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href="#The_JLP_in_independent_Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The JLP in independent Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_JLP_in_independent_Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electoral performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="cdx-button 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of party leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_logos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_logos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Previous logos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_logos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="حزب العمال الجامايكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب العمال الجامايكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ямайска лейбъристка партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ямайска лейбъристка партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jamaica Labour Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Laborista_de_Jamaica" title="Partido Laborista de Jamaica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Laborista de Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_travailliste_de_Jama%C3%AFque" title="Parti travailliste de Jamaïque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti travailliste de Jamaïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%B4_%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EB%8B%B9" title="자메이카 노동당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자메이카 노동당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Buruh_Jamaika" title="Partai Buruh Jamaika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Buruh Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Laburista_Giamaicano" title="Partito Laburista Giamaicano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Laburista Giamaicano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מפלגת הלייבור של ג'מייקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת הלייבור של ג'מייקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Buruh_Jamaica" title="Parti Buruh Jamaica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Buruh Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jamaica Labour Party" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E5%85%9A" title="ジャマイカ労働党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャマイカ労働党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumieka_Lieba_Paati" title="Jumieka Lieba Paati – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jumieka Lieba Paati" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajska_Partia_Pracy" title="Jamajska Partia Pracy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jamajska Partia Pracy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Trabalhista_da_Jamaica" title="Partido Trabalhista da Jamaica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Trabalhista da Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лейбористская партия Ямайки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лейбористская партия Ямайки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaikan_ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4enpuolue" title="Jamaikan työväenpuolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jamaikan työväenpuolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicas_arbetarparti" title="Jamaicas arbetarparti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jamaicas arbetarparti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лейбористська партія Ямайки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лейбористська партія Ямайки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Jamaica" title="Đảng Lao động Jamaica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Lao động Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" title="牙买加工党 – Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Jamaica</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #00A94C; border-bottom:2px solid #00A94C; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Jamaica Labour Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_(2024-present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282024-present%29.svg/230px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282024-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282024-present%29.svg/345px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282024-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282024-present%29.svg/460px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282024-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montague_(Jamaican_politician)" title="Robert Montague (Jamaican politician)">Robert Montague</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">General Secretary</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Chang" title="Horace Chang">Horace Chang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bustamante" title="Alexander Bustamante">Alexander Bustamante</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8 July 1943<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1943-07-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">20 Belmont Road, <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> 5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Young Jamaica<br /><a href="/wiki/Generation_2000" title="Generation 2000">Generation 2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Women's Group</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Women's Freedom Movement (WFM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Trade Union Wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bustamante_Industrial_Trade_Union" title="Bustamante Industrial Trade Union">Bustamante Industrial Trade Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Republicanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Historically:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fabianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabianism">Fabianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Austin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Historically:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Regional affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Democrat_Union" title="Caribbean Democrat Union">Caribbean Democrat Union</a><br /><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="West Indies Democratic Labour Party">West Indies Democratic Labour Party</a> (1957–1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00A94C; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align: center;">"The JLP Anthem"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Jamaica">House of Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">48 / 63</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 76%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Jamaica">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">13 / 21</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 62%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government">Local Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">113 / 228</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Municipal Councils</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 