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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Premières inscriptions</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premières_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lakish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lakish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Dague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peigne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peigne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Peigne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peigne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ouadi_el-Hol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouadi_el-Hol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ouadi el-Hol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouadi_el-Hol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarābiṭ_al-Khādim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarābiṭ_al-Khādim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sarābiṭ al-Khādim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarābiṭ_al-Khādim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invention_de_l'alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention_de_l'alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Invention de l'alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention_de_l'alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabets_dérivés" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabets_dérivés"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alphabets dérivés</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabets_dérivés-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet_protosinaïtique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_protosinaïtique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alphabet protosinaïtique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_protosinaïtique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alphabet protosinaïtique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 35 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sina%C3%AFtiese_skrif" title="Proto-Sinaïtiese skrif – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proto-Sinaïtiese skrif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%85%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%98-%E1%88%B4%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5" title="ቅድመ-ሴማዊ ጽሕፈት – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቅድመ-ሴማዊ ጽሕፈት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية سينائية أولية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية سينائية أولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosinaitisches_Alphabet" title="Protosinaitisches Alphabet – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Protosinaitisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Протосинайска писменост – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протосинайска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রত্ন-সিনাই লিপি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রত্ন-সিনাই লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escriptura_protosina%C3%ADtica" title="Escriptura protosinaítica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escriptura protosinaítica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosinajsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Protosinajské písmo – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protosinajské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosinaitische_Schrift" title="Protosinaitische Schrift – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protosinaitische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Πρωτοσημιτικό αλφάβητο – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοσημιτικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proto-Sinaitic script" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_protosina%C3%ADtico" title="Alfabeto protosinaítico – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto protosinaítico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خط نیاسینایی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط نیاسینایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95-%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="כתובות פרוטו-סינאיות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתובות פרוטו-סינאיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="आदि-सीनाई लिपि – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदि-सीनाई लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Proto-Sinai" title="Abjad Proto-Sinai – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Proto-Sinai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_proto-sinaitico" title="Alfabeto proto-sinaitico – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto proto-sinaitico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%A8%E5%8E%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ワディ・エル・ホル文字と原シナイ文字 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワディ・エル・ホル文字と原シナイ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პროტო-სემიტური დამწერლობა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტო-სემიტური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%8B%9C_%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="원시 시나이 문자 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원시 시나이 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_orijinal" title="Alfabeta orijinal – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta orijinal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protos%C4%ABn%C4%81jas_raksts" title="Protosīnājas raksts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protosīnājas raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="आदिम सिनाली लिपि – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आदिम सिनाली लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sina%C3%AFtisch_schrift" title="Proto-Sinaïtisch schrift – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proto-Sinaïtisch schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_proto-sina%C3%AFtica" title="Escritura proto-sinaïtica – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escritura proto-sinaïtica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_protosynajskie" title="Pismo protosynajskie – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo protosynajskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="اصل-سینائی رسم الخط – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اصل-سینائی رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_protossina%C3%ADtica" title="Escrita protossinaítica – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita protossinaítica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Протосинайская письменность – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протосинайская письменность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proto-Sinaitic script" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosinaitisk_skrift" title="Protosinaitisk skrift – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protosinaitisk skrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Протосинайське письмо – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протосинайське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="اصل-سینائی رسم الخط – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اصل-سینائی رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_protocanan%C3%A9en" class="mw-disambig" title="Alphabet protocananéen">Alphabet protocananéen</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;color:black;">Protosinaïtique </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Alphabet protosinaïtique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions_drawing.jpg/280px-Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions_drawing.jpg/420px-Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions_drawing.jpg/560px-Wadi_el-Hol_inscriptions_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="481" /></a></span> <br />Inscriptions de <a href="/wiki/Wadi_el-Hol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi el-Hol">Wadi el-Hol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Caractéristiques</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Type </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_consonantique" title="Alphabet consonantique">Abjad</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Langue<small>(s)</small> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Langues_s%C3%A9mitiques" title="Langues sémitiques">Langues sémitiques</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Historique</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Époque </th> <td>Vers -1400 à -1050 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Système<small>(s)</small> parent<small>(s)</small> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">Hiéroglyphes</a><br /> <p> Protosinaïtique </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #AAAAAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>L'<b>alphabet protosinaïtique</b>, également appelé <b>alphabet protocananéen</b>, est l'un des plus anciens <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a> connus. Il est, par dérivations et modifications successives, à l'origine de la <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogie_des_%C3%A9critures_d%C3%A9riv%C3%A9es_du_protosina%C3%AFtique" title="Généalogie des écritures dérivées du protosinaïtique">plupart des alphabets</a> utilisés aujourd'hui. Il relève des <a href="/wiki/Langues_canan%C3%A9ennes" title="Langues cananéennes">langues cananéennes</a>. </p><p>Cet alphabet