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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detroit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detroit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Detroit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detroit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Detroit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Detroit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_Niebuhr's_working-class_sympathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_Niebuhr's_working-class_sympathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Origins of Niebuhr's working-class sympathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_Niebuhr's_working-class_sympathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_of_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_of_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conversion of Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_of_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s:_Growing_influence_in_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s:_Growing_influence_in_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1930s: Growing influence in New York</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1930s:_Growing_influence_in_New_York-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1930s: Growing influence in New York subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1930s:_Growing_influence_in_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niebuhr_and_Dewey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niebuhr_and_Dewey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Niebuhr and Dewey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niebuhr_and_Dewey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-orthodox_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-orthodox_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Neo-orthodox theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-orthodox_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Domestic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_race,_ethnicity,_and_other_religious_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_race,_ethnicity,_and_other_religious_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Views on race, ethnicity, and other religious affiliations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_on_race,_ethnicity,_and_other_religious_affiliations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views on race, ethnicity, and other religious affiliations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views_on_race,_ethnicity,_and_other_religious_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martin_Luther_King_Jr."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Martin Luther King Jr.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martin_Luther_King_Jr.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serenity_Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serenity_Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Serenity Prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serenity_Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Personal style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reinhold Niebuhr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1" title="رينهولد نيبوهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رينهولد نيبوهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Райнхолд Нибур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Райнхолд Нибур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="راینهولد نیبور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راینهولد نیبور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%ED%99%80%EB%93%9C_%EB%8B%88%EB%B2%84" title="라인홀드 니버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라인홀드 니버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ריינהולד ניבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריינהולד ניבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Рейнхольд Нибур – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рейнхольд Нибур" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1" title="رينهولد نيبوهر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رينهولد نيبوهر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="ラインホルド・ニーバー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラインホルド・ニーバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Нибур, Рейнгольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нибур, Рейнгольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reinhold Niebuhr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Рейнгольд Нібур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рейнгольд Нібур" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Reformed theologian (1892–1971)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Reinhold Niebuhr</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhold_niebuhr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Reinhold_niebuhr.jpg/220px-Reinhold_niebuhr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Reinhold_niebuhr.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-06-21</span>)</span>June 21, 1892<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wright_City,_Missouri" title="Wright City, Missouri">Wright City, Missouri</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1, 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-06-01)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Niebuhr" title="Ursula Niebuhr">Ursula Keppel-Compton</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1964)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ecclesiastical career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data">Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Synod of North America">Evangelical Synod of North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">1915</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmhurst College">Elmhurst College</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Theological_Seminary" title="Eden Theological Seminary">Eden Theological Seminary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/BDiv" class="mw-redirect" title="BDiv">BDiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._A." class="mw-redirect" title="M. A.">MA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Clyde_Macintosh" title="Douglas Clyde Macintosh">Douglas Clyde Macintosh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatt197340_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatt197340-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maeshiro_2017,_p._17_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maeshiro_2017,_p._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartman2015297_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartman2015297-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2013360_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2013360-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2013360_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2013360-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_D._Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel D. Press (page does not exist)">Samuel D. Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch" title="Walter Rauschenbusch">Walter Rauschenbusch</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice201380_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice201380-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a><sup id="cite_ref-Maeshiro_2017,_p._17_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maeshiro_2017,_p._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrien2011257_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2011257-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">Theology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">neo-orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Gilkey" title="Langdon Gilkey">Langdon Gilkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarbox200714_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarbox200714-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hordern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hordern (page does not exist)">William Hordern</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Collings" title="Tom Collings">Tom Collings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Man_and_Immoral_Society" title="Moral Man and Immoral Society">Moral Man and Immoral Society</a></i> (1932)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_and_Destiny_of_Man" title="The Nature and Destiny of Man">The Nature and Destiny of Man</a></i> (1943)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian realism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowraplinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i style="display:none;speak:none;"> </i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETůmová2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETůmová2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McAfee_Brown" title="Robert McAfee Brown">Robert McAfee Brown</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Buechner" title="Frederick Buechner">Frederick Buechner</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByers1998103–104_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByers1998103–104-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin" title="William Sloane Coffin">William Sloane Coffin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Cruikshank" title="Nelson Cruikshank">Nelson Cruikshank</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Dorrien" title="Gary Dorrien">Gary Dorrien</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtain" title="Jean Bethke Elshtain">Jean Bethke Elshtain</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ifor_Enoch" title="Samuel Ifor Enoch">Samuel Ifor Enoch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fackre" title="Gabriel Fackre">Gabriel Fackre</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/J._King_Gordon" title="J. King Gordon">J. King Gordon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming201564,_78Wright199171_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming201564,_78Wright199171-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_John_Hall" title="Douglas John Hall">Douglas John Hall</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoder-Jackson201378_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoder-Jackson201378-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Kester" title="Howard Kester">Howard Kester</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Miller_(theologian)" title="Alexander Miller (theologian)">Alexander Miller</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/William_Lee_Miller" title="William Lee Miller">William Lee Miller</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_DeWitt_Proctor" title="Samuel DeWitt Proctor">Samuel DeWitt Proctor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinitz1980203_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinitz1980203-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Siegel" title="Seymour Siegel">Seymour Siegel</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreund2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreund2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Vidler" title="Alec Vidler">Alec Vidler</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2010263_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2010263-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2014279_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2014279-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div> </span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical theology">Dialectical theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Precursors</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Overbeck" title="Franz Overbeck">Franz Overbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_K%C3%A4hler" title="Martin Kähler">Martin Kähler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Theological Figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fuchs_(theologian)" title="Ernst Fuchs (theologian)">Ernst Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ebeling" title="Gerhard Ebeling">Gerhard Ebeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Beliefs</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Total transcendence of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_hermeneutic" title="New hermeneutic">New hermeneutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">Demythologization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related movements</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neo-orthodoxy" title="Template:Neo-orthodoxy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Neo-orthodoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Neo-orthodoxy (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-orthodoxy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neo-orthodoxy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr</b><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American <a href="/wiki/Reformed_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed theologian">Reformed theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethicist</a>, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a> for more than 30 years. Niebuhr was one of America's leading public intellectuals for several decades of the 20th century and received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1964. A public theologian, he wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion, politics, and public policy, with his most influential books including <i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Man_and_Immoral_Society" title="Moral Man and Immoral Society">Moral Man and Immoral Society</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_and_Destiny_of_Man" title="The Nature and Destiny of Man">The Nature and Destiny of Man</a></i>. </p><p>Starting as a minister with working-class sympathies in the 1920s and sharing with many other ministers a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, his thinking evolved during the 1930s to <a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">neo-orthodox</a> realist theology as he developed the philosophical perspective known as <a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.&nbsp;M._Brown1986xv–xiv_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.&nbsp;M._Brown1986xv–xiv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (February 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality. Niebuhr's realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support American efforts to confront <a href="/wiki/Soviet_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet communism">Soviet communism</a> around the world. A powerful speaker, he was one of the most influential thinkers of the 1940s and 1950s in public affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr battled with religious liberals over what he called their naïve views of the contradictions of human nature and the optimism of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a>, and battled with religious conservatives over what he viewed as their naïve view of scripture and their narrow definition of "true religion". During this time he was viewed by many as the intellectual rival of <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1993_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1993-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr's contributions to <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> include using the resources of theology to argue for <a href="/wiki/Political_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political realism">political realism</a>. His work has also significantly influenced <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations theory</a>, leading many scholars to move away from <a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">idealism</a> and embrace <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of scholars, including political scientists, political historians, and theologians, have noted his influence on their thinking. Aside from academics, activists such as <a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, and numerous politicians have also cited his influence on their thought,<sup id="cite_ref-nybooks.