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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arbitration movement 1890s-1914 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arbitration_movement_1890s-1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arbitration_treaties_of_1911–1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitration_treaties_of_1911–1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arbitration treaties of 1911–1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitration_treaties_of_1911–1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s_and_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s_and_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1920s and 1930s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1920s_and_1930s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1920s and 1930s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1920s_and_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-League_of_Nations_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Nations_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>League of Nations debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Nations_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_disarmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_disarmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Naval disarmament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_disarmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kellogg–Briand_Pact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kellogg–Briand_Pact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Kellogg–Briand Pact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kellogg–Briand_Pact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Opposition elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War:_1947–1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War:_1947–1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cold War: 1947–1989</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cold_War:_1947–1989-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cold War: 1947–1989 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cold_War:_1947–1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001_Afghanistan_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001_Afghanistan_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>2001 Afghanistan War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001_Afghanistan_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Iraq War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published_in_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_in_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Published in 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_in_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1.1</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_in_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_in_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Published in 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_in_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2.1</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2.2</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a> has manifested in the United States in a variety of forms (such as <a href="/wiki/Peace_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace movements">peace movements</a>), and in myriad contexts (such as <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">opposition</a> to the Civil War and to nuclear weapons). In general, it exists in contrast to an acceptance of the necessity of war for national defense.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg/220px-Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg/330px-Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg/440px-Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption><i>The Peaceable Kingdom</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1834</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antiwar activity in the colonial era was limited to certain churches.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_churches">Peace churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Peace churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Colonial Pennsylvania several small German religious sects, especially the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Church of the Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> were <a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a>. They clung to the antiwar positions they had developed in Europe. They minimized contact with the larger society.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1780s to the mid-19th century the <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> attracted attention for their commitment to peace. They practiced celibacy but recruited heavily and numbered about 4000.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quakers">Quakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></div> <p>Much more influential in the long-run was the growing pacifism of the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>. They were eager and able to proclaim their message widely. They controlled Pennsylvania politics until they refused to fight the native Americans who were allied with the French enemy and attacking frontier farms. They therefore gave up power in 1755. During the American Revolution (1775–1783) their general policy was neutrality between the King and Congress, to not serve in the army, and not to pay war taxes. Quaker intellectuals and activists played a major role in developing an anti-war Peace Position and spreading the word in the new nation. In the Civil War (1861–1865), the destruction of slavery was a higher priority than pacifism. About a fourth of young Quakers fought in the army, and most supported the Civil War with taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States</a></div> <p>Opposition to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> was strongest in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, which conducted significant amounts of trade with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and weakest in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. Many New Englands opposed the war on political, economic and religious grounds. The war started during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and the ruling <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> under presidents <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> fiercely opposed seizures of American shipping by Britain and France and were hostile to both sides. From the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> onward, the British impressed American sailors who had once been <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> (many of whom were deserters) into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and cut off U.S. trade with France. Jefferson tried to use the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> to gain leverage by making exports illegal. This badly hurt the New England economy; smuggling exports into Canada resulted. Britain refused to rescind the 1807 <a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">Orders in Council</a>. </p><p>Jeffersonian <a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">war hawks</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John Calhoun</a> demanded war with Britain. Madison obliged in an effort to maintain American rights and honor in what contemporaries called, "The second war for independence."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vehement <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">protests</a> against "Mr. Madison's War" erupted in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> strongholds in New England. Three governors refused to place their <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">state militias</a> under <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> control for duty outside the territory of their respective states. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/1812_and_1813_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections">1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections</a>, eight sitting New England congressmen were rejected by the voters, and several others saw the writing on the wall and declined to seek re-election. There was a complete turnover of the New Hampshire delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizing_a_peace_movement">Organizing a peace movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organizing a peace movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war ended in February 1815. The first movement in the United States was the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Peace_Society" title="New York Peace Society">New York Peace Society</a>, founded in 1815 by theologian <a href="/wiki/David_Low_Dodge" title="David Low Dodge">David Low Dodge</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Peace_Society" title="Massachusetts Peace Society">Massachusetts Peace Society</a>. The groups merged into the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Society" title="American Peace Society">American Peace Society</a>, which held weekly meetings and produced literature that was spread as far as <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> describing the horrors of war and advocating pacifism on Christian grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement#American_Civil_War" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement § American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">Opposition to the American Civil War</a></div> <p>After the election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1861, the Deep South cotton states led by South Carolina, seceded from the union and established a new Confederate States of America. A civil war was imminent, and a large fraction of public opinion, especially in the north, decried the horrors of an imminent war with massive depth suffering and destruction. The peace movement had weakened greatly in the 1850s, as it used violence to stop the return of runaway slaves and supported the violence in Kansas. Remaining pacifists called for peaceful separation, as did many prominent civic leaders of both parties North and South.