linéaire<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (par opposition à <a href="/wiki/Cun%C3%A9iforme" title="Cunéiforme">cunéiforme</a>) comporte vingt-trois signes distincts, ce qui indique qu'il ne peut pas s'agir d'un <a href="/wiki/Syllabaire" title="Syllabaire">syllabaire</a>, à la différence du système d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture" title="Écriture">écriture</a>, peut être plus ancien, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllabaire_de_Byblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabaire de Byblos (page inexistante)">de Byblos</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" class="extiw" title="en:Byblos syllabary"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Byblos syllabary »">(en)</span></a>, qui lui comporte une centaine de signes. Il est hypothétiquement dérivé des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">hiéroglyphes égyptiens</a> : plus de la moitié des signes peuvent être mis en relation avec leur prototype égyptien. Certains chercheurs estiment d'ailleurs qu'il ne s'agit que d'un <a href="/wiki/Syllabaire" title="Syllabaire">syllabaire</a> dégénéré où chaque symbole représente une <a href="/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne">consonne</a> suivie d'une <a href="/wiki/Voyelle" title="Voyelle">voyelle</a> quelconque, ce qui correspond <i>de facto</i> à un <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_consonantique" title="Alphabet consonantique">abjad</a> ; les signes <a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8re_unilit%C3%A8re_en_hi%C3%A9roglyphe_%C3%A9gyptien" title="Caractère unilitère en hiéroglyphe égyptien">unilitères</a> égyptiens semblent avoir profondément influencé les caractères de l'alphabet protosinaïtique. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premières_inscriptions"><span id="Premi.C3.A8res_inscriptions"></span>Premières inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Premières inscriptions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Premières inscriptions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Dague_%2B_inscription.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dague_%2B_inscription.png/110px-Dague_%2B_inscription.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dague_%2B_inscription.png/165px-Dague_%2B_inscription.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Dague_%2B_inscription.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Dague de <a href="/wiki/Lakish" title="Lakish">Lakish</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakish">Lakish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Lakish" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Lakish"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dague">Dague</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Dague" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dague"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Une <a href="/wiki/Dague" title="Dague">dague</a> trouvée à <a href="/wiki/Lakish" title="Lakish">Lakish</a> est probablement la plus ancienne inscription alphabétique connue. Elle fut retrouvée dans un contexte archéologique clair : une tombe de la fin de l'âge de bronze (c. -1600) en compagnie de trois scarabées de type <a href="/wiki/Hyks%C3%B4s" title="Hyksôs">Hyksôs</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Toutefois, <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" title="Orly Goldwasser">Orly Goldwasser</a> soutient depuis 2010 que l'invention de l'alphabet daterait plutôt du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle avant notre ère<sup id="cite_ref-OG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OG-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Elle ne porte que quatre lettres, la première et la dernière étant partiellement effacées. On peut lire « trzn », peut-être « Turranza »<sup id="cite_ref-Allbright_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allbright-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peigne">Peigne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Peigne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Peigne"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 2022, des <a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie" title="Archéologie">archéologues</a> <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël">israéliens</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Université hébraïque de Jérusalem">université hébraïque de Jérusalem</a> découvrent sur un peigne une phrase écrite en alphabet protosinaïtique sur le site de <a href="/wiki/Lakish" title="Lakish">Lakish</a> et datant d'il y a 3 700 ans ; cette découverte significative serait « la plus ancienne inscription rédigée dans cet alphabet jamais mise au jour »<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ouadi_el-Hol">Ouadi el-Hol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Ouadi el-Hol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Ouadi el-Hol"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ouadi_el-Hol" title="Ouadi el-Hol">Ouadi el-Hol</a> est un site sur une ancienne route militaire reliant <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A8bes_(%C3%89gypte)" title="Thèbes (Égypte)">Thèbes</a> à <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(%C3%89gypte)" title="Abydos (Égypte)">Abydos</a>, comprenant de nombreuses inscriptions sur pierre. Deux inscriptions pourraient être les premières inscriptions alphabétiques connues. Elles sont datées du <a href="/wiki/Moyen_Empire" title="Moyen Empire">Moyen Empire</a> (d'environ -2065 à environ -1735), ou de la <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_P%C3%A9riode_interm%C3%A9diaire" title="Deuxième Période intermédiaire">Deuxième Période intermédiaire</a> (entre -1700 et -1500)<sup id="cite_ref-Darnell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnell-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Darnell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Darnell (page inexistante)">John Darnell</a> et ses collaborateurs pensent lire רב rb (chef, seigneur) au début de la première inscription et אל El à la fin de la seconde<sup id="cite_ref-Darnell_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnell-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Brian Colless a publié une traduction du texte dans laquelle certains des signes sont compris comme des <a href="/wiki/Logogramme" title="Logogramme">logogrammes</a> (un signe représente un mot) ou des rébus<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>:</p><blockquote><div> <p>« Excellent (R[’š]) banquet (mšt) pour la célébration (H[illul]) d'`Anat (`nt). le dieu (’El) va fournir (ygš) [H] plein (rb) de vin (wn) et de victuailles (mn) pour la célébration (H[illul]). Nous allons sacrifier (ngt_) pour elle (h) un bœuf (’) et (p) un premier bétail (R[’sh]) que l'on engraisse (mX). » </p> </div></blockquote><p> Cette interprétation semble convenir avec les autres inscriptions environnantes. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarābiṭ_al-Khādim"><span id="Sar.C4.81bi.E1.B9.AD_al-Kh.C4.81dim"></span>Sarābiṭ al-Khādim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Sarābiṭ al-Khādim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Sarābiṭ al-Khādim"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Des fouilles archéologiques, menées par <a href="/wiki/William_Matthew_Flinders_Petrie" title="William Matthew Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> en 1905, ont révélé des campements de mineurs ainsi qu'un temple de la déesse <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> locale, à <a href="/wiki/Sarabit_al-Khadim" title="Sarabit al-Khadim">Sarābiṭ al-Khādim</a>. Sur ce site a été trouvé un sphinx de pierre, portant une double inscription, hiéroglyphique et protosinaïtique. C'est l'égyptologue anglais <a href="/wiki/Alan_Henderson_Gardiner" title="Alan Henderson Gardiner">Alan Henderson Gardiner</a> qui, en 1916, déchiffra ce système graphique. Son déchiffrement a montré qu'il s'agissait d'une dédicace <span class="citation">« <i>À Ba'alat, déesse de la turquoise</i>. »</span> L'inscription gravée sur la statue est la seule qui a pu être déchiffrée. Le déchiffrement de Gardiner<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> n'a été que partiel puisqu'il n'a identifié correctement que neuf lettres. L'étude qui fait vraiment date, malgré ses imperfections, est celle de <a href="/wiki/William_Foxwell_Albright" title="William Foxwell Albright">William F. Abright</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui propose le déchiffrement de vingt-six inscriptions. </p><p>Ces inscriptions sont généralement datées du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, au bronze moyen <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr> A, pendant le <a href="/wiki/Moyen_Empire" title="Moyen Empire">Moyen Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Darnell_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnell-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant Albright propose une date entre 1525 et 1475 av. J.-C.