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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjunctive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Subjunctive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjunctive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Conditional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Optative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Imperative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jussive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jussive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Jussive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jussive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Potential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presumptive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presumptive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Presumptive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presumptive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypothetical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothetical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Hypothetical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothetical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inferential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inferential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Inferential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inferential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Interrogative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deontic_mood_vs._epistemic_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deontic_mood_vs._epistemic_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Deontic mood vs. epistemic mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deontic_mood_vs._epistemic_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moods_in_Oceanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moods_in_Oceanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Moods in Oceanic languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moods_in_Oceanic_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Moods in Oceanic languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moods_in_Oceanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pingelapese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pingelapese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pingelapese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pingelapese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reo_Rapa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reo_Rapa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reo Rapa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reo_Rapa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortlockese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortlockese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mortlockese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortlockese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grammatical mood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_(Grammaticcr%C3%A6ft)" title="Met (Grammaticcræft) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Met (Grammaticcræft)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحالات النحوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحالات النحوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Наклонение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наклонение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_gramatical" title="Mode gramatical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mode gramatical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Тайăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тайăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovesn%C3%BD_zp%C5%AFsob" title="Slovesný způsob – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovesný způsob" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus" title="Modus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Modus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuohki_(giellaoahpala%C5%A1)" title="Vuohki (giellaoahpalaš) – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuohki (giellaoahpalaš)" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_(Grammatik)" title="Modus (Grammatik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modus (Grammatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5neviis" title="Kõneviis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõneviis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Έγκλιση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έγκλιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_gramatical" title="Modo gramatical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modo gramatical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramatika_modo" title="Gramatika modo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gramatika modo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="وجه دستوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وجه دستوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(grammaire)" title="Mode (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mode (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisbeanach_(gr%C3%A0mar)" title="Taisbeanach (gràmar) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Taisbeanach (gràmar)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_gramatical" title="Modo gramatical – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modo gramatical" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%95" title="서법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Եղանակի քերականական կարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղանակի քերականական կարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus" title="Modus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6ttir_sagna" title="Hættir sagna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hættir sagna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_(linguistica)" title="Modo (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modo (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="מודוס (בלשנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מודוס (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90)" title="კილო (გრამატიკა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კილო (გრამატიკა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Рай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darb%C4%ABbas_v%C4%81rda_izteiksme" title="Darbības vārda izteiksme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Darbības vārda izteiksme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuosaka" title="Nuosaka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nuosaka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda_(gramatica)" title="Moda (gramatica) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Moda (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gerna_selcni" title="gerna selcni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gerna selcni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igem%C3%B3d" title="Igemód – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Igemód" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filaza_(fitsipiteny)" title="Filaza (fitsipiteny) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filaza (fitsipiteny)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijs" title="Wijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="法 (文法) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="法 (文法)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatisk_modus" title="Grammatisk modus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grammatisk modus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus" title="Modus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Modus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2de_(gramatica)" title="Mòde (gramatica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mòde (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لکار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>grammatical mood</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> feature of <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, used for signaling <a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">modality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181">: 181 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, it is the use of verbal <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying (for example, a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). The term is also used more broadly to describe the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> expression of modality – that is, the use of <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrases</a> that do not involve inflection of the verb itself. </p><p>Mood is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">grammatical tense</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">grammatical aspect</a>, although the same word patterns are used for expressing more than one of these meanings at the same time in many languages, including English and most other modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European languages</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense–aspect–mood</a> for a discussion of this.) </p><p>Some examples of moods are <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative mood">interrogative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injunctive_mood" title="Injunctive mood">injunctive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">potential</a>. These are all <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite</a> forms of the verb. <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerunds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>, which are non-finite forms of the verb, are not considered to be examples of moods. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a> languages have more than ten moods; <a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has as many as sixteen. The original <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> inventory of moods consisted of indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. Not every Indo-European language has all of these moods, but the most conservative ones such as <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> have them all. English has indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive moods. </p><p>Not all the moods listed below are clearly conceptually distinct. Individual terminology varies from language to language, and the coverage of, for example, the "conditional" mood in one language may largely overlap with that of the "hypothetical" or "potential" mood in another. Even when two different moods exist in the same language, their respective usages may blur, or may be defined by syntactic rather than semantic criteria. For example, the subjunctive and optative moods in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> alternate syntactically in many subordinate clauses, depending on the tense of the main verb. The usage of the indicative, subjunctive, and <a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">jussive moods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> is almost completely controlled by syntactic context. The only possible alternation in the same context is between indicative and jussive following the negative particle <i>lā</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realis_moods">Realis moods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Realis moods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">Realis mood</a></div> <p>Realis moods are a category of grammatical moods that indicate that something is actually the case or actually not the case. The most common realis mood is the indicative mood. Some languages have a distinct generic mood for expressing general truths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indicative">Indicative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indicative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The indicative mood, or evidential mood, is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. It is the mood of reality. The indicative mood is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is eating an apple" or "John eats apples". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irrealis_moods">Irrealis moods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Irrealis moods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">Irrealis mood</a></div> <p>Irrealis moods or non-indicative moods are the set of grammatical moods that indicate that something is not actually the case or a certain situation or action is not known to have happened. They are any verb or sentence mood that is not a realis mood. They may be part of expressions of necessity, possibility, requirement, wish or desire, fear, or as part of counterfactual reasoning, etc. </p><p>Irrealis verb forms are used when speaking of an event which has not happened, is not likely to happen, or is otherwise far removed from the real course of events. For example, in the sentence "If you had done your homework, you wouldn't have failed the class", <i>had done</i> is an irrealis verb form. </p><p>Some languages have distinct irrealis <a href="/wiki/Grammatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical">grammatical</a> verb forms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> preserve a <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>. Some also preserve an <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative mood</a> that describes events that are wished for or hoped for but not factual. </p><p>Common irrealis moods are the conditional, the subjunctive, the optative, the jussive, and the potential. For other examples, see the main article for each respective mood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjunctive">Subjunctive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subjunctive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive mood</a></div> <p>The subjunctive mood, sometimes called conjunctive mood, has several uses in <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">dependent clauses</a>. Examples include discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests (the exact scope is language-specific). A <a href="/wiki/English_subjunctive" title="English subjunctive">subjunctive mood exists in English</a>, though it is not an <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> form of the verb but rather a clause type which uses the bare form of the verb also used in imperatives, infinitives, and other constructions. An example of the English subjunctive is "Jill suggested <i>that Paul take his medicine</i>", as opposed to the indicative sentence "<i>Jill believes that Paul takes his medicine</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other uses of the subjunctive in English are <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaisms</a>, as in "And <b>if he be</b> not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass..." (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 5:7). Statements such as "I will ensure that he leave immediately" often sound archaic or formal, and have been largely supplanted by constructions with the indicative, like "I will ensure <i>that he leaves immediately</i>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Germanic languages distinguish between two types of subjunctive moods, for example, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konjunktiv I</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">II</i></span> in German. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subjunctive version of "<i>John eats if he is hungry.</i>" (subjunctive part in bold) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Sentence </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td><i>John would eat if he <b>were</b> hungry.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Danish</b> </td> <td><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">John ville spise, hvis han <b>var</b> sulten.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Dutch</b> </td> <td><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Jan zou eten, als hij honger <b>zou</b> hebben.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>French</b><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Jean mangerait s’il <b>avait</b> faim.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>German</b> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johannes äße, wenn er hungrig <b>wäre</b>.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Hindi</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">जॉन खाता अगर उसे भूख <b>होती</b>।</span></span> <p><span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">jôn khātā agar use bhūkh <b>hotī</b>.</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Italian</b> </td> <td><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Giovanni mangerebbe se <b>avesse</b> fame.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lithuanian</b> </td> <td><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Jonas valgytų, jei <b>būtų</b> alkanas.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Polish</b> </td> <td><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Jan jadłby, gdy<b>by zgłodniał</b>.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Portuguese</b> </td> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">O João comeria se <b>tivesse</b> fome.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Russian</b> </td> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Иван поел бы, если <b>бы был</b> голоден</span></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Spanish</b> </td> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Juan comería si <b>tuviera</b> hambre.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Swedish</b> </td> <td><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Johan skulle äta, om han <b>vore</b> hungrig.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Slovenian</b> </td> <td><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Janez bi jedel, če <b>bi</b> bil lačen.</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup><b>1</b></sup> <i>In modern usage, the imperfect indicative usually replaces the imperfect subjunctive in this type of sentence.</i> </p><p>The subjunctive mood figures prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, which require this mood for certain types of dependent clauses. This point commonly causes difficulty for English speakers learning these languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In certain other languages, the dubitative or the conditional moods may be employed instead of the subjunctive in referring to doubtful or unlikely events (see the main article). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional">Conditional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conditional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional mood</a></div> <p>The conditional mood is used for speaking of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition, particularly, but not exclusively, in <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">conditional sentences</a>. In Modern English, this type of modality is expressed via a <a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">periphrastic construction</a>, with the form <i>would</i> + infinitive, (for example, <i>I would buy</i>), and thus is a mood only in the broad sense and not in the more common narrow sense of the term "mood" requiring morphological changes in the verb. In other languages, verbs have a specific conditional <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. In German, the conditional mood is identical to one of the two subjunctive moods <i>(Konjunktiv II,</i> see above). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Conditional version of "<i>John eats if he is hungry.</i>" (conditional part in bold) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td><i>John <b>would eat</b> if he were hungry.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Basque</b> </td> <td><i>Jonek <b>jango luke</b>, goserik balu.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Estonian</b> </td> <td><i>Juhan <b>sööks</b>, kui tal <b>oleks</b> nälg</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Finnish</b> </td> <td><i>Juha <b>söisi</b>, jos hänellä <b>olisi</b> nälkä</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>French</b> </td> <td><i>Jean <b>mangerait</b> s'il avait faim.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>German</b> </td> <td><i>Johannes <b>äße</b>, wenn er hungrig wäre.</i> <p>Also: <i>Johannes <b>würde essen</b>, wenn er hungrig wäre.</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Hindi</b> </td> <td><i>जॉन <b>खाता</b> अगर उसे भूख होती।</i> <p><i>jôn <b>khātā</b> agar usē bhūkh <b>hotī</b>.</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Irish</b> </td> <td><i> <b>D'íosfadh</b> Seán dá <b>mbeadh</b> ocras air.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Italian</b> </td> <td><i>Giovanni <b>mangerebbe</b> se avesse fame.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Lithuanian</b> </td> <td><i>Jonas <b>valgytų</b>, jei būtų alkanas.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Polish</b> </td> <td><i>Jan <b>jadłby</b>, <b>gdyby</b> zgłodniał.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Portuguese</b> </td> <td><i>João <b>comeria</b> se estivesse com fome.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Russian</b> </td> <td><i>Иван <b>поел бы</b>, <b>если бы</b> был голоден.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Spanish</b> </td> <td><i>Juan <b>comería</b> si tuviera hambre.