14</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_Labour_Party_Election_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Election_Symbol.svg/80px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Election_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Election_Symbol.svg/120px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Election_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Election_Symbol.svg/160px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Election_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaicalabourparty.com">jamaicalabourparty<wbr />.com</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539301#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #00A94C;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Politics of Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jamaica" title="List of political parties in Jamaica">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jamaica" title="Elections in Jamaica">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jamaica Labour Party</b> (<b>JLP</b>; <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Patois language">Jamaican Patois</a>: <i lang="jam">Jumieka Lieba Paati</i>) is one of the two major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jamaica" title="List of political parties in Jamaica">political parties in Jamaica</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a> (PNP). While its name might suggest that it is a <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> party (as is the case for "Labour" parties in several other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a>), the JLP is actually a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PaprockiDolan2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaprockiDolan2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foner2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the current governing party, having won 49 of the 63 parliamentary seats in the lower house of parliament (House of Representatives) in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Jamaican_general_election" title="2020 Jamaican general election">2020 general elections</a>. </p><p>The JLP uses a bell, the <a href="/wiki/Victory_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory sign">victory sign</a>, and the colour <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> as electoral symbols. The JLP is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Democrat_Union" title="Caribbean Democrat Union">Caribbean Democrat Union</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_JLP_in_colonial_Jamaica">The JLP in colonial Jamaica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The JLP in colonial Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party was founded on 8 July 1943 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bustamante" title="Alexander Bustamante">Alexander Bustamante</a> as the political wing of the <a href="/wiki/Bustamante_Industrial_Trade_Union" title="Bustamante Industrial Trade Union">Bustamante Industrial Trade Union</a>. Bustamante had previously been a member of the PNP. </p><p>It won the <a href="/wiki/1944_Jamaican_general_election" title="1944 Jamaican general election">1944 general elections</a> with 22 of the 32 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-N1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It went on to win the <a href="/wiki/1949_Jamaican_general_election" title="1949 Jamaican general election">1949 elections</a> with a reduced majority. The PNP received more votes (203,048) than the JLP (199,538), but the JLP secured more seats, 17 to the PNP's 13. Two seats were won by independents. The voter turnout was 65.2%. </p><p>The JLP lost power to the PNP in the <a href="/wiki/1955_Jamaican_general_election" title="1955 Jamaican general election">1955 elections</a>. The PNP won for the first time, securing 18 out of 32 seats. The JLP ended up with 14 seats, and there were no independents. The voter turnout was 65.1%. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Manley" title="Norman Manley">Norman Manley</a> became the new chief minister.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JLP remained in opposition following the <a href="/wiki/1959_Jamaican_general_election" title="1959 Jamaican general election">1959 Jamaican general election</a>, when the number of seats was increased to 45. The PNP secured a wider margin of victory, taking 29 seats to the JLP's 16. </p><p>Manley was appointed <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>'s first premier on 14 August 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1961_Jamaican_Federation_of_the_West_Indies_membership_referendum" title="1961 Jamaican Federation of the West Indies membership referendum">1961 Federation membership referendum</a> Jamaica voted 54% to leave the West Indies Federation. After losing the referendum, Manley took Jamaica to the polls in April 1962, to secure a mandate for the island's independence. On 10 April 1962, of the 45 seats up for contention in the <a href="/wiki/1962_Jamaican_general_election" title="1962 Jamaican general election">1962 Jamaican general election</a>, the JLP won 26 seats and the PNP 19. The voter turnout was 72.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Jamaica" title="Independence of Jamaica">independence of Jamaica</a> on 6 August 1962, and several other British colonies in the West Indies followed suit in the next decade. Bustamante had replaced Manley as premier between April and August, and on independence, he became Jamaica's first prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_JLP_in_independent_Jamaica">The JLP in independent Jamaica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The JLP in independent Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bustamante suffered a stroke in 1964 and largely withdrew from politics. However, he did not relinquish the title of party leader for another decade. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sangster" title="Donald Sangster">Donald Sangster</a> took over as acting prime minister after Bustamante's stroke. He was named First Deputy Leader in 1967, and led the party to victory in the 21 February <a href="/wiki/1967_Jamaican_general_election" title="1967 Jamaican general election">1967 Jamaican general election</a>. The JLP won 33 out of 53 seats, with the PNP taking 20 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangster suffered a brain hemorrhage and died about six weeks after the elections, while he was preparing for his budget presentation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a> succeeded Sangster as first deputy leader and prime minister, defeating David Clement (DC) Tavares by two votes in a run-off by of the JLP parliamentarians. Tavares had come out on top in the first ballot, with Shearer and Robert Lightbourne being the other candidates. Under Shearer, the JLP lost power in independent Jamaica for the first time to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a> in <a href="/wiki/1972_Jamaican_general_election" title="1972 Jamaican general election">1972</a>. The PNP won 37 seats to the JLP's 16.