<sup id="cite_ref-Albright_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et B. Sass maintient une date plus récente (<abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle ou <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle)<sup id="cite_ref-Sass_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sass-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invention_de_l'alphabet"><span id="Invention_de_l.27alphabet"></span>Invention de l'alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Invention de l'alphabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Invention de l'alphabet"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toutes ces inscriptions présentent un trait particulier : par <a href="/wiki/Acrophonie" title="Acrophonie">principe acrophonique</a> elles utilisent une dérivation de hiéroglyphes phonétiques égyptiens pour écrire une <a href="/wiki/Langue_s%C3%A9mitique" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue sémitique">langue sémitique</a>. Les auteurs de ces deux inscriptions ont utilisé des signes égyptiens en leur donnant pour valeur le premier son, dans leur langue sémitique, du mot désigné par le hiéroglyphe égyptien. Ainsi, le pictogramme représentant une maison, que l'on disait <i>*bēt</i> en sémitique, dérivé du signe hiéroglyphique pour le même mot, était utilisé pour transcrire le <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A8me" title="Phonème">phonème</a> /b/, initiale de <i>*bēt</i>. Ce nom est resté pour désigner la lettre elle-même dans les alphabets hébraïque, phénicien, ou arabe, et était si bien ancré qu'il a été transmis aux Grecs en même temps que l'alphabet (βῆτα <i>bêta</i>, avec un suffixe -a). </p><p>Les signes utilisés pour créer cet alphabet sont des hiéroglyphes égyptiens qui servaient de phonèmes pour écrire les noms étrangers, qui n'avaient donc pas de transcription en hiéroglyphe. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Darnell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Darnell (page inexistante)">John Darnell</a> propose un scénario pour expliquer la naissance de cet alphabet et de ces inscriptions. Des mercenaires asiatiques (<i>ˁȝmu</i>, sémites) enrôlés dans l'armée auraient été exposés aux <a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">hiéroglyphes</a>, en particulier aux trente signes phonétiques servant à l'écriture des noms étrangers qui auraient probablement servi à écrire leurs noms. Les soldats étaient souvent déployés dans le désert, sur de telles routes, ou envoyés dans des expéditions, ce qui expliquerait également la présence d'inscriptions similaires à la même époque à <a href="/wiki/Sarabit_al-Khadim" title="Sarabit al-Khadim">Sarābiṭ al-Khādim</a><sup id="cite_ref-Darnell_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnell-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cela fournit un milieu propice à la théorie des « noms étrangers » de Benjamin Sass<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La date de l'invention n'est pas connue avec certitude<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle se trouve entre -2000 et -1300. La plus ancienne inscription dont la date soit certaine est la dague de Lakish, vers -1600. John Darnell et <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">André Lemaire</a>, sur des arguments archéologiques et linguistiques (la comparaison avec les hiéroglyphes susceptibles d'avoir servi de modèles), estiment que l'alphabet date de la <a href="/wiki/XIIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="XIIe dynastie égyptienne"><abbr class="abbr" title="Douzième">XII<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Darnell_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnell-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Sass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Sass (page inexistante)">Benjamin Sass</a>, qui pensait la même chose auparavant, défend maintenant une datation au <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle qui correspond à la multiplication du nombre des inscriptions retrouvées, bien que la dague de Lakish se situe <i>a contrario</i> de son argumentation<sup id="cite_ref-Sass_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sass-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Quant à <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" title="Orly Goldwasser">Orly Goldwasser</a>, elle soutient que l'écriture alphabétique est apparue dans les années -1840, <span class="citation">« inventée par des mineurs <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Canaan (région)">cananéens</a> illettrés »</span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dérivée de l'écriture hiéroglyphique<sup id="cite_ref-OG_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OG-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabets_dérivés"><span id="Alphabets_d.C3.A9riv.C3.A9s"></span>Alphabets dérivés</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Alphabets dérivés" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Alphabets dérivés"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ce premier alphabet, par dérivations successives, a donné les autres alphabets connus, comme l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien">alphabet phénicien</a>, qui a voyagé avec ce peuple à travers la Méditerranée, et s'est également déplacé vers l'est et la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sopotamie" title="Mésopotamie">Mésopotamie</a> avec des caravanes. Il est à l'origine du modèle <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_sudarabique" title="Alphabet sudarabique"><i>sudarabique</i></a> qui, lui, ne suit plus le <a href="/wiki/Classement_alphab%C3%A9tique" title="Classement alphabétique">classement alphabétique</a> traditionnel <a href="/wiki/Levant_(Proche-Orient)" title="Levant (Proche-Orient)">levantin</a> déjà attesté en <a href="/wiki/Ougaritique" title="Ougaritique">ougaritique</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet_protosinaïtique"><span id="Alphabet_protosina.C3.AFtique"></span>Alphabet protosinaïtique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Alphabet protosinaïtique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Alphabet protosinaïtique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Correspondances possibles entre le protosinaïtique et le phénicien<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hiéroglyphe </th> <th>Protosinaïtique </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">API</a> </th> <th>Nom reconstruit </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien">Phénicien</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_pal%C3%A9o-h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque" title="Alphabet paléo-hébraïque">Paléo-hébraïque</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_aram%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet araméen">Araméen</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27alphabet_grec" title="Histoire de l'alphabet grec">Grec</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">Italique</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique" title="Alphabet cyrillique">Cyrillique</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">Arabe</a> </th> <th>Langue arabe<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F1.png?8f0ee" height="18" title="F1" alt="F1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_aleph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Proto-Canaanite_-_aleph.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ʔ/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(lettre)" title="Aleph (lettre)">ʾalp</a> « bœuf » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/20px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/30px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/40px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png/40px-Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Alaph.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/20px-Aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/30px-Aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aleph.svg/40px-Aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/20px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/30px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/40px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Α</a> / <a href="/wiki/A_(lettre)" title="A (lettre)">𐌀 A</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%90" title="А">А</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Alif" title="Alif">ʾalif</a>) </p> </td> <td>عالف (´alef) <p>« Herbivore » </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1" alt="O1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_bet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bet"><img alt="Bet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Proto-Canaanite_-_bet.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/b/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beth_(lettre)" title="Beth (lettre)">bet</a> « maison » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth"><img alt="Beth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/20px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/30px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/40px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bet"><img alt="Bet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Early_Aramaic_character_-_Beth.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Beth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/20px-Beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/30px-Beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Beth.svg/40px-Beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/20px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/30px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/40px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAta" title="Bêta">Β</a> / <a href="/wiki/B_(lettre)" title="B (lettre)">𐌁 B</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%91" title="Б">Б</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/B%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Bāʾ">bāʾ</a>) </p> </td> <td>بيت  (bayt) « maison » </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A28.png?bbed7" height="38" title="A28" alt="A28" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_heh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Heh"><img alt="Heh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Proto-Canaanite_-_heh.