-1-Rezeptor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Melanocortin-1-Rezeptor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortiin-1_retseptor" title="Melanokortiin-1 retseptor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Melanokortiin-1 retseptor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortina_1_errezeptorea" title="Melanokortina 1 errezeptorea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Melanokortina 1 errezeptorea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC1R" title="MC1R – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MC1R" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC1R" title="MC1R – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MC1R" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_melanokortin_1" title="Reseptor melanokortin 1 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reseptor melanokortin 1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mc1r" title="Mc1r – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Mc1r" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC1R" title="MC1R – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MC1R" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mc1r" title="Mc1r – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Mc1r" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_1_receptor" title="Melanokortinski 1 receptor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Melanokortinski 1 receptor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanokortinski_1_receptor" title="Melanokortinski 1 receptor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Melanokortinski 1 receptor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_1" title="Мелакортиновий рецептор 1 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мелакортиновий рецептор 1" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%931" title="黑素皮质素受体1 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑素皮质素受体1" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21173746#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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#404244) !important;color:inherit">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6929">MC1R</a></span>, CMM5, MSH-R, SHEP2, Melanocortin 1 receptor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/155555">155555</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:99456">99456</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=1789">1789</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MC1R">MC1R</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000258839">MC1R - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 16 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 16 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_16_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 16 (human)">Chromosome 16 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_16_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 16 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 16 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Human_chromosome_16_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_16_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Human_chromosome_16_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_16_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Human_chromosome_16_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_16_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 287.35986191608px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC1R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC1R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 293.4px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC1R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC1R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">16q24.3</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">89,912,119 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">89,920,973 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 8 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 8 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 8 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 276.7644356109px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC1R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC1R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 282.8px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MC1R"><img alt="Genomic location for MC1R" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">8 E1|8 72.1 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">124,133,846 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">124,137,483 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000258839">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">granulocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right uterine tube</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left testis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right hemisphere of cerebellum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">anterior pituitary</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right testis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastric mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left lobe of thyroid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lobe of thyroid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left ovary</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000074037">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">hair follicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Ileal epithelium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">iris</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">neural layer of retina</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">epithelium of lens</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">skin of abdomen</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">yolk sac</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cornea</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000258839">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit">n/a</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008528">G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004930">G protein-coupled receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/">signal transducer activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004980">melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004977">melanocortin receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031625">ubiquitin protein ligase binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005887">integral component of plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005622">intracellular anatomical structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007187">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007275">multicellular organism development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009650">UV protection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032720">negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070914">UV-damage excision repair</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007165">signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010739">positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035556">intracellular signal transduction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043473">pigmentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045944">positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051897">positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090037">positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007189">adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019233">sensory perception of pain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042438">melanin biosynthetic