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merle Curti notes the traditional rhetoric of pacifism was seldom heard. Instead the pacifists said non-violence only applied to international affairs. They tolerated or engaged in violence to defend the nation, repress insurrection, and free the slaves. With the Confederate artillery attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, the mood in the North decisively changed, bringing a hyperpatriotic emphasis on defending the United States in the name of American nationalism. The abolitionist movement had long contained a powerful pacifist element, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>. After Sumter the abolitionists called for an intensive total war to destroy slavery once and for all. The peace movement, had weakened in the 1850s and was no practically dead, apart from a large faction of Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of 1861 opposition to the war, in both North and South, was scattered and often violent; it was based on politics not pacifism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arbitration_movement_1890s-1914">Arbitration movement 1890s-1914</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arbitration movement 1890s-1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_arbitration" title="International arbitration">International arbitration</a></div> <p>The U.S. and Great Britain were pioneers in the use of arbitration to resolve their differences. It was first used in the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> of 1795 negotiated by <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, and played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a> case of 1872 whereby major tensions regarding the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="United Kingdom and the American Civil War">United Kingdom and the American Civil War</a> were resolved. At the First International Conference of American States in 1890, a plan for systematic arbitration was developed, but not accepted. The <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Peace Conference</a> of 1899 saw the major world powers agree to a system of arbitration and the creation of a Permanent Court of Arbitration. Arbitration was widely discussed among diplomats and elites in the 1890–1914 era. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1895" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela Crisis of 1895">The 1895 dispute between the United States and Britain over Venezuela</a> was peacefully resolved through arbitration. Both nations realized that a mechanism was desirable to avoid possible future conflicts. The <a href="/wiki/Olney-Pauncefote_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Olney-Pauncefote Treaty">Olney-Pauncefote Treaty</a> of 1897 was a proposed treaty between the United States and Britain in 1897 that required arbitration of major disputes. The treaty was rejected by the U.S. Senate and never went into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitration_treaties_of_1911–1914"><span id="Arbitration_treaties_of_1911.E2.80.931914"></span>Arbitration treaties of 1911–1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arbitration treaties of 1911–1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (1909–1913) was a major advocate of arbitration as a major reform of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. In 1911 Taft and his Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> negotiated major treaties with Britain and with France providing that differences be arbitrated. Disputes had to be submitted to the Hague Court or other tribunal. These were signed in August 1911 but had to be ratified by a two thirds vote of the Senate. Neither Taft nor Knox consulted with members of the Senate during the negotiating process. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft, and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arbitration issue opens a window on a bitter philosophical dispute among progressives. One faction, led by Taft, looked to legal arbitration as the best alternative to warfare. Taft was a constitutional lawyer who later became Chief Justice; he had a deep understanding of the legal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft's political base was the conservative business community which largely supported peace movements before 1914. However, his mistake in this case was a failure to mobilize that base. The businessmen believed that economic rivalries were cause of war, and that extensive trade led to an interdependent world that would make war a very expensive and useless anachronism. </p><p>However, an opposing faction of progressives, led by ex-president Theodore Roosevelt, ridiculed arbitration as foolhardy idealism, and insisted on the realism of warfare as the only solution to serious disputes. Taft's treaties with France and Britain were killed by Roosevelt, who had broken with his protégé Taft in 1910. They were dueling for control of the Republican Party. Roosevelt worked with his close friend Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> to impose those amendments that ruined the goals of the treaties. Lodge thought the treaties impinge too much on senatorial prerogatives.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt, however, was acting to sabotage Taft's campaign promises.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed that arbitration was a naïve solution and the great issues had to be decided by warfare. The Rooseveltian approach had a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although no general arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled several disputes with Great Britain by peaceful means, often involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal hunting in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> that also involved Japan, and a similar disagreement regarding fishing off Newfoundland.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> (1913–1915), a leading Democrat, worked energetically to promote international arbitration agreements. His efforts were negated by the outbreak of World War I. Bryan negotiated 28 treaties that promised arbitration of disputes before war broke out between the signatory countries and the United States. He made several attempts to negotiate a treaty with Germany, but ultimately was never able to succeed. The agreements, known officially as "Treaties for the Advancement of Peace," set up procedures for conciliation rather than for arbitration.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arbitration treaties were negotiated after the war, but attracted much less attention than the negotiation mechanism created by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I#In_the_United_States" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition to World War I § In the United States</a></div> <p>There is a very large scholarly literature on opposition to the war in 1914-1917.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is less on opposition in 1917-1918, and focuses on repression of the antiwar left by the government<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On women see <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1920s_and_1930s">1920s and 1930s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1920s and 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Nations_debate">League of Nations debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: League of Nations debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>see: Warren F. Kuehl, and Lynne Dunn, <i>Keeping the covenant: American internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920-1939</i> (Kent State University Press, 1997). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_disarmament">Naval disarmament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Naval disarmament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg/170px-Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg/255px-Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg/340px-Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, former Supreme Court Justice and Harding's Secretary of State</figcaption></figure> <p>While many peace activists in the 1920s were disappointed that the U.S. never joined the League of Nations of the World Court, they did support American leadership in achieving a major reduction in naval weapons among the leading powers. The Washington conference was heavily promoted by the major peace groups: the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Foundation" title="World Peace Foundation">World Peace Foundation</a>; the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_International_Conciliation" title="American Association for International Conciliation">American Association for International Conciliation</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Peace_Society" title="Women's Peace Society">Women's Peace Society</a>; the Women's World Disarmament Committee; the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Churches_of_Christ_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America">Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of World War I, the United States had the largest navy and one of the largest armies in the world. With no serious threat to the United States itself, the White House presided over the disarmament of the navy and the army. The army shrank to 140,000 men, while naval reduction was based on a policy of parity with Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to prevent an arms race, Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">William Borah</a> won passage of a congressional resolution calling for a 50 percent reduction of the American Navy, the British Navy, and the Japanese Navy. With Congress's backing, Harding and Hughes began preparations to hold a naval disarmament conference in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a> convened in November 1921, with representatives from the U.S., Japan, Britain, France, Italy, China, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal—but not Germany (which had no navy) or the Soviet Union. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> assumed a primary role in the conference and made the pivotal proposal—the U.S. would reduce its number of warships by 30 if Great Britain decommissioned 19 ships and Japan decommissioned 17 ships. A journalist covering the conference wrote that "Hughes sank in thirty-five minutes more ships than all of the admirals of the world have sunk in a cycle of centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference produced six treaties and twelve resolutions among the participating nations. The United States, Britain, Japan, and France reached the <a href="/wiki/Four-Power_Treaty" title="Four-Power Treaty">Four-Power Treaty</a>, in which each country agreed to respect the territorial integrity of one another in the Pacific Ocean. Those four powers as well as Italy also reached the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a>, which established a ratio of battleship tonnage that each country agreed to respect. In the <a href="/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty" title="Nine-Power Treaty">Nine-Power Treaty</a>, each signatory agreed to respect the <a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a> in China, and Japan agreed to return <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> to China.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaties only remained in effect until the mid-1930s, however, and ultimately failed. Japan eventually invaded <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and the arms limitations no longer had any effect. The building of "monster warships" resumed and the U.S. and Great Britain were unable to quickly rearm themselves to defend an international order and stop Japan from remilitarizing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kellogg–Briand_Pact"><span id="Kellogg.E2.80.93Briand_Pact"></span>Kellogg–Briand Pact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kellogg–Briand Pact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a></div> <p>The Kellogg–Briand Pact – officially the <i>General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy</i> is a 1928 <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">international agreement on peace</a> in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them".