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nybooks.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>, as well as presidents <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr has also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_on_Religion_and_Democracy" title="Institute on Religion and Democracy">Institute on Religion and Democracy</a>, a conservative think tank founded in 1981, has adopted Niebuhr's concept of <a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a> on their social and political approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from his political commentary, Niebuhr is also known for having composed the <a href="/wiki/Serenity_Prayer" title="Serenity Prayer">Serenity Prayer</a>, a widely recited prayer which was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr was also one of the founders of both <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a> and also spent time at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, while serving as a visiting professor at both Harvard and Princeton.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the brother of another prominent theologian, <a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niebuhr was born on June 21, 1892, in <a href="/wiki/Wright_City,_Missouri" title="Wright City, Missouri">Wright City</a>, Missouri, the son of German immigrants Gustav Niebuhr and his wife, Lydia (née Hosto).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoon1999_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoon1999-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Synod of North America">German Evangelical</a> pastor; his denomination was the American branch of the established <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_(Evangelical_Christian_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church)">Prussian Church Union</a> in Germany. It is now part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>. The family spoke German at home. His brother <a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a> also became a noted theological ethicist and his sister Hulda Niebuhr became a divinity professor in Chicago. The Niebuhr family moved to <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Illinois" title="Lincoln, Illinois">Lincoln</a>, Illinois, in 1902 when Gustav Niebuhr became pastor of Lincoln's St. John's <a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="German Evangelical Synod">German Evangelical Synod</a> church. Reinhold Niebuhr first served as pastor of a church when he served from April to September 1913 as interim minister of St. John's following his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox19855–24_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox19855–24-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr attended <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmhurst College">Elmhurst College</a> in Illinois and graduated in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at <a href="/wiki/Eden_Theological_Seminary" title="Eden Theological Seminary">Eden Theological Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Webster_Groves,_Missouri" title="Webster Groves, Missouri">Webster Groves</a>, Missouri, where, as he said, he was deeply influenced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_D._Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel D. Press (page does not exist)">Samuel D. Press</a> in "biblical and systematic subjects",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemert2011146_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemert2011146-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a>, where he earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Divinity" title="Bachelor of Divinity">Bachelor of Divinity</a> degree in 1914 and a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree the following year,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_obit_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_obit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the thesis <i>The Contribution of Christianity to the Doctrine of Immortality</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatt197340_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatt197340-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He always regretted not earning a doctorate degree. He said that Yale gave him intellectual liberation from the localism of his German-American upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931 Niebuhr married <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Keppel-Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursula Keppel-Compton">Ursula Keppel-Compton</a>. She was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and was educated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in theology and history. She met Niebuhr while studying for her master's degree at Union Theological Seminary. For many years, she was on faculty at <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> – the women's college of Columbia University – where she helped establish and then chaired the religious studies department. The Niebuhrs had two children, Elisabeth Niebuhr Sifton, a high-level executive at several major publishing houses who wrote a memoir on her father,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christopher Niebuhr. Ursula Niebuhr left evidence in her professional papers at the Library of Congress showing that she co-authored some of her husband's later writings.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detroit">Detroit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Detroit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1915, Niebuhr was ordained a pastor. The German Evangelical mission board sent him to serve at Bethel Evangelical Church in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. The congregation numbered 66 on his arrival and grew to nearly 700 by the time he left in 1928. The increase reflected his ability to reach people outside the <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a> community and among the growing population attracted to jobs in the booming automobile industry. In the early 1900s Detroit became the fourth-largest city in the country, attracting many black and white migrants from the rural South, as well as Jewish and Catholic people from eastern and southern Europe. <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacists</a> determined to dominate, suppress, and victimize Black, Jewish, and Catholic Americans, as well as other Americans who did not have western European ancestry, joined the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(political_movement)" title="Black Legion (political movement)">Black Legion</a> in growing numbers. By 1923, membership in the KKK in Detroit topped 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, as part of the Ku Klux Klan's strategy to accumulate government power, the <a href="/wiki/Membership_organization" title="Membership organization">membership organization</a> selected and publicly supported several candidates for public office, including for the office of the mayor. Niebuhr spoke out publicly against the Klan to his congregation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1992142_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1992142-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing them as "one of the worst specific social phenomena which the religious pride of a people has ever developed". Though only one of the several candidates publicly backed by the Klan gained a seat on the city council that year,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1992142_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1992142-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Klan continued to influence daily life in Detroit. The KKK's failed 1925 mayoral candidate, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bowles_(mayor)" title="Charles Bowles (mayor)">Charles Bowles</a>, still became a judge on the <a href="/wiki/Recorder%27s_Court_(Detroit)" title="Recorder's Court (Detroit)">recorder's court</a>; later, in 1930, he was elected the city's mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When America entered the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1917, Niebuhr was the unknown pastor of a small German-speaking congregation in Detroit (it stopped using German in 1919). All adherents of <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a> culture in the United States and nearby Canada came under attack for suspicion of having dual loyalties. Niebuhr repeatedly stressed the need to be loyal to America, and won an audience in national magazines for his appeals to the German Americans to be patriotic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologically, he went beyond the issue of national loyalty as he endeavored to fashion a realistic ethical perspective of patriotism and pacifism. He endeavored to work out a realistic approach to the moral danger posed by aggressive powers, which many idealists and pacifists failed to recognize. During the war, he also served his denomination as Executive Secretary of the War Welfare Commission, while maintaining his pastorate in Detroit. A pacifist at heart, he saw compromise as a necessity and was willing to support war in order to find peace—compromising for the sake of righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrystal1977_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrystal1977-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_Niebuhr's_working-class_sympathy"><span id="Origins_of_Niebuhr.27s_working-class_sympathy"></span>Origins of Niebuhr's working-class sympathy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins of Niebuhr's working-class sympathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several attempts have been made to explicate the origins of Niebuhr's sympathies from the 1920s to working-class and labor issues as documented by his biographer Richard W. Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One supportive example has concerned his interest in the plight of auto workers in Detroit. This one interest among others can be briefly summarized below. </p><p>After seminary, Niebuhr preached the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a>, and then initiated the engagement of what he considered the insecurity of Ford workers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr had moved to the left and was troubled by the demoralizing effects of industrialism on workers. He became an outspoken critic of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> and allowed union organizers to use his pulpit to expound their message of workers' rights. Niebuhr attacked poor conditions created by the assembly lines and erratic employment practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4–5_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4–5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his opinion about factory work, Niebuhr rejected liberal optimism. He wrote in his diary: </p> <blockquote><p>We went through one of the big automobile factories to-day. ... The foundry interested me particularly. The heat was terrific. The men seemed weary. Here manual labour is a drudgery and toil is slavery. The men cannot possibly find any satisfaction in their work. They simply work to make a living. Their sweat and their dull pain are part of the price paid for the fine cars we all run. And most of us run the cars without knowing what price is being paid for them. ... We are all responsible. We all want the things which the factory produces and none of us is sensitive enough to care how much in human values the efficiency of the modern factory costs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The historian Ronald H. Stone thinks that Niebuhr never talked to the assembly line workers (many of his parishioners were skilled craftsmen) but projected feelings onto them after discussions with Samuel Marquis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone199229–32_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone199229–32-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr's criticism of Ford and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> resonated with progressives and helped make him nationally prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4–5_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4–5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His serious commitment to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> developed after he moved to New York in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone199232_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone199232-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, Niebuhr visited Europe to meet with intellectuals and theologians. The conditions he saw in Germany under the French <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">occupation of the Rhineland</a> dismayed him. They reinforced the <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> views that he had adopted throughout the 1920s after the First World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_of_Jews">Conversion of Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conversion of Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niebuhr preached about the need to persuade <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">convert to Christianity</a>. He believed there were two reasons Jews did not convert: the "un-Christlike attitude of Christians" and "Jewish bigotry." However, he later rejected the idea of a mission to Jews. According to his biographer, the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wightman_Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Wightman Fox (page does not exist)">Richard Wightman Fox</a>, Niebuhr understood that "Christians needed the leaven of pure Hebraism to counteract the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Hellenism</a> to which they were prone".