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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1999–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_attempts_to_influence_Kosovar_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_attempts_to_influence_Kosovar_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Turkish attempts to influence Kosovar society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_attempts_to_influence_Kosovar_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extradition_of_suspected_Hizmet_Movement_of_Turkish_nationals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extradition_of_suspected_Hizmet_Movement_of_Turkish_nationals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extradition of suspected Hizmet Movement of Turkish 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="Kosovo–Türkiyə münasibətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosovo–Türkiyə münasibətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95" title="יחסי טורקיה–קוסובו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי טורקיה–קוסובו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Kosovo–Turkey</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo_Turkey_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Kosovo and Turkey"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Kosovo and Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kosovo_Turkey_Locator.png/250px-Kosovo_Turkey_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kosovo_Turkey_Locator.png/375px-Kosovo_Turkey_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kosovo_Turkey_Locator.png/500px-Kosovo_Turkey_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;color:inherit;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/63px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/84px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/68px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/90px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Embassy of Kosovo, Ankara</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Embassy of Turkey, Pristina</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Ambassador Agon Vrenezi</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Ambassador Sabri Tunç Angılı</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kosovo–Turkey relations</b> are the historic and current <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral relations">bilateral relations</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. Kosovo has an <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, whereas Turkey has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>. Both nations are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, have close cultural and military ties, and both have sought to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations between Albanians and Turkey date back from the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> to the region in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Emecen190_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emecen190-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Albanians during the Ottoman period <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">converted</a> to the official religion <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and contributed through administrative, political, and military positions to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and culturally to the wider <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emecen190_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emecen190-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vickers1724_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vickers1724-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian diaspora in Turkey was formed during the Ottoman era and early years of the Turkish republic through migration for economic reasons and later sociopolitical circumstances of discrimination and violence experienced by Albanians in Balkan countries.<sup id="cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Balkan Wars (1912–1913) expanded the Albanian diaspora in Turkey as large numbers of Muslim refugees arrived in Istanbul and Anatolia overwhelming the abilities and resources of Ottoman authorities to provide food, shelter, personal registration and documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras35_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants from these Albanians form the largest portion of the Albanian community in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman authorities aware of the demographics of Kosovo and Macedonia understood that a large portion of the unregistered refugees migrating toward <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> and Anatolia were Albanian and many of them had congregated in urban centres like <a href="/wiki/Karacabey" title="Karacabey">Karacabey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edremit,_Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Edremit, Balıkesir">Edremit</a>, <a href="/wiki/De%C4%9Firmendere,_G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Değirmendere, Gölcük">Değirmendere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karam%C3%BCrsel" title="Karamürsel">Karamürsel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafakemalpa%C5%9Fa" title="Mustafakemalpaşa">Kirmasti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras3536_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras3536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before its independence, Kosovo was an Albanian-majority part of Yugoslavia, and later Serbia. From 1925 onward Yugoslavia sought an agreement with Turkey to allow for the migration of Muslims and Albania was concerned that it entailed the removal of Albanians from the Balkans to be resettled in depopulated parts of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Musaj244246_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musaj244246-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey reiterated to Albania its disinterest in Albanians from Yugoslavia coming to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and that the matter mainly related to ethnic Turks of Vardar Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Musaj244246_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musaj244246-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With large numbers of Albanian refugees present in Turkey by the mid-1920s an understanding had arisen with Albania to cooperate and stem Albanian migration from Yugoslavia which decreased substantially during the remainder of the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Musaj247_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musaj247-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1923 and 1939 however, 115,000 Yugoslav citizens migrated to Turkey and both Yugoslavian and Turkish sources note that the majority of migrants were Albanian.