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Swedish</b> </td> <td><i>Johan <b>skulle äta</b>, om han vore hungrig.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the conditional form is used primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">apodosis</a> (main clause) of conditional sentences, and in a few <a href="/wiki/Set_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Set phrase">set phrases</a> where it expresses courtesy or doubt. The main verb in the <a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">protasis</a> (dependent clause) is usually in the subjunctive or in the indicative mood. However, this is not a universal trait and among others in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (as above), <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> (even though the last is a Romance language), the conditional mood is used in both the apodosis and the protasis. A further example is a sentence "I would buy a house if I earned a lot of money". </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> has conditional marking in both clauses: <i>d'íosfadh</i> 'would eat, would have eaten' and <i>beadh</i> 'would be, would have been', along with a specific irrealis conditional <i>dá</i> 'if', which contrasts with the realis conditional <i>má</i> 'if' (i.e.<i> <b>Ithfidh</b> sé má <b>bhíonn</b> ocras air.</i> 'He'll eat if he is hungry').</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, both clauses likewise have the conditional marker <i>-isi-</i>: <i>Osta<b>isi</b>n talon, jos ansaits<b>isi</b>n paljon rahaa</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> (as well as in eastern and other western Slavic languages), the conditional marker <i>-by</i> also appears twice: <i>Kupił<b>by</b>m dom, gdy<b>by</b>m zarabiał dużo pieniędzy</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindi</a>, the conditional markers -ता (tā), -ती (tī), -ते (te) and -तीं (tī̃) (agreeing in gender and number with the subject and the direct object) comes twice: मैं घर खरीद<b>ता</b> अगर बहौत पैसे कमा<b>ता</b>। (maiṁ ghar kharīda<b>tā</b> agar bahaut paisē kamā<b>tā</b>). The conditional (or contrafactual) form in Hindi corresponds to perfect conditional of Romance and the Germanic languages. So, the sentence literally translate to <i>"I <b>would have</b> bought a house if I <b>earned</b> a lot of money."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Because English is used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, a common error among second-language speakers is to use "would" in both clauses. For example, *"I would buy if I would earn...".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optative">Optative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Optative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">Optative mood</a></div> <p>The optative mood expresses hopes, wishes or commands and has other uses that may overlap with the subjunctive mood. Few languages have an optative as a distinct mood; some that do are <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperative">Imperative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative mood</a></div> <p>The imperative mood expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Pat, do your homework now". An imperative is used for telling someone to do something without argument. Many languages, including English, use the bare verb stem to form the imperative (such as "go", "run", "do"). Other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, however, use special imperative forms. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the second person is implied by the imperative except when first-person plural is specified, as in "Let's go" ("Let us go").</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, a first person plural exists in the imperative mood: Spanish: <i>Vayamos a la playa</i>; French: <i>Allons à la plage</i> (both meaning: Let's go to the beach).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindi</a>, imperatives can be put into the present and the future tense.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperative forms of Hindi verb <i>karnā</i> (to do) is shown in the table belowː</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="4">2nd<br />Person </th> <th colspan="2">Formality </th> <th>Present </th> <th>Future </th></tr> <tr> <th>Intimate </th> <th><i>tū</i> </th> <td><i>kar</i> </td> <td><i>kar<b>iyo</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Familiar </th> <th><i>tum</i> </th> <td><i>kar<b>o</b></i> </td> <td><i>kar<b>nā</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Formal </th> <th><i>āp</i> </th> <td><i>kar<b>iye</b></i> </td> <td><i>kar<b>iyegā</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The prohibitive mood, the negative imperative, may be grammatically or morphologically different from the imperative mood in some languages. It indicates that the action of the verb is not permitted. For example, "Don't you go!" </p><p>In English, the imperative is sometimes used for forming a <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">conditional sentence</a>: for example, "go eastwards a mile, and you'll see it" means "if you go eastwards a mile, you will see it". </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Imperative version of "<i>John does his homework.</i>" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <td><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">John, <b>do</b> your homework!</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>French </th> <td><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Jean, <b>fais</b> tes devoirs !</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>German </th> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Johannes, <b>mach</b> deine Hausaufgaben!</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Portuguese </th> <td><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">João, <b>faça</b> tua lição!</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russian </th> <td><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Иван, <b>делай</b> домашнее задание!</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spanish </th> <td><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">¡Juan, <b>haz</b> tu tarea!</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jussive">Jussive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jussive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">Jussive mood</a></div> <p>The jussive, similarly to the imperative, expresses orders, commands, exhortations, but particularly to a third person not present. An imperative, in contrast, generally applies to the listener. When a language is said to have a jussive, the jussive forms are different from the imperative ones, but may be the same as the forms called "subjunctive" in that language. Latin and Hindi are examples of where the jussive is simply about certain specific uses of the subjunctive. Arabic, however, is a language with distinct subjunctive, imperative, and jussive conjugations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential">Potential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potential mood is a mood of probability indicating that, in the opinion of the speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (where the so-called optative mood can serve equally well as a potential mood), in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wu">Northern Wu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>. (In Japanese, it is often called something like <b>tentative,</b> since <b>potential</b> is used for referring to a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voice</a> indicating capability to perform the action.) </p><p>In Finnish, it is mostly a literary device, as it has virtually disappeared from daily spoken language in most dialects. Its affix is <i>-ne-</i>, as in *<i>men</i> + <i>ne</i> + <i>e</i> → <i>mennee</i> "(she/he/it) will probably go". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, the potential is formed by the suffix <i>-hat/-het</i> and it can express both possibility and permission: ad<i>hat</i> "may give, can give"; Me<i>het</i>ünk? "Can we go?" </p><p>In English, it is formed by means of the auxiliaries <i>may</i>, <i>can</i>, <i>ought</i>, and <i>must</i>: <i>"She may go.</i>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presumptive">Presumptive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presumptive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presumptive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive mood">Presumptive mood</a></div> <p>The <b>presumptive mood</b> is used to express presupposition or hypothesis, regardless of the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, and inevitability. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, the presumptive mood conjugations of the verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vrea#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vrea"><i><b>vrea</b></i></a> are used with the infinitive form of verbs. The present tense and the past tense infinitives are respectively used to form the present and the past tense of the presumptive mood.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, the presumptive mood conjugations of the verb <i><b>honā</b></i> (to be) are used with the perfective, habitual, and progressive aspectual participles to form the perfective presumptive, habitual presumptive, and the progressive presumptive moods. The same presumptive mood conjugations are used for present, future, and past tenses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Presumptive Mood Conjugations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Person </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <th>2nd </th> <th>3rd </th> <th>1st </th> <th>2nd </th> <th>3rd </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>oi</i> </td> <td><i>o</i> </td> <td><i>om</i> </td> <td><i>oți</i> </td> <td><i>or</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </th> <th>♂ </th> <td><i>hūṁgā</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>hogā</i> </td> <td><i>hoṁgē</i> </td> <td><i>hogē</i> </td> <td><i>hoṁgē</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>♀ </th> <td><i>hūṁgī</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>hogī</i> </td> <td><i>hoṁgī</i> </td> <td><i>hogī</i> </td> <td><i>hoṁgī</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Tense </th> <th>Sentence </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Present</b> </td> <td><i>tu oi face</i> </td> <td>You might do. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Past</b> </td> <td><i>tu oi fi făcut</i> </td> <td>You might have done. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Progressive</b> </td> <td><i>tu oi fi făcând</i> </td> <td>You might be doing. </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Aspect </th> <th>Tense </th> <th>Sentence </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Habitual</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td><i>tū kartā hoga abhī</i> </td> <td>You must/might be doing it now. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td><i>tū kartā hogā pêhlē.</i> </td> <td>You must/might have done it before (habitually in the past). </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Perfective</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td><i>tūnē kiyā hogā abhī.</i> </td> <td>You must/might have done now. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td><i>tūnē kiyā hogā pêhlē.</i> </td> <td>You must/might have done it before (in the past). </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b>Progressive</b> </td> <td><b>Present</b> </td> <td><i>tū kar rahā hogā abhī</i> </td> <td>You must/might be doing it now. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Past</b> </td> <td><i>tū kar rahā hogā do din pêhlē</i> </td> <td>You must/might have been doing it two days ago. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Future</b> </td> <td><i>tū kar rahā hogā do din bād</i> </td> <td>You must/might be doing it two days from now. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Note</b>: </p> <ol><li><i>The translations are just the closest possible English approximations and not exact.</i></li> <li><i>Only masculine conjugations are shown for Hindi.</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypothetical">Hypothetical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hypothetical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few languages use a <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_mood" title="Hypothetical mood">hypothetical mood</a>, which is used in sentences such as "you could have cut yourself", representing something that might have happened but did not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inferential">Inferential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inferential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inferential_mood" title="Inferential mood">Inferential mood</a></div><p>The inferential mood is used to report unwitnessed events without confirming them. Often, there is no doubt as to the veracity of the statement (for example, if it were on the news), but simply the fact that the speaker was not personally present at the event forces them to use this mood. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan languages">Balkan languages</a>, the same forms used for the inferential mood also function as <a href="/wiki/Admirative" class="mw-redirect" title="Admirative">admiratives</a>. When referring to Balkan languages, it is of<dfn>ten called</dfn> <b>renarrative mood</b>; when referring to <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, it is called <b>oblique mood</b>. </p><p>The inferential is usually impossible to be distinguishably translated into English. For instance, indicative Bulgarian <i>той отиде (toy otide)</i> and Turkish <i>o gitti</i> will be translated the same as inferential <i>той отишъл (toy otishal)</i> and <i>o gitmiş</i> — with the English indicative <i>he went</i>.<b><sup><a href="/wiki/Inferential_mood#cite_note-1" title="Inferential mood">[1]</a></sup></b> Using the first pair, however, implies very strongly that the speaker either witnessed the event or is very sure that it took place. The second pair implies either that the speaker did not in fact witness it take place, that it occurred in the remote past or that there is considerable doubt as to whether it actually happened. If it were necessary to make the distinction, then the English constructions "he must have gone" or "he is said to have gone" would partly translate the inferential. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative">Interrogative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interrogative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative mood">Interrogative mood</a></div> <p>The interrogative (or interrogatory) mood is used for asking questions. Most languages do not have a special mood for asking questions, but exceptions include <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo languages">Eskimo languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deontic_mood_vs._epistemic_mood">Deontic mood vs. epistemic mood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deontic mood vs. epistemic mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguists also differentiate moods into two parental irrealis categories: <a href="/wiki/Deontic_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontic mood">deontic mood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistemic_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemic mood">epistemic mood</a>. Deontic mood describes whether one could or should be able to do something. An example of deontic mood is: She should/may start. On the other hand, epistemic mood describes the chance or possibility of something happening. This would then change our example to: She may have started. To further explain modality, linguists introduce weak mood. A weak deontic mood describes how a course of action is not recommended or is frowned upon. A weak epistemic mood includes the terms "perhaps" and "possibly".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moods_in_Oceanic_languages">Moods in Oceanic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Moods in Oceanic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pingelapese">Pingelapese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pingelapese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pingelapese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingelapese">Pingelapese</a> is a Micronesian language spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Pingelap" title="Pingelap">Pingelap</a> atoll and on two of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, called the high island of Pohnpei. <i>e</i> and <i>ae</i> are auxiliary verbs found in Pingelapese. Though seemingly interchangeable, <i>e</i> and <i>ae</i> are separate phonemes and have different uses. A Pingelapese speaker would choose to use <i>e</i> when they have a high degree of certainty in what they are saying and <i>ae</i> when they are less certain. This therefore illustrates that <i>e</i> and <i>ae</i> are mood indicators. They have no effect on the direct translation of a sentence, but they are used to alter the mood of the sentence spoken. The following example shows the difference between <i>e</i> and <i>ae</i> when applied in the same sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Ngaei rong pwa Soahn e laid.</i></dd> <dd>‘I heard that John was fishing (I am certain about it).’</dd></dl> <dl><dd><i> Ngaei rong pwa Soahn ae laid.</i></dd> <dd>‘I heard that John was fishing (but I am not certain about it).’</dd></dl> <p>The use of <i>ae</i> instead of <i>e</i> can also indicate an interrogative sentence. This is a form of non-declarative speech that demonstrates the speaker has no commitment to the statement they are saying. The following sentence is an example. </p> <dl><dd>Soahn ae laid?</dd> <dd>‘Does John fish?’</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reo_Rapa">Reo Rapa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reo Rapa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language we know as <a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Reo Rapa</a> was created as a result of the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> to the Rapa monolingual community. Old Rapa words are still used for the grammar and structure of the sentence or phrase, but most common content words were replaced with <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walworth2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walworth2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reo Rapa language uses <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93Aspect%E2%80%93Mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense–Aspect–Mood">Tense–Aspect–Mood</a> (TAM) in their sentence structure such as the imperfective TAM marker <i>/e/</i> and the imperative TAM marker <i>/a/</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walworth2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walworth2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ray" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>e</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="tense, aspect, or mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TAM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ray" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hina’aro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">like</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ray" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>na</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="deictic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEIX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ray" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ray" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tō</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ray" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mei’a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">banana</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ray" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><u>ra</u></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="deictic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEIX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;"><u>e</u> hina’aro <u>na</u> vau tō mei’a <u>ra</u></p><p style="display: none;">IPFV.TAM like DEIX SG DEF banana DEIX</p><p style="clear: left;">'I would like those bananas (you mentioned).'<sup id="cite_ref-Walworth2017_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walworth2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortlockese">Mortlockese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mortlockese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mortlockese" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortlockese">Mortlockese</a> is an Austronesian language made up of eleven dialects over the eleven atolls that make up the <a href="/wiki/Mortlock_Islands_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mortlock Islands (disambiguation)">Mortlock Islands</a> in Micronesia. Various TAM markers are used in the language. Mood markers include the past tense <a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative</a> (marking encouragement or to urge) <i>aa</i>, the hortative <i>kɞ</i> which denotes a polite tone, <i>min</i> or <i>tin</i> to stress the importance of something, and the word <i>tɞ</i> to denote warning or caution. Each of these markers is used in conjunction with the subject proclitics except for the <i>aa</i> marker.