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/h/</td> <td><i>hll</i> « jubilation » > <i>he</i> « fenêtre » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="He"><img alt="He" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/20px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/30px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/40px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Heh"><img alt="Heh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Early_Aramaic_character_-_heh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:He0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/20px-He0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/30px-He0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/He0.svg/40px-He0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/20px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/30px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/40px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Ε</a> / <a href="/wiki/E_(lettre)" title="E (lettre)">𐌄 E</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%95" title="Е">Е</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%84" title="Є">Є</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" title="Э">Э</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_khof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Khof"><img alt="Khof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Proto-Canaanite_-_khof.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/k/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ph" title="Kāph">Kāph</a> « paume » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaph"><img alt="Kaph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/20px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/30px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/40px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Khof"><img alt="Khof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Early_Aramaic_character_-_khof.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/20px-Kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/30px-Kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kaph.svg/40px-Kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Κ</a> / <a href="/wiki/K_(lettre)" title="K (lettre)">𐌊 K</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" title="К">К</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">ك</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/K%C4%81f" title="Kāf">kāf</a>) </p> </td> <td>كف (kaff) <p>« paume » </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_mem.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Proto-Canaanite_-_mem.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/m/</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayim (page inexistante)">mayim</a> « eau » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/20px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/30px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/40px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Early_Aramaic_character_-_mem.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/20px-Mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/30px-Mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mem.svg/40px-Mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/20px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/30px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/40px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(lettre_grecque)" title="Mu (lettre grecque)">Μ</a> / <a href="/wiki/M_(lettre)" title="M (lettre)">𐌌 M</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" title="М">М</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm" title="Mīm">mīm</a>) </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I10.png?9f0b0" height="38" title="I10" alt="I10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_nun.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Proto-Canaanite_-_nun.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/n/</td> <td><i>naḥš</i> « serpent » > <i>nun</i> « poisson » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/20px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/30px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/40px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Early_Aramaic_character_-_nun.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Nun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/20px-Nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/30px-Nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nun.svg/40px-Nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/20px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/30px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/40px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(lettre_grecque)" title="Nu (lettre grecque)">Ν</a> / <a href="/wiki/N_(lettre)" title="N (lettre)">𐌍 N</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" title="Н">Н</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABn" title="Nūn">nūn</a>) </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D4.png?e1f5d" height="12" title="D4" alt="D4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_ayin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Proto-Canaanite_-_ayin.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ʕ/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayin">ʿen</a> « œil » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Early_Aramaic_character_-_ayin.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/20px-Ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/30px-Ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ayin.svg/40px-Ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/20px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/30px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/40px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Ο</a> / <a href="/wiki/O_(lettre)" title="O (lettre)">𐌏 O</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" title="О">О</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAyn" title="ʿAyn">ʿayn</a>) </p> </td> <td>عين('ayn) <p>« œil » </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D1.png?aa707" height="19" title="D1" alt="D1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D19.png?86712" height="26" title="D19" alt="D19" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_resh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Proto-Canaanite_-_resh.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/r/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">roʾš</a> « tête » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Res"><img alt="Res" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/20px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/30px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/40px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Early_Aramaic_character_-_resh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Resh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/20px-Resh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/30px-Resh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Resh.svg/40px-Resh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Rho_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4" title="Rhô">Ρ</a> / <a href="/wiki/R_(lettre)" title="R (lettre)">𐌓 R</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" title="Р">Р</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/R%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Rā">rāʾ</a>) </p> </td> <td>رأس (ra's) <p>« tête » </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa32.png?719d1" height="38" title="Aa32" alt="Aa32" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Proto-Canaanite_-_shin.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ʃ/</td> <td>s<i>in</i> « dent » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sin"><img alt="Sin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/20px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/30px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/40px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Early_Aramaic_character_-_shin.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Shin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/20px-Shin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/30px-Shin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Shin.svg/40px-Shin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Sigma_18.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Sigma_18.svg/20px-Greek_Sigma_18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Sigma_18.svg/30px-Greek_Sigma_18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Sigma_18.svg/40px-Greek_Sigma_18.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Σ</a> / <a href="/wiki/S_(lettre)" title="S (lettre)">𐌔 S</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" title="С">С</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABn" title="Sīn">sīn</a>) </p> </td> <td>سن (sin) « dent » </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z9.png?d2054" height="16" title="Z9" alt="Z9" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Proto-Canaanite_-_tof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tof"><img alt="Tof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Proto-Canaanite_-_tof.