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shearer served as opposition leader until 1974. Bustamante finally gave up the post of party leader in 1974, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga">Edward Seaga</a> was elected his successor. The party lost the <a href="/wiki/1976_Jamaican_general_election" title="1976 Jamaican general election">1976 elections</a>, the PNP winning 47 seats to the JLP's 13. The turnout was a very high 85 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seaga became prime minister after victory in <a href="/wiki/1980_Jamaican_general_election" title="1980 Jamaican general election">1980</a> when the party won by a landslide, capturing 51 of the then 60 parliamentary seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 with the JLP achieving a spike in popularity, in part because of Seaga's support of the US-led military <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a>, Seaga called <a href="/wiki/1983_Jamaican_general_election" title="1983 Jamaican general election">early elections</a> and won all sixty seats, the majority by acclamation, mainly because the opposition PNP boycotted those elections. The JLP suffered defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Jamaican_general_election" title="1989 Jamaican general election">1989 elections</a>. The PNP won 45 seats to the JLP's 15.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JLP went on to lose elections in <a href="/wiki/1993_Jamaican_general_election" title="1993 Jamaican general election">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_Jamaican_general_election" title="1997 Jamaican general election">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_Jamaican_general_election" title="2002 Jamaican general election">2002</a>, all under the continued leadership of Seaga. In 1993, the PNP, led by <a href="/wiki/P.J._Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="P.J. Patterson">P.J. Patterson</a>, won 52 seats to the JLP's eight seats, while in 1997 the PNP won 50 of the 60 seats available.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2002_Jamaican_general_election" title="2002 Jamaican general election">2002 Jamaican general election</a>, the PNP retained power with a reduced seat majority of 34 seats to 26.<sup id="cite_ref-Nohlen_2005_p430_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nohlen_2005_p430-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterson stepped down on 26 February 2006, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Portia_Simpson-Miller" title="Portia Simpson-Miller">Portia Simpson-Miller</a>, Jamaica's first female prime minister. </p><p>In 2005 <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a> succeeded Seaga as leader of the party, and led it to victory in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Jamaican_general_election" title="2007 Jamaican general election">2007 elections</a> by a narrow margin of 32 seats to 28, with a turnout of 61.46%.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This election ended 18 years of PNP rule, and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a> became the new prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Golding resigned as head of the party and prime minister in October 2011 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a>. Soon after becoming leader, Holness called <a href="/wiki/2011_Jamaican_general_election" title="2011 Jamaican general election">an election</a> over a year before it was constitutionally due, and the party lost by a 2:1 margin to the PNP. Portia Simpson-Miller and the PNP returned to power. The number of seats had been increased to 63, and the PNP swept to power with a landslide 42 seats to the JLP's 21. The voter turnout was 53.17%.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holness continued to lead the party as opposition leader. The party held a leadership election on 10 November 2013 where Holness was challenged by his deputy, Shadow Minister for Finance <a href="/wiki/Audley_Shaw" title="Audley Shaw">Audley Shaw</a>. Holness defeated Shaw by a margin of 2,704 votes to Shaw's 2,012.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holness went on to lead the JLP to a narrow, one-seat parliamentary majority (32–31) in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Jamaican_general_election" title="2016 Jamaican general election">2016 general election</a>, reducing the PNP to the opposition benches after one term. The voter turnout dipped below 50% for the first time, registering just 48.37%.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2020_Jamaican_general_election" title="2020 Jamaican general election">2020 general election</a>, Andrew Holness made history for the JLP by accomplishing a second consecutive win for the Jamaica Labour Party, winning 49 seats to 14 won by the PNP, led this time by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips_(politician)" title="Peter Phillips (politician)">Peter Phillips</a>. The last time a consecutive win occurred for the JLP was in 1980. However, the turnout at this election was just 37%, probably affected by the coronavirus pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is what Jamaicans classified as a "landslide victory".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionary conservatism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The JLP is a conservative party. It believes in a <a href="/wiki/Market-driven_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-driven economy">market-driven economy</a> and individual personal responsibility. </p><p>In its coverage of the <a href="/wiki/1967_Jamaican_general_election" title="1967 Jamaican general election">1967 general election</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> identified the JLP as a <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">left-of-centre</a> party, only slightly to the right of the PNP.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2008, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sackur" title="Stephen Sackur">Stephen Sackur</a> of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a> PM and Party Leader declared that any <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jamaica" title="Cabinet of Jamaica">cabinet</a> formed by him would exclude any MP known to be gay.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In previous statements, Golding stated that he and his party strongly opposed public displays of homosexuality in Jamaica and that he felt that they should continue to be illegal in keeping with Jamaican societal norms.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He underlined the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jamaica">illegality of homosexual acts</a> by citing Christian values and the integrity of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, the JLP has stated its intention for Jamaica to be a republic, thus dropping the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">British monarchy as its head of state</a>. Following Barbados' transition to a republic in 2021, Prime Minister and JLP leader <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a> suggested that a referendum on republicanism could be held in Jamaica in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Jamaica is, as you would see, a country that is very proud of our history and very proud of what we have achieved," Holness said in June 2022. "And we intend to attain, in short order, our development goals and fulfill our true ambitions and destiny as an independent, developed, prosperous country."