process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=4157&rn=1">4157</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=17199&rn=1">17199</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000258839;db=core">ENSG00000258839</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000074037;db=core">ENSMUSG00000074037</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q01726">Q01726</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q01727">Q01727</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_002386">NM_002386</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_008559">NM_008559</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_002377">NP_002377</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_032585">NP_032585</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr16:89912119-89920973">Chr 16: 89.91 – 89.92 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr8:124133846-124137483">Chr 8: 124.13 – 124.14 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18028916" class="extiw" title="d:Q18028916">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18252230" class="extiw" title="d:Q18252230">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>melanocortin 1 receptor</b> (<b>MC1R</b>), also known as <b>melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor</b> (<b>MSHR</b>), <b>melanin-activating peptide receptor</b>, or <b>melanotropin receptor</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein%E2%80%93coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein–coupled receptor">G protein–coupled receptor</a> that binds to a class of <a href="/wiki/Pituitary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary">pituitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormones</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin" title="Melanocortin">melanocortins</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH) and the different forms of <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">melanocyte-stimulating hormone</a> (MSH). It is coupled to <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>αs</sub></a> and upregulates levels of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> by activating <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a><sup id="cite_ref-boulangerhorrell2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boulangerhorrell2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in cells expressing this receptor. It is normally expressed in skin and <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a>, and to a lesser degree in <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Periaqueductal gray matter">periaqueductal gray matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wangguo2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangguo2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>, MC1R is highly expressed in <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanomas</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salazaronfray2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salazaronfray2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MC1R is one of the key <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> involved in regulating <a href="/wiki/Mammalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin color</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_hair_color" title="Human hair color">hair color</a>. It is located on the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">plasma membrane</a> of specialized <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a>, which produce the <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">pigment</a> <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> through the process of <a href="/wiki/Melanogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanogenesis">melanogenesis</a>. It controls the type of melanin being produced, and its activation causes the melanocyte to switch from generating the yellow-red <a href="/wiki/Phaeomelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeomelanin">phaeomelanin</a> by default to the brown-black <a href="/wiki/Eumelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelanin">eumelanin</a> in replacement. </p><p>In humans, a number of <a href="/wiki/Mutation#By_effect_on_function" title="Mutation">loss-of-function mutations</a> of MC1R have been described, with <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">redheads</a> often having multiple individual loss-of-function mutations, but as of 2001, activating mutations that increase eumelanin synthesis have not been described.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MC1R has also been reported to be involved in cancer (independent of skin coloration), developmental processes, and susceptibility to infections and pain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coloration_in_mammals">Coloration in mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coloration in mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MC1R protein lies within the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>, and is signalled by <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">melanocyte-stimulating hormone</a> (MSH) released by the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary">pituitary</a> gland.<sup id="cite_ref-OMIMMC1R_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMIMMC1R-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When activated by one of the variants of MSH, typically α-MSH, MC1R initiates a complex <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_cascade" title="Biochemical cascade">signaling cascade</a> that leads to the production of eumelanin. In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by <a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">agouti signalling peptide</a> (ASIP), which reverts the cell back to producing the yellow or red phaeomelanin. </p><p>The yellow and black agouti banding pattern observed on most mammalian hair is caused by the pulsative nature of ASIP signalling through MC1R. Exceptions include particoloured <a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">bay horses</a>, which have reddish bodies, and black legs, mane, and tail, where ASIP signaling is limited to regions instead of pulsating. Human hair, which is neither banded nor particoloured, is thought to be regulated by α-MSH signaling through MC1R exclusively. </p><p>The prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red hair</a> in humans varies considerably worldwide. In the United States, about 25% of the human population carries the mutated melanocortin 1 receptor that causes red hair. With one in four people as carriers, the chance of two people having a child with red hair is about 2% (one in 64).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with freckles and no red hair have an 85% chance of carrying the MC1R gene that is connected to red hair. People with no freckles and no red hair have an 18% chance of carrying the MC1R gene linked to red hair.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7581459_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7581459-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight genes have been identified in humans that control whether the MC1R gene is turned on and the person has red hair.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coloration_in_birds">Coloration in birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coloration in birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MC1R is responsible for melanic polymorphisms in at least three unrelated species: the <a href="/wiki/Bananaquit" title="Bananaquit">bananaquit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">snow goose</a>, and the arctic skua.