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class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Peter Kraska</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43392273"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43392273/The_Material_Reality_of_State_Violence_The_Case_of_Police_Militarization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Material Reality of State Violence: The Case of Police Militarization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63688457/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43392273/The_Material_Reality_of_State_Violence_The_Case_of_Police_Militarization">The Material Reality of State Violence: The Case of Police Militarization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Routledge Handbook on International Police Violence</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter makes the case that the violence associated with police militarization is not "sense...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter makes the case that the violence associated with police militarization is not "senseless"; rather, it is a crucial component of a rational and robust political-economic and racial project. This analysis examines the foundational role that CJ economic forces assert in driving state violence, and the threat thereof, particularly as it relates to police militarization.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69a2e811fd53e2e5fa8bc22ac5f0f4fe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63688457,"asset_id":43392273,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63688457/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43392273"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43392273"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43392273; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915483"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915483/Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimacy_and_an_Infrastructure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Criminal Justice Theory: Toward Legitimacy and an Infrastructure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326793/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915483/Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimacy_and_an_Infrastructure">Criminal Justice Theory: Toward Legitimacy and an Infrastructure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Within Criminal Justice/Criminology, “theory” is generally assumed to be concerned with crime and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Within Criminal Justice/Criminology, “theory” is generally assumed to be concerned with crime and crime rates. Studying criminal justice is tacitly, and sometimes explicitly, relegated to the narrow role of evaluative and descriptive scholarship. This article explores the reasons for our field’s failure to recognize the importance of developing an accessible and well-recognized theoretical infrastructure not about crime, but criminal justice and crime control phenom- ena. It examines the complexity of our object of study when theorizing criminal justice and the efficacy of organizing criminal justice theory using multiple “theoretical orientations.” The conclusion stresses the essentiality of criminal justice theory, with particular emphasis on academic credibility, quality research, informed practices, and sound pedagogy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9ba39652ddb78cb0c12637af77ce8164" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326793,"asset_id":18915483,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326793/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915483"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915483"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915483; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915483]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915483]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915483; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18915483']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9ba39652ddb78cb0c12637af77ce8164" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18915483]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18915483,"title":"Criminal Justice Theory: Toward Legitimacy and an Infrastructure","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18915483/Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimacy_and_an_Infrastructure","owner_id":38992134,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":38992134,"first_name":"Peter","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kraska","page_name":"PeterKraska","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-11-23T12:34:04.164-08:00","display_name":"Peter Kraska","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska"},"attachments":[{"id":40326793,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326793/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jqtheory.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326793/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimac.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40326793/jqtheory-libre.pdf?1448365556=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCriminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimac.pdf\u0026Expires=1739723306\u0026Signature=Iq2~bN3SgNVY-RoYmnWPO0EhXN2qfwC1e~aUnAYqrY4djxPbMK1tDf1N5Kf9-6nVWqHuYZxvD2kHjVljhlDR215xOZDEYUq6NI7cwr-dkbir2k4sjouHf4KZ~jtNsrHIRsMfPsDs8pRlDASOi9PnMICw~bs0pZEH0cL1bJ62y-9yahrlFH-lM5CZ2MsmB6FIVdWZOI4j0xvBknTqNbPzL0Rrkt8-K53F3mnIKWWO6zbHNTIAZs-Ciz~u5CWyMgqE9kKnqxCrnKIYoldkIzAHXaV98sBguw3ObJ-Yp5Yy40sRQ112F8XRPrSuGp02n6reJ8VJLmy-sa~5acJHnIorGg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915433"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915433/Trafficking_in_Bodily_Perfection_Examining_the_Late_Modern_Steroid_Marketplace_and_its_Criminalization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Trafficking in Bodily Perfection: Examining the Late-Modern Steroid Marketplace and its Criminalization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326736/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915433/Trafficking_in_Bodily_Perfection_Examining_the_Late_Modern_Steroid_Marketplace_and_its_Criminalization">Trafficking in Bodily Perfection: Examining the Late-Modern Steroid Marketplace and its Criminalization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Illicit steroid and human growth hormone use by professional athletes has received significant me...