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_performance">Electoral performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electoral performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Election </th> <th scope="col">Leader </th> <th scope="col">Votes </th> <th scope="col">Share of votes </th> <th scope="col">Seats </th> <th scope="col">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1944_Jamaican_general_election" title="1944 Jamaican general election">1944</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bustamante" title="Alexander Bustamante">Alexander Bustamante</a> </td> <td><b>144,661</b> </td> <td><b>41.4%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">22 / 32</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 69%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1949_Jamaican_general_election" title="1949 Jamaican general election">1949</a> </td> <td>199,538 </td> <td>42.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">17 / 32</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1955_Jamaican_general_election" title="1955 Jamaican general election">1955</a> </td> <td>189,929 </td> <td>39.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 32</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1959_Jamaican_general_election" title="1959 Jamaican general election">1959</a> </td> <td>247,149 </td> <td>44.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">16 / 45</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_Jamaican_general_election" title="1962 Jamaican general election">1962</a> </td> <td><b>288,130</b> </td> <td><b>50.0%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">26 / 45</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Jamaican_general_election" title="1967 Jamaican general election">1967</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Sangster" title="Donald Sangster">Donald Sangster</a> </td> <td><b>224,180</b> </td> <td><b>50.7%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">33 / 53</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 62%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_Jamaican_general_election" title="1972 Jamaican general election">1972</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a> </td> <td>205,587 </td> <td>43.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">16 / 53</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_Jamaican_general_election" title="1976 Jamaican general election">1976</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga">Edward Seaga</a> </td> <td>318,180 </td> <td>43.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">13 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 22%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Jamaican_general_election" title="1980 Jamaican general election">1980</a> </td> <td><b>502,115</b> </td> <td><b>58.3%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">51 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 85%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1983_Jamaican_general_election" title="1983 Jamaican general election">1983</a> </td> <td><b>23,363</b> </td> <td><b>88.0%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">60 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Jamaican_general_election" title="1989 Jamaican general election">1989</a> </td> <td>362,589 </td> <td>42.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">15 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1993_Jamaican_general_election" title="1993 Jamaican general election">1993</a> </td> <td>263,711 </td> <td>39.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1997_Jamaican_general_election" title="1997 Jamaican general election">1997</a> </td> <td>297,387 </td> <td>38.6% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">10 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 17%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Jamaican_general_election" title="2002 Jamaican general election">2002</a> </td> <td>360,468 </td> <td>46.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">26 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 43%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2007_Jamaican_general_election" title="2007 Jamaican general election">2007</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a> </td> <td><b>410,438</b> </td> <td><b>50.0%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">32 / 60</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Jamaican_general_election" title="2011 Jamaican general election">2011</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a> </td> <td>405,920 </td> <td>46.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">21 / 63</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 33%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_Jamaican_general_election" title="2016 Jamaican general election">2016</a> </td> <td><b>436,972</b> </td> <td><b>49.5%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">32 / 63</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Jamaican_general_election" title="2020 Jamaican general election">2020</a> </td> <td><b>406,085</b> </td> <td><b>57.1%</b> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">49 / 63</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 78%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Indies">West Indies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="West Indies Democratic Labour Party">West Indies Democratic Labour Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/1958_West_Indies_federal_elections" title="1958 West Indies federal elections">1958 West Indies federal elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_the_West_Indies_Federation" title="Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation">Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">Party Group </th> <th rowspan="2">Leader </th> <th colspan="2">Votes </th> <th colspan="2">Seats </th> <th rowspan="2">Position </th> <th rowspan="2">Government </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Share </th> <th>No. </th> <th>Share </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A94C" width="1"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1958_West_Indies_federal_elections" title="1958 West Indies federal elections">1958</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#3399FF;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="West Indies Democratic Labour Party">DLP</a> </td> <td>William Alexander Clarke Bustamante </td> <td style="text-align:right;">451,233 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 17</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A94C; color:inherit; width: 71%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70.6% </td> <td><b>1st</b> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><a href="/wiki/WIFLP" class="mw-redirect" title="WIFLP">WIFLP</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_party_leaders">List of party leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of party leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Bustamante" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Bustamante">Sir Alexander Bustamante</a> (1943–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Donald_Sangster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Donald Sangster">Sir Donald Sangster</a> (<i>acting</i>: 1965–1967)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">1</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a> (<i>acting</i>: 1967–1974)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">1</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga">Edward Seaga</a> (1974–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a> (2011–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_logos">Previous logos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Previous logos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_(2016_-_2024).