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain_in_mammals">Pain in mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pain in mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mutant yellow-orange mice and human redheads, both with nonfunctional MC1R, both genotypes display reduced sensitivity to noxious stimuli and increased analgesic responsiveness to <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>-metabolite <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15994880_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15994880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These observations suggest a role for mammalian MC1R outside the pigment cell, though the exact mechanism through which the protein can modulate pain sensation is not known. </p><p>In a certain genetic background in mice it has been reported that animals lacking MC1R had increased tolerance to <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicin</a> acting through the <a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1">TRPV1</a> receptor and decreased response to chemically induced inflammatory pain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans with MC1R mutations have been reported to need approximately 20% more <a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">inhalational anaesthetic</a> than controls.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a> was reported to be much less effective in reducing pain in another study of humans with MC1R mutations<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCR1erythro4TC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCR1erythro4TC.jpg/220px-MCR1erythro4TC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCR1erythro4TC.jpg/330px-MCR1erythro4TC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MCR1erythro4TC.jpg/440px-MCR1erythro4TC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Model of melanocortin receptors and erythropoiesis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_roles_in_development">Some roles in development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Some roles in development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/G_protein%E2%80%93coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein–coupled receptor">G protein–coupled receptors</a> are known to activate <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signal transduction</a> in cells, it should not be surprising to find MC1R involved in development. As one example at the cellular level, preventing signalling by MC1R stopped <a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">erythropoiesis</a> from proceeding from the polychromatic cell stage (poly-E in the figure) to the orthochromatic cell stage (ortho-E in the diagram).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same report showed that neutralizing <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> to MC1R prevented phosphorylation of <a href="/wiki/STAT5" title="STAT5">STAT5</a> by <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a>, and that MC2R and MC5R were also involved, as shown in their model. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCR1carti4TC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MCR1carti4TC.jpg/220px-MCR1carti4TC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MCR1carti4TC.jpg/330px-MCR1carti4TC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MCR1carti4TC.jpg/440px-MCR1carti4TC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>MC1R deficiency and osteoarthritis</figcaption></figure> <p>One example at the tissue level showed the involvement of MC1R in the normal and pathological development of <a href="/wiki/Articular_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular cartilage">articular cartilage</a> in the mouse <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this study the authors compared normal mice with mice completely lacking MC1R. Even without experimental induction of osteoarthritis, mice without MC1R had less articular cartilage (as shown by the red staining in the image). After experimental induction of osteoarthritis, the defect caused by MC1R was more pronounced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MC1R_and_infection/inflammation"><span id="MC1R_and_infection.2Finflammation"></span>MC1R and infection/inflammation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MC1R and infection/inflammation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The involvement of MC1R in a rat model of <a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">vaginitis</a> was investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These authors suggest that MC1R is important in anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory processes, in part because <a href="/wiki/SiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="SiRNA">siRNA</a> knockdown of MC1R almost completely prevented the responses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nosocomial_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosocomial infections">Nosocomial infections</a> are of variable importance. One of the most important is complicated <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, which was defined as sepsis with organ dysfunction. One variant of MC1R (MC1RR163Q, rs885479) was reported to be associated with lowered risk of developing complicated sepsis during hospitalization after trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, if the association is confirmed, MC1R targeting may become a therapeutic option to prevent severe sepsis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_cancer_independent_of_skin_color">Role in cancer independent of skin color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in cancer independent of skin color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MC1R signalling stimulates <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> pathways, as reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feller2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feller2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single nucleotide polymorphisms">single nucleotide polymorphisms</a> in MC1R that are associated with predisposition to nonmelanoma skin cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported that variants of MC1R, even in <a href="/wiki/Heterozygotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygotes">heterozygotes</a> and independent of their effects on pigmentation, are risk factors for <a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal cell carcinoma">basal cell carcinoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Melanocortin-1_receptor_genotype_is_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melanocortin-1_receptor_genotype_is-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review has discussed the role of some MC1R variants in <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> and basal and squamous cell carcinomas independent of pigment production.<sup id="cite_ref-Feller2016_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feller2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_kidney_pathology">Role in kidney pathology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in kidney pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Membranous_glomerulonephritis" title="Membranous glomerulonephritis">Membranous glomerulonephritis</a> is a serious human disease that can be treated with <a href="/wiki/ACTH" class="mw-redirect" title="ACTH">ACTH</a>, which is a known <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Agonists">agonist of MC1R</a>. In a rat model of nephritis it was found that treatment with a different <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of MC1R improved aspects of kidney morphology and reduced <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20507942_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20507942-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24498203_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24498203-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may help explain the benefit of ACTH in humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_organisms">In other organisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zfishchroma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Zfishchroma.jpg/150px-Zfishchroma.