<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1930s:_Growing_influence_in_New_York">1930s: Growing influence in New York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1930s: Growing influence in New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niebuhr captured his personal experiences in Detroit in his book <i>Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic</i>. He continued to write and publish throughout his career, and also served as editor of the magazine <i>Christianity and Crisis</i> from 1941 through 1966. </p><p>In 1928, Niebuhr left Detroit to become Professor of Practical Theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York. He spent the rest of his career there, until retirement in 1960. While teaching theology at Union Theological Seminary, Niebuhr influenced many generations of students and thinkers, including the German minister <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> of the anti-<a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a>. </p><p>The Fellowship of Socialist Christians was organized in the early 1930s by Niebuhr and others with similar views. Later it changed its name to Frontier Fellowship and then to Christian Action. The main supporters of the fellowship in the early days included <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Heimann" title="Eduard Heimann">Eduard Heimann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Eddy" title="Sherwood Eddy">Sherwood Eddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Terlin" title="Rose Terlin">Rose Terlin</a>. In its early days the group thought capitalist <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> was incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a>. Although not Communist, the group acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s social philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone1992115_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1992115-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr was among the group of 51 prominent Americans who formed the International Relief Association (IRA) that is today known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a> (IRC).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee mission was to assist Germans suffering from the policies of the Hitler regime.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niebuhr_and_Dewey">Niebuhr and Dewey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Niebuhr and Dewey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s Niebuhr was often seen as an intellectual opponent of <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>. Both men were professional polemicists and their ideas often clashed, although they contributed to the same realms of liberal intellectual schools of thought. Niebuhr was a strong proponent of the "Jerusalem" religious tradition as a corrective to the secular "Athens" tradition insisted upon by Dewey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1993146_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1993146-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book <i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Man_and_Immoral_Society" title="Moral Man and Immoral Society">Moral Man and Immoral Society</a></i> (1932), Niebuhr strongly criticized Dewey's philosophy, although his own ideas were still intellectually rudimentary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199343–58_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199343–58-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, in a review of Dewey's book <i>A Common Faith</i> (1934), Niebuhr was calm and respectful towards Dewey's "religious footnote" on his then large body of educational and pragmatic philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199343–58_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199343–58-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neo-orthodox_theology">Neo-orthodox theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neo-orthodox theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939 Niebuhr explained his theological odyssey: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... about midway in my ministry which extends roughly from the peace of Versailles to the peace of Munich measured in terms of Western history, I underwent a fairly complete conversion of thought which involved rejection of almost all the liberal theological ideals and ideas with which I ventured forth in 1915. I wrote a book <i>Does Civilization Need Religion?</i> my first, in 1927 which when now consulted is proved to contain almost all the theological windmills against which today I tilt my sword. These windmills must have tumbled shortly thereafter for every succeeding volume expresses a more and more explicit revolt against what is usually known as liberal culture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Reinhold Niebuhr, Ten Years that Shook My World, The Christian Century, Vol. 56, issue 17, page 542</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the 1930s Niebuhr worked out many of his ideas about sin and grace, love and justice, faith and reason, realism and idealism, and the irony and tragedy of history, which established his leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">neo-orthodox</a> movement in theology. Influenced strongly by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> and other dialectical theologians of Europe, he began to emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as a human record of divine self-revelation; it offered for Niebuhr a critical but redemptive reorientation of the understanding of humanity's nature and destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;7–8_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;7–8-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr couched his ideas in Christ-centered principles such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a> and the doctrine of original sin. His major contribution was his view of sin as a social event—as pride—with selfish self-centeredness as the root of evil. The sin of pride was apparent not just in criminals, but more dangerously in people who felt good about their deeds—rather like Henry Ford (whom he did not mention by name). The human tendency to corrupt the good was the great insight he saw manifested in governments, business, democracies, utopian societies, and churches. This position is laid out profoundly in one of his most influential books, <i>Moral Man and Immoral Society</i> (1932). He was a debunker of hypocrisy and pretense and made the avoidance of self-righteous illusions the center of his thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003Hussain2010_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003Hussain2010-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr argued that to approach religion as the individualistic attempt to fulfill biblical commandments in a moralistic sense is not only an impossibility but also a demonstration of man's original sin, which Niebuhr interpreted as self-love. Through self-love man becomes focused on his own goodness and leaps to the false conclusion—one he called the "<a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Promethean</a> illusion"—that he can achieve goodness on his own. Thus man mistakes his partial ability to transcend himself for the ability to prove his absolute authority over his own life and world. Constantly frustrated by natural limitations, man develops a lust for power which destroys him and his whole world. History is the record of these crises and judgments which man brings on himself; it is also proof that God does not allow man to overstep his possibilities. In radical contrast to the Promethean illusion, God reveals himself in history, especially personified in Jesus Christ, as sacrificial love which overcomes the human temptation to self-deification and makes possible constructive human history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003Hussain2010_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003Hussain2010-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic">Domestic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1930s, Niebuhr was a prominent leader of the militant faction of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>, although he disliked die-hard Marxists. He described their beliefs as a religion and a thin one at that.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985169–170_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985169–170-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Democratic_Action" title="Union for Democratic Action">Union for Democratic Action</a>, a group with a strongly <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">militarily interventionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> foreign policy and a pro-<a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> domestic policy. He was the group's president until it transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC.&nbsp;C._Brown2002102_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC.&nbsp;C._Brown2002102-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the framework of Christian realism, Niebuhr became a supporter of American action in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. However, he <a href="/wiki/Opposed_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposed the Vietnam War">opposed the Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2007-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berke_1992_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berke_1992-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of World War II, the pacifist component of his liberalism was challenged. Niebuhr began to distance himself from the pacifism of his more liberal colleagues and became a staunch advocate for the war. Niebuhr soon left the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a>, a peace-oriented group of theologians and ministers, and became one of their harshest critics. </p><p>This departure from his peers evolved into a movement known as Christian realism. Niebuhr is widely considered to have been its primary advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988ch.&nbsp;13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1988ch.&nbsp;13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr supported the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> during the Second World War and argued for the engagement of the United States in the war. As a writer popular in both the secular and the religious arena and a professor at the Union Theological Seminary, he was very influential both in the United States and abroad. While many clergy proclaimed themselves pacifists because of their World War I experiences, Niebuhr declared that a victory by Germany and Japan would threaten Christianity. He renounced his socialist connections and beliefs and resigned from the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation. He based his arguments on the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> beliefs that sin is part of the world, that justice must take precedence over love, and that pacifism is a symbolic portrayal of absolute love but cannot prevent sin. Although his opponents did not portray him favorably, Niebuhr's exchanges with them on the issue helped him mature intellectually.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1995_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1995-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr debated <a href="/wiki/Charles_Clayton_Morrison" title="Charles Clayton Morrison">Charles Clayton Morrison</a>, editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a></i> magazine, about America's entry into World War II. Morrison and his pacifistic followers maintained that America's role should be strictly neutral and part of a negotiated peace only, while Niebuhr claimed himself to be a realist, who opposed the use of political power to attain moral ends. Morrison and his followers strongly supported the movement to outlaw war that began after World War I and the <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a> of 1928. The pact was severely challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931. With his publication of <i>Moral Man and Immoral Society</i> (1932), Niebuhr broke ranks with <i>The Christian Century</i> and supported interventionism and power politics. He supported the reelection of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">in 1940</a> and published his own magazine, <i>Christianity and Crisis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullert2002_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullert2002-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, however, Niebuhr charged that use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima was "morally indefensible". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explained Niebuhr's influence: </p> <blockquote><p>Traditionally, the idea of the frailty of man led to the demand for obedience to ordained authority. But Niebuhr rejected that ancient conservative argument. Ordained authority, he showed, is all the more subject to the temptations of self-interest, self-deception and self-righteousness. Power must be balanced by power. He persuaded me and many of my contemporaries that original sin provides a far stronger foundation for freedom and self-government than illusions about human perfectibility. Niebuhr's analysis was grounded in the Christianity of Augustine and Calvin, but he had, nonetheless, a special affinity with secular circles. His warnings against utopianism, messianism and perfectionism strike a chord today. ... We cannot play the role of God to history, and we must strive as best we can to attain decency, clarity and proximate justice in an ambiguous world.<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Niebuhr's defense of Roosevelt made him popular among liberals, as the historian <a href="/wiki/Morton_White" title="Morton White">Morton White</a> noted: </p> <blockquote><p>The contemporary liberal's fascination with Niebuhr, I suggest, comes less from Niebuhr's dark theory of human nature and more from his actual political pronouncements, from the fact that he is a shrewd, courageous, and right-minded man on many political questions. Those who applaud his politics are too liable to turn then to his theory of human nature and praise it as the philosophical instrument of Niebuhr's political agreement with themselves. But very few of those whom I have called "atheists for Niebuhr" follow this inverted logic to its conclusion: they don't move from praise of Niebuhr's theory of human nature to praise of its theological ground. We may admire them for drawing the line somewhere, but certainly not for their consistency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1959117–118_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1959117–118-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in August 1939, Niebuhr severed his past ties with any <a href="/wiki/Fellow-traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow-traveler">fellow-traveler</a> organization having any known Communist leanings. In 1947, Niebuhr helped found the liberal <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a>. His ideas influenced <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Kennan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a>, and other realists during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> on the need to <a href="/wiki/Contain_Communist_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Contain Communist expansion">contain Communist expansion</a>. </p><p>In his last cover story for <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine (March 1948), <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> said of Niebuhr: </p> <blockquote><p>Most U.S. liberals think of Niebuhr as a solid socialist who has some obscure connection with Union Theological Seminary that does not interfere with his political work. Unlike most clergymen in politics, Dr. Niebuhr is a pragmatist. Says James Loeb, secretary of Americans for Democratic Action: "Most so-called liberals are idealists. They let their hearts run away with their heads. Niebuhr never does. For example, he has always been the leading liberal opponent of pacifism. In that period before we got into the war when pacifism was popular, he held out against it steadfastly. He is also an opponent of Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the 1950s, Niebuhr described Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> as a force of evil, not so much for attacking civil liberties, as for being ineffective in rooting out Communists and their sympathizers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985252_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985252-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, he supported the execution of <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a>, saying, "Traitors are never ordinary criminals and the Rosenbergs are quite obviously fiercely loyal Communists ... Stealing atomic secrets is an unprecedented crime."