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Illicit steroid and human growth hormone use by professional athletes has received significant media and political attention in the last five years. The resulting political pressure has compelled federal law enforcement to prosecute serious new control initiatives. To date, no academic research inquiring into the nature of this illicit industry exists. This study fills this void through the mixed methods approach—employing both ethnographic field research and quantitative content analysis. The ethnographic data demonstrate a fascinating late-modern trafficking scheme where the central informant established an apartment-based manufacturing operation, converting raw steroid chemical compounds ordered off the Internet into injectable solutions. Content analysis of 186 websites that supply anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) demonstrates that these grounded findings are indicative of a much larger phenomenon. Our final analysis examines the broader theoretical relevance of the ethnographic findings through contex- tualizing them within macro-structural (supply) and macro-cultural (demand) social forces.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="65f2db9450114870308a1f07aa7ddcde" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326736,"asset_id":18915433,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326736/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915433"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915433"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915433; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915433]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915433]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915433; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18915433']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "65f2db9450114870308a1f07aa7ddcde" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18915433]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18915433,"title":"Trafficking in Bodily Perfection: Examining the Late-Modern Steroid Marketplace and its Criminalization","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18915433/Trafficking_in_Bodily_Perfection_Examining_the_Late_Modern_Steroid_Marketplace_and_its_Criminalization","owner_id":38992134,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":38992134,"first_name":"Peter","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kraska","page_name":"PeterKraska","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-11-23T12:34:04.164-08:00","display_name":"Peter Kraska","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska"},"attachments":[{"id":40326736,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326736/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jqsteroid.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326736/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Trafficking_in_Bodily_Perfection_Examini.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40326736/jqsteroid-libre.pdf?1448365429=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTrafficking_in_Bodily_Perfection_Examini.pdf\u0026Expires=1739723306\u0026Signature=V9SRCXJj~Gn77sbk1ZnDG2475nBr3ovAbuWcONglkA0UydW-X6za6McT3T2g7BvxleViGzeU6eTXAkbXgXqEo1zdbarRRsoz9TLm65LjsL1EoDR1dUyGpiwxiCzqaI2xjC9ELGbLNw0rIlm1IAB97bnLt6m21M8xJ3vcdPcgXE4Z4VFmnYoKH8mHoJ09hp7LI1Qr5qpQdcquXaptzqQT2MWKtvI1SE3lhbBtVR4vMx8X1xUM4KYD5ocDmSykaMXt-IkFussoyRPq7hYQGzOJf~AgtiRkkSN3qXk9mTuYza3UKaJpmvvKz4yhLl7542JurTRbpZE1ElxLUED7b8y2Pg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915183"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915183/Militarization_and_Policing_Its_Relevance_to_21st_Century_Police"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Militarization and Policing -- Its Relevance to 21st Century Police" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326590/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915183/Militarization_and_Policing_Its_Relevance_to_21st_Century_Police">Militarization and Policing -- Its Relevance to 21st Century Police</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This work examines the blurring distinctions between the police and military institutions and bet...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This work examines the blurring distinctions between the police and military institutions and between war and law enforcement. In this article, the author asserts that understanding this blur, and the associated organizing concepts militarization and militarism, are essential for accurately analyzing the changing nature of security, and the activity of policing, in the late-modern era of the 21st century.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4d02ebaf51a012671ac5a99603ce7cc7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326590,"asset_id":18915183,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326590/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915183"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915183"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915183; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915120"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915120/_Fighting_is_the_Most_Real_and_Honest_Thing_Violence_and_the_Civilization_Barbarism_Dialectic"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of "Fighting is the Most Real and Honest Thing": Violence and the Civilization/Barbarism Dialectic" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326486/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915120/_Fighting_is_the_Most_Real_and_Honest_Thing_Violence_and_the_Civilization_Barbarism_Dialectic">"Fighting is the Most Real and Honest Thing": Violence and the Civilization/Barbarism Dialectic</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Over the past two decades, the activity of 'cage-fighting' has attracted massive audiences and si...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Over the past two decades, the activity of 'cage-fighting' has attracted massive audiences and significant attention from media and political outlets. Underlying the spectacle of these massconsumed events is a growing world of underground sport fighting. By offering more brutal and less regulated forms of violence, this hidden variant of fighting lies at the blurry and shifting intersection between licit and illicit forms of recreation. This paper offers a theoretical and ethnographic exploration of the motivations and emotive frameworks of these unsanctioned fighters. We find that buried within the long-term process towards greater civility rest the seeds for social unrest, individual rebellion and ontological upheaval. By revealing the dialectical relationship between contemporary mechanisms of control and these uncivil performances, we argue these transgressions are a visceral reaction to today's highly rationalized modes of state and social governance. More broadly, we attempt to understand the interrelationship between contemporary controls and sport fighting as a microcosm of the long-running struggle between civility and barbarism. . 