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras161_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras161-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian scholars from Albania and Kosovo place the number of Albanian immigrants in the hundreds of thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras164-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there is no access to the Turkish Foreign Ministry archive regarding this issue, the total numbers of Albanians arriving to Turkey during the interwar period are difficult to ascertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras164-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey attempted to resettle these Albanians in eastern Anatolia within areas such as <a href="/wiki/Yozgat" title="Yozgat">Yozgat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> though many Albanians eventually settled in Eskişehir, Kocaeli, <a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, Bursa and Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras164-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanians from Yugoslavia migrated to Turkey for a variety of reasons that included <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_colonisation_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo">confiscations of land and redistribution to Serb colonists</a> in Kosovo alongside the warfare between the armed Albanian <a href="/wiki/Kachaks" title="Kachaks">Kaçak</a> resistance movement active in Kosovo and north-western Macedonia with Yugoslav authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras161162_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras161162-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslav authorities viewed Albanians as a hostile population and preferred to reduce their presence in Yugoslavia, while Turkey wanted to repopulate areas of Anatolia that had been emptied of its previous Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greek speaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Turkish speaking</a> Christians during the population exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Judah4546_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judah4546-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, several visits by the Turkish foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Tevfik_R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Aras" title="Tevfik Rüştü Aras">Tevfik Rüştü Aras</a> to Belgrade in talks with the Yugoslav foreign ministry discussed the deportation of Muslims from the area of Yugoslavia that had been designated as <i><a href="/wiki/South_Serbia_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="South Serbia (1919–1922)">South Serbia</a></i> to Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras162_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras162-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Aras and his Yugoslav counterpart <a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Milan Stojadinović</a> after five years of negotiations signed a joint convention regarding the migration of <i>Muslim Turks</i> to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras162_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras162-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement referred to the proposed relocation of 40,000 families between 1939 and 1944 in accordance with regulations and requirements such as being fluent in Turkish, exclusion of Romani and targeting municipalities in Kosovo and western Macedonia for the migration process.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras162163_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras162163-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural communities were to be mainly targeted and properties of those people deported was to be liquidated in Yugoslavia, while the journey to Anatolia from the port of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> would be funded by Turkey and monitored by a joint Turkish-Yugoslav commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras163_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archival and printed literature from the period show the agreement to have been a misleading and deceptive document in its wording and intent as the outcome was for the removal of the Albanian population to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras163_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the negotiation of the bilateral convention Atatürk met with Yugoslav authorities and later submitted the agreement to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish parliament</a> for ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras163_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras163-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1938, some 5 months before the death of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, the Turkish parliament refused to ratify the agreement and with the onset of the Second World War, the measure was not reconsidered.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingeras164-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Judah46_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judah46-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all those who settled in villages where Albanians became or are the only population, the language has been retained to various degrees, whereas in ethnically mixed areas language retention has been obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a post Second World War context, Albanian migrants originated from <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, in particular Kosovo during the 1950s–1970s often due to discrimination and or pressure exhibited by the state on Albanians to declare themselves <i>Turkish</i> and migrate to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmertIngrao201394_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmertIngrao201394-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1952 and 1967 some 175,000 Muslims emigrated from Yugoslavia and though many were Macedonian speaking Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeš</a>), Bosniaks and ethnic Turks, the majority of migrants were Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-Judah52_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judah52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these Albanians from Yugoslavia settled in urban centres such as <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemlik" title="Gemlik">Gemlik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, some Albanians arrived to Turkey fleeing the conflict in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hale265_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hale265-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanians from this third group have mainly settled in large urban centres located in western areas of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has an estimated 1.3 to 5 or 6 million citizens of full or partial Albanian descent,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saunders98_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yenigun184_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yenigun184-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many still feel a connection to Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-Oktem158_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oktem158-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1999–present"><span id="1999.E2.80.93present"></span>1999–present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1999–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Balkan conflicts of the 1990s in Bosnia and Kosovo placed them high on the agenda of Turkish regional security concerns entailing Turkey becoming involved with the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayari176177178_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayari176177178-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey somewhat supported Kosovar Albanian national aspirations during the 1990s and <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)">Turkish intelligence service</a> (MIT) trained members of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (KLA) at a military base İzmir.