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985252_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985252-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_race,_ethnicity,_and_other_religious_affiliations"><span id="Views_on_race.2C_ethnicity.2C_and_other_religious_affiliations"></span>Views on race, ethnicity, and other religious affiliations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Views on race, ethnicity, and other religious affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His views developed during his pastoral tenure in Detroit, which had become a place of immigration, migration, competition and development as a major industrial city. During the 1920s, Niebuhr spoke out against the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in Detroit, which had recruited many members threatened by the rapid social changes. The Klan proposed positions that were anti-black, anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic. Niebuhr's preaching against the Klan, especially in relation to the 1925 mayoral election, gained him national attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1992_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1992-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr's thoughts on racial justice developed slowly after he abandoned socialism. Niebuhr attributed the injustices of society to human pride and self-love and believed that this innate propensity for evil could not be controlled by humanity. But, he believed that a representative democracy could improve society's ills. Like <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, Niebuhr endorsed natural evolution over imposed change and emphasized experience over theory. Niebuhr's Burkean ideology, however, often conflicted with his liberal principles, particularly regarding his perspective on racial justice. Though vehemently opposed to racial inequality, Niebuhr adopted a conservative position on <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2000_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While after World War II most liberals endorsed integration, Niebuhr focused on achieving equal opportunity. He warned against imposing changes that could result in violence. The violence that followed peaceful demonstrations in the 1960s forced Niebuhr to reverse his position against imposed equality; witnessing the problems of the Northern <a href="/wiki/Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos">ghettos</a> later caused him to doubt that equality was attainable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2000_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a> surged in Detroit in the 1920s in reaction to the rise in the number of Catholic immigrants from southern Europe since the early 20th century. It was exacerbated by the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, which recruited many members in Detroit. Niebuhr defended pluralism by attacking the Klan. During the Detroit mayoral election of 1925, Niebuhr's sermon, "We fair-minded <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> cannot deny", was published on the front pages of both the <i>Detroit Times</i> and the <i>Free Press</i>. </p><p>This sermon urged people to vote against mayoral candidate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bowles_(mayor)" title="Charles Bowles (mayor)">Charles Bowles</a>, who was being openly endorsed by the Klan. The Catholic incumbent, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Smith_(Detroit_mayor)" title="John W. Smith (Detroit mayor)">John W. Smith</a>, won by a narrow margin of 30,000 votes. Niebuhr preached against the Klan and helped to influence its decline in political power in Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1992129,_134_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1992129,_134-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niebuhr preached that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... it was Protestantism that gave birth to the Ku Klux Klan, one of the worst specific social phenomena which the religious pride and prejudice of peoples has ever developed. ... I do not deny that all religions are periodically corrupted by bigotry. But I hit Protestant bigotry the hardest at this time because it happens to be our sin and there is no use repenting for other people's sins. Let us repent of our own. ... We are admonished in Scripture to judge men by their fruits, not by their roots; and their fruits are their character, their deeds and accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox198591_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox198591-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fox, 1958, page 91</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martin_Luther_King_Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Martin Luther King Jr."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the "<a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a>" <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> wrote, "Individuals may see the moral light and voluntarily give up their unjust posture; but, as Reinhold Niebuhr has reminded us, groups tend to be more immoral than individuals." King drew heavily upon Niebuhr's social and ethical ideals; according to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a>, “King always claimed to have been much more influenced by Niebuhr than by Gandhi; he considered his nonviolent technique to be a Niebuhrian strategy of power” and “Whenever there was a conversation about power, Niebuhr came up. Niebuhr kept us from being naive about the evil structures of society.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElrath200748_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElrath200748-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King invited Niebuhr to participate in the third <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Selma to Montgomery March">Selma to Montgomery March</a> in 1965, and Niebuhr responded by telegram: "Only a severe stroke prevents me from accepting ... I hope there will be a massive demonstration of all the citizens with conscience in favor of the elemental human rights of voting and freedom of assembly" (Niebuhr, March 19, 1965). Two years later, Niebuhr defended King's decision to speak out against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, calling him "one of the greatest religious leaders of our time". Niebuhr asserted: "Dr. King has the right and a duty, as both a religious and a civil rights leader, to express his concern in these days about such a major human problem as the Vietnam War."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (February 2019)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Of his country's intervention in Vietnam, Niebuhr admitted: "For the first time I fear I am ashamed of our beloved nation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985285_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985285-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout his life, Niebuhr cultivated a good reputation and rapport with the Jewish community. He was an early critic of Christian antisemitism, including proselytism, and a persistent critic of Nazism and rising antisemitism in Germany throughout the 1930s. </p><p>When he began as a young pastor in 1923 Detroit, he favored conversion of Jews to Christianity, scolding evangelical Christians who were either <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> or ignored them. He spoke out against "the un-Christlike attitude of Christians", and what he called "Jewish bigotry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within three years, his theological views had evolved, and he spoke out against the practicality and necessity of <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">missionizing Jews</a>. He was the first prominent Christian theologian to argue it was inappropriate for Christians to seek to convert Jews to their faith, saying this negated “every gesture of our common biblical inheritance.” His experience in Detroit led him to the conclusion that the Jewish community was already sincerely committed to Social Justice. </p><p>In a 1926-01-10 lecture, Niebuhr said: "If I were a self-respecting Jew, I certainly would not renounce the faith of the fathers to embrace a faith which is as involved as Christianity is with racialism, Nordicism and gentile arrogance. (...) What we need is an entente cordiale between prophetic Judaism and prophetic Christianity in which both religions would offer the best they have to each other."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr's 1933 article in <i>The Christian Century</i> was an attempt to sound the alarm within the Christian community over Hitler's "cultural annihilation of the Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a preacher, writer, leader, and adviser to political figures, Niebuhr supported <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His solution to antisemitism was a combination of a Jewish homeland, greater tolerance, and assimilation in other countries. Unlike other Christian Zionists, Niebuhr's support of Zionism was practical, not theological, and not rooted in fulfillment of Biblical prophesy nor anticipation of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End-of-Days</a>. Despite being a religious leader, he cautioned against the involvement of religious claims in the conflict. </p><p>Niebuhr noted that “Zionism is the expression of a national will to live that transcends the traditional orthodox religion of the Jews.” Jewish statehood was necessary because “the bigotry of majority groups toward minority groups that affront the majority by diverging from the dominant type is a perennial aspect of man’s collective life. The force of it may be mitigated, but it cannot be wholly eliminated.” </p><p>"How is the ancient and hereditary title of the Jews to Palestine to be measured against the right of the Arab’s present possession? … The participants cannot find a common ground of rational morality from which to arbitrate the issues because the moral judgments which each brings to them are formed by the historical forces which are in conflict. … The effort to bring such a conflict under the dominion of a spiritual unity may be partly successful, but it always produces a tragic by-product of the spiritual accentuation of natural conflict. The introduction of religious motives into these conflicts is usually no more than the final and most demonic pretension." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Niebuhr published <i>The Irony of American History</i>, in which he interpreted the meaning of the United States' past. Niebuhr questioned whether a humane, "ironical" interpretation of American history was credible on its own merits, or only in the context of a Christian view of history. Niebuhr's concept of irony referred to situations in which "the consequences of an act are diametrically opposed to the original intention", and "the fundamental cause of the disparity lies in the actor himself, and his original purpose." His reading of American history based on this notion, though from the Christian perspective, is so rooted in historical events that readers who do not share his religious views can be led to the same conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarty1993_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarty1993-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serenity_Prayer">Serenity Prayer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Serenity Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serenity_Prayer" title="Serenity Prayer">Serenity Prayer</a></div> <p>Niebuhr created the first version of the Serenity Prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It inspired <a href="/wiki/Winnifred_Wygal" title="Winnifred Wygal">Winnifred Wygal</a> to write versions of the prayer that would become well known. <a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Shapiro" title="Fred R. Shapiro">Fred R. Shapiro</a>, who had cast doubts on Niebuhr's claim of authorship, conceded in 2009 that, "The new evidence does not prove that Reinhold Niebuhr wrote [the prayer], but it does significantly improve the likelihood that he was the originator."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular version of it reads: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change,<br /> Courage to change the things I can,<br /> And the wisdom to know the difference. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many political scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political historians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a>, have noted his influence on their thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamminga2012Korab-Karpowicz2013_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamminga2012Korab-Karpowicz2013-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Niebuhr exerted a significant influence upon <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant</a> clergy in the years immediately following World War II, much of it in concord with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-orthodox">neo-orthodox</a> and the related movements. That influence began to wane and then drop toward the end of his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. in the late twentieth century described the legacy of Niebuhr as being contested between American liberals and conservatives, both of whom wanted to claim him.<sup id="cite_ref-Berke_1992_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berke_1992-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Luther King Jr. gave credit to Niebuhr's influence. Foreign-policy conservatives point to Niebuhr's support of the <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> doctrine during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> as an instance of moral realism; progressives cite his later opposition to the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-Berke_1992_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berke_1992-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent years, Niebuhr has enjoyed something of a renaissance in contemporary thought, although usually not in liberal Protestant theological circles. Both major-party candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential election</a> cited Niebuhr as an influence: Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Call" title="Hard Call">Hard Call</a></i>, "celebrated Niebuhr as a paragon of clarity about the costs of a good war".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said that Niebuhr was his "favourite philosopher"<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "favorite theologian".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i> magazine columnist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Kaplan_(journalist)" title="Fred Kaplan (journalist)">Fred Kaplan</a> characterized Obama's 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> acceptance speech as a "faithful reflection" of Niebuhr.