<sup id="cite_ref-yale_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was devised by American lawyers <a href="/wiki/Salmon_Levinson" title="Salmon Levinson">Salmon Levinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_T._Shotwell" title="James T. Shotwell">James T. Shotwell</a>, and promoted by Senator <a href="/wiki/William_E._Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Borah">William E. Borah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pact was signed in August 1928 by fifteen nations: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States. Another 47 soon joined. Sponsored by France and the U.S., the Pact is named after its authors, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="French foreign minister">French foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>. The pact was concluded outside the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and remains in effect today.<sup id="cite_ref-UKHOC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKHOC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It formally condemned “recourse to war for the solution of international controversies.” It put into effect the long-standing pacifist goal that interstate wars be declared a violation of international law. The axhievement was recognized when Briand and Kellogg were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common criticism is that the Kellogg–Briand Pact did prevent wars—but that was not its object.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was unable to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> but it was the base for trial of Nazi leaders in 1946. They were executed as punishment for violating Kellogg-Briand. Furthermore, declared wars became very rare after 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realists have ridiculed it for its <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">moralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Western_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Western philosophy)">legalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the pact served as the legal basis for the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against peace">crime against peace</a>, for which the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Tribunal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Trials">Tokyo Tribunal</a> tried and executed the top leaders responsible for starting World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Askin1997_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Askin1997-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar provisions to those in the Kellogg–Briand Pact were later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a> and other treaties, which gave rise to a more activist American foreign policy which began with the signing of the pact.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephson1979_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson1979-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">United States non-interventionism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition to World War II</a></div> <p>In the 1930s influential theologian <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> rejected overly idealist pacifism as "perverse sentimentality," in favor of <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a Gallup poll conducted in the opening days of the war (September 1 to September 6, 1939), Americans were asked if the US should "declare war on Germany in support of England, France and Poland and should deploy forces to assist those countries." They gave a strong "No!," with 90% saying no and 8% saying yes. In a separate question from the same poll, respondents were asked what level of assistance should be given to the British, Polish and French. When asked about selling food, 74% agreed while 27% disagreed; for sending airplanes "and other war materials" to the United Kingdom and France 58% would agree with 42% disagreeing; when asked if army and naval forces should be deployed "abroad" to fight Germany 16% said yes with 84% saying no.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the stalemated "Phoney War" (October 1939 to spring 1940), public opinion in the US was strongly opposed to entering the war against Germany on the side of Britain and France. A poll in March 1940 found that 96 percent of Americans were against going to war with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_elements">Opposition elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Opposition elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Communist Party opposed American involvement in the early stages of World War II, starting in August 1939, when the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> launched a deal between Stalin and Hitler that allowed Moscow to split control of Eastern Europe with Berlin. Communist activists in CIO labor unions tried to slow the flow of munitions to Britain. Leftist organizations like the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Mobilization" title="American Peace Mobilization">American Peace Mobilization</a> and veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a> protested in opposition to the war, the draft, and the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-Lease Act">Lend-Lease Act</a>. They said of Lend-Lease, "Roosevelt needs its dictatorial powers to further his aim of carving out of a warring world, the <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a> so long desired by the Wall Street money lords."<sup id="cite_ref-ALBA-vol_1941_02b_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALBA-vol_1941_02b-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overnight on June 22, 1941, the date of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Communists reversed positions and became war hawks.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous women activists, notably within the <a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_movement" title="Mothers' movement">Mothers' movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Elizabeth Dilling</a>, opposed American involvement on the basis that it would be preferable for Nazism rather than Communism to dominate Europe. These women also wished to keep their own sons out of the combat US involvement in the war would necessitate, and believed the war would destroy Christianity and further spread atheistic Communism across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, a long-time pacifist, opposed US participation in the war until <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">the attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Before then he refused to manufacture airplanes and other war equipment for the British.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Father_Charles_Coughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Charles Coughlin">Father Charles Coughlin</a> urged the US to keep out of the war and permit Germany to conquer Great Britain and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asked Coughlin, "Must the entire world go to war for 600,000 Jews in Germany?"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most radical of isolationists would say that all of the current problems in the US were because of World War I. US Senator <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Nye" title="Gerald Nye">Gerald Nye</a> from North Dakota would even blame the Great Depression on America's economic expansion during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a> was strongest in the United States, where oceans separated it on both sides from the war fronts. The <a href="/wiki/German-American_Bund" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American Bund">German-American Bund</a> even marched down the avenues of New York City demanding isolationism. The isolationists, led by the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>, were a large, vocal, and powerful challenge to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Roosevelt's</a> efforts to enter the war. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> was perhaps the most famous isolationist. Isolationism was strongest in the <a href="/wiki/US_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="US Midwest">Midwest</a> with its strong <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a> population. </p><p>Students at UC Berkeley in 1940 led a large protest in opposition to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Keep America Out of War Committee (KAOWC) from its founding on March 6, 1938<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until when the America First Committee formed in the fall of 1940 it was the only nationwide organization to oppose any foreign intervention and President Roosevelt's foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KAOWC was for most of its lifetime composed of 6 pacifist groups apart from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>: The Peace Section of the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> (ALSC), Fellowship for Reconciliation (FOR), World Peace Commission of the Methodist Church, American Section of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> (WIL), National Council for the Prevention of War (NCPW and the War Resisters League (WRL). After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, the KAOWC would end up dissolving.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Pearl Harbor attack in December 1941, nearly all the noninterventionist elements quickly switched to support the war.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War:_1947–1989"><span id="Cold_War:_1947.E2.80.931989"></span>Cold War: 1947–1989</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cold War: 1947–1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American opposition to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Korean_War" title="United States in the Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953) came primarily from the small far–left group the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Crusade" title="American Peace Crusade">American Peace Crusade</a>, formed in 1951. It gained little support. However the high-casualty stalemate in 1951–52 came under increasing political attack from the Republican Party and especially from its 1952 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement#Vietnam_War" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement § Vietnam War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Demonstrators, one holding a sign saying "Get the Hell Out of Vietnam"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg/220px-Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg/330px-Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg/440px-Vietnam_War_protestors_at_the_March_on_the_Pentagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4942" /></a><figcaption>Protesters against the Vietnam War prepare to <a href="/wiki/March_on_the_Pentagon" class="mw-redirect" title="March on the Pentagon">march on the Pentagon</a> on October 21, 1967.