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td>/t/</td> <td><i>tāw</i> « marque » </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taw"><img alt="Taw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/20px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/30px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/40px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tof"><img alt="Tof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Early_Aramaic_character_-_tof.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Taw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/20px-Taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/30px-Taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Taw.svg/40px-Taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="33" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Greek_Tau_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Tau_02.svg/20px-Greek_Tau_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Tau_02.svg/30px-Greek_Tau_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Tau_02.svg/40px-Greek_Tau_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Τ</a> / <a href="/wiki/T_(lettre)" title="T (lettre)">𐌕 T</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" title="Т">Т</a> </td> <td>ت <p>(<b><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Tāʾ">tāʾ</a></b>) </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>/g/ </td> <td>gimal « bâton de jet »<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>G/C </td> <td>ج (jim) </td> <td>جمل </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">À ne pas confondre avec le <a href="/wiki/Lin%C3%A9aire_A" title="Linéaire A">linéaire A</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Lin%C3%A9aire_B" title="Linéaire B">linéaire B</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">André Lemaire, Les Hyksôs et le début de l'écriture, dans « Des signes pictographiques à l'alphabet : la communication écrite en Méditerranée » : actes du colloque, 14 et 15 mai 1996, <a href="/wiki/Villa_K%C3%A9rylos" title="Villa Kérylos">Villa Kérylos</a>, Fondation Théodore Reinach (Beaulieu-sur-mer)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OG_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-OG_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Goldwasser2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Orly_Goldwasser2010"><a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" title="Orly Goldwasser">Orly Goldwasser</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs</cite> », <i>Biblical Archaeology Review 36</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010" data-sort-value="2010">mars/avril 2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">40-53</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=02&ArticleID=06&Page=0&UserID=0&">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+the+Alphabet+was+Born+from+Hieroglyphs&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review+36&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Goldwasser&rft.aufirst=Orly&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=40-53&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D36%26Issue%3D02%26ArticleID%3D06%26Page%3D0%26UserID%3D0%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allbright-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Allbright_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Foxwell_Albright1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Foxwell_Albright1966">William Foxwell Albright, <cite class="italique">The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and Their Decipherment</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <time>1966</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proto-Sinaitic+Inscriptions+and+Their+Decipherment&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.au=William+Foxwell+Albright&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Férard_(Journaliste_web_pour_GEO)2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emeline_Férard_(Journaliste_web_pour_GEO)2022">Emeline <span class="nom_auteur">Férard (Journaliste web pour GEO)</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.fr/histoire/une-phrase-ecrite-vieille-de-3700-ans-decouverte-sur-un-peigne-a-poux-en-israel-212507"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Une phrase écrite vieille de 3700 ans découverte sur un peigne à poux en Israël</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Geo.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-09" data-sort-value="2022-11-09">9 novembre 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-12-20" data-sort-value="2022-12-20">20 décembre 2022</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologia" title="Archéologia">Archéologia</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 615, décembre 2022, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darnell-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Darnell_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darnell_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darnell_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darnell_7-3">d</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Darnell_7-4">e</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id=".">Darnell, John Coleman, F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, Marilyn Lundberg, P. Kyle McCarter, and Bruce Zuckerman, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Two early alphabetic inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New evidence for the origin of the alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt</cite> », <i>Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>, Boston, American Schools of Oriental Research, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 59,‎ .<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+early+alphabetic+inscriptions+from+the+Wadi+el-H%C3%B4l%3A+New+evidence+for+the+origin+of+the+alphabet+from+the+Western+Desert+of+Egypt&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.issue=59&rft.date=.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Antiguo Oriente (2010) 8:91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">voir sur son site avec les photos : <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cryptcracker.blogspot.fr/2009/12/wadi-el-hol-proto-alphabetic.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Journal of Egyptian archaelogy</i> 3, 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Foxwell_Albright1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Foxwell_Albright1966"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> William Foxwell Albright, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The proto-sinaitic inscriptions and their decipherment, Harvard theological studies XXII</cite>, Cambridge, London, Harvard University Press, Oxford University Press, <time>1966</time>, 45 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+proto-sinaitic+inscriptions+and+their+decipherment%2C+Harvard+theological+studies+XXII&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=William+Foxwell+Albright&rft.date=1966&rft.tpages=45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henderson_Gardiner1916"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alan_Henderson_Gardiner1916"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Henderson_Gardiner" title="Alan Henderson Gardiner">Alan Henderson Gardiner</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The Egyptian Origin of the Semitic Alphabet</cite> », <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1916-01" data-sort-value="1916-01">janvier 1916</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Origin+of+the+Semitic+Alphabet&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Alan+Henderson+Gardiner&rft.date=1916-01&rft.volume=3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albright-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Albright_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Foxwell_Albright1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Foxwell_Albright1966"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/William_Foxwell_Albright" title="William Foxwell Albright">William Foxwell Albright</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The proto-sinaitic inscriptions and their decipherment</cite>, Cambridge, London, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, Oxford University Press, <time>1966</time>, 45 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+proto-sinaitic+inscriptions+and+their+decipherment&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.au=William+Foxwell+Albright&rft.date=1966&rft.tpages=45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sass-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sass_14-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Sass_14-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sass"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benjamin_Sass">Benjamin Sass, <cite class="italique">The genesis of the alphabet and its development in the second millennium B.C.—twenty years later</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+genesis+of+the+alphabet+and+its+development+in+the+second+millennium+B.C.