1 'Steppin in' was a common term used by fighters to signify entering into a fighting-that is, 'stepping into' the fight space against another. As time in the field progressed, this term was also employed, then, to mean 'stepping out' of their regular life and into another.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="65e5126638bef6e3eb112538db4661eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326486,"asset_id":18915120,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326486/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915120"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915120"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915120; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18891641"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/18891641/A_textual_critique_of_community_policing_police_adaption_to_high_modernity"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A textual critique of community policing: police adaption to high modernity" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/18891641/A_textual_critique_of_community_policing_police_adaption_to_high_modernity">A textual critique of community policing: police adaption to high modernity</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska">Peter Kraska</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://eku.academia.edu/VictorKappeler">Victor Kappeler</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management</span><span>, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... Question cluster 3, presented in Table II, steers audience interpretation away from a politic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Question cluster 3, presented in Table II, steers audience interpretation away from a political-economically based understanding of policing to a scientific focus; an interpretation not based on traditional legal actions or activities but on the imaged products of policing. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18891641"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18891641"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18891641; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18891641]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18891641,"title":"A textual critique of community policing: police adaption to high modernity","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18891641/A_textual_critique_of_community_policing_police_adaption_to_high_modernity","owner_id":38842592,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":38842592,"first_name":"Victor","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kappeler","page_name":"VictorKappeler","domain_name":"eku","created_at":"2015-11-21T12:33:34.941-08:00","display_name":"Victor Kappeler","url":"https://eku.academia.edu/VictorKappeler"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18891661"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/18891661/The_state_of_state_crime_research_A_commentary"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The state of state crime research: A commentary" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/18891661/The_state_of_state_crime_research_A_commentary">The state of state crime research: A commentary</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ubalt.academia.edu/JeffreyIanRoss">Jeffrey Ian Ross</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://eku.academia.edu/VictorKappeler">Victor Kappeler</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ConvictCriminologyNetwork">Convict Criminology Network</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GBarak">Gregg Barak</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FerrellJeff">Jeff Ferrell</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HammMark">Mark Hamm</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DFriedrichs">David Friedrichs</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska">Peter Kraska</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Humanity & Society</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Résumé/Abstract Ce commentaire souligne les difficultés actuelles rencontées en matière de concep...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Résumé/Abstract Ce commentaire souligne les difficultés actuelles rencontées en matière de conceptualisation, de recherche et de traitement du crime d&#x27;Etat. L&#x27;absence de consensus quant à la définition d&#x27;un crime d&#x27;Etat, ainsi que les réticences de la part des services relevant de l&#x27;Etat expliquent en partie certains blocages. Il fournit également une série de recommandations pour favoriser l&#x27;acceptation de la recherche sur le crime d&#x27;Etat dans le champ de la criminologie et de la justice criminelle. La résistance populaire aux ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18891661"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18891661"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18891661; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18891661]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18891661]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18808763"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18808763/Normalising_police_militarisation_living_in_denial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Normalising police militarisation, living in denial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40266181/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18808763/Normalising_police_militarisation_living_in_denial">Normalising police militarisation, living in denial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska">Peter Kraska</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://eku.academia.edu/VictorKappeler">Victor Kappeler</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The militarisation of policing in the USA continues to be a critical area of enquiry for both the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The militarisation of policing in the USA continues to be a critical area of enquiry for both the police and the society. Recent events in Boston speak to the centrality of this area of research for understanding state responses to an array of social problems, including violence, terrorism and civil unrest. The police capacity to organise and distribute state-sponsored violence as well as the ability to shape institutional appearances while doing so, impacts issues of civil rights, domestic order and the quality of political life in a democracy. The importance of the topic, coupled with the fact that we have made a modest contribution to the literature on this phenomenon, led us to read Garth den Heyer's essay with keen interest.