</figcaption></figure> <p>The anti-Vietnam War peace movement began during the 1960s in the United States, opposing U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Some within the movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of American forces from <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. </p><p>Opposition to the Vietnam War aimed to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> groups and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a>. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spiro" title="Stephen Spiro">Stephen Spiro</a>, opposed the war based on the <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war theory</a>. </p><p>In 1965, the movement began to gain national prominence. Provocative actions by police and protesters turned anti-war demonstrations in Chicago at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a> into a riot. News reports of American military abuses such as the 1968 <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a> brought attention (and support) to the anti-war movement, which continued to expand for the duration of the conflict. </p><p>High-profile opposition to the Vietnam war turned to street protests in an effort to turn U.S. political opinion against the war. The protests gained momentum from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, which had organized to oppose <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> laws. They were fueled by a growing network of <a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">underground newspapers</a> and large rock festivals, such as <a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a>. Opposition to the war moved from college campuses to middle-class suburbs, government institutions, and <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near the end of the Cold War, U.S. peace activists focused on slowing the nuclear arms race in the hope of reducing the possibility of nuclear war between the U.S. and the USSR. As the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> accelerated military spending and adopted a tough stance toward Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Freeze_campaign" title="Nuclear Freeze campaign">Nuclear Freeze campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyond_War" title="Beyond War">Beyond War</a> movement sought to educate the public on the inherent risk and ruinous cost of Reagan's policy. Outreach to individual citizens in the Soviet Union and mass meetings using satellite-link technology were major parts of peacemaking activity during the 1980s. In 1981, the activist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a> began the longest uninterrupted peace vigil in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-ColmanMcCarthy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColmanMcCarthy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later joined at <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park#Lafayette_Square" title="President's Park">Lafayette Square</a> in Washington, D.C. by anti-nuclear activists <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_Picciotto" title="Concepción Picciotto">Concepción Picciotto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Thomas" title="Ellen Thomas">Ellen Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oracles_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oracles-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to Iraq's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in 1990, President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> began preparing for war in the region. Peace activists were starting to gain traction with popular rallies, especially on the West Coast, just before the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> began in February 1991. The ground war ended in less than a week with a lopsided Allied victory, and a media-incited wave of patriotic sentiment washed over the nascent protest movement.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1990s, peacemaker priorities included seeking a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian impasse</a>, humanitarian assistance to war-torn regions such as Bosnia and Rwanda, and aid to post-war Iraq. American peace activists brought medicine into Iraq in defiance of U.S. law, resulting in heavy fines and imprisonment for some. The principal groups involved included <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Kelly#Voices_in_the_Wilderness,_1996–2003" title="Kathy Kelly">Voices in the Wilderness</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2001_Afghanistan_War">2001 Afghanistan War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2001 Afghanistan War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_2001_Afghanistan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War">Opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iraq_War">Iraq War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iraq War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition to the Iraq War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to Charles De Benedetti:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p> In the American manner, peace history is less a field than a clearing where different practitioners of diplomatic, social, religious, cultural, and intellectual history have come together to consider why, how, and with what effect various people have worked in the past to extend peace as a central ordering process in human relations. </p></blockquote> <p>See also Howlett, Charles F. "Studying America's Struggle against War: An Historical Perspective." <i>The History Teacher</i> 36.3 (2003): 297-330. and Wingate, Jennifer. "Real art, war art, and the politics of peace memorials in the United States After World War I." <i>Public Art Dialogue</i> 2.2 (2012): 162-189. [absence of stridently pacifist imagery in memorials of 1920; deep divisions and angry debates among artists] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> (est. 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Pacifism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Institute_of_Peace" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/glossary/pacifism">"Pacifism"</a>. <i>Glossary</i>. Washington DC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.au=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fglossary%2Fpacifism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell K. Hall, ed. <i>Opposition to War: AN Encyclopedia of U.S. Peace and Antiwar Movements</i> (2 vol. ABC-CLIO, 2018) 1:166–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Brock, <i>Pacifism in the United States: From the Colonial Era to the First World War</i> (Princeton University Press, 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Stievermann, "A 'Plain, Rejected Little Flock': The Politics of Martyrological Self-Fashioning among Pennsylvania's German Peace Churches, 1739-65." <i> William and Mary Quarterly</i> 66.2 (2009): 287-324. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40212055">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane F. Crosthwaite, " 'The mighty hand of overruling providence': The Shaker Claim to America." <i>American Communal Societies Quarterly</i> 6.2 (2012): 93-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Barbour, and J. William Frost, <i>The Quakers</i> (Greenwood, 1988) pp 45–46, 123–126, 142–143, 197–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Brock, <i>The Quaker Peace Testimony, 1660 to 1914</i> (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman K. Risjord, "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor." <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> (1961) 18#2 pp: 196-210 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918543">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Ellis, <i>A Ruinous and Unhappy War: New England and the War of 1812</i> (New York: Algora Publishing, 2009), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> Pacifism to 1914: an overview</i> by Peter Brock. Toronto, Thistle Printing, 1994. (pp. 38-9).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Brock, <i>Pacifism in the United States : From the Colonial Era to the First World War</i> (1968) pp 667-695.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merle Curti, <i>Peace or war: The American struggle 1636–1936</i> (1936) pp. 47-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell K Hall, ed. <i>Opposition to War</i> (2018) 1:4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curti, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson M. Blake, "The Olney-Pauncefote Treaty of 1897," <i>American Historical Review,</i> (1945) 50#2 pp. 228–243 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1842352">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David H. Burton, <i>William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker</i> (2004) pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." <i>Villanova Law Review</i> 56 (2011): 535+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. Fischer, "Henry Cabot Lodge and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." <i>South Atlantic Quarterly</i> 78 (Spring 1979): 244–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft." <i>Historian</i> 36.1 (1973): 52–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24443896">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Campbell, "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911," <i>Journal of American History</i> (1966) 53#2 pp: 279–298 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894200">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo E. Coletta. <i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i> (1975) pp 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenevieve_Forbes_HerrickJohn_Origen_Herrick2005" class="citation book cs1">Genevieve Forbes Herrick; John Origen Herrick (2005) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nB3Xx4tSqsgC&pg=PA280"><i>The Life of William Jennings Bryan</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781419140396" title="Special:BookSources/9781419140396"><bdi>9781419140396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Jennings+Bryan&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781419140396&rft.au=Genevieve+Forbes+Herrick&rft.au=John+Origen+Herrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnB3Xx4tSqsgC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Michael Kazin. <i>War Against War: The American Fight for Peace, 1914-1918</i> (2017); John Whiteclay Chambers, ed. (1992) <i>The Eagle and the Dove: The American Peace Movement and United States Foreign Policy, 1900-1922</i> (Syracuse University Press) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJVog9yD3LwC&dq=%22the+eagle+and+the+dove%22+chambers&pg=PR13">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin, pp 187–274. H.C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite. <i>Opponents of War, 1917–1918</i> (University of Wisconsin Press. 1957) remains the standard work.