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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two-dimensional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-dimensional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Two-dimensional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-dimensional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-dimensional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-dimensional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Three-dimensional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-dimensional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moving_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Moving images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cultural and other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_and_other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural and other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meaning_and_signification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaning_and_signification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Meaning and signification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaning_and_signification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critiques_of_imagery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critiques_of_imagery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Critiques of imagery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critiques_of_imagery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religious critiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other considerations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other considerations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Still_or_moving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Still_or_moving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Still or moving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Still_or_moving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Image</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="صورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaxe" title="Imaxe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27anga" title="Ta'anga – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ta'anga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BC" title="Görüntü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Görüntü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="ছবি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছবি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A1%E2%81%BF-si%C5%8Dng" title="Iáⁿ-siōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iáⁿ-siōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladawan" title="Ladawan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ladawan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Изображение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изображение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slika" title="Slika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatge_(arts_visuals)" title="Imatge (arts visuals) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imatge (arts visuals)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagway" title="Hulagway – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hulagway" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenza" title="Chenza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chenza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delwedd" title="Delwedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Delwedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billede" title="Billede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Billede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbild" title="Abbild – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abbild" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilt" title="Pilt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pilt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Εικόνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εικόνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen" title="Imagen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imagen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildo" title="Bildo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bildo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irudi" title="Irudi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irudi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تصویر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصویر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image" title="Image – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Image" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1" title="Íomhá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Íomhá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslys" title="Caslys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caslys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealbh" title="Dealbh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dealbh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaxe" title="Imaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ચિત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચિત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%83%81" title="영상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC" title="प्रतिबिम्ब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिबिम्ब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imajo" title="Imajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladawan" title="Ladawan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ladawan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citra" title="Citra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Citra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi%C3%B1i%C4%A1aaq" title="Qiñiġaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qiñiġaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynd" title="Mynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immagine" title="Immagine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immagine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="תמונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תמונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambar" title="Gambar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gambar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಚಿತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಿತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="სურათი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სურათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8E%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1" title="تَصویٖر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تَصویٖر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Кескін – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кескін" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picha" title="Picha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Picha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaj" title="Imaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Imaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Сүрөт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүрөт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imej" title="Imej – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imej" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imago" title="Imago – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imago" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Att%C4%93ls" title="Attēls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Attēls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atvaizdas" title="Atvaizdas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atvaizdas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pixra" title="pixra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pixra" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9p" title="Kép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imej" title="Imej – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Imej" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Зураг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зураг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ပုံရိပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုံရိပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyaloyalo" title="Iyaloyalo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iyaloyalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding_(grafisch)" title="Afbeelding (grafisch) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afbeelding (grafisch)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="किपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="किपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F" title="画像 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="画像" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilde" title="Bilde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bilde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilete" title="Bilete – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bilete" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatge" title="Imatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تصویر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تصویر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem" title="Imagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27a" title="Rikch'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imazhi" title="Imazhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Imazhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiura" title="Fiura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fiura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="පිළිබිඹුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිළිබිඹුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture" title="Picture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Picture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="عڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawir" title="Sawir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sawir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95" title="وێنە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێنە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuva" title="Kuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larawan" title="Larawan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Larawan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="படிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="చిత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="ภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Акс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Акс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCnt%C3%BC" title="Görüntü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Görüntü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Зображення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зображення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تصویر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تصویر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ACnh_%E1%BA%A3nh" title="Hình ảnh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hình ảnh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F" title="图像 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图像" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="בילד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בילד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96" title="圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F" title="图像 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图像" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Visual artifact that depicts or records perception</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about visual artifacts or reproductions. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Image_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Image (disambiguation)">Image (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Picture" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Picture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Picture (disambiguation)">Picture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For Wikipedia image use guidelines, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Wikipedia:Images</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_improvement" title="Wikipedia:Articles for improvement"><img alt="TAFI star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Articles_for_improvement_star.svg/48px-Articles_for_improvement_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Articles_for_improvement_star.svg/72px-Articles_for_improvement_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Articles_for_improvement_star.svg/96px-Articles_for_improvement_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="135" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This is Wikipedia's current <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_improvement" title="Wikipedia:Articles for improvement">article for improvement</a></b> – and <i><b>you</b></i> can help <b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit">edit it!</a></b><br />You can discuss how to improve it on its <a href="/wiki/Talk:Image" title="Talk:Image">talk page</a> and ask questions at the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">help desk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a>. <div style="font-size:85%;padding-top:0.6em;"> See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CHEAT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CHEAT">cheatsheet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tutorial">tutorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">editing help</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQ</a> for additional information. Editors are encouraged to create a Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACCOUNT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ACCOUNT">account</a> and place this article on their <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image&action=watch">watchlist</a>. </div> <span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Image%22">"Image"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Image%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Image%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Image%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Image%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Image%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_created_with_a_mobile_phone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Image_created_with_a_mobile_phone.png/220px-Image_created_with_a_mobile_phone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Image_created_with_a_mobile_phone.png/330px-Image_created_with_a_mobile_phone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Image_created_with_a_mobile_phone.png/440px-Image_created_with_a_mobile_phone.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The act of making a 2D image with a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone camera">mobile phone camera</a>. The display of the mobile phone shows the image being made.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>image</b> is a visual representation. An image can be <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional_space" title="Two-dimensional space">two-dimensional</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photograph</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>. Images may be displayed through other media, including a <a href="/wiki/Projector" title="Projector">projection</a> on a surface, activation of electronic signals, or <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">digital displays</a>; they can also be reproduced through mechanical means, such as <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopying</a>. Images can also be <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> through digital or physical processes. </p><p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, an image is a distributed amplitude of color(s).