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_moods" title="Category:Grammatical moods">Articles on specific grammatical moods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Grammatical conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical modality">Grammatical modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_TAM" title="Nominal TAM">Nominal TAM</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Palmer" title="Frank R. Palmer">Palmer, F. R.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKUvDFTARR8C&q=%22grammatical+mood%22">Mood and Modality</a></i>, Cambridge Univ. 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</ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatical_mood&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grammatical_mood" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:grammatical mood">grammatical mood</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcbsr.com/greek/gmood.html">Mood in Biblical Greek</a></li></ul> <p>From <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDeonticModality.htm">Deontic modality</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsVolitiveModality.htm">Volitive modality</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImprecativeMood.htm">imprecative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsOptativeMood.htm">optative mood</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDirectiveModality.htm">Directive modality</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDeliberativeMood.htm">deliberative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImperativeMood.htm">imperative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImmediateImperativeMood.htm">immediate imperative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsJussiveMood.htm">jussive mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsObligativeMood.htm">obligative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPermissiveMood.htm">permissive mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPrecativeMood.htm">precative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsProhibitiveMood.htm">prohibitive mood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsEpistemicModality.htm">Epistemic modality</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsJudgmentModality.htm">judgment modality</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAssumptiveMood.htm">assumptive mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDeclarativeMood.htm">declarative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDeductiveMood.htm">deductive mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDubitativeMood.htm">dubitative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsHypotheticalMood.htm">hypothetical mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsInterrogativeMood.htm">interrogative mood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSpeculativeMood.htm">speculative mood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsIrrealisModality.htm">Irrealis modality</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSubjunctiveMood.htm">subjunctive mood</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_moods" title="Template talk:Grammatical moods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_moods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical moods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Linguistic_modalities_and_grammatical_moods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modalities</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">grammatical moods</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">Realis</a><br /><i>(what is)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood#Other" title="Realis mood">Indicative/declarative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mood" title="Aggressive mood">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realis_mood#Other" title="Realis mood">Energetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidential</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sensory_evidential_mood" title="Sensory evidential mood">Sensory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_aspect" title="Gnomic aspect">Generic/gnomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirative" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirative">Mirative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">Irrealis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">Deontic</a><br /><i>(what should be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictive" title="Benedictive"> Benedictive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Commissive" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissive">Commissive</a></b> <i>(promises, threats)</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Directive_moods" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive moods">Directive</a></b> <i>(commands, requests, requirements)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitive" title="Debitive">Debitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_mood" title="Deliberative mood">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_modality" title="Dynamic modality">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">Hortative (+ subtypes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injunctive_mood" title="Injunctive mood">Injunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussive_mood" title="Jussive mood">Jussive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessitative_mood" title="Necessitative mood">Necessitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_mood" title="Permissive mood">Permissive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Precative mood">Precative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibitive mood">Prohibitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositive_mood" title="Propositive mood">Propositive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Volitive_modality" title="Volitive modality">Volitive</a></b> <i>(hopes, wishes, fears)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderative_mood" title="Desiderative mood">Desiderative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprecative_mood" title="Imprecative mood">Imprecative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">Optative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic</a><br /><i>(what may be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alethic_modality" title="Alethic modality">Alethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptive_mood" title="Assumptive mood">Assumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive_mood" title="Deductive mood">Deductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubitative_mood" title="Dubitative mood">Dubitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_mood" title="Hypothetical mood">Hypothetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferential_mood" title="Inferential mood">Inferential/renarrative/oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential mood">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_mood" title="Speculative mood">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent circumstances<br /><i>(what would be)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Eventive