<sup id="cite_ref-Deliso38_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deliso38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish state also was distant from the crisis due to its concerns over the secessionist parameters of the Kosovo conflict and its implications for Kurdish secessionism in Turkey and also as the Turkish minority in Kosovo did not ally themselves with Albanians due to fears of being dominated by them during the struggle against the Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayari178_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayari178-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, alleviating the plight of Kosovar Albanians many of whom are Muslim resonated with the Turkish population and unlike European populations of the time who had negative views of Albanians due to the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Albanian mafia</a> in their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Deliso38_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deliso38-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaniSchmidt90_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaniSchmidt90-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Turkey during the Kosovo war there was a sense of historic responsibility to assist Kosovar Albanians due to them being Muslims and former "loyal" Ottoman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Dannreuther206208_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dannreuther206208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgirArman149150-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish population was concerned over events in Kosovo and due to historical, cultural, religious and other ties to the Balkans supported their government's anti-Serb and pro-NATO position.<sup id="cite_ref-Dannreuther206208_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dannreuther206208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though expressing hesitation about a ground offensive, NATO member Turkey strongly supported and was involved in the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">bombing campaign against Yugoslavia</a> supplying eighteen fighter jets.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishku98_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishku98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dannreuther206208_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dannreuther206208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgirArman149150-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-war, Turkey has assisted Kosovo regarding stability and security through OSCE, UNMIK and KFOR missions deploying 1,000 troops through the latter in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgirArman149150-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey currently has 540 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> led <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SoleriLecha41_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoleriLecha41-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Kosovo <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declared its independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> on 17 February 2008, Turkey became one of the first countries to <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognise Kosovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bishku98_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishku98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey turned its coordination office in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> into an embassy after a cabinet decision to open a mission in Kosovo. The decision came in accordance with the reciprocity principle common in diplomatic relations, when Kosovo announced that it was planning to open one of its first foreign missions in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thaci-Erdogan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thaci-Erdogan.jpg/290px-Thaci-Erdogan.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thaci-Erdogan.jpg/435px-Thaci-Erdogan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thaci-Erdogan.jpg/580px-Thaci-Erdogan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> and Kosovar Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Tha%C3%A7i" title="Hashim Thaçi">Hashim Thaçi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, Kosovo (2010)</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 2000s onward, Turkey's involvement and leverage within a political and economic context was deepened in Kosovo and the wider Balkans, due to the endeavours of the ruling AKP party wanting closer relations with countries that have Ottoman heritage and geo-political relevancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Balcer227_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcer227-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State relations of Kosovo with Turkey are friendly and close, due to the Albanian population of Turkey maintaining close links with Albanians of the Balkans and vice versa and also Turkey maintaining close socio-political, cultural, economic and military ties with Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamanheritage_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamanheritage-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabak_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabak-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrovic_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrovic-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has been supportive of Kosovar geopolitical interests within the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrovic_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrovic-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the EU driven dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia, Turkey has officially supported the process to assist the region toward Euro-Atlantic integration.<sup id="cite_ref-Eralpxvxvi_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eralpxvxvi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey was among the first countries to recognize Kosovo’s independence on <b>February 18, 2008</b>, just one day after its declaration. Turkish officials have consistently supported Kosovo’s international recognition, including efforts to join the United Nations and other global organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey maintains an embassy in <b>Pristina</b>, while Kosovo has an embassy in <b>Ankara</b>. High-level visits between leaders are frequent, strengthening political and economic ties. Turkey has also been involved in mediating regional disputes in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup polls</a> conducted in recent times, Turkey is viewed as a <i>friendly country</i> with a positive image amongst a large majority (85 percent) of people in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrovic_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrovic-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kosovar Albanians view Turkey as a <i>trustworthy</i> partner toward efforts in constructing a modern European country.<sup id="cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgirArman149150-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closeness of Muslim traditions in Kosovo to those in Turkey has heightened the positive image and increased influence of the latter for Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgirArman149150-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey is viewed as a traditional ally of the Albanians and the West and one of the main reasons for friendship with Turkey is due