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the party from the 2016 Jamaican election to October 2024."><img alt="Logo of the party from the 2016 Jamaican election to October 2024." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282016_-_2024%29.svg/120px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282016_-_2024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282016_-_2024%29.svg/180px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282016_-_2024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282016_-_2024%29.svg/240px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282016_-_2024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the party from the <a href="/wiki/2016_Jamaican_general_election" title="2016 Jamaican general election">2016 Jamaican election</a> to October 2024.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_(2000%27s_-_2016).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo of the party from the early 2000's to 2016."><img alt="Logo of the party from the early 2000's to 2016." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282000%27s_-_2016%29.svg/120px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282000%27s_-_2016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282000%27s_-_2016%29.svg/180px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282000%27s_-_2016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282000%27s_-_2016%29.svg/240px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%282000%27s_-_2016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logo of the party from the early 2000's to 2016.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_(Old_Design_%26_Party_HQ).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="An earlier pre-1990's logo, still seen today outside the party headquarters."><img alt="An earlier pre-1990's logo, still seen today outside the party headquarters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%28Old_Design_%26_Party_HQ%29.svg/115px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%28Old_Design_%26_Party_HQ%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%28Old_Design_%26_Party_HQ%29.svg/172px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%28Old_Design_%26_Party_HQ%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%28Old_Design_%26_Party_HQ%29.svg/229px-Jamaica_Labour_Party_Logo_%28Old_Design_%26_Party_HQ%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An earlier pre-1990's logo, still seen today outside the party headquarters.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>1.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^</a></b></span> <small>Donald Sangster and Hugh Shearer were not actually leaders of the JLP but were <i>de facto</i> leaders during Bustamante's illness/withdrawal from active political life.</small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation book cs1">King, Cheryl L. A. (2003). <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EO1KAwAAQBAJ"><i>Michael Manley and Democratic Socialism: Political Leadership and Ideology in Jamaica</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592442348" title="Special:BookSources/9781592442348"><bdi>9781592442348</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714222118/https://books.google.it/books?id=EO1KAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Manley+and+Democratic+Socialism%3A+Political+Leadership+and+Ideology+in+Jamaica&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781592442348&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEO1KAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteithRichards2001" class="citation book cs1">Monteith, Kathleen E. A.; Richards, Glen (2001). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies_Press" title="University of the West Indies Press">University of the West Indies Press</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3mdhCNLo9cC"><i>Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture</i></a>. University of the West Indies Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">365–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789766401085" title="Special:BookSources/9789766401085"><bdi>9789766401085</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011007/https://books.google.it/books?id=e3mdhCNLo9cC">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaica+in+Slavery+and+Freedom%3A+History%2C+Heritage+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789766401085&rft.aulast=Monteith&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+E.+A.&rft.au=Richards%2C+Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3mdhCNLo9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1987" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Diane J. (1987). Taylor & Francis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0F7wXZK59ucC"><i>Urban Life in Kingston, Jamaica: The Culture and Class Ideology of Two Neighborhoods</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782881240065" title="Special:BookSources/9782881240065"><bdi>9782881240065</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714222128/https://books.google.it/books?id=0F7wXZK59ucC">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Life+in+Kingston%2C+Jamaica%3A+The+Culture+and+Class+Ideology+of+Two+Neighborhoods&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9782881240065&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Diane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0F7wXZK59ucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Austin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18784061">"Jamaica country profile"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904125734/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18784061">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Jamaica+country+profile&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-18784061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomason2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomason, Ian (2009). Faber & Faber (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gxzr-EiYNwgC"><i>The Dead Yard: Tales of Modern Jamaica</i></a>. Faber & Faber. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571252343" title="Special:BookSources/9780571252343"><bdi>9780571252343</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714221957/https://books.google.it/books?id=Gxzr-EiYNwgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Yard%3A+Tales+of+Modern+Jamaica&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780571252343&rft.aulast=Thomason&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxzr-EiYNwgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1977" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Elisabeth (1977). University of Toronto Press (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcaribbean0000wall"><i>The British Caribbean from the Decline of Colonialism to the End of Federation</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcaribbean0000wall/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802053510" title="Special:BookSources/9780802053510"><bdi>9780802053510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Caribbean+from+the+Decline+of+Colonialism+to+the+End+of+Federation&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780802053510&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishcaribbean0000wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2015" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Vernon (29 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Holness-outlines-the-JLP-s-philosophy_18631007">"Holness outlines the JLP's philosophy"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904125734/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Holness-outlines-the-JLP-s-philosophy_18631007">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Holness+outlines+the+JLP%27s+philosophy&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2FHolness-outlines-the-JLP-s-philosophy_18631007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2020" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Romario (August 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20200808/pnp-vows-hold-referendum-whether-remove-queen-if-elected">"PNP vows to hold referendum on whether to remove Queen, if elected"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gleaner" title="The Gleaner">The Gleaner</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gleaner&rft.atitle=PNP+vows+to+hold+referendum+on+whether+to+remove+Queen%2C+if+elected&rft.date=2020-08-08&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Romario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F20200808%2Fpnp-vows-hold-referendum-whether-remove-queen-if-elected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_E._Barrett1988" class="citation book cs1">Leonard E. Barrett, ed. (1988). <i>The Rastafarians: Sounds of Cultural Dissonance</i>. Beacon Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807010266" title="Special:BookSources/9780807010266"><bdi>9780807010266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rastafarians%3A+Sounds+of+Cultural+Dissonance&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780807010266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KleinDay2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KleinDay2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel_KleinMarcus_DayAnthony_Harriott2004" class="citation book cs1">Axel Klein; Marcus Day; Anthony Harriott (13 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlJyez-Nr70C&pg=PA70"><i>Caribbean Drugs: From Criminalization to Harm Reduction</i></a>. Zed Books. pp. 70–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-499-1"><bdi>978-1-84277-499-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705151106/http://books.google.com/books?id=KlJyez-Nr70C&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Drugs%3A+From+Criminalization+to+Harm+Reduction&rft.pages=70-&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2004-11-13&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-499-1&rft.au=Axel+Klein&rft.au=Marcus+Day&rft.au=Anthony+Harriott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlJyez-Nr70C%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gauldie2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gauldie2007_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Gauldie2007" class="citation book cs1">Robin Gauldie (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxjKy5YZPJIC&pg=PA17"><i>Jamaica</i></a>. New Holland Publishers. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-859-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84537-859-2"><bdi>978-1-84537-859-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705151158/http://books.google.com/books?id=MxjKy5YZPJIC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaica&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2007-07&rft.isbn=978-1-84537-859-2&rft.au=Robin+Gauldie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxjKy5YZPJIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-KleinDay2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinDay2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gauldie2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauldie2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale_Research_Company1977" class="citation book cs1">Gale Research Company, ed. (1977). <i>Countries of the World and Their Leaders</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810310384" title="Special:BookSources/9780810310384"><bdi>9780810310384</bdi></a>. <q>The Jamaica Labour Party ( JLP ) is a centrist party and is loosely organized at present .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+World+and+Their+Leaders&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780810310384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaicalabourparty.com/anthem">"The JLP Anthem"</a>. <i>jamaicalabourparty.com</i>. Jamaica Labour Party<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaicalabourparty.com&rft.atitle=The+JLP+Anthem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaicalabourparty.com%2Fanthem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green2002_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Green2002" class="citation book cs1">Charles Green (9 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXf9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133"><i>Manufacturing Powerlessness in the Black Diaspora: Inner-City Youth and the New Global Frontier</i></a>. AltaMira Press. pp. 133–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38626-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-38626-3"><bdi>978-0-585-38626-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001161749/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXf9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Powerlessness+in+the+Black+Diaspora%3A+Inner-City+Youth+and+the+New+Global+Frontier&rft.pages=133-&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2002-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-585-38626-3&rft.au=Charles+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXf9AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaprockiDolan2009-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaprockiDolan2009_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry_PaprockiSean_Dolan2009" class="citation book cs1">Sherry Paprocki; Sean Dolan (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSbYwAE6WjMC&pg=PA76"><i>Bob Marley: Musician</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 76–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0072-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-0072-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705151355/http://books.google.com/books?id=dSbYwAE6WjMC&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bob+Marley%3A+Musician&rft.pages=76-&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0072-2&rft.au=Sherry+Paprocki&rft.au=Sean+Dolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSbYwAE6WjMC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner2013-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foner2013_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Foner2013" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Foner (20 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDsjMHBHhsAC&pg=PT235"><i>One Out of Three: Immigrant New York in the 21st Century</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 235–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53513-7"><bdi>978-0-231-53513-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705150101/http://books.google.com/books?id=qDsjMHBHhsAC&pg=PT235">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Out+of+Three%3A+Immigrant+New+York+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=235-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53513-7&rft.au=Nancy+Foner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDsjMHBHhsAC%26pg%3DPT235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> (2005) <i>Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I</i>, pp432-435 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6">978-0-19-928357-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.V. Black, <i>A History of Jamaica</i> (London: Collins, 1975), p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Burke, "Norman Manley as premier", <i>Jamaica Observer, 13 August 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Norman-Manley-as-premier_17349996">http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Norman-Manley-as-premier_17349996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133213/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/Norman-Manley-as-premier_17349996">Archived</a> 2021-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 10 September 2020.