<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravorty-2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravorty-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, the term "image" (or "optical image") refers specifically to the reproduction of an object formed by light waves coming from the object.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>volatile image</i> exists or is perceived only for a short period. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of a <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a>, or a scene displayed on a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>. A <i>fixed image</i>, also called a <a href="/wiki/Hard_copy" title="Hard copy">hard copy</a>, is one that has been recorded on a material object, such as <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravorty-2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravorty-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">mental image</a> exists in an individual's mind as something one remembers or imagines. The subject of an image does not need to be real; it may be an abstract concept such as a <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph</a> or function or an <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imaginary</a> entity. For a mental image to be understood outside of an individual's mind, however, there must be a way of conveying that mental image through the words or visual productions of the subject. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEIDE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TEIDE.JPG/220px-TEIDE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TEIDE.JPG/330px-TEIDE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TEIDE.JPG/440px-TEIDE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic-aperture radar</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar imaging">image</a> acquired by the SIR-C/X-SAR radar on board the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Space Shuttle <i>Endeavour</i></a> shows the <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a> volcano. The city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is visible as the purple and white area on the lower right edge of the island. Lava flows at the summit crater appear in shades of green and brown, while vegetation zones appear as areas of purple, green, and yellow on the volcano's flanks.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-dimensional_images">Two-dimensional images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Two-dimensional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The broader sense of the word 'image' also encompasses any two-dimensional figure, such as a <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graph (data structure)">graph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">pie chart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting_(object)" class="mw-redirect" title="Painting (object)">painting</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Banner" title="Banner">banner</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This is contradictory to the previous assertion that images can represent non-real concepts, which includes all of the forms described in this sentence. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this wider sense, images can also be rendered manually, such as by <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a>, the art of painting, or the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">graphic arts</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>). Additionally, images can be rendered automatically through <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer graphics workstation">computer graphics</a> technology, or a combination of both methods. </p><p>A two-dimensional image does not need to use the entire visual system to be a visual representation. An example of this is a <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a> ("black and white") image, which uses the visual system's sensitivity to brightness across all wavelengths without taking into account different colors. A black-and-white visual representation of something is still an image, even though it does not fully use the visual system's capabilities. </p><p>On the other hand, some processes can be used to create visual representations of objects that are otherwise inaccessible to the human visual system. These include <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> for the magnification of minute objects, <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a> that can observe objects at great distances, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> that can visually represent the interior structures of the human body (among other objects), <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography (PET scans)</a>, and others. Such processes often rely on detecting <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> that occurs beyond the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">light spectrum</a> visible to the human eye and converting such signals into recognizable images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-dimensional_images">Three-dimensional images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Three-dimensional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from sculpture and other physical activities that can create three-dimensional images from solid material, some modern techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>, can create three-dimensional images that are reproducible but intangible to human touch. Some photographic processes can now render the illusion of depth in an otherwise "flat" image, but "3-D photography" (<a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopy</a>) or "<a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3-D film</a>" are <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusions</a> that require special devices such as eyeglasses to create the illusion of depth. </p><p>Copies of 3-dimensional images have traditionally had to be crafted one at a time, usually by an individual or team of <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>. In the modern age, the development of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and other technologies made it possible to create multiple copies of a 3-dimensional object with less effort; the advent and development of "<a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3-D printing</a>" has expanded that capability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_images">Moving images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moving images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></div> <p>"Moving" two-dimensional images are actually illusions of movement perceived when still images are displayed in sequence, each image lasting less, and sometimes much less, than a fraction of a second. The traditional standard for the display of individual <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a> by a motion picture projector has been 24 frames per second (FPS) since at least the commercial introduction of "talking pictures" in the late 1920s, which necessitated a standard for synchronizing images and sounds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even in electronic formats such as television and digital image displays, the apparent "motion" is actually the result of many individual lines giving the impression of continuous movement. </p><p>This phenomenon has often