%E2%80%94twenty+years+later&rft.aulast=Sass&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sass1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benjamin_Sass1988">Benjamin Sass, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The genesis of the alphabet and its development in the second millenium B.C</cite> », <i>Agypten und Altes Testament, and 13</i>, Otto Harrassowitz,‎ <time>1988</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+genesis+of+the+alphabet+and+its+development+in+the+second+millenium+B.C&rft.jtitle=Agypten+und+Altes+Testament%2C+and+13&rft.aulast=Sass&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="J.J_Haring2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ben_J.J_Haring2022">Ben J.J Haring, <cite class="italique">L'origine égyptienne de l'alphabet in Stéphane Polis, Guide des écritures de l'Egypte ancienne</cite>, Le Caire, Institut français d'archéologie orientale, <time>2022</time>, 340 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">104-111</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27origine+%C3%A9gyptienne+de+l%27alphabet+in+St%C3%A9phane+Polis%2C+Guide+des+%C3%A9critures+de+l%27Egypte+ancienne&rft.place=Le+Caire&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.au=Ben+J.J+Haring&rft.date=2022&rft.pages=104-111&rft.tpages=340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lemaire2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_Lemaire2008"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">André Lemaire</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The Spread of Alphabetic Scripts (c. 1700—500 BCE)</cite> », <i><i>Diogenes</i></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 55,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-05" data-sort-value="2008-05">mai 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitorient.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/AlphabetDiog%C3%A8ne%20.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Alphabetic+Scripts+%28c.+1700%E2%80%94500+BCE%29&rft.jtitle=%27%27Diogenes%27%27&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.date=2008-05&rft.volume=55&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitorient.com%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F01%2FAlphabetDiog%25C3%25A8ne%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Goldwasser2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Orly_Goldwasser2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Orly Goldwasser, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Miners that Invented the Alphabet - A Response to Rollston</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</span></i>, Université d'Arizona, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-09-14" data-sort-value="2012-09-14">14 septembre 2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/16085/16030">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Miners+that+Invented+the+Alphabet+-+A+Response+to+Rollston&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Goldwasser&rft.aufirst=Orly&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.volume=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjaei%2Farticle%2Fview%2F16085%2F16030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simons2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="F._Simons2011">F. Simons, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Proto-Sinaitic – Progenitor of the Alphabet</cite> », <i><i>Rosetta</i></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 9,‎ <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">16–40</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Proto-Sinaitic+%E2%80%93+Progenitor+of+the+Alphabet&rft.jtitle=%27%27Rosetta%27%27&rft.issue=9&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=16%E2%80%9340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Spens2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Renaud_de_Spens2020">Renaud de Spens, <cite class="italique">Leçons pour apprendre les hiéroglyphes égyptiens</cite>, Les Belles Lettres, <time>2020</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 205<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le%C3%A7ons+pour+apprendre+les+hi%C3%A9roglyphes+%C3%A9gyptiens&rft.pub=Les+Belles+Lettres&rft.au=Renaud+de+Spens&rft.date=2020&rft.pages=205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Google Traduction</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">translate.google.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-12-16" data-sort-value="2016-12-16">16 décembre 2016</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Foxwell_Albright1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Foxwell_Albright1966"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> William Foxwell Albright, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The proto-sinaitic inscriptions and their descipherment, Harvard theological studies XXII</cite>, Cambridge, London, Harvard University Press, Oxford University Press, <time>1966</time>, 45 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, fig.1<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+proto-sinaitic+inscriptions+and+their+descipherment%2C+Harvard+theological+studies+XXII&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=William+Foxwell+Albright&rft.date=1966&rft.pages=fig.1&rft.tpages=45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet_protosina%C3%AFtique&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Foxwell_Albright1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Foxwell_Albright1966"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/William_Foxwell_Albright" title="William Foxwell Albright">William Foxwell Albright</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The proto-sinaitic inscriptions and their decipherment</cite>, Cambridge, London, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, Oxford University Press, <time>1966</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+proto-sinaitic+inscriptions+and+their+decipherment&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+London&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.au=William+Foxwell+Albright&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801403.us.archive.org/27/items/AlbrightTheProtoSinaiticInscriptionsAndTheirDecipherment1969/Albright%20-%20The%20Proto-Sinaitic%20Inscriptions%20and%20Their%20Decipherment%20%281969%29.pdf"><small>lire en ligne</small></a>).</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Driver1948"><span class="ouvrage" id="Godfrey.R._Driver1948">Godfrey.R. Driver, <cite class="italique">Semitic writing, from Pictograph to Alphabet</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1948, nouvelle édition 1976<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+writing%2C+from+Pictograph+to+Alphabet&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=Godfrey.R.&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</li> <li>Joseph Naveh, <i>Early history of the alphabet, an introduction to West semitic epigraphy and palaeography</i>, The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Leiden, E.J.Brill, 1982</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Sass1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benjamin_Sass1988">Benjamin Sass, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The genesis of the alphabet and its development in the second millenium B.C</cite> », <i>Agypten und Altes Testament, and 13</i>, Otto Harrassowitz,‎ <time>1988</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.cjh.org/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=1320958&custom_att_2=simple_viewer">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+genesis+of+the+alphabet+and+its+development+in+the+second+millenium+B.C&rft.jtitle=Agypten+und+Altes+Testament%2C+and+13&rft.aulast=Sass&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.cjh.org%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D1320958%26custom_att_2%3Dsimple_viewer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</li> <li>John F. Healey, « Les débuts de l'alphabet » dans : L. Bonfante, J. Chadwick, B.F. Cook, W.V Davies, J.F. Healey, J.T. Hooker, C.B.F. Walker : <i>La naissance des écritures - Du cunéiforme à l'alphabet</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">éditions du Seuil</a>, 1994</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="2005">Darnell et al., « <cite style="font-style:normal">Two early alphabetic inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New evidence for the origin of the alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt</cite> », <i>Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>, Boston, American Schools of Oriental Research, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 59,‎ <time>2005</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+early+alphabetic+inscriptions+from+the+Wadi+el-H%C3%B4l%3A+New+evidence+for+the+origin+of+the+alphabet+from+the+Western+Desert+of+Egypt&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.issue=59&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Sass"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benjamin_Sass">Benjamin Sass, <cite class="italique">The genesis of the alphabet and its development in the second millennium B.C.—twenty years later</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+genesis+of+the+alphabet+and+its+development+in+the+second+millennium+B.C.%E2%80%94twenty+years+later&rft.aulast=Sass&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Lemaire2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_Lemaire2008">André Lemaire, « <cite style="font-style:normal">The Spread of Alphabetic Scripts (c. 1700—500 BCE)'</cite> », <i><i>Diogenes</i></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 55,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-05" data-sort-value="2008-05">mai 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitorient.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/AlphabetDiog%C3%A8ne%20.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Alphabetic+Scripts+%28c.