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Zeiger, "She didn't raise her boy to be a slacker: Motherhood, conscription, and the culture of the First World War." <i>Feminist Studies</i> 22.1 (1996): 6+;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For primary sources see Bennett, Scott H., and Charles F. Howlett, eds. <i>Antiwar dissent and peace activism in World War I America: A documentary reader</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Fanning, <i>Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922-1933</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2014) p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232564992.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Earle, "Public Opinion for Peace: Tactics of Peace Activists at the Washington Conference on Naval Armament (1921–1922)." <i>Journal of Church and State</i> 40#1 (1998), pp. 149–69, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/jchs40&section=15">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George C. Herring. <i>From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776</i> (Oxford UP, 2008). pp. 439–440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerring2008">Herring (2008)</a>, pp. 452–453<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFHerring2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerring2008">Herring (2008)</a>, pp. 453–454<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFHerring2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerring2008">Herring (2008)</a>, pp. 454–455<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFHerring2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erik Goldstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDmJPPGjfJMC&q=The+Washington+Conference,+1921-22">The Washington Conference 1921–22</a>, 1994,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily O. Goldman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IQct3YvBRgUC&q=Sunken+Treaties:+Naval+Arms+Control+between+the+Wars">Sunken treaties</a>, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yale-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yale_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp"><i>Kellogg–Briand Pact 1928</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand+Pact+1928&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fkbpact.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oona A. Hathaway, and Scott J. Shapiro, <i>The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World</i> (2017) p. xxi, 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKHOC-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKHOC_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestminster" class="citation web cs1">Westminster, Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmhansrd/cm131216/text/131216w0004.htm#131216w0004.htm_wqn20">"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 16 Dec 2013 (pt 0004)"</a>. <i>publications.parliament.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Written+Answers+for+16+Dec+2013+%28pt+0004%29&rft.aulast=Westminster&rft.aufirst=Department+of+the+Official+Report+%28Hansard%29%2C+House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201314%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm131216%2Ftext%2F131216w0004.htm%23131216w0004.htm_wqn20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles F. Howlett, "Kellogg-Briand Pact." in <i>Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace </i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Menand, "What Happens When War Is Outlawed: Did a largely forgotten peace pact transform the world we live in? <i>New Yorker</i> September 18, 2017 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/18/what-happens-when-war-is-outlawed">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/18/what-happens-when-war-is-outlawed</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julie M. Bunck, and Michael R. Fowler, "The Kellogg-Briand Pact: A Reappraisal". <i>Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law</i>, vol. 27, no. 2, Spring 2019, p. 229276. HeinOnline.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/09/29/theres-still-no-reason-to-think-the-kellogg-briand-pact-accomplished-anything/">"There's Still No Reason to Think the Kellogg-Briand Pact Accomplished Anything"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=There%27s+Still+No+Reason+to+Think+the+Kellogg-Briand+Pact+Accomplished+Anything&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2017%2F09%2F29%2Ftheres-still-no-reason-to-think-the-kellogg-briand-pact-accomplished-anything%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Askin1997-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Askin1997_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly_Dawn_Askin1997" class="citation book cs1">Kelly Dawn Askin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ThfzGvSvQ2UC&pg=PA46"><i>War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9041104861" title="Special:BookSources/978-9041104861"><bdi>978-9041104861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+Against+Women%3A+Prosecution+in+International+War+Crimes+Tribunals&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9041104861&rft.au=Kelly+Dawn+Askin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThfzGvSvQ2UC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Binoy Kampmark, "Punishing wars of aggression: conceptualising Nazi State criminality and the US policy behind shaping the crime against peace, 1943-1945." <i>War & Society</i> (2018) 37#1 pp 38-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephson1979-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Josephson1979_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Josephson, Harold (1979). "Outlawing War: Internationalism and the Pact of Paris". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 377–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1979.tb00323.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00323.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Outlawing+War%3A+Internationalism+and+the+Pact+of+Paris&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=377-390&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1979.tb00323.x&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColm_Mckeogh1997" class="citation book cs1">Colm Mckeogh (1997). "Neibuhr's Critique of Pacifism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4C6_DAAAQBAJ"><i>Political Realism of Reinhold Niebuhr: A Pragmatic Approach to Just War</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 22+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-25891-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-25891-8"><bdi>978-1-349-25891-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neibuhr%27s+Critique+of+Pacifism&rft.btitle=Political+Realism+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+A+Pragmatic+Approach+to+Just+War&rft.pages=22%2B&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-349-25891-8&rft.au=Colm+Mckeogh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4C6_DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhart2019" class="citation web cs1">Reinhart, RJ (August 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/vault/265865/gallup-vault-opinion-start-world-war.aspx">"Gallup Vault: U.S. Opinion and the Start of World War II"</a>. <i>Gallup</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Gallup+Vault%3A+U.S.+Opinion+and+the+Start+of+World+War+II&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Reinhart&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fvault%2F265865%2Fgallup-vault-opinion-start-world-war.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicksoon2020" class="citation book cs1">Dicksoon, Paul (2020). "A "Phoney" War Abroad and a Mock War at Home". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSGVDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Rise of the G.I. Army, 1940-1941: The Forgotten Story of How America Forged a Powerful Army Before Pearl Harbor</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802147684" title="Special:BookSources/9780802147684"><bdi>9780802147684</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+%22Phoney%22+War+Abroad+and+a+Mock+War+at+Home&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+G.I.+Army%2C+1940-1941%3A+The+Forgotten+Story+of+How+America+Forged+a+Powerful+Army+Before+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780802147684&rft.aulast=Dicksoon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSGVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALBA-vol_1941_02b-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALBA-vol_1941_02b_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alba-valb.org/volpdf/vol_1941_02b.pdf">Volunteer for Liberty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206011824/http://www.alba-valb.org/volpdf/vol_1941_02b.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, newsletter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a></i>, February 1941, Volume III, No. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Isserman, <i>Which side were you on?: The American communist party during the second world war</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glen Jeansonne, <i>Women of the Far Right: The Mothers’ Movement and World War II</i>, pp. 10-28 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226395890" title="Special:BookSources/9780226395890">9780226395890</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeansonne; <i>Women of the Far Right</i>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheldon, Marcus; <i>Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life of the Priest of the Little Flower</i>, pp. 169, 186-96, 202 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316545961" title="Special:BookSources/0316545961">0316545961</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Coughlin">"Charles Coughlin - Wikiquote"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Coughlin+-+Wikiquote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikiquote.org%2Fwiki%2FCharles_Coughlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheatre2017" class="citation web cs1">Theatre, Book-It Repertory (2017-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://book-it.org/2017/05/history-of-liberalism-and-protest/">"Liberalism and Protest at UC Berkeley – A History"</a>. <i>Book-It Repertory Theatre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Book-It+Repertory+Theatre&rft.atitle=Liberalism+and+Protest+at+UC+Berkeley+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.aulast=Theatre&rft.aufirst=Book-It+Repertory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbook-it.org%2F2017%2F05%2Fhistory-of-liberalism-and-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke1977" class="citation journal cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947701200201">"Non-interventionism of the Left: The Keep America Out of the War Congress, 1938-41"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 221–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947701200201">10.1177/002200947701200201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159511354">159511354</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2022</span> – via SAGE journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Non-interventionism+of+the+Left%3A+The+Keep+America+Out+of+the+War+Congress%2C+1938-41&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-236&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947701200201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159511354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F002200947701200201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2014" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Carl J.; Schneider, Dorothy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XATQto7K7PUC"><i>World War II</i></a>. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438108902" title="Special:BookSources/9781438108902"><bdi>9781438108902</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781438108902&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXATQto7K7PUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1978" class="citation journal cs1">Steele, Richard (December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901419">"American Popular Opinion and the War Against Germany: The Issue of Negotiated Peace, 1942"</a>. <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 714–715. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1901419">10.2307/1901419</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901419">1901419</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2022</span> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=American+Popular+Opinion+and+the+War+Against+Germany%3A+The+Issue+of+Negotiated+Peace%2C+1942&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=714-715&rft.date=1978-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1901419&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1901419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1901419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, ed. <i>Opposition to War</i> 1:364–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Edwin Mantell, "Opposition to the Korean War: A study in American dissent" (PhD dissertation, New York University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1973. 7319947).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColmanMcCarthy-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColmanMcCarthy_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColman_McCarthy2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colman_McCarthy" title="Colman McCarthy">Colman McCarthy</a> (February 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/07/AR2009020701843.html">"From Lafayette Square Lookout, He Made His War Protest Permanent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=From+Lafayette+Square+Lookout%2C+He+Made+His+War+Protest+Permanent&rft.date=2009-02-08&rft.au=Colman+McCarthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F02%2F07%2FAR2009020701843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oracles-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oracles_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710053132/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2012/04/201241014447274464.html">"The Oracles of Pennsylvania Avenue - Al Jazeera World - Al Jazeera English"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2012/04/201241014447274464.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oracles+of+Pennsylvania+Avenue+-+Al+Jazeera+World+-+Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Faljazeeraworld%2F2012%2F04%2F201241014447274464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Hackett, and Yuezhi Zhao, "Challenging a master narrative: Peace protest and opinion/editorial discourse in the US press during the Gulf War." <i>Discourse & Society</i> 5.4 (1994): 509-541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisa Leitz, "Oppositional identities: The military peace movement's challenge to pro-Iraq war frames." <i>Social Problems</i> 58.2 (2011): 235-256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles De Benedetti, "Peace history, in the American Manner," <i>The History Teacher</i> 18#1 (Nov., 1984), pp. 75-110 at p 76.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDidntRaiseMyBoyToBeASoldierCoverMorton.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/IDidntRaiseMyBoyToBeASoldierCoverMorton.jpeg/300px-IDidntRaiseMyBoyToBeASoldierCoverMorton.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/IDidntRaiseMyBoyToBeASoldierCoverMorton.jpeg/450px-IDidntRaiseMyBoyToBeASoldierCoverMorton.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/IDidntRaiseMyBoyToBeASoldierCoverMorton.jpeg/600px-IDidntRaiseMyBoyToBeASoldierCoverMorton.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Raise_My_Boy_To_Be_A_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier">I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier</a></i> 1915 sheet music cover.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_McDowell_%26_Jane_Addams_for_peace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mary_McDowell_%26_Jane_Addams_for_peace.jpg/220px-Mary_McDowell_%26_Jane_Addams_for_peace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mary_McDowell_%26_Jane_Addams_for_peace.jpg/330px-Mary_McDowell_%26_Jane_Addams_for_peace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Mary_McDowell_%26_Jane_Addams_for_peace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_McDowell" title="Mary McDowell">Mary McDowell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> campaign for peace in 1920s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_in_20th_century">Published in 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Published in 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle_Curti1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151701"><i>Peace or War: The American Struggle, 1636-1936</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+or+War%3A+The+American+Struggle%2C+1636-1936&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Merle+Curti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.151701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Franklin_Hershberger1939" class="citation journal cs1">Guy Franklin Hershberger (1939). 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(1956) "The Attitudes of the Major Protestant Churches in America Toward War and Peace, 1919–1929," <i>The Historian</i> 19#1 pp 15–26.</li> <li>Staughton Lynd, ed. <i>Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History</i> (Bobbs Merrill, 1966).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Brock1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brock_(historian)" title="Peter Brock (historian)">Peter Brock</a> (1968). <i>Pacifism in the United States: From the Colonial Era to the First World War</i>. Princeton UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacifism+in+the+United+States%3A+From+the+Colonial+Era+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Peter+Brock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Chatfield1970" class="citation journal cs1">Charles Chatfield (1970). "World War I and the Liberal Pacifist in the United States". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>75</b> (7): 1920–1937. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1848023">10.2307/1848023</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848023">1848023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=World+War+I+and+the+Liberal+Pacifist+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1920-1937&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1848023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1848023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Charles+Chatfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Charles Chatfield (1971). <i>For peace and justice: Pacifism in America, 1914-1941</i> (University of Tennessee Press), a major scholarly survey.</li> <li>Mantell, Matthew Edwin. "Opposition to the Korean War: A study in American dissent" (PhD dissertation, New York University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1973. 7319947).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_De_Benedetti1984" class="citation book cs1">Charles De Benedetti (1984). <i>The Peace Reform in American History</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20320-5"><bdi>978-0-253-20320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peace+Reform+in+American+History&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20320-5&rft.au=Charles+De+Benedetti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Charles De Benedetti. "Peace History, in the American Manner" <i>The History Teacher</i> 18#1 (Nov., 1984), pp. 75–110 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/492880ONLINE">[1]</a></li> <li>Lawrence S. Witner (1984). <i>Rebels against war: The American peace movement, 1933-1983</i> (Temple University Press) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebelsagainstwar0000witt">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_F._HowlettGlen_Zeitzer1985" class="citation book cs1">Charles F. Howlett; Glen Zeitzer (1985). <i>The American Peace Movement: History and Historiography</i>. American Historical Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87229-032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87229-032-7"><bdi>978-0-87229-032-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Peace+Movement%3A+History+and+Historiography&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87229-032-7&rft.au=Charles+F.+Howlett&rft.au=Glen+Zeitzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Kroes1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rob Kroes (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rfea_0397-7870_1986_num_29_1_1238">"Pacifism as an Un-American Activity"</a>. <i>Revue française d'études américaines</i>. <b>29</b> (29): 277–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frfea.1986.1238">10.3406/rfea.1986.1238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0397-7870">0397-7870</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9e_(web_portal)" title="Persée (web portal)">Persée</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27%C3%A9tudes+am%C3%A9ricaines&rft.atitle=Pacifism+as+an+Un-American+Activity&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=277-289&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frfea.1986.1238&rft.issn=0397-7870&rft.au=Rob+Kroes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frfea_0397-7870_1986_num_29_1_1238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li>Guenter Levy. <i>Peace and Revolution: the moral crisis of American pacifism</i> (Eerdman's, 1988). critical evaluation of the work of four major pacifist organizations: the American Friends Service Committee; Fellowship of Reconciliation; Women's International League for Peace and Freedom; War Resisters League</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s_2">1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_F._Childress1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Childress" class="mw-redirect" title="James F. Childress">James F. Childress</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=defdcgN0CO0C&pg=PA109">"Contemporary pacifism: its major types and possible contributions to discourse about war"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">George Weigel</a> and John Langan (ed.). <i>The American Search for Peace: Moral Reasoning, Religious Hope, and National Security</i>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87840-507-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87840-507-0"><bdi>0-87840-507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemporary+pacifism%3A+its+major+types+and+possible+contributions+to+discourse+about+war&rft.btitle=The+American+Search+for+Peace%3A+Moral+Reasoning%2C+Religious+Hope%2C+and+National+Security&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87840-507-0&rft.au=James+F.