been described as "<a href="/wiki/Persistence_of_vision" title="Persistence of vision">persistence of vision</a>": a physiological effect of light impressions remaining on the retina of the eye for very brief periods. Even though the term is still sometimes used in popular discussions of movies, it is not a scientifically valid explanation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other terms emphasize the complex cognitive operations of the brain and the human visual system. "<a href="/wiki/Flicker_fusion_threshold" title="Flicker fusion threshold">Flicker fusion</a>", the "<a href="/wiki/Phi_phenomenon" title="Phi phenomenon">phi phenomenon</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Beta_movement" title="Beta movement">beta movement</a>" are among the terms that have replaced "persistence of vision", though no one term seems adequate to describe the process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_other_uses">Cultural and other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural and other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Image-making seems to have been common to virtually all human cultures since at least the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic era</a>. Prehistoric examples of <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a>—including <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">geoglyphs</a>—have been found on every inhabited continent. Many of these images seem to have served various purposes: as a form of record-keeping; as an element of spiritual, religious, or magical practice; or even as a form of communication. <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Early writing systems</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideographic</a> writing, and even the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Roman alphabet</a>, owe their origins in some respects to pictorial representations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_and_signification">Meaning and signification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Meaning and signification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Images of any type may convey different meanings and sensations for individual viewers, regardless of whether the image's creator intended them. An image may be taken simply as a more or less "accurate" copy of a person, place, thing, or event. It may represent an abstract concept, such as the political power of a ruler or ruling class, a practical or moral lesson, an object for spiritual or religious veneration, or an object—human or otherwise—to be desired. It may also be regarded for its purely <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> qualities, rarity, or monetary value. Such reactions can depend on the viewer's context. A religious image in a church may be regarded differently than the same image mounted in a museum. Some might view it simply as an object to be bought or sold. Viewers' reactions will also be guided or shaped by their education, class, race, and other contexts. </p><p>The study of emotional sensations and their relationship to any given image falls into the categories of <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and the philosophy of art. While such studies inevitably deal with issues of meaning, another approach to signification was suggested by the American philosopher, logician, and <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotician</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>. </p><p>"Images" are one type of the broad category of "signs" proposed by Peirce. Although his ideas are complex and have changed over time, the <a href="/wiki/Semiotic_theory_of_Charles_Sanders_Peirce#II._Icon,_index,_symbol" title="Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce">three categories of signs</a> that he distinguished stand out: </p> <ol><li>The "<b>icon</b>," which relates to an object by resemblance to some quality of the object. A painted or photographed portrait is an icon by virtue of its resemblance to the painting's or photograph's subject. A more abstract representation, such as a map or diagram, can also be an icon.</li> <li>The "<b>index</b>," which relates to an object by some real connection. For example, smoke may be an index of fire, or the temperature recorded on a thermometer may be an index of a patient's illness or health.</li> <li>The "<b>symbol</b>," which lacks direct resemblance or connection to an object but whose association is arbitrarily assigned by the creator or dictated by cultural and historical habit, convention, etc. The color red, for example, may connote rage, beauty, prosperity, political affiliation, or other meanings within a given culture or context; the Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman claimed that his use of the color in his 1972 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cries_and_Whispers" title="Cries and Whispers">Cries and Whispers</a></i> came from his personal visualization of the human soul.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (November 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <p>A single image may exist in all three categories at the same time. The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> provides an example. While there have been countless two-dimensional and three-dimensional "reproductions" of the statue (i.e., "icons" themselves), the statue itself exists as </p> <ul><li>an "icon" by virtue of its resemblance to a human woman (or, more specifically, previous representations of the Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a> or the female model used by the artist <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Auguste_Bartholdi" title="Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi">Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>an "index" representing <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> or the United States of America in general due to its placement in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>, or with "immigration" from its proximity to the immigration center at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>.</li> <li>a "symbol" as a visualization of the abstract concept of "liberty" or "freedom" or even "opportunity" or "diversity".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critiques_of_imagery">Critiques of imagery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Critiques of imagery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of images, whether three-dimensional or two-dimensional, created for a specific purpose or only for aesthetic pleasure, has continued to provoke questions and even condemnation at different times and places. In his dialogue, <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)"><i>The Republic</i></a>, the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> described our apparent reality as a copy of a higher order of universal <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">forms</a>. As copies of a higher reality, the things we perceive in the world, tangible or abstract, are inevitably imperfect. Book 7 of <i>The Republic</i> offers Plato's "<a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">Allegory of the Cave</a>," where ordinary human life is compared to being a prisoner in a darkened cave who believes that shadows projected onto the cave's wall comprise actual reality.