+1700%E2%80%94500+BCE%29%27&rft.jtitle=%27%27Diogenes%27%27&rft.aulast=Lemaire&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.date=2008-05&rft.volume=55&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitorient.com%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F01%2FAlphabetDiog%25C3%25A8ne%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet+protosina%C3%AFtique"></span></span></span>.</li> <li>Stéphane Polis, <i>Guide des écritures de l'Egypte ancienne,</i> Le Caire, Institut français d'archéologie orientale, 2022</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Modèle:Palette Système d'écriture"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture">Systèmes d’écriture</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_adlam" title="Alphabet adlam">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_albanien" title="Alphabet albanien">Albanien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arm%C3%A9nien" title="Alphabet arménien">Arménien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrien" title="Bactrien">Bactrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_bassa" title="Alphabet bassa">Bassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_bamoun" title="Écriture bamoun">Bamoun (ou bamoum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_borama" title="Alphabet borama">Borama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carien#L'alphabet_carien" title="Carien">Carien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_copte" title="Alphabet copte">Copte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_cyrillique" title="Alphabet cyrillique">Cyrillique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Elbasan (écriture)">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_%C3%A9trusque" title="Alphabet étrusque">Étrusque (ou ancien italique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(alphabet)" title="Garay (alphabet)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_g%C3%A9orgien" title="Alphabet géorgien">Géorgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_glagolitique" title="Alphabet glagolitique">Glagolitique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_grec" title="Alphabet grec">Grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_gotique" title="Alphabet gotique">Gotique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_gupta" title="Écriture gupta">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul">Hangeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieil_italique" title="Vieil italique">Italiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">Latin</a> (et <a href="/wiki/Lettres_suppl%C3%A9mentaires_de_l%27alphabet_latin" title="Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin">extensions</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_mandchou" title="Alphabet mandchou">Mandchou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_mand%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet mandéen">Mandéen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_bitchig" title="Mongol bitchig">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27ko_(%C3%A9criture)" title="N'ko (écriture)">N’ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todo_bitchig" title="Todo bitchig">Oïrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Alphabet de l'Orkhon">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya" title="Osmanya">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_cun%C3%A9iforme_persane_ancienne" title="Écriture cunéiforme persane ancienne">Persan cunéiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">Runique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes_hongroises" title="Runes hongroises">Runes hongroises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_santali" title="Alphabet santali">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_y%C3%A9zidi" title="Alphabet yézidi">Yézidi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_consonantique" title="Alphabet consonantique">Alphabets consonantiques (ou abjads)</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_arabe" title="Alphabet arabe">Arabe</a> (et <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_de_l%27alphabet_arabe" title="Adaptations de l'alphabet arabe">adaptations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_aram%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet araméen">Araméen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89gyptien_d%C3%A9motique" title="Égyptien démotique">Démotique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_h%C3%A9breu" title="Alphabet hébreu">Hébreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_manich%C3%A9en" title="Abjad manichéen">Manichéen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_nabat%C3%A9en" title="Alphabet nabatéen">Nabatéen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ou%C3%AFghour" title="Alphabet ouïghour">Ouïghour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ougaritique" title="Alphabet ougaritique">Ougaritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_pehlevi" title="Écriture pehlevi">Pehlevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien">Phénicien</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protosinaïtique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_punique" title="Alphabet punique">Punique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_safa%C3%AFtique" title="Écriture safaïtique">Safaïtique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_samaritain" title="Alphabet samaritain">Samaritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_sogdien" title="Alphabet sogdien">Sogdien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_sudarabique" title="Alphabet sudarabique">Sudarabique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_syriaque" title="Alphabet syriaque">Syriaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire" title="Alphasyllabaire">Alphasyllabaires (ou abugidas)</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_%C3%A2hom" title="Alphasyllabaire âhom">Âhom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_balinaise" title="Écriture balinaise">Balinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_batak" title="Écriture batak">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin (ou tagalog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_bengali" title="Alphasyllabaire bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_birmane" title="Écriture birmane">Birman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" title="Brahmi">Brahmî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_singhalais" title="Alphasyllabaire singhalais">Cingalais (ou singhalais)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Dévanâgarî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_gu%C3%A8ze" title="Alphasyllabaire guèze">Éthiopien (ou guèze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha" title="Grantha">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_gujarati" title="Alphasyllabaire gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_hanifi" title="Alphabet hanifi">Hanifi (rohinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_inuktitut" title="Syllabaire inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_javanaise" title="Écriture javanaise">Javanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%AFthi" title="Kaïthi">Kaïthî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_kannada" title="Écriture kannada">Kannara (ou kannada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi#Écriture_kawie" title="Kawi">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_kharoshthi" title="Alphabet kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_khmer" title="Alphasyllabaire khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_lao" title="Alphasyllabaire lao">Lao (ou laotien)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekwaikaw" title="Lekwaikaw">Lekwaikaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_lepcha" title="Alphasyllabaire lepcha">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_lontara" title="Écriture lontara">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_malayalam" title="Alphasyllabaire malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_mayek" title="Meitei mayek">Meitei mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_m%C3%A9ro%C3%AFtique" title="Alphabet méroïtique">Méroïtique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_miao" title="Écriture miao">Miao (ou Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_modi" title="Alphasyllabaire modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwangwego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwangwego (page inexistante)">Mwangwego</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwangwego_script" class="extiw" title="en:Mwangwego script"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mwangwego script »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_n%C3%A9war" title="Alphasyllabaire néwar">Néwar (ou nepalbasha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U1980" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U1980">Nouveau taï-lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojhapath" title="Ojhapath">Ojhapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_odia" title="Alphasyllabaire odia">Odia (ou oriya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_pallava" title="Écriture pallava">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_phagpa" title="Écriture phagpa">Phags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana" title="Ranjana">Ranjana (ou kutila, lantsa, wartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_redjang" title="Écriture