+Childress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdefdcgN0CO0C%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>R.C. Peace III (1991). <i>A just and lasting peace: The US peace movement from the Cold War to desert storm</i> (Noble Press, Chicago)</li> <li>John Whiteclay Chambers, ed. (1992) <i>The Eagle and the Dove: The American Peace Movement and United States Foreign Policy, 1900-1922</i> (Syracuse University Press0 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJVog9yD3LwC&dq=%22the+eagle+and+the+dove%22+chambers&pg=PR13">online</a></li> <li>Charles Chatfield (1992). <i>The American peace movement: Ideal and activism</i> (New York)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriet_Hyman_Alonso1993" class="citation book cs1">Harriet Hyman Alonso (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZJxg8gQThoC"><i>Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0269-9"><bdi>978-0-8156-0269-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+As+a+Women%27s+Issue%3A+A+History+of+the+U.S.+Movement+for+World+Peace+and+Women%27s+Rights&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0269-9&rft.au=Harriet+Hyman+Alonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZJxg8gQThoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._Freeman,_Jr.1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Freeman,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Freeman, Jr.">Charles W. Freeman, Jr.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXFePmd2uEIC&pg=PA271">"Peace"</a>. <i>Diplomat's Dictionary</i>. Washington DC: National Defense University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2566-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2566-9"><bdi>978-0-7881-2566-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peace&rft.btitle=Diplomat%27s+Dictionary&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=National+Defense+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-2566-9&rft.au=Charles+W.+Freeman%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXFePmd2uEIC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Klejment_and_Nancy_L._Roberts1996" class="citation book cs1">Anne Klejment and Nancy L. Roberts, ed. (1996). <i>American Catholic Pacifism: The Influence of Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement</i>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94784-2"><bdi>978-0-275-94784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Catholic+Pacifism%3A+The+Influence+of+Dorothy+Day+and+the+Catholic+Worker+Movement&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94784-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_D._Marietta1996" class="citation book cs1">Jack D. Marietta (1996). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The things that make for peace" : the context of pacifism in Quaker Pennsylvania". In Harvey Leonard Dyck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eif-UoB0ArsC"><i>Pacifist Impulse in Historical Perspective</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0777-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-0777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+things+that+make+for+peace%22+%3A+the+context+of+pacifism+in+Quaker+Pennsylvania&rft.btitle=Pacifist+Impulse+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0777-3&rft.au=Jack+D.+Marietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deif-UoB0ArsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Lutzker1996" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Lutzker (1996). "Themes and contradictions in the American peace movement, 1895-1917". In Harvey Leonard Dyck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eif-UoB0ArsC"><i>Pacifist Impulse in Historical Perspective</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0777-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-0777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Themes+and+contradictions+in+the+American+peace+movement%2C+1895-1917&rft.btitle=Pacifist+Impulse+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0777-3&rft.au=Michael+A.+Lutzker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deif-UoB0ArsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>C. Smith (1996). <i>Resisting Reagan: The US-Central America peace movement</i>. (University of Chicago Press)</li> <li>Warren F. Kuehl, and Lynne Dunn, (1997)<i>Keeping the covenant: American internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920-1939</i> (Kent State University Press)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Whiteclay_Chambers1999" class="citation book cs1">John Whiteclay Chambers, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&pg=PA521">"Pacifism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham"><i>Oxford Companion to American Military History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507198-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Rzy_yNMKbcC%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Waltner_Goossen1999" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Waltner Goossen (1999). "Pacifist professional women on the job in the United States". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brock_(historian)" title="Peter Brock (historian)">Peter Brock</a> and Thomas Paul Socknat (ed.). <i>Challenge to Mars: Essays on Pacifism from 1918 to 1945</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4371-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4371-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-4371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifist+professional+women+on+the+job+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+Mars%3A+Essays+on+Pacifism+from+1918+to+1945&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4371-9&rft.au=Rachel+Waltner+Goossen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_D._Schultz_and_Laura_A._Van_Assendelft1999" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey D. Schultz and Laura A. Van Assendelft, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOzfQEP3H8AC&pg=PA168">"Pacifism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_l3v5"><i>Encyclopedia of Women in American Politics</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-131-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-131-0"><bdi>978-1-57356-131-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+American+Politics&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-131-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLOzfQEP3H8AC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peter Brock, and Nigel Young. <i>Pacifism in the Twentieth Century</i> (Syracuse University Press, 1999).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_in_21st_century">Published in 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Published in 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s">2000s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Brock2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brock_(historian)" title="Peter Brock (historian)">Peter Brock</a>, ed. (2002). <i>Liberty and Conscience: A Documentary History of the Experiences of Conscientious Objectors in America through the Civil War</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803447-6"><bdi>978-0-19-803447-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+Conscience%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+the+Experiences+of+Conscientious+Objectors+in+America+through+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803447-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNess2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Ness" title="Immanuel Ness">Immanuel Ness</a>, ed. (2004). "Antiwar/Protest Movements". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vwvCgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of American Social Movements</i></a>. Vol. 3. Routledge. pp. 1037–1114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47189-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47189-9"><bdi>978-1-317-47189-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiwar%2FProtest+Movements&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Social+Movements&rft.pages=1037-1114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47189-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vwvCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>C.F. Howlett (2005). <i>History of the American peace movement 1890-2000: The emergence of a new scholarly discipline</i> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, New York</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Gottfried2006" class="citation book cs1">Ted Gottfried (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoIhk85ow5UC"><i>Fight for Peace: A History of Antiwar Movements in America</i></a>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-First Century Books">Twenty-First Century Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2932-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-2932-9"><bdi>978-0-7613-2932-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fight+for+Peace%3A+A+History+of+Antiwar+Movements+in+America&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7613-2932-9&rft.au=Ted+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoIhk85ow5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._RyanLeonard_Schlup2006" class="citation book cs1">James G. Ryan; Leonard Schlup (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-t3Hx4ASLKUC&pg=PA293">"Pacifism"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of the 1940s</i>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2107-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2107-8"><bdi>978-0-7656-2107-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+1940s&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2107-8&rft.au=James+G.+Ryan&rft.au=Leonard+Schlup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-t3Hx4ASLKUC%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>George C. Herring. <i>From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776.</i> (Oxford UP, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Kip_Kosek2009" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Kip Kosek (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZp16pIqji4C"><i>Acts of Conscience: Christian Nonviolence and Modern American Democracy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14419-3"><bdi>978-0-231-14419-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts+of+Conscience%3A+Christian+Nonviolence+and+Modern+American+Democracy&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14419-3&rft.au=Joseph+Kip+Kosek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZp16pIqji4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010s">2010s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Young, Nigel, ed. <i>The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace</i> (4 vol. Oxford UP) global coverage; online in Oxford Reference; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-international-encyclopedia-of-peace-9780195334685?cc=us&lang=en&">publisher blurb</a></li> <li>Robert Mann, ed. <i>Wartime Dissent in America: A History and Anthology</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Wartime-Dissent-America-History-Anthology/dp/0230104835/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_FollyNiall_Palmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin Folly; Niall Palmer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KC-Nm8_Z10C&pg=PA279">"Pacifism"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7376-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-7376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+U.S.