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieter Nohlen (2005) <i>Elections in the Americas: A data handbook</i>, Volume I, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nohlen_2005_p430-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_2005_p430_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> (2005) <i>Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I</i>, p430 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6">978-0-19-928357-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Caribbean Elections: Jamaican Election Centre</i>, "Jamaican general election results 3 September 2007" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2007.asp">http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2007.asp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205164530/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2007.asp">Archived</a> 2020-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070909/news/news2.html">Pollster's diary: virtual motion picture of campaign 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622031614/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070909/news/news2.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jamaica Gleaner, 9 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Caribbean Elections: Jamaican Election Centre</i>, "Jamaican general election results 29 December 2011" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2011.asp">http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2011.asp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208122455/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2011.asp">Archived</a> 2020-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20131111/lead/lead1.html">"Real 'Man A Yaad' - Holness clobbers Shaw to remain JLP leader"</a>. 11 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114011739/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20131111/lead/lead1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+%27Man+A+Yaad%27+-+Holness+clobbers+Shaw+to+remain+JLP+leader&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20131111%2Flead%2Flead1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Caribbean Elections: Jamaican Election Centre</i>, "Jamaican general election results 25 February 2016" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2016.asp">http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2016.asp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731030013/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/jm/elections/jm_results_2016.asp">Archived</a> 2020-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 24 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20200903/javotes2020-jlp-trounces-pnp-49-14-seats">JLP Trounces PNP 49 To 14 Seats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200905085739/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20200903/javotes2020-jlp-trounces-pnp-49-14-seats">Archived</a> 5 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Gleaner, 3 September 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/americas/jamaicas-ruling-party-claims-landslide-victory-thursdays-general-election">"Jamaica's Ruling Party Claims Landslide Victory in Thursday's General Election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>. September 4, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910044615/https://www.voanews.com/americas/jamaicas-ruling-party-claims-landslide-victory-thursdays-general-election">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Jamaica%27s+Ruling+Party+Claims+Landslide+Victory+in+Thursday%27s+General+Election&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Famericas%2Fjamaicas-ruling-party-claims-landslide-victory-thursdays-general-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2020" class="citation web cs1">Charles, Jacqueline (September 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article245460120.html">"Prime Minister Andrew Holness and Jamaica Labor Party retain power in 'tsunami victory'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200905085502/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article245460120.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Andrew+Holness+and+Jamaica+Labor+Party+retain+power+in+%27tsunami+victory%27&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Farticle245460120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53997063">"Jamaica election: Andrew Holness' JLP re-elected amid rise in Covid-19 cases"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. September 4, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906223613/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53997063">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jamaica+election%3A+Andrew+Holness%27+JLP+re-elected+amid+rise+in+Covid-19+cases&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-53997063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2020" class="citation web cs1">Chappell, Kate (September 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jamaica-elections/jamaicas-ruling-party-claims-re-election-victory-in-landslide-win-idUSKBN25U1NU">"Jamaica's ruling party claims re-election victory in landslide win"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906141119/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jamaica-elections/jamaicas-ruling-party-claims-re-election-victory-in-landslide-win-idUSKBN25U1NU">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Jamaica%27s+ruling+party+claims+re-election+victory+in+landslide+win&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-jamaica-elections%2Fjamaicas-ruling-party-claims-re-election-victory-in-landslide-win-idUSKBN25U1NU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theguardian.newspapers.com/image/259695843/">"Feb 21, 1967, page 7 - The Guardian at The Guardian"</a>. <i>Newspapers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=Feb+21%2C+1967%2C+page+7+-+The+Guardian+at+The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheguardian.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F259695843%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173105/http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=8787">"Premierminister: Homosexualität ist nicht jamaikanisch"</a>. <i>queer.de</i> (in German). 