redjang">Redjang (ou rejang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_rencong" title="Écriture rencong">Rencong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_sharda" title="Alphasyllabaire sharda">Sharda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_siddham" title="Alphasyllabaire siddham">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_soyombo" title="Écriture soyombo">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U1760" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U1760">Tagbanoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF-le" title="Taï-le">Taï-le</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%C3%AF-no%C3%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taï-noï (page inexistante)">Taï-noï</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" class="extiw" title="en:Tai Noi script"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Tai Noi script »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U1A20" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U1A20">Taï tham (ou lanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ta%C3%AF_vi%C3%AAt" title="Alphabet taï viêt">Taï viêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tamoul" title="Alphasyllabaire tamoul">Tamoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_t%C3%A9lougou" title="Alphasyllabaire télougou">Télougou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tha%C3%AF" title="Alphasyllabaire thaï">Thaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_tib%C3%A9tain" title="Alphasyllabaire tibétain">Tibétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta" title="Tirhuta">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanabazar_quadratique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanabazar quadratique (page inexistante)">Zanabazar quadratique</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" class="extiw" title="en:Zanabazar square script"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Zanabazar square script »">(en)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire" title="Syllabaire">Syllabaires</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka" title="Afaka">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_b%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Écriture bété">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_cherokee" title="Syllabaire cherokee">Chérokie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_chypro-minoen" title="Syllabaire chypro-minoen">Chypro-minoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_inuktitut" title="Syllabaire inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_kpelle" title="Syllabaire kpelle">Kpèllé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin%C3%A9aire_A" title="Linéaire A">Linéaire A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin%C3%A9aire_B" title="Linéaire B">Linéaire B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe" title="Mandombe">Mandombé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaba_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Masaba (écriture)">Masaba (ou bambara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikakui" title="Kikakui">Mendé kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_autochtone_canadien" title="Syllabaire autochtone canadien">Syllabaires autochtones canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_va%C3%AF" title="Syllabaire vaï">Vaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabaire_yi" title="Syllabaire yi">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Logogramme" title="Logogramme">Écritures logographiques ou apparentées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symboles_Adinkra" title="Symboles Adinkra">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_azt%C3%A8que" title="Écriture aztèque">Aztèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun%C3%A9iforme" title="Cunéiforme">Cunéiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_daba" title="Écriture daba">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_dongba" title="Écriture dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9ratique" title="Écriture hiératique">Hiératique égyptienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">Hiéroglyphes égyptiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphes_hittites" title="Hiéroglyphes hittites">Hiéroglyphes hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphe_lin%C3%A9aire" title="Hiéroglyphe linéaire">Hiéroglyphes linéaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_maya" title="Écriture maya">Hiéroglyphes mayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphes_micmacs" title="Hiéroglyphes micmacs">Hiéroglyphes micmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphes_olm%C3%A8ques" title="Hiéroglyphes olmèques">Hiéroglyphes olmèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_oss%C3%A9caille" title="Écriture ossécaille">Ossécaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishu" title="Shuishu">Shuishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">Sinogrammes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_tangoute" title="Écriture tangoute">Tangoute</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ductus" title="Ductus">Ductus</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texte_bidirectionnel" title="Texte bidirectionnel">Bidirectionnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boustroph%C3%A9don" title="Boustrophédon">Boustrophédon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sure_(typographie)" title="Césure (typographie)">Césure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse_(typographie)" title="Chasse (typographie)">Chasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_cursive" title="Écriture cursive">Cursif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graisse_(typographie)" title="Graisse (typographie)">Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italique_(typographie)" title="Italique (typographie)">Italique (incliné)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(typographie)" title="Justification (typographie)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponctuation" title="Ponctuation">Ponctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_sp%C3%A9culaire" title="Écriture spéculaire">Spéculaire (en miroir)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Norme_et_standard_techniques" title="Norme et standard techniques">Normes et standards techniques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tiquette_d%27identification_de_langues_IETF" title="Étiquette d'identification de langues IETF">BCP 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/CEI_10646" title="ISO/CEI 10646">ISO/CEI 10646</a> et <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> et <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale">Voir aussi : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphie" title="Calligraphie">Calligraphie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture" title="Écriture">Écriture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">Linguistique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notation_musicale" title="Notation musicale">Notation musicale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_de_caract%C3%A8res" title="Police de caractères">Police de caractères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9nographie" title="Sténographie">Sténographie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_num%C3%A9ration" title="Système de numération">Système de numération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typographie" title="Typographie">Typographie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Portail de l’Égypte antique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_faucon%2C_E_25380_B.png/36px-Louvre_faucon%2C_E_25380_B.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_faucon%2C_E_25380_B.png/54px-Louvre_faucon%2C_E_25380_B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_faucon%2C_E_25380_B.png/72px-Louvre_faucon%2C_E_25380_B.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Portail:Égypte antique">Portail de l’Égypte antique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" 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title="Catégorie:Pages utilisant l'extension WikiHiero">Pages utilisant l'extension WikiHiero</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_utilisant_une_Infobox" title="Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox">Article utilisant une Infobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_%C3%A0_traduction_en_anglais" title="Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais">Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:%C3%89gypte_antique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Égypte antique/Articles liés">Portail:Égypte antique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Histoire/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Histoire/Articles liés">Portail:Histoire/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Monde_antique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Monde antique/Articles liés">Portail:Monde antique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Afrique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Afrique/Articles liés">Portail:Afrique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Index_%C3%A9gyptologique" title="Catégorie:Index égyptologique">Index égyptologique</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 9 novembre 2024 à 11:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres 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