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since art is itself an imitation, it is a copy of that copy and all the more imperfect. Artistic images, then, not only misdirect human reason away from understanding the higher forms of true reality, but in imitating the bad behaviors of humans in depictions of the gods, they can corrupt individuals and society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Echoes of such criticism have persisted across time, accelerating as image-making technologies have developed and expanded immensely since the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> and other photographic processes in the mid-19th century. By the late 20th century, works like <a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">John Berger's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_Photography" title="On Photography">On Photography</a></i> questioned the hidden assumptions of power, race, sex, and class encoded in even realistic images, and how those assumptions and such images may implicate the viewer in the <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeuristic</a> position of a (usually) male viewer. The <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nichols_(film_critic)" title="Bill Nichols (film critic)">Bill Nichols</a> has also studied how apparently "objective" photographs and films still encode assumptions about their subjects. </p><p>Images perpetuated in public education, media, and popular culture have a profound impact on the formation of such mental images:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What makes them so powerful is that they circumvent the faculties of the conscious mind but, instead, directly target the subconscious and affective, thus evading direct inquiry through contemplative reasoning. By doing so such axiomatic images let us know what we shall desire (liberalism, in a snapshot: the crunchy honey-flavored cereals and the freshly-pressed orange juice in the back of a suburban one-family home) and from what we shall obstain (communism, in a snapshot: lifeless crowds of men and machinery marching towards certain perdition accompanied by the tunes of Soviet Russian songs). What makes those images so powerful is that it is only of relative minor relevance for the stabilization of such images whether they actually capture and correspond with the multiple layers of reality, or not.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Leupold, Image and ideology. Some thoughts on Berger's Another Way of Telling</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_critiques">Religious critiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite, or perhaps because of, the widespread use of religious and spiritual imagery worldwide, the making of images and the depiction of gods or religious subjects has been subject to criticism, censorship, and criminal penalties. The <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) all have had admonitions against the making of images, even though the extent of that proscription has varied with time, place, and sect or denomination of a given religion. In Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">one of the Ten Commandments</a> given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai forbids the making of "any graven image, or any likeness [of any thing] that [is] in heaven above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the water under earth." In Christian history, periods of <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> (the destruction of images, especially those with religious meanings or connotations) have broken out from time to time, and some sects and denominations have rejected or severely limited the use of religious imagery. Islam tends to discourage religious depictions, sometimes quite rigorously, and often extends that to other forms of realistic imagery, favoring <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">geometric designs</a> instead. Depending on time and place, photographs and broadcast images in Islamic societies may be less subject to outright prohibition. In any religion, restrictions on image-making are especially targeted to avoid depictions of "false gods" in the form of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a>. In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> extremist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> have destroyed centuries-old artifacts, especially those associated with other religions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtually all cultures have produced images and applied different meanings or applications to them. The loss of knowledge about the context and connection of an image to its object is likely to result in different perceptions and interpretations of the image and even of the original object itself. </p><p>Through human history, one dominant form of imagery has been in relation to religion and spirituality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (November 2023)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> Such images, whether in the form of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a> that are objects of worship or that represent some other spiritual state or quality, have a different status as artifacts when copies of such images sever links to the spiritual or supernatural. The German philosopher and essayist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> brought particular attention to this point in his 1935 essay "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benjamin argues that the mechanical reproduction of images, which had accelerated through photographic processes in the previous one hundred years or so, inevitably degrades the "authenticity" or quasi-religious "aura" of the original object. One example is <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, originally painted as a portrait, but much later, with its display as an art object, it developed a "cult" value as an example of artistic beauty. Following years of various reproductions of the painting, the portrait's "cult" status has little to do with its original subject or the artistry. It has become famous for being famous, while at the same time, its recognizability has made it a subject to be copied, manipulated, satirized, or otherwise altered in forms ranging from <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp's</a> <a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q."><i>L.H.O.O.Q</i>.</a> to <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s multiple <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">silk-screened</a> reproductions of the image.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In modern times, the development of "<a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">non-fungible tokens</a>" (NFTs) has been touted as an attempt to create "authentic" or "unique" images that have a monetary value, existing only in digital format. This assumption has been widely debated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_considerations">Other considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of synthetic acoustic technologies and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">sound art</a> have led to considering the possibilities of a sound-image made up of irreducible phonic substance beyond linguistic or musicological analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Still_or_moving">Still or moving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Still or moving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencil_drawing_of_a_girl_in_ecstasy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture, Image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pencil_drawing_of_a_girl_in_ecstasy.jpg/220px-Pencil_drawing_of_a_girl_in_ecstasy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pencil_drawing_of_a_girl_in_ecstasy.jpg/330px-Pencil_drawing_of_a_girl_in_ecstasy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pencil_drawing_of_a_girl_in_ecstasy.jpg/440px-Pencil_drawing_of_a_girl_in_ecstasy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>2D image</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="still_image"></span><span class="vanchor-text">still image</span></span></i> is a single <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/static" class="extiw" title="wikt:static">static</a> image.