mood">Eventive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Formal_semantics" title="Template talk:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Formal_semantics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Formal semantics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">Denotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">Entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(semantics)" title="Extension (semantics)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Generalized quantifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form_(linguistics)" title="Logical form (linguistics)">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(formal_semantics)" title="Scope (formal semantics)">Scope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-conditional_semantics" title="Truth-conditional semantics">Truth conditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_(linguistics)" title="Binding (linguistics)">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">Conditionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunction">Disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">Indexicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional attitudes">Propositional attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">Quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagueness" title="Vagueness">Vagueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent-contained_deletion" title="Antecedent-contained deletion">Antecedent-contained deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_(linguistics)" title="Coercion (linguistics)">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservativity" title="Conservativity">Conservativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">Counterfactuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_effects" title="Crossover effects">Crossover effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulativity_(linguistics)" title="Cumulativity (linguistics)">Cumulativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_dicto_and_de_re" title="De dicto and de re">De dicto and de re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_se" title="De se">De se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">Deontic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_relation" title="Discourse relation">Discourse relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_anaphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey anaphora">Donkey anaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustivity" title="Exhaustivity">Exhaustivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faultless_disagreement" title="Faultless disagreement">Faultless disagreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givenness" title="Givenness">Givenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneity (linguistics)">Homogeneity (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurford_disjunction" title="Hurford disjunction">Hurford disjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logophoricity" title="Logophoricity">Logophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_subordination" title="Modal subordination">Modal subordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_context" title="Opaque context">Opaque contexts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_utterance" title="Performative utterance">Performatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantificational_variability_effect" title="Quantificational variability effect">Quantificational variability effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_predicate" title="Responsive predicate">Responsive predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_declarative" title="Rising declarative">Rising declaratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_implicature" title="Scalar implicature">Scalar implicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloppy_identity" title="Sloppy identity">Sloppy identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtrigging" title="Subtrigging">Subtrigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_semantics" title="Alternative semantics">Alternative semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatory_categorial_grammar" title="Combinatory categorial grammar">Combinatory categorial grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_representation_theory" title="Discourse representation theory">Discourse representation theory (DRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_semantics" title="Glue semantics">Glue semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">Intensional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">Lambda calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_grammar" title="Montague grammar">Montague grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_discourse_representation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented discourse representation theory">Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervaluationism" title="Supervaluationism">Supervaluationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory_with_records" title="Type theory with records">TTR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Context set">Context set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation" title="Continuation">Continuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_scoreboard" title="Conversational scoreboard">Conversational scoreboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_entailing" title="Downward entailing">Downward entailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_closure" title="Existential closure">Existential closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_application" title="Function application">Function application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_postulate" title="Meaning postulate">Meaning postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">Monads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_quantification" title="Plural quantification">Plural quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantifier_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier raising">Quantifier raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_(linguistics)" title="Quantization (linguistics)">Quantization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_under_discussion" title="Question under discussion">Question under discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squiggle_operator" title="Squiggle operator">Squiggle operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawson_entailment" title="Strawson entailment">Strawson entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_conditional" title="Strict conditional">Strict conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_shifter" title="Type shifter">Type shifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_semantics" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferentialism">Inferentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_translation" title="Logic translation">Logic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">Linguistics wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics of logic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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