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a>'s seminal work on <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">international relations theory</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_State,_and_War" title="Man, the State, and War">Man, the State, and War</a></i>, includes many references to Niebuhr's thought.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Waltz emphasizes Niebuhr's contributions to <a href="/wiki/Political_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political realism">political realism</a>, especially "the impossibility of human perfection".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltz33_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltz33-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Andrew Bacevich</a>'s book <i>The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism</i> refers to Niebuhr 13 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacevichp.&nbsp;202_(index_Niebuhr)_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacevichp.&nbsp;202_(index_Niebuhr)-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacevich emphasizes Niebuhr's humility and his belief that Americans were in danger of becoming enamored of US power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other leaders of American foreign policy in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century have acknowledged Niebuhr's importance to them, including Jimmy Carter, Madeleine Albright, and Hillary Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCainSalter2007321–338Ruechel1994_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCainSalter2007321–338Ruechel1994-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhold_Niebuhr_grave_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reinhold_Niebuhr_grave_01.jpg/170px-Reinhold_Niebuhr_grave_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reinhold_Niebuhr_grave_01.jpg/255px-Reinhold_Niebuhr_grave_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reinhold_Niebuhr_grave_01.jpg/340px-Reinhold_Niebuhr_grave_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Niebuhr's grave in Stockbridge Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Niebuhr died on June 1, 1971, in <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER.&nbsp;M._Brown1986xix_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER.&nbsp;M._Brown1986xix-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>During his lifetime, Niebuhr was awarded several honorary doctorates.</li> <li>Niebuhr was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1964, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> awarded Niebuhr the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>.</li> <li>In Niebuhr's honor, New York City named West 120th Street between <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Manhattan)" title="Riverside Drive (Manhattan)">Riverside Drive</a> Reinhold Niebuhr Place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200944_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200944-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the site of Union Theological Seminary in Manhattan, where Niebuhr taught for more than 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC.&nbsp;C._Brown2002246_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC.&nbsp;C._Brown2002246-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmhurst College">Elmhurst College</a>, his <i>alma mater</i>, established the Niebuhr Medal to honor him and his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-Elmurst_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elmurst-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Niebuhr's influence was at its peak during the first two decades of the Cold War. By the 1970s, his influence was declining because of the rise of <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>, antiwar sentiment, the growth of conservative evangelicalism, and postmodernism.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubovich_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubovich-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Gene Zubovich, "It took the tragic events of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a>, to revive Niebuhr."<sup id="cite_ref-Zubovich_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubovich-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring of 2017, it was speculated<sup id="cite_ref-Acts_of_Faith_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acts_of_Faith-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and later confirmed<sup id="cite_ref-Who_is_James_Comey?_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_is_James_Comey?-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that former FBI director <a href="/wiki/James_Comey" title="James Comey">James Comey</a> used Niebuhr's name as a screen name for his personal <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account. Comey, as a religion major at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, wrote his undergraduate thesis on Niebuhr and televangelist <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_style">Personal style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personal style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niebuhr was often described as a charismatic speaker. The journalist <a href="/wiki/Alden_Whitman" title="Alden Whitman">Alden Whitman</a> wrote of his speaking style: </p> <blockquote><p>He possessed a deep voice and large blue eyes. He used his arms as though he were an orchestra conductor. Occasionally one hand would strike out, with a pointed finger at the end, to accent a trenchant sentence. He talked rapidly and (because he disliked to wear spectacles for his far-sightedness) without notes; yet he was adroit at building logical climaxes and in communicating a sense of passionate involvement in what he was saying.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_obit_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_obit-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic</i>, Richard R. Smith pub, (1930), <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster John Knox Press</a> 1991 reissue: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25164-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25164-1">0-664-25164-1</a>, diary of a young minister's trials</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Man_and_Immoral_Society" title="Moral Man and Immoral Society">Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study of Ethics and Politics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> (1932), Westminster John Knox Press 2002: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22474-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22474-1">0-664-22474-1</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Contribution of Religion to Social Work</i> (1932). New York: Columbia University Press.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Reflections on the End of an Era.</i> 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Interpretation of Christian Ethics</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a> (1935)</li> <li><i>Beyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation of History</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons (1937), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-71853-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-71853-7">0-684-71853-7</a></li> <li><i>Christianity and Power Politics</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_and_Destiny_of_Man" title="The Nature and Destiny of Man">The Nature and Destiny of Man</a>: A Christian Interpretation</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons (1943), from his 1939 <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a>, Volume one: Human Nature, Volume two: Human Destiny. Reprint editions include: Prentice Hall vol. 1: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-387510-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-387510-0">0-02-387510-0</a>, Westminster John Knox Press 1996 set of 2 vols: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25709-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25709-7">0-664-25709-7</a></li> <li><i>The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons (1944), <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a> 1974 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-387530-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-387530-5">0-02-387530-5</a>, Macmillan 1985 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15027-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15027-1">0-684-15027-1</a>, 2011 reprint from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, with a new introduction by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Dorrien" title="Gary Dorrien">Gary Dorrien</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58400-3">978-0-226-58400-3</a></li> <li><i>Faith and History</i> (1949) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15318-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15318-1">0-684-15318-1</a></li> <li><i>The Irony of American History</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons (1952), 1985 reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-71855-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-71855-3">0-684-71855-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15122-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15122-7">0-684-15122-7</a>, 2008 reprint from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, with a new introduction by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Bacevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew J. Bacevich">Andrew J. Bacevich</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58398-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58398-3">978-0-226-58398-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/583983.html">excerpt</a></li> <li><i>Christian Realism and Political Problems</i> (1953) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-678-02757-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-678-02757-9">0-678-02757-9</a></li> <li><i>The Self and the Dramas of History</i>, Charles Scribner's Sons (1955), <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>, 1988 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-6690-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-6690-1">0-8191-6690-1</a></li> <li><i>Love and Justice: Selections from the Shorter Writings of Reinhold Niebuhr</i>, ed. D. B. Robertson (1957), Westminster John Knox Press 1992 reprint, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25322-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25322-9">0-664-25322-9</a></li> <li><i>Pious and Secular America</i> (1958) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-678-02756-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-678-02756-0">0-678-02756-0</a></li> <li><i>Reinhold Niebuhr on Politics: His Political Philosophy and Its Application to Our Age as Expressed in His Writings</i> ed. by Harry R. Davis and Robert C. Good. (1960) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/11174295?title=Reinhold%20Niebuhr%20on%20Politics%3a%20His%20Political%20Philosophy%20and%20Its%20Application%20to%20Our%20Age%20as%20Expressed%20in%20His%20Writings">online edition</a></li> <li><i> A Nation So Conceived: Reflections on the History of America From Its Early Visions to its Present Power</i> with Alan Heimert, Charles Scribner's Sons (1963)</li> <li><i>The Structure of Nations and Empires</i> (1959) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-678-02755-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-678-02755-2">0-678-02755-2</a></li> <li>Niebuhr, Reinhold. <i>The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses</i> ed. by Robert McAffee Brown (1986). 264 pp. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04001-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04001-6">0-300-04001-6</a></li> <li><i>Remembering Reinhold Niebuhr. Letters of Reinhold & Ursula M. Niebuhr</i>, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Niebuhr" title="Ursula Niebuhr">Ursula Niebuhr</a> (1991) Harper, 0060662344</li> <li><i>Reinhold Niebuhr: Major Works on Religion and Politics: Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic, Moral Man and Immoral Society, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, The Irony of American History, Other Writings [Writings on Current Events 1928-1967, Prayers, Sermons and Lectures on Faith and Belief]</i>, ed. by Elisabeth Sifton (2016, Library of America/Literary Classics of the United States, 2016), 978-1-59853-375-0</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moot" title="The Moot">The Moot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span></span>/</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Political_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political realism">Political realism</a>" in foreign policy emphasizes national interest and is opposed to "idealism". See <a href="#CITEREFDoyle1997">Doyle 1997</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmhurst College has erected a statue in his honor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some others included the philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> and the writer <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He wrote several articles regarding the pre– and post–World War II plight of European Jews: "It Might Have Been" (<i>Evangelical Herald</i>, March 29, 1923, page 202), "The Rapprochement Between Jews and Christians" (<i>Christian Century</i>, January 7, 1926, pages 9–11), "Germany Must Be Told" (<i>Christian Century</i>, August 9, 1933, pages 1014–1015, follow-up <i>Letter to the Editor</i> to this article, same journal, May 27, 1936, p. 771); "Jews After the War" (in 2 parts <i>Nation</i>, February 21 and February 28, 1942, pages 214–216 and 253–255)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatt197340-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatt197340_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatt197340_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeatt1973">Leatt 1973</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartt1986" class="citation news cs1">Hartt, Julian N. (March 23, 1986). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1986/03/23/reinhold-neibuhr-conscience-of-the-liberals/95eb0885-4a59-4753-bcd6-381218d5ab2d">"Reinhold Neibuhr: Conscience of the Liberals"</a></span>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Neibuhr%3A+Conscience+of+the+Liberals&rft.date=1986-03-23&rft.aulast=Hartt&rft.aufirst=Julian+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F1986%2F03%2F23%2Freinhold-neibuhr-conscience-of-the-liberals%2F95eb0885-4a59-4753-bcd6-381218d5ab2d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maeshiro_2017,_p._17-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maeshiro_2017,_p._17_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maeshiro_2017,_p._17_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeshiro2017" class="citation journal cs1">Maeshiro, Kelly (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30931773">"The Political Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>: 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Political+Theology+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Maeshiro&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30931773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartman2015297-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartman2015297_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartman2015">Hartman 2015</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranfield1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Granfield, Patrick (December 16, 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/interview-reinhold-niebuhr">"An Interview with Reinhold Niebuhr"</a>. <i>Commonweal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonweal&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.date=1966-12-16&rft.aulast=Granfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Finterview-reinhold-niebuhr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2013360-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2013360_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2013360_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2013">Olson 2013</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice201380-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice201380_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice2013">Rice 2013</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2011257-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrien2011257_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorrien2011">Dorrien 2011</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarbox200714-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarbox200714_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarbox2007">Tarbox 2007</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJensen2014">Jensen 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2011_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2011">Mitchell 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETůmová2015-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETůmová2015_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTůmová2015">Tůmová 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermode1999" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kermode" title="Frank Kermode">Kermode, Frank</a> (April 25, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/77096/the-power-enchant">"The Power to Enchant"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=On+Being&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+Timeline%3A+Accepts+Position+at+Princeton&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.aulast=Tippett&rft.aufirst=Krista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onbeing.org%2Fprogram%2Fmoral-man-and-immoral-society-rediscovering-reinhold-niebuhr%2Fextra%2Freinhold-niebuhr-timel-39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoon1999-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoon1999_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoon1999">Moon 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox19855–24-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox19855–24_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1985">Fox 1985</a>, pp. 5–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemert2011146-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemert2011146_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemert2011">Lemert 2011</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_obit-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_obit_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_obit_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1971" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Alden (June 2, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/books/niebuhr.pdf">"Reinhold Niebuhr Is Dead; Protestant Theologian, 78"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. pp. 1, 45<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+Is+Dead%3B+Protestant+Theologian%2C+78&rft.pages=1%2C+45&rft.date=1971-06-02&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fpackages%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2Fniebuhr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1985">Fox 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Langer2019" class="citation news cs1">Emily Langer (December 28, 2019) [2019-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/elisabeth-sifton-revered-book-editor-and-publisher-dies-at-80/2019/12/21/a482ded8-22d1-11ea-a153-dce4b94e4249_story.html">"Elisabeth Sifton, revered book editor and publisher, dies at 80"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409">1330888409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Elisabeth+Sifton%2C+revered+book+editor+and+publisher%2C+dies+at+80&rft.date=2019-12-28&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330888409&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.au=Emily+Langer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Felisabeth-sifton-revered-book-editor-and-publisher-dies-at-80%2F2019%2F12%2F21%2Fa482ded8-22d1-11ea-a153-dce4b94e4249_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:WaPoCheckDates" title="Template:WaPoCheckDates"><span title="These script-retrieved dates may not quite match those displayed in the article">please check these dates</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Miles, Rebekah (January 25, 2012). "Uncredited: Was Ursula Niebuhr Reinhold's Coauthor?". <i>The Christian Century</i>. Vol. 129, no. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Century&rft.atitle=Uncredited%3A+Was+Ursula+Niebuhr+Reinhold%27s+Coauthor%3F&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Rebekah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famous-trials.com/sweet/131-chronology">"The Sweet Trials: A Chronology"</a>. <i>www.famous-trials.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.famous-trials.com&rft.atitle=The+Sweet+Trials%3A+A+Chronology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famous-trials.com%2Fsweet%2F131-chronology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1992142-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1992142_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1992142_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1992">Jackson 1992</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/bowles-charles">"Bowles, Charles | Detroit Historical Society"</a>. <i>detroithistorical.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=detroithistorical.org&rft.atitle=Bowles%2C+Charles+%7C+Detroit+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdetroithistorical.org%2Flearn%2Fencyclopedia-of-detroit%2Fbowles-charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;3_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1985">Fox 1985</a>, ch. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrystal1977-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrystal1977_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrystal1977">Chrystal 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1985">Fox 1985</a>, ch. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Reinhold Niebuhr, "Detroit" (radio interview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/niebuhr-rediscovered/b8.shtml">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809133030/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/niebuhr-rediscovered/b8.shtml">Archived</a> August 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4–5-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4–5_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;4–5_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1985">Fox 1985</a>, ch. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr1930" class="citation book cs1">Niebuhr, Reinhold (1930). <i>Leaves from the Notebook of a Tamed Cynic</i>. New York: R. R. Smith. pp. 79–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaves+from+the+Notebook+of+a+Tamed+Cynic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=R.+R.+Smith&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFDavies1945">Davies 1945</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone199229–32-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone199229–32_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1992">Stone 1992</a>, pp. 29–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone199232-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone199232_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1992">Stone 1992</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Goldman, Shalom (January 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/279081/reinhold-niebuhrs-zionism">"Reinhold Niebuhr's Zionism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tablet&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr%27s+Zionism&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Shalom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-arts-and-culture%2F279081%2Freinhold-niebuhrs-zionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1992115-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone1992115_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1992">Stone 1992</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/07/24/105402056.pdf">"New German Relief Unit: American Branch Formed to Aid Work Headed by Einstein"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 24, 1933. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+German+Relief+Unit%3A+American+Branch+Formed+to+Aid+Work+Headed+by+Einstein&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1933-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1933%2F07%2F24%2F105402056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1993146-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1993146_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1993">Rice 1993</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice199343–58-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199343–58_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice199343–58_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1993">Rice 1993</a>, pp. 43–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr1939" class="citation magazine cs1">Niebuhr, Reinhold (April 26, 1939). "Ten Years That Shook My World". <i>The Christian Century</i>. Vol. 56, no. 17. p. 542. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-5281">0009-5281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Century&rft.atitle=Ten+Years+That+Shook+My+World&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=542&rft.date=1939-04-26&rft.issn=0009-5281&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;7–8-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985ch.&nbsp;7–8_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1985">Fox 1985</a>, ch. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003Hussain2010-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003Hussain2010_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrien2003Hussain2010_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorrien2003">Dorrien 2003</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHussain2010">Hussain 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox1985169–170-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox1985169–170_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox1985">Fox 1985</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEC.&nbsp;C._Brown2002102-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC.&nbsp;C._Brown2002102_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC._C._Brown2002">C. C. Brown 2002</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2007-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2007_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berke_1992-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berke_1992_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berke_1992_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berke_1992_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerke1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Berke, Matthew (November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/1992/11/004-the-disputed-legacy-of-reinhold-niebuhr">"The Disputed Legacy of Reinhold Niebuhr"</a>. <i>First Things</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Brown 1986</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Reinhold+Niebuhr&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/niebuhrhisage00char"><i>Niebuhr and His Age: Reinhold Niebuhr's Prophetic Role and Legacy</i></a></span> (new ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-375-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-375-5"><bdi>978-1-56338-375-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niebuhr+and+His+Age%3A+Reinhold+Niebuhr%27s+Prophetic+Role+and+Legacy&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-375-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fniebuhrhisage00char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._M._Brown1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McAfee_Brown" title="Robert McAfee Brown">Brown, Robert McAfee</a> (1986). 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New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. xi–xxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16264-6"><bdi>978-0-300-16264-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+Selected+Essays+and+Addresses&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=xi-xxiv&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16264-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert+McAfee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullert2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bullert, Gary B. (2002). "Reinhold Niebuhr and <i>The Christian Century</i>: World War II and the Eclipse of the Social Gospel". <i>Journal of Church and State</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 271–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F44.2.271">10.1093/jcs/44.2.271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2040-4867">2040-4867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23920356">23920356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+The+Christian+Century%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Eclipse+of+the+Social+Gospel&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-290&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=2040-4867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23920356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F44.2.271&rft.aulast=Bullert&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByers1998" class="citation book cs1">Byers, Paula K., ed. 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"Reinhold Niebuhr and the First World War". <i>Journal of Presbyterian History</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 285–298. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3883">0022-3883</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23327895">23327895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Presbyterian+History&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-298&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23327895%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0022-3883&rft.aulast=Chrystal&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Richard_Davies" title="David Richard Davies">Davies, D. R.</a> (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reinholdniebuhrp00daviiala"><i>Reinhold Niebuhr: Prophet from America</i></a>. London: James Clarke & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+Prophet+from+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freinholdniebuhrp00daviiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> (1995). 