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2e393667c11a04f08445500b56022837" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40266181,"asset_id":18808763,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40266181/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18808763"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18808763"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18808763; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="4121437" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43392273"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43392273/The_Material_Reality_of_State_Violence_The_Case_of_Police_Militarization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Material Reality of State Violence: The Case of Police Militarization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63688457/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43392273/The_Material_Reality_of_State_Violence_The_Case_of_Police_Militarization">The Material Reality of State Violence: The Case of Police Militarization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Routledge Handbook on International Police Violence</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter makes the case that the violence associated with police militarization is not "sense...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter makes the case that the violence associated with police militarization is not "senseless"; rather, it is a crucial component of a rational and robust political-economic and racial project. This analysis examines the foundational role that CJ economic forces assert in driving state violence, and the threat thereof, particularly as it relates to police militarization.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69a2e811fd53e2e5fa8bc22ac5f0f4fe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63688457,"asset_id":43392273,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63688457/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43392273"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43392273"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43392273; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915483"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915483/Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimacy_and_an_Infrastructure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Criminal Justice Theory: Toward Legitimacy and an Infrastructure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326793/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915483/Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimacy_and_an_Infrastructure">Criminal Justice Theory: Toward Legitimacy and an Infrastructure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Within Criminal Justice/Criminology, “theory” is generally assumed to be concerned with crime and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Within Criminal Justice/Criminology, “theory” is generally assumed to be concerned with crime and crime rates. Studying criminal justice is tacitly, and sometimes explicitly, relegated to the narrow role of evaluative and descriptive scholarship. This article explores the reasons for our field’s failure to recognize the importance of developing an accessible and well-recognized theoretical infrastructure not about crime, but criminal justice and crime control phenom- ena. It examines the complexity of our object of study when theorizing criminal justice and the efficacy of organizing criminal justice theory using multiple “theoretical orientations.” The conclusion stresses the essentiality of criminal justice theory, with particular emphasis on academic credibility, quality research, informed practices, and sound pedagogy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9ba39652ddb78cb0c12637af77ce8164" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326793,"asset_id":18915483,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326793/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915483"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915483"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915483; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915483]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915483]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915483; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18915483']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9ba39652ddb78cb0c12637af77ce8164" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18915483]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18915483,"title":"Criminal Justice Theory: Toward Legitimacy and an Infrastructure","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18915483/Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimacy_and_an_Infrastructure","owner_id":38992134,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":38992134,"first_name":"Peter","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kraska","page_name":"PeterKraska","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-11-23T12:34:04.164-08:00","display_name":"Peter Kraska","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska"},"attachments":[{"id":40326793,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326793/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"jqtheory.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326793/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Criminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimac.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40326793/jqtheory-libre.pdf?1448365556=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCriminal_Justice_Theory_Toward_Legitimac.pdf\u0026Expires=1739723306\u0026Signature=Iq2~bN3SgNVY-RoYmnWPO0EhXN2qfwC1e~aUnAYqrY4djxPbMK1tDf1N5Kf9-6nVWqHuYZxvD2kHjVljhlDR215xOZDEYUq6NI7cwr-dkbir2k4sjouHf4KZ~jtNsrHIRsMfPsDs8pRlDASOi9PnMICw~bs0pZEH0cL1bJ62y-9yahrlFH-lM5CZ2MsmB6FIVdWZOI4j0xvBknTqNbPzL0Rrkt8-K53F3mnIKWWO6zbHNTIAZs-Ciz~u5CWyMgqE9kKnqxCrnKIYoldkIzAHXaV98sBguw3ObJ-Yp5Yy40sRQ112F8XRPrSuGp02n6reJ8VJLmy-sa~5acJHnIorGg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915433"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915433/Trafficking_in_Bodily_Perfection_Examining_the_Late_Modern_Steroid_Marketplace_and_its_Criminalization"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Trafficking in Bodily Perfection: Examining the Late-Modern Steroid Marketplace and its Criminalization" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326736/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915433/Trafficking_in_Bodily_Perfection_Examining_the_Late_Modern_Steroid_Marketplace_and_its_Criminalization">Trafficking in Bodily Perfection: Examining the Late-Modern Steroid Marketplace and its Criminalization</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Illicit steroid and human growth hormone use by professional athletes has received significant me...