+Diplomacy+from+World+War+I+through+World+War+II&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7376-6&rft.au=Martin+Folly&rft.au=Niall+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KC-Nm8_Z10C%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLara_Leigh_Kelland2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lara Leigh Kelland (2010). "Peace Movements". In Robert D. Johnston (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H-iCQAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History</i></a>. Vol. 4: From the Gilded Age through Age of Reform, 1878 to 1920. CQ Press. pp. 271–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604266474" title="Special:BookSources/9781604266474"><bdi>9781604266474</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462906611">462906611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peace+Movements&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Political+History&rft.pages=271-274&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462906611&rft.isbn=9781604266474&rft.au=Lara+Leigh+Kelland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8H-iCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_Wachtell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia Wachtell (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usGWCjoEP90C"><i>War No More: The Antiwar Impulse in American Literature, 1861-1914</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3750-5"><bdi>978-0-8071-3750-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+No+More%3A+The+Antiwar+Impulse+in+American+Literature%2C+1861-1914&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3750-5&rft.au=Cynthia+Wachtell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DusGWCjoEP90C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_B._Frankum_Jr.2011" class="citation book cs1">Ronald B. Frankum Jr. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WLcG5Cdw-NIC&pg=PA49">"Antiwar Movement"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7956-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiwar+Movement&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+War+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7956-0&rft.au=Ronald+B.+Frankum+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLcG5Cdw-NIC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Hunt2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunt_(historian)" title="Andrew Hunt (historian)">Andrew Hunt</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hScNkRpePoC&pg=PA376">"Pacifism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a> (ed.). <i>The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15207-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15207-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+American+Political+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15207-3&rft.au=Andrew+Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hScNkRpePoC%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarian_Mollin2011" class="citation book cs1">Marian Mollin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJNLd8ZXwKYC"><i>Radical Pacifism in Modern America: Egalitarianism and Protest</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0282-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0282-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Pacifism+in+Modern+America%3A+Egalitarianism+and+Protest&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0282-3&rft.au=Marian+Mollin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJNLd8ZXwKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span> (About the 1940s-1970s)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisa_Thomas2011" class="citation cs2">Louisa Thomas (27 August 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/opinion/sunday/what-is-pacifism-good-for.html">"Give Pacifism a Chance"</a>, <i>New York Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Give+Pacifism+a+Chance&rft.date=2011-08-27&rft.au=Louisa+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F28%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fwhat-is-pacifism-good-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarian_Mollin2013" class="citation book cs1">Marian Mollin (2013). "Pacifism". In Thomas J. Lynch (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-lMAgAAQBAJ"><i>Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975925-5"><bdi>978-0-19-975925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacifism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+American+Military+and+Diplomatic+History&rft.pages=113-117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975925-5&rft.au=Marian+Mollin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-lMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Richard Fanning, (2014) <i>Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922-1933</i> (University Press of Kentucky) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232564992.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Michael Kazin. (2017) <i>War Against War: The American Fight for Peace, 1914-1918</i> (Simon and Schuster). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CazCwAAQBAJ&dq=KAZIN+%22war+against+War%22&pg=PP11">online</a></li> <li>Mitchell K. Hall, ed. (2018) <i>Opposition to War: An Encyclopedia of U.S. Peace and Antiwar Movements</i> (2 vol. ABC-CLIO), thorough coverage</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lynd, Staughton, and Alice Lynd, eds. <i>Nonviolence in America: A documentary history</i> (3rd ed. Orbis Books, 2018).</li> <li>Stellato, Jesse, ed. <i>Not in Our Name: American Antiwar Speeches, 1846 to the Present</i> (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012). 287 pp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pacifism in the United States">Pacifism in the United States</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/advanced_browse/facet/field_city%3A1/field/field_loc_country%3A%22United%20States%22">"Cases: United States"</a>. <i>Global Nonviolent Action Database</i>. Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Nonviolent+Action+Database&rft.atitle=Cases%3A+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu%2Fadvanced_browse%2Ffacet%2Ffield_city%253A1%2Ffield%2Ffield_loc_country%253A%2522United%2520States%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/itvs/thegoodwar/story.html">"The Good War and Those Who Refused To Fight It"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Good+War+and+Those+Who+Refused+To+Fight+It&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fitvs%2Fthegoodwar%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/library-archives/collections/peace">"Collections: Peace"</a>. USA: <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archives" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archives">Hoover Institution Library and Archives</a>. <q>The collections cover peace movements in the United States and Europe during World War I and the interwar period</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collections%3A+Peace&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Library+and+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Flibrary-archives%2Fcollections%2Fpeace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacifism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific<br />wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_navbox" title="Template:War navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_navbox" title="Template talk:War navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace" title="Category:Peace">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts" title="Category:Conflicts">Conflicts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_military_conflicts" title="Category:Lists of military conflicts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">War concept</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_wars" title="Category:Civil wars">Civil wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_non-international_armed_conflicts" title="List of non-international armed conflicts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attacks" title="Category:Attacks">Attacks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_attacks" title="Category:Lists of attacks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism_by_form" title="Category:Terrorism by form">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warfare" title="Category:Warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles" title="Category:Battles">Battles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_battles" title="Category:Lists of battles">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars" title="Category:Wars">Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_wars" title="Category:Lists of wars">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1250791449">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacifism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1250791449</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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[\"CITEREFHarriet_Hyman_Alonso1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_D._Marietta1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_F._Childress1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G._RyanLeonard_Schlup2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_D._Schultz_and_Laura_A._Van_Assendelft1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Whiteclay_Chambers1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Kip_Kosek2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly_Dawn_Askin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLara_Leigh_Kelland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouisa_Thomas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarian_Mollin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarian_Mollin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_FollyNiall_Palmer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerle_Curti1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_A._Lutzker1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNess2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Brock1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Brock2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Waltner_Goossen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhart2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRob_Kroes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_B._Frankum_Jr.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2014\"] = 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