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Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22355-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+American+Liberal+Theology%3A+Idealism%2C+Realism%2C+and+Modernity%2C+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22355-7&rft.aulast=Dorrien&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrien2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Dorrien" title="Gary Dorrien"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span> </a> (2011). <i>Social Ethics in the Making: Interpreting an American Tradition</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9379-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9379-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-9379-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Ethics+in+the+Making%3A+Interpreting+an+American+Tradition&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9379-8&rft.aulast=Dorrien&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1997" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Michael (1997). <i>Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+War+and+Peace%3A+Realism%2C+Liberalism%2C+and+Socialism&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2015" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Keith R. 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Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1580-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1580-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-1580-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+World+Is+Our+Parish%22%3A+John+King+Gordon%2C+1900%E2%80%931989%3B+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1580-9&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Keith+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1985" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Richard Wightman (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reinholdniebuhrb00foxr"><i>Reinhold Niebuhr: A Biography</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Harper & Row (published 1987). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250343-5"><bdi>978-0-06-250343-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250343-5&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Richard+Wightman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freinholdniebuhrb00foxr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreund2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Freund, Richard (2007). "Siegel, Seymour". 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Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siegel%2C+Seymour&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=556&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hartman, Joseph E. 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Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+John+Dewey%3A+An+American+Odyssey&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Daniel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2013" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2013). <i>Reinhold Niebuhr and His Circle of Influence</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139207737">10.1017/CBO9781139207737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02642-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02642-1"><bdi>978-1-107-02642-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+His+Circle+of+Influence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139207737&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02642-1&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Daniel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Greg (2000). "Reinhold Niebuhr: The Racial Liberal as Burkean". <i>Prospects</i>. <b>25</b>: 641–661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS036123330000079X">10.1017/S036123330000079X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6399">1471-6399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prospects&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+The+Racial+Liberal+as+Burkean&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=641-661&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS036123330000079X&rft.issn=1471-6399&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuechel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ruechel, Frank A. (1994). "Politics and Morality Revisited: Jimmy Carter and Reinhold Niebuhr". <i>Atlanta History</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 19–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+History&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Morality+Revisited%3A+Jimmy+Carter+and+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19-31&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ruechel&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1992" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Ronald H. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/professorreinhol0000ston"><i>Professor Reinhold Niebuhr: A Mentor to the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25390-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25390-5"><bdi>978-0-664-25390-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professor+Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+A+Mentor+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25390-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofessorreinhol0000ston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2009" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2009). "The Contribution of Reinhold Niebuhr to the Late Twentieth Century". In Kegley, Charles W. (ed.). <i>Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social, and Political Thought</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 43–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-128-0"><bdi>978-1-60899-128-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr+to+the+Late+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+His+Religious%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+Thought&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=43-79&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-128-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2014" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2014). "Afterword". In Weaver, Matthew Lon (ed.). <i>Applied Christian Ethics: Foundations, Economic Justice, and Politics</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 277–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9659-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9659-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-9659-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afterword&rft.btitle=Applied+Christian+Ethics%3A+Foundations%2C+Economic+Justice%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=277-286&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9659-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarbox2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tarbox, E. J. (2007). "Langdon Gilkey: Teacher, Mentor, and Friend". <i>American Journal of Theology & Philosophy</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-4795">2156-4795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27944389">27944389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Theology+%26+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Langdon+Gilkey%3A+Teacher%2C+Mentor%2C+and+Friend&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27944389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2156-4795&rft.aulast=Tarbox&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Michael G. (2007). "An Exception to Exceptionalism: A Reflection on Reinhold Niebuhr's Vision of 'Prophetic' Christianity and the Problem of Religion and U.S. Foreign Policy". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>59</b> (3): 833–855. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2007.0070">10.1353/aq.2007.0070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6490">1080-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145379028">145379028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+Exception+to+Exceptionalism%3A+A+Reflection+on+Reinhold+Niebuhr%27s+Vision+of+%27Prophetic%27+Christianity+and+the+Problem+of+Religion+and+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=833-855&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145379028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2007.0070&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTůmová2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Tůmová, Šárka (2015). <i>Reinhold Niebuhr, Christian Realism and the Poetry of W. H. Auden</i> (BA thesis). Prague: Charles University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11956%2F83320">20.500.11956/83320</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Reinhold+Niebuhr%2C+Christian+Realism+and+the+Poetry+of+W.+H.+Auden&rft.degree=BA&rft.inst=Charles+University&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11956%2F83320&rft.aulast=T%C5%AFmov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0%C3%A1rka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltz" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Waltz, Kenneth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Man,_the_State,_and_War" title="Man, the State, and War"><i>Man, the State, and War</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%2C+the+State%2C+and+War&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morton_White" title="Morton White">White, Morton</a> (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionpoliticsunsewhit"><i>Religion, Politics, and the Higher Learning</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Higher+Learning&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionpoliticsunsewhit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1991" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robert (1991). <i>A World Mission: Canadian Protestantism and the Quest for a New International Order, 1918–1939</i>. McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Religion. Vol. 7. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0873-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-0873-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1181-7445">1181-7445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Mission%3A+Canadian+Protestantism+and+the+Quest+for+a+New+International+Order%2C+1918%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Montreal&rft.series=McGill-Queen%27s+Studies+in+the+History+of+Religion&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=1181-7445&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0873-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Altman, Jake (2019). <i>Socialism Before Sanders: The 1930s Movement from Romance to Revisionism.</i> New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckley1992" class="citation book cs1">Beckley, Harlan (1992). <i>Passion for Justice: Retrieving the Legacies of Walter Rauschenbusch, John A. Ryan, and Reinhold Niebuhr</i>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21944-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21944-4"><bdi>978-0-664-21944-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passion+for+Justice%3A+Retrieving+the+Legacies+of+Walter+Rauschenbusch%2C+John+A.+Ryan%2C+and+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21944-4&rft.aulast=Beckley&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Bingham_Birge" title="June Bingham Birge">Bingham, June</a> (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/couragetochangei00bing"><i>Courage to Change: An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Reinhold Niebuhr</i></a></span>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courage+to+Change%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Life+and+Thought+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcouragetochangei00bing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2002" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(commentator)" title="David Brooks (commentator)">Brooks, David</a> (2002). "A Man on a Gray Horse". <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. Vol. 290, no. 2. Boston. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825">1072-7825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=A+Man+on+a+Gray+Horse&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1072-7825&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnahan2010" class="citation book cs1">Carnahan, Kevin (2010). <i>Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Ramsey: Idealist and Pragmatic Christians on Politics, Philosophy, Religion, and War</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4475-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-4475-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+Paul+Ramsey%3A+Idealist+and+Pragmatic+Christians+on+Politics%2C+Philosophy%2C+Religion%2C+and+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4475-6&rft.aulast=Carnahan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Castellin, Luca G. (2014). <i>Il realista delle distanze: Reinhold Niebuhr e la politica internazionale</i> (in Italian). Soveria Mannelli, Italy: Rubbettino. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-498-3973-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-498-3973-9"><bdi>978-88-498-3973-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+realista+delle+distanze%3A+Reinhold+Niebuhr+e+la+politica+internazionale&rft.place=Soveria+Mannelli%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Rubbettino&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-88-498-3973-9&rft.aulast=Castellin&rft.aufirst=Luca+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Chen, Liang (2007). <i>From a Christian Socialist to a Christian Realist: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Soviet Union, 1930–1945</i> (PhD dissertation). Singapore: National University of Singapore. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10635%2F13033">10635/13033</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=From+a+Christian+Socialist+to+a+Christian+Realist%3A+Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.inst=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10635%2F13033&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Liang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1992" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, Campbell (1992). "The New Meaning of Modern War in the Thought of Reinhold Niebuhr". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 687–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709944">10.2307/2709944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3222">1086-3222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709944">2709944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+New+Meaning+of+Modern+War+in+the+Thought+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=687-701&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=1086-3222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709944&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouter2010" class="citation book cs1">Crouter, Richard (2010). <i>Reinhold Niebuhr: On Politics, Religion, and Christian Faith</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195379679.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379679.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537967-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537967-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+On+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+and+Christian+Faith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195379679.