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Zfishchroma.jpg/225px-Zfishchroma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Zfishchroma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zebrafish" title="Zebrafish">Zebrafish</a> MC1R mediates the response of fish <a href="/wiki/Chromatophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatophores">chromatophores</a> on exposure to dark (top), in comparison to light (bottom), environments.</figcaption></figure> <p>MC1R has a slightly different function in <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">cold-blooded</a> animals such as fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Here, α-MSH activation of MC1R results in the dispersion of eumelanin-filled <a href="/wiki/Melanosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanosomes">melanosomes</a> throughout the interior of pigment cells (called <a href="/wiki/Melanophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanophore">melanophores</a>). This gives the skin of the animal a darker hue and often occurs in response to changes in mood or environment. Such a physiological color change implicates MC1R as a key mediator of adaptive <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_coloration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptic coloration">cryptic coloration</a>. The role of ASIP's binding to MC1R in regulating this adaptation is unclear; however, in teleost fish at least, functional antagonism is provided by <a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone">melanin-concentrating hormone</a>. This signals through its receptor to aggregate the melanosomes toward a small area in the centre of the melanophore, resulting in the animal's having a lighter overall appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16704454_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16704454-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a> generate a similar, albeit more dramatic, pigmentary effect using muscles to rapidly stretch and relax their pigmented <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophores</a>. MC1R does not appear to play a role in the rapid and spectacular colour changes observed in these <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligands">Ligands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists">Agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">α-MSH</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">β-MSH</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">γ-MSH</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-470,539" class="mw-redirect" title="BMS-470,539">BMS-470,539</a> - selective small-molecule full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setmelanotide" title="Setmelanotide">Setmelanotide</a> - nonselective peptide full agonist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonists">Antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">Agouti signalling peptide</a> - nonselective peptide antagonist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pigmentation_genetics">Pigmentation genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pigmentation genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>MC1R</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> expression is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated_transcription_factor" title="Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor">microphthalmia-associated transcription factor</a> (MITF).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12204775_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12204775-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmidunknown_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmidunknown-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutations</a> of the <i>MC1R</i> gene either can create a <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> that constantly signals, even when not stimulated, or can lower the receptor's activity. <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Alleles</a> for constitutively active <i>MC1R</i> are inherited <a href="/wiki/Dominant_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant gene">dominantly</a> and result in a black coat colour, whereas alleles for dysfunctional <i>MC1R</i> are <a href="/wiki/Recessive_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive gene">recessive</a> and result in a light coat colour.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16978179_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16978179-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variants of <i>MC1R</i> associated with black, red/yellow, and white/cream coat colors in numerous animal <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> have been reported, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory mice">Laboratory mice</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8458079_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8458079-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dogs</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10602988_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10602988-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17485734_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17485734-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">Big cats</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12620197_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12620197-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">Horses</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flanagan_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flanagan-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8535072_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8535072-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chickens</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8764834_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8764834-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananaquit" title="Bananaquit">Bananaquit</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11369199_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11369199-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">Gyrfalcon</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22504110_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22504110-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermode_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermode bear">Kermode bears</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11566108_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11566108-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_pocket_mouse" title="Rock pocket mouse">Rock pocket mice</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12704245_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12704245-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_rabbit" title="Domestic rabbit">Domestic rabbits</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16978179_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16978179-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seals</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoth</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A study on unrelated British and Irish individuals demonstrated that over 80% of people with red hair and/or fair skin that tan poorly have a dysfunctional variant of the <i>MC1R</i> gene. This is compared to less than 20% in people with brown or black hair, and less than 4% in people showing a good tanning response.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7581459_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7581459-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Asp294His</b> (rs1805009) is a <a href="/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Single nucleotide polymorphism">single nucleotide polymorphism</a> (SNP) in the <i><a href="/wiki/MC1R" class="mw-redirect" title="MC1R">MC1R</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> and it is associated with <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red hair</a> and light skin type.