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Illicit steroid and human growth hormone use by professional athletes has received significant media and political attention in the last five years. The resulting political pressure has compelled federal law enforcement to prosecute serious new control initiatives. To date, no academic research inquiring into the nature of this illicit industry exists. This study fills this void through the mixed methods approach—employing both ethnographic field research and quantitative content analysis. The ethnographic data demonstrate a fascinating late-modern trafficking scheme where the central informant established an apartment-based manufacturing operation, converting raw steroid chemical compounds ordered off the Internet into injectable solutions. Content analysis of 186 websites that supply anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) demonstrates that these grounded findings are indicative of a much larger phenomenon. Our final analysis examines the broader theoretical relevance of the ethnographic findings through contex- tualizing them within macro-structural (supply) and macro-cultural (demand) social forces.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="65f2db9450114870308a1f07aa7ddcde" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326736,"asset_id":18915433,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326736/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915433"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915433"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915433; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915183"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915183/Militarization_and_Policing_Its_Relevance_to_21st_Century_Police"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Militarization and Policing -- Its Relevance to 21st Century Police" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326590/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915183/Militarization_and_Policing_Its_Relevance_to_21st_Century_Police">Militarization and Policing -- Its Relevance to 21st Century Police</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This work examines the blurring distinctions between the police and military institutions and bet...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This work examines the blurring distinctions between the police and military institutions and between war and law enforcement. In this article, the author asserts that understanding this blur, and the associated organizing concepts militarization and militarism, are essential for accurately analyzing the changing nature of security, and the activity of policing, in the late-modern era of the 21st century.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4d02ebaf51a012671ac5a99603ce7cc7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326590,"asset_id":18915183,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326590/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915183"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915183"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915183; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915183]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915183]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915183; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18915183']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4d02ebaf51a012671ac5a99603ce7cc7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18915183]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18915183,"title":"Militarization and Policing -- Its Relevance to 21st Century Police","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18915183/Militarization_and_Policing_Its_Relevance_to_21st_Century_Police","owner_id":38992134,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":38992134,"first_name":"Peter","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kraska","page_name":"PeterKraska","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-11-23T12:34:04.164-08:00","display_name":"Peter Kraska","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska"},"attachments":[{"id":40326590,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326590/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"21stmilitarization.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326590/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Militarization_and_Policing_Its_Relevanc.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40326590/21stmilitarization-libre.pdf?1448365126=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMilitarization_and_Policing_Its_Relevanc.pdf\u0026Expires=1739723306\u0026Signature=DgOO7TlH4XbWWAzQI1zpvNAarEw88KuIJxIZuiMBfGmCSG7TKcxzLhjc8sL8kQzUGPAvLJ-iADQzYsxkh0az6WciV1d2k1uKGSkK99zClB096rdSKh1ZVWf4RoHIflKN7KuKO6~bihGF3KUVldvqO8~zkSQ2N0z9xj2LKM9BvnqJXUe5AC5HQ111SX9e3LOr91TQc2S9685QJsw3Lp-fqsQKakOd2x~Eq~~zbKO1miQgqhZL~Q-Hi~8Q-2BMLFfFzafWLZ6fYdFWtvN5G9o3U8et~fN0RwoTupCLmW44PJNJnE9JxCRnoUT4~IEgkEymRHmZpT5dO~vF78NxZWcSVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18915120"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915120/_Fighting_is_the_Most_Real_and_Honest_Thing_Violence_and_the_Civilization_Barbarism_Dialectic"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of "Fighting is the Most Real and Honest Thing": Violence and the Civilization/Barbarism Dialectic" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326486/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18915120/_Fighting_is_the_Most_Real_and_Honest_Thing_Violence_and_the_Civilization_Barbarism_Dialectic">"Fighting is the Most Real and Honest Thing": Violence and the Civilization/Barbarism Dialectic</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Over the past two decades, the activity of 'cage-fighting' has attracted massive audiences and si...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Over the past two decades, the activity of 'cage-fighting' has attracted massive audiences and significant attention from media and political outlets. Underlying the spectacle of these massconsumed events is a growing world of underground sport fighting. By offering more brutal and less regulated forms of violence, this hidden variant of fighting lies at the blurry and shifting intersection between licit and illicit forms of recreation. This paper offers a theoretical and ethnographic exploration of the motivations and emotive frameworks of these unsanctioned fighters. We find that buried within the long-term process towards greater civility rest the seeds for social unrest, individual rebellion and ontological upheaval. By revealing the dialectical relationship between contemporary mechanisms of control and these uncivil performances, we argue these transgressions are a visceral reaction to today's highly rationalized modes of state and social governance. More broadly, we attempt to understand the interrelationship between contemporary controls and sport fighting as a microcosm of the long-running struggle between civility and barbarism. . 