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537967-9&rft.aulast=Crouter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggins2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Diggins" title="John Patrick Diggins">Diggins, John Patrick</a> (2011). <i>Why Niebuhr Now?</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14883-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14883-0"><bdi>978-0-226-14883-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Niebuhr+Now%3F&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14883-0&rft.aulast=Diggins&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFackre2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fackre" title="Gabriel Fackre">Fackre, Gabriel</a> (2011). <i>The Promise of Reinhold Niebuhr</i> (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6610-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6610-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6610-3&rft.aulast=Fackre&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fox, Richard Wightman (2000). "Niebuhr, Reinhold". <i>American National Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0801094">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0801094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niebuhr%2C+Reinhold&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.0801094&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Richard+Wightman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland1960" class="citation book cs1">Harland, Gordon (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoughtofreinhol0000harl"><i>The Thought of Reinhold Niebuhr</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thought+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Harland&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthoughtofreinhol0000harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriesPlatten2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harries,_Baron_Harries_of_Pentregarth" title="Richard Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth">Harries, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Platten" title="Stephen Platten">Platten, Stephen</a>, eds. (2010). <i>Reinhold Niebuhr and Contemporary Politics: God and Power</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199571833.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571833.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957183-3"><bdi>978-0-19-957183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+Contemporary+Politics%3A+God+and+Power&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199571833.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957183-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann1956" class="citation book cs1">Hofmann, Hans (1956). <i>The Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr</i>. New York: Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInboden2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Inboden" title="William Inboden">Inboden, William C.</a> (2014). "The Prophetic Conflict: Reinhold Niebuhr, Christian Realism, and World War II". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 49–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht089">10.1093/dh/dht089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7709">1467-7709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Prophetic+Conflict%3A+Reinhold+Niebuhr%2C+Christian+Realism%2C+and+World+War+II&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-82&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht089&rft.issn=1467-7709&rft.aulast=Inboden&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennealy1985" class="citation book cs1">Kennealy, Peter (1985). "History, Politics, and the Sense of Sin: The Case of Reinhold Niebuhr". In <a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Moulakis" title="Athanasios Moulakis">Moulakis, Athanasios</a> (ed.). <i>The Promise of History: Essays in Political Philosophy</i>. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. pp. 135–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010043-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-010043-3"><bdi>978-3-11-010043-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Sense+of+Sin%3A+The+Case+of+Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+History%3A+Essays+in+Political+Philosophy&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=135-171&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-010043-3&rft.aulast=Kennealy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lovin, Robin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9795.00149">"Reinhold Niebuhr in Contemporary Scholarship"</a>. <i>Journal of Religious Ethics</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 487–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9795.00149">10.1111/1467-9795.00149</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9795">1467-9795</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40008340">40008340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+Ethics&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+in+Contemporary+Scholarship&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=487-505&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1467-9795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40008340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9795.00149&rft.aulast=Lovin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1467-9795.00149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCann" title="Dennis McCann">McCann, Dennis</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianrealism0000mcca"><i>Christian Realism and Liberation Theology: Practical Theologies in Creative Conflict</i></a></span>. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-086-5"><bdi>978-0-88344-086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Realism+and+Liberation+Theology%3A+Practical+Theologies+in+Creative+Conflict&rft.place=Maryknoll%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-88344-086-5&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianrealism0000mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkley1975" class="citation book cs1">Merkley, Paul (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reinholdniebuhrp00merk"><i>Reinhold Niebuhr: A Political Account</i></a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0216-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0216-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-0216-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr%3A+A+Political+Account&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0216-1&rft.aulast=Merkley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freinholdniebuhrp00merk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton1977" class="citation book cs1">Patton, Howard G. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620213908/http://religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=3279"><i>Reinhold Niebuhr</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=3279">the original</a> on June 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=Howard+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion-online.org%2Fshowbook.asp%3Ftitle%3D3279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2009" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Daniel F., ed. (2009). <i>Reinhold Niebuhr Revisited: Engagements with an American Original</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6257-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-6257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhold+Niebuhr+Revisited%3A+Engagements+with+an+American+Original&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6257-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_H._Rosenthal" title="Joel H. 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Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1649-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1649-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-1649-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Realists%3A+Political+Realism%2C+Responsible+Power%2C+and+American+Culture+in+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1649-4&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Joel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1997" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Heather A. (1997). <i>Theologians of a New World Order: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Christian Realists, 1920–1948</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511438-6"><bdi>978-0-19-511438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologians+of+a+New+World+Order%3A+Reinhold+Niebuhr+and+the+Christian+Realists%2C+1920%E2%80%931948&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511438-6&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Heather+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReinhold+Niebuhr" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Reinhold_Niebuhr" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514001608/http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=3279&C=2741">A detailed bibliography of Niebuhr's publications</a></li> <li><i>Obama's Theologian</i>, E. J. Dionne and David Brooks debate on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003125825/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/2009/obamas-theologian2/"><i>Speaking of Faith</i>, American Public Media</a></li> <li>Niebuhr, Reinhold. "The Public Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr" (radio interviews <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804052845/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/niebuhr-rediscovered/particulars.shtml">online</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524160936/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1992-06-20/features/9202150579_1_ethics-stockbridge-christopher-niebuhr">Reflections by Ursula Niehbuhr on the 100th anniversary of Reinhold Niebuhr's birth</a> Retrieved April 15, 2013</li> <li>Reinhold Niebuhr <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051128034459/http://www.religion-online.org/listbycategory.asp?Cat=37">books and articles online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704123905/http://public.elmhurst.edu/collections/niebuhrlegacy">The Niebuhr Legacy</a>, Elmhurst College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/text/niebuhr.html">Reinhold Niebuhr Papers, (Library of Congress)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/583983.html">"The Ironic Element in the American Situation"</a>, an excerpt from <i>The Irony of American History</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whospeaks.library.vanderbilt.edu/"><i>Who Speaks for the Negro</i> Vanderbilt documentary website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15878coll90/id/57/rec/1">Reinhold Niebuhr: April 27, 1958, interview</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mike_Wallace_Interview" title="The Mike Wallace Interview">The Mike Wallace Interview</a> collection, <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202040925/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19480308,00.html">"Reinhold Niebuhr"</a>, <i>Time</i> Magazine Cover (Mar. 8 1948)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22472">Brian Urquhart, "What You Can Learn from Reinhold Niebuhr"</a>, <i>The New York Review of Books</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niebuhrsociety.typepad.com">The Niebuhr Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108112753/http://covenantnetwork.org/resources/niebuhr.html">Niebuhr on Tolerance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanconscience.com/"><i>An American Conscience: The Reinhold Niebuhr Story</i></a>, documentary film by Martin Doblmeier</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloane_Coffin" title="Henry Sloane Coffin">Henry Sloane Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Hough_Jr." title="Joseph C. Hough Jr.">Joseph C. Hough Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Jones" title="Serene Jones">Serene Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faculty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Founding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler_(NYU)" title="Charles Butler (NYU)">Charles Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenough_Thayer_Shedd" title="William Greenough Thayer Shedd">William Greenough Thayer Shedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Briggs" title="Charles Augustus Briggs">Charles Augustus Briggs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Macquarrie" title="John Macquarrie">John Macquarrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pollack_(biologist)" title="Robert Pollack (biologist)">Robert Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloane_Coffin" title="Henry Sloane Coffin">Henry Sloane Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">James H. Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothee_S%C3%B6lle" title="Dorothee Sölle">Dorothee Sölle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Wildung_Harrison" title="Beverly Wildung Harrison">Beverly Wildung Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Emerson_Fosdick" title="Harry Emerson Fosdick">Harry Emerson Fosdick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Ward" title="Harry F. Ward">Harry F. Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wink" title="Walter Wink">Walter Wink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Haight" title="Roger Haight">Roger Haight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_S._Elliot" title="Harrison S. Elliot">Harrison S. Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Brooke_Mosley" title="J. Brooke Mosley">J. Brooke Mosley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Boys" title="Mary C. Boys">Mary C. Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Carr" title="David M. Carr">David M. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Knitter" title="Paul F. Knitter">Paul F. Knitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Hyun_Kyung" title="Chung Hyun Kyung">Chung Hyun Kyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Morse" title="Christopher Morse">Christopher Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_McGuckin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony McGuckin">John Anthony McGuckin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Belford_Ulanov" title="Ann Belford Ulanov">Ann Belford Ulanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Union_Seminary_Quarterly_Review" title="Union Seminary Quarterly Review">Union Seminary Quarterly Review</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/12px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/19px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/25px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358561#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118734792">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018599">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123443070">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123443070">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451323">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Niebuhr, Reinhold"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV011926">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35387231">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020729010&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1067107">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/141467">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068707622">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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