23 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=8787">the original</a> on 29 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=queer.de&rft.atitle=Premierminister%3A+Homosexualit%C3%A4t+ist+nicht+jamaikanisch&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queer.de%2Fdetail.php%3Farticle_id%3D8787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Petre (8 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614082925/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20070707T160000-0500_125077_OBS_GOLDING_SAYS__NO__TO_HOMOSEXUALITY.asp">"Golding says 'no' to homosexuality"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jan/27/violent-prejudice-jamaica-gay-people">the original</a> on 4 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Violent+prejudice+against+Jamaica%27s+gay+people+must+stop&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fjan%2F27%2Fviolent-prejudice-jamaica-gay-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182452/http://glbtqjamaica.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/bruce-golding-on-is-jamaica-homophobic.html">"Bruce Golding on "Is Jamaica Homophobic?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Blogspot</i>. 13 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glbtqjamaica.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/bruce-golding-on-is-jamaica-homophobic.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blogspot&rft.atitle=Bruce+Golding+on+%22Is+Jamaica+Homophobic%3F%22&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglbtqjamaica.blogspot.co.uk%2F2010%2F10%2Fbruce-golding-on-is-jamaica-homophobic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2023" class="citation news cs1">Fowler, Richard (19 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardfowler/2023/01/19/jamaicas-prime-minister-pushes--forward-to-make-nation-a-republic/">"Jamaica's Prime Minister Pushes Forward To Make Nation A Republic"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Jamaica%27s+Prime+Minister+Pushes+Forward+To+Make+Nation+A+Republic&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frichardfowler%2F2023%2F01%2F19%2Fjamaicas-prime-minister-pushes--forward-to-make-nation-a-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2023" class="citation web cs1">Wilkinson, Bert (January 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2023/01/19/jamaica-limping-towards-a-republic-process-stalled/">"Jamaica limping towards a republic; process stalled"</a>. <i>New York Amsterdam News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Amsterdam+News&rft.atitle=Jamaica+limping+towards+a+republic%3B+process+stalled&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsterdamnews.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F01%2F19%2Fjamaica-limping-towards-a-republic-process-stalled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/the-1958-federal-election_128987?profile=1470">"Jamaica Observer Limited"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627082141/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/the-1958-federal-election_128987?profile=1470">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Observer+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-1958-federal-election_128987%3Fprofile%3D1470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaica+Labour+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Labour_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicalabourparty.com/">Official JLP website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history8.htm">History of the JLP and the PNP</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Jamaica215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jamaican_political_parties" title="Template:Jamaican political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jamaican_political_parties" title="Template talk:Jamaican political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaican_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jamaican political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Jamaica215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Jamaica" title="List of political parties in Jamaica">Political parties in Jamaica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Movement_(Jamaica)" title="National Democratic Movement (Jamaica)">National Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nation_Coalition" title="New Nation Coalition">New Nation Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Party" title="People's National Party">People's National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey_People%27s_Political_Party" title="Marcus Garvey People's Political Party">Marcus Garvey People's Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Left_Alliance_for_National_Democracy_and_Socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Left Alliance for National Democracy and Socialism (page does not exist)">Left Alliance for National Democracy and Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Patriotic_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamaica Patriotic Movement (page does not exist)">Jamaica Patriotic Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Conscience_Movement" title="Christian Conscience Movement">Christian Conscience Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Jamaica)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Jamaica)">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Jamaica" title="Communist Party of Jamaica">Communist Party of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Independent_Party" title="Convention Independent Party">Convention Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Party_(Jamaica)" title="Farmers' Party (Jamaica)">Farmers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ethiopian_World_Federation_Incorporated_Political_Party" title="Imperial Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated Political Party">Imperial Ethiopian World Federation Incorporated Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party_(Jamaica)" title="Independent Labour Party (Jamaica)">Independent Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Democratic_Party" title="Jamaica Democratic Party">Jamaica Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Independent_Movement" title="Jamaica Independent Movement">Jamaica Independent Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_United_Front" title="Jamaica United Front">Jamaica United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_United_Party" title="Jamaica United Party">Jamaica United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_We_Party" title="Jamaica We Party">Jamaica We Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bread_Foundation" title="Jerusalem Bread Foundation">Jerusalem Bread Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(Jamaica)" title="National Labour Party (Jamaica)">National Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Freedom_Movement_(Jamaica)" title="People's Freedom Movement (Jamaica)">People's Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Political_Party_(Jamaica)" title="People's Political Party (Jamaica)">People's Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Jamaica)" title="Republican Party (Jamaica)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_of_Jamaica" title="United Party of Jamaica">United Party of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Jamaica)" title="United People's Party (Jamaica)">United People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Jamaica" title="Workers Party of Jamaica">Workers Party of Jamaica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jamaica" title="Politics of Jamaica">Politics of Jamaica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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