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7581459_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7581459-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melanocortin-1_receptor_genotype_is_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melanocortin-1_receptor_genotype_is-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other SNPs in the gene, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arg151Cys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arg151Cys (page does not exist)">Arg151Cys</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arg160Trp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arg160Trp (page does not exist)">Arg160Trp</a>, are also associated with red hair. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Single-origin_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-origin hypothesis">Out-of-Africa</a> model proposes that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated north to populate Europe and Asia. These migrants most likely had a functional <i>MC1R</i> variant and, accordingly, dark hair and skin as displayed by indigenous Africans today. As humans migrated north, the absence of high levels of <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> in northern Europe and Asia relaxed the <a href="/wiki/Selection_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection (biology)">selective pressure</a> on active <i>MC1R</i>, allowing the gene to mutate into dysfunctional variants without reproductive penalty, then propagate by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies show the <i>MC1R Arg163Gln</i> allele has a high frequency in East Asia and may be part of the evolution of light skin in East Asian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No evidence is known for <a href="/wiki/Directional_selection" title="Directional selection">positive selection</a> of <i>MC1R</i> alleles in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10733465_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10733465-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no evidence of an association between the emergence of dysfunctional variants of <i>MC1R</i> and the evolution of light skin in European populations. The lightening of skin color in Europeans and East Asians is an example of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution#Primates" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paralogues"><a href="/wiki/Sequence_homology" title="Sequence homology">Paralogues</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paralogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">MC4R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">MC3R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">MC5R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">MC2R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">GPR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">GPR12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">S1PR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">GPR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">S1PR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">LPAR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_1" title="Cannabinoid receptor 1">CNR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">LPAR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">GPR119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">S1PR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">S1PR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">LPAR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_2" title="Cannabinoid receptor 2">CNR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">S1PR4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">Melanocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC24A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC24A5">SLC24A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckles" class="mw-redirect" title="Freckles">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotropin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanotropin receptor">Melanotropin receptor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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(April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288200">"Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>66</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1351–</span>1361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F302863">10.1086/302863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288200">1288200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10733465">10733465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+variable+selective+pressures+at+MC1R&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1351-%3C%2Fspan%3E1361&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1288200%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10733465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F302863&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Healy%2C+E&rft.au=Ray%2C+AJ&rft.au=Ellis%2C+NS&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+N&rft.au=Todd%2C+C&rft.au=Dixon%2C+C&rft.au=Sajantila%2C+A&rft.au=Jackson%2C+IJ&rft.au=Birch-Machin%2C+MA&rft.au=Rees%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1288200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNortonKittlesParraMcKeigue2007" class="citation journal cs1">Norton HL, Kittles RA, Parra E, McKeigue P, Mao X, Cheng K, et al. (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl203">"Genetic evidence for the convergent evolution of light skin in Europeans and East Asians"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">710–</span>722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl203">10.1093/molbev/msl203</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17182896">17182896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+for+the+convergent+evolution+of+light+skin+in+Europeans+and+East+Asians&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E710-%3C%2Fspan%3E722&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsl203&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17182896&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=HL&rft.au=Kittles%2C+RA&rft.au=Parra%2C+E&rft.au=McKeigue%2C+P&rft.au=Mao%2C+X&rft.au=Cheng%2C+K&rft.au=Canfield%2C+VA&rft.au=Bradley%2C+DG&rft.au=McEvoy%2C+B&rft.au=Shriver%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsl203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MC1R&keywords=mc1r#paralogs">"GeneCards®: The Human Gene Database"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GeneCards%C2%AE%3A+The+Human+Gene+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genecards.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcarddisp.pl%3Fgene%3DMC1R%26keywords%3Dmc1r%23paralogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillington2006" class="citation journal cs1">Millington GW (May 2006). "Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors". <i>Clinical and Experimental Dermatology</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">407–</span>412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.2006.02128.x">10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16681590">16681590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25213876">25213876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Proopiomelanocortin+%28POMC%29%3A+the+cutaneous+roles+of+its+melanocortin+products+and+receptors&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25213876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16681590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.2006.02128.x&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=GW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRees2003" class="citation web cs1">Rees J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030211630/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/genome/genesandbody/hg07f002.html">"The roots of red hair"</a>. Wellcome Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/genome/genesandbody/hg07f002.