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phrase is used in photography, visual <a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">media</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">computer industry</a> to emphasize that one is not talking about movies, or in very precise or pedantic technical writing such as a <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standard</a>. </p><p>A <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="moving_image"></span><span class="vanchor-text">moving image</span></span></i> is typically a movie (<a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a>. It could also be an <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated display</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">zoetrope</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Still_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Still frame">still frame</a> is a still image derived from one <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frame</a> of a moving one. In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Film_still" title="Film still">film still</a> is a photograph taken on the set of a movie or television program during production, used for promotional purposes. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, a <b>picture function</b> is a mathematical representation of a <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional">two-dimensional</a> image as a <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">function</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Spatial_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial dependence">spatial variables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function f(x,y) describes the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">intensity</a> of the point at <a href="/wiki/Coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinates">coordinates</a> (x,y).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></div> <p>In literature, a "<a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">mental image</a>" may be developed through words and phrases to which the senses respond.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves picturing an image mentally, also called imagining, hence imagery. It can both be figurative and literal.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">Digital image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">Image editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging" title="Imaging">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorial_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictorial script">Pictorial script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">Satellite image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chakravorty-2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chakravorty-2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chakravorty-2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChakravorty2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chakravorty, Pragnan (September 2018). 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[Lecture Notes]". <i>IEEE Signal Processing Magazine</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 175–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ISPM...35e.175C">2018ISPM...35e.175C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMSP.2018.2832195">10.1109/MSP.2018.2832195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52164353">52164353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Signal+Processing+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Signal%3F+%26%2391%3BLecture+Notes%26%2393%3B&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=175-77&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52164353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMSP.2018.2832195&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ISPM...35e.175C&rft.aulast=Chakravorty&rft.aufirst=Pragnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/optical-image">"optical image"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 20 Jul 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Some thoughts on Berger's Another Way of Telling"</a></span>. <i>Medium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202113232/https://medium.com/@davidleupold/arresting-images-a-reading-of-bergers-another-way-of-telling-1995-d8c4861c1473">Archived</a> from the original on Feb 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Image+and+ideology.+Some+thoughts+on+Berger%27s+Another+Way+of+Telling&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft.aulast=Leupold&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40davidleupold%2Farresting-images-a-reading-of-bergers-another-way-of-telling-1995-d8c4861c1473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1969" class="citation journal cs1">Benjamin, Walter (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/benjamin.pdf">"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Illuminations</i>. New York: Schocken Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illuminations&rft.atitle=The+Work+of+Art+in+the+Age+of+Mechanical+Reproduction&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fallanmc%2Fwww%2Fbenjamin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarhol,_Andy" class="citation web cs1">Warhol, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/489409">"Mona Lisa"</a>. <i>The Met</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met&rft.atitle=Mona+Lisa&rft.au=Warhol%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F489409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/preservation/products/definitions/raster-type.html">"Still Image File"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016225535/https://www.archives.gov/preservation/products/definitions/raster-type.html">Archived</a> from the original on Oct 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Still+Image+File&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fproducts%2Fdefinitions%2Fraster-type.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2301228">"Meaning and Function of a Picture, Published by Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Mathematical Association of America, DOI: 10.2307/2301228on Jstor.Org"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2301228">2301228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+and+Function+of+a+Picture%2C+Published+by+Taylor+%26+Francis%2C+Ltd.+on+behalf+of+the+Mathematical+Association+of+America%2C+DOI%3A+10.2307%2F2301228on+Jstor.Org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2301228%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2301228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythPonce,_Jean2002" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, David; Ponce, Jean (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daf/book.html"><i>Computer Vision: A Modern Approach</i></a>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-085198-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-085198-7"><bdi>978-0-13-085198-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Vision%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-085198-7&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ponce%2C+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.berkeley.edu%2F~daf%2Fbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Baldick2008" class="citation book cs1">Chris Baldick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mp0s9GgrafUC&pg=PA165"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920827-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920827-2"><bdi>978-0-19-920827-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.pages=165-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920827-2&rft.au=Chris+Baldick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmp0s9GgrafUC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Image&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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