1 'Steppin in' was a common term used by fighters to signify entering into a fighting-that is, 'stepping into' the fight space against another. As time in the field progressed, this term was also employed, then, to mean 'stepping out' of their regular life and into another.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="65e5126638bef6e3eb112538db4661eb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40326486,"asset_id":18915120,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326486/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18915120"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18915120"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915120; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915120]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18915120]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18915120; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='18915120']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "65e5126638bef6e3eb112538db4661eb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=18915120]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":18915120,"title":"\"Fighting is the Most Real and Honest Thing\": Violence and the Civilization/Barbarism Dialectic","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18915120/_Fighting_is_the_Most_Real_and_Honest_Thing_Violence_and_the_Civilization_Barbarism_Dialectic","owner_id":38992134,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":38992134,"first_name":"Peter","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kraska","page_name":"PeterKraska","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-11-23T12:34:04.164-08:00","display_name":"Peter Kraska","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska"},"attachments":[{"id":40326486,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40326486/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"sport_fighting_brent_kraska.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40326486/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fighting_is_the_Most_Real_and_Honest_Th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40326486/sport_fighting_brent_kraska-libre.pdf?1448364966=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFighting_is_the_Most_Real_and_Honest_Th.pdf\u0026Expires=1739723306\u0026Signature=efHZhPPN0b~wHVgt3zM2FiCKy~94CmajjdPJTVCkeMt0lWtOLUass36A1SceXKc9J035Qh7LnV6ixkOwEI1zRe91i2-1Gf946YLHHMfCAye1n9Rchi-jbG6x4WrDkQhENdtEuw5V4EpwZEgnPxq4CF-tINkf6Gm9RoC-Y0197mw-OdDqVTdx7HuqseufXJc0mS38SYxwEKc5PY7jS~cSRFFKTypO6Bwvf4Pd8~aLh6IBR0-~6mdhVOWWJVsjZfIVEr7yBO6G3MB8yhPxhgvIw1HBYf~UE3iocCJh5Hl8m-wpWngAPof5WAJLaL0cQTSq3h1o9fKisFv-9pKyCoFGwg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18891641"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/18891641/A_textual_critique_of_community_policing_police_adaption_to_high_modernity"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A textual critique of community policing: police adaption to high modernity" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/18891641/A_textual_critique_of_community_policing_police_adaption_to_high_modernity">A textual critique of community policing: police adaption to high modernity</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska">Peter Kraska</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://eku.academia.edu/VictorKappeler">Victor Kappeler</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management</span><span>, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... Question cluster 3, presented in Table II, steers audience interpretation away from a politic...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... Question cluster 3, presented in Table II, steers audience interpretation away from a political-economically based understanding of policing to a scientific focus; an interpretation not based on traditional legal actions or activities but on the imaged products of policing. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18891641"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18891641"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18891641; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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L&#x27;absence de consensus quant à la définition d&#x27;un crime d&#x27;Etat, ainsi que les réticences de la part des services relevant de l&#x27;Etat expliquent en partie certains blocages. Il fournit également une série de recommandations pour favoriser l&#x27;acceptation de la recherche sur le crime d&#x27;Etat dans le champ de la criminologie et de la justice criminelle. La résistance populaire aux ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18891661"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18891661"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18891661; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18891661]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18891661]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="18808763"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/18808763/Normalising_police_militarisation_living_in_denial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Normalising police militarisation, living in denial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40266181/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/18808763/Normalising_police_militarisation_living_in_denial">Normalising police militarisation, living in denial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterKraska">Peter Kraska</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://eku.academia.edu/VictorKappeler">Victor Kappeler</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The militarisation of policing in the USA continues to be a critical area of enquiry for both the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The militarisation of policing in the USA continues to be a critical area of enquiry for both the police and the society. Recent events in Boston speak to the centrality of this area of research for understanding state responses to an array of social problems, including violence, terrorism and civil unrest. The police capacity to organise and distribute state-sponsored violence as well as the ability to shape institutional appearances while doing so, impacts issues of civil rights, domestic order and the quality of political life in a democracy. The importance of the topic, coupled with the fact that we have made a modest contribution to the literature on this phenomenon, led us to read Garth den Heyer's essay with keen interest.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2e393667c11a04f08445500b56022837" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40266181,"asset_id":18808763,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40266181/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="18808763"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18808763"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18808763; 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