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+roots+of+red+hair&rft.pub=Wellcome+Trust&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellcome.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fgenome%2Fgenesandbody%2Fhg07f002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoach2005" class="citation book cs1">Roach M (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootsofdesiremyt00roac/page/256"><i>Roots of Desire: The Myth, Meaning and Sexual Power of Red Hair</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootsofdesiremyt00roac/page/256">256 pages</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-344-0"><bdi>978-1-58234-344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Desire%3A+The+Myth%2C+Meaning+and+Sexual+Power+of+Red+Hair&rft.pages=256+pages&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58234-344-0&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frootsofdesiremyt00roac%2Fpage%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilvers1979" class="citation book cs1">Silvers WK (1979). <i>The Coat Colors of Mice</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90367-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-90367-5"><bdi>978-0-387-90367-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coat+Colors+of+Mice&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-387-90367-5&rft.aulast=Silvers&rft.aufirst=WK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilvers2003" class="citation web cs1">Silvers WK (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/wksilvers/">"The Coat Colors of Mice"</a>. Mouse Genome Informatics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coat+Colors+of+Mice&rft.pub=Mouse+Genome+Informatics&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Silvers&rft.aufirst=WK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatics.jax.org%2Fwksilvers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanocortin_1_receptor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128141849/https://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2348">"Melanocortin Receptors: MC<sub>1</sub>"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=2348">the original</a> on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR+Database+of+Receptors+and+Ion+Channels&rft.atitle=Melanocortin+Receptors%3A+MC%3Csub%3E1%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuphar-db.org%2FGPCR%2FReceptorDisplayForward%3FreceptorID%3D2348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Melanocortin+Receptor+1">Melanocortin+Receptor+1</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-BorrónSánchez-LaordenJiménez-Cervantes2005" class="citation journal cs1">García-Borrón, Sánchez-Laorden, Jiménez-Cervantes (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00278.x">"Melanocortin-1 receptor structure and functional regulation"</a>. <i>Pigment Cell Research</i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">393–</span>410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0749.2005.00278.x">10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00278.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16280005">16280005</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pigment+Cell+Research&rft.atitle=Melanocortin-1+receptor+structure+and+functional+regulation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0749.2005.00278.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16280005&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Borr%C3%B3n&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Laorden&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez-Cervantes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0749.2005.00278.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelanocortin+1+receptor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>)</i> <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><i>5-HT</i> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and<br />signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>CysLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li><i>DP</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), <i>EP</i> (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, <i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li><i>Neuromedin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS2R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ADGRB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ADGRL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GPR</i> (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>TAS1R</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_hair_color52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hair_colors" title="Template:Hair colors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hair_colors" title="Template talk:Hair colors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hair_colors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hair colors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_hair_color52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_hair_color" title="Human hair color">Human hair color</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair color</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auburn_hair" title="Auburn hair">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hair" title="Black hair">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">Blond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hair" title="Brown hair">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray hair">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titian_hair" title="Titian hair">Titian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="White hair">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair_coloring" title="Hair coloring">Hair coloring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_hair" title="Blue hair">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rinse" title="Blue rinse">Blue rinse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_dye_stripping" title="Hair dye stripping">Dye stripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_highlighting" title="Hair highlighting">Highlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_blonde_gene" title="Disappearing blonde gene">Disappearing blonde gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Saller_scale" title="Fischer–Saller scale">Fischer–Saller scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greying_of_hair" title="Greying of hair">Greying of hair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Melanocortin 1 receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Melanocortin_receptor_modulators273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Melanocortin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Melanocortin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Melanocortin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Melanocortin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Melanocortin_receptor_modulators273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MC<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-470539" title="BMS-470539">BMS-470539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-024 (page does not exist)">HS-024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL-8177&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL-8177 (page does not exist)">PL-8177</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNAP-7941" title="SNAP-7941">SNAP-7941</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">MC<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsactide" title="Alsactide">Alsactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codactide (page does not exist)">Codactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giractide (page does not exist)">Giractide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norleusactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norleusactide (page does not exist)">Norleusactide (pentacosactride)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seractide (page does not exist)">Seractide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracosactide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracosactide">Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosactide (page does not exist)">Tosactide (octacosactrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricosactide (page does not exist)">Tricosactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tridecactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tridecactide (page does not exist)">Tridecactide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Atumelnant" title="Atumelnant">Atumelnant (CRN04894)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">MC<sub>3</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PG-931&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PG-931 (page does not exist)">PG-931</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">AGRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifomelatide" title="Mifomelatide">Mifomelatide (TCMCB07)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-00253764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-00253764 (page does not exist)">ML-00253764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PG-106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PG-106 (page does not exist)">PG-106</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">MC<sub>4</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD2820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD2820 (page does not exist)">AZD2820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIM-22493" class="mw-redirect" title="BIM-22493">BIM-22493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivamelagon" title="Bivamelagon">Bivamelagon (LB54640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2112688&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2112688 (page does not exist)">LY-2112688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-0493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-0493 (page does not exist)">MK-0493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-00446687" title="PF-00446687">PF-00446687</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PG-931&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PG-931 (page does not exist)">PG-931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PL-6983" title="PL-6983">PL-6983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_27-3225&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 27-3225 (page does not exist)">Ro 27-3225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setmelanotide" title="Setmelanotide">Setmelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THIQ" title="THIQ">THIQ</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">AGRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-024 (page does not exist)">HS-024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-131 (page does not exist)">HS-131</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JKC-363&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JKC-363 (page does not exist)">JKC-363</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0020 (page does not exist)">MCL-0020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0042 (page does not exist)">MCL-0042</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCL-0129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCL-0129 (page does not exist)">MCL-0129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-00253764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-00253764 (page does not exist)">ML-00253764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPB-10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPB-10 (page does not exist)">MPB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unknown:</b> <a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">MC<sub>5</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH (corticotropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide (melanotan I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremelanotide" title="Bremelanotide">Bremelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-014 (page does not exist)">HS-014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HS-024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HS-024 (page does not exist)">HS-024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-MSH">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-MSH">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-MSH" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-MSH">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanotan_II" title="Melanotan II">Melanotan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modimelanotide" title="Modimelanotide">Modimelanotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-8914&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-8914 (page does not exist)">SHU-8914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9005 (page does not exist)">SHU-9005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SHU-9119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SHU-9119 (page does not exist)">SHU-9119</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Agouti_signalling_peptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agouti signalling peptide">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-00253764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-00253764 (page does not exist)">ML-00253764</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unknown:</b> <a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alsactide" title="Alsactide">Alsactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codactide (page does not exist)">Codactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dersimelagon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dersimelagon (page does not exist)">Dersimelagon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giractide (page does not exist)">Giractide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norleusactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norleusactide (page does not exist)">Norleusactide (pentacosactride)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seractide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seractide (page does not exist)">Seractide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracosactide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracosactide">Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin, cosyntropin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosactide (page does not exist)">Tosactide (octacosactrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricosactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricosactide (page does not exist)">Tricosactide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tridecactide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tridecactide (page does not exist)">Tridecactide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Propeptides:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Lipotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-Lipotropin">β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Lipotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Lipotropin">γ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Terminal_peptide_of_proopiomelanocortin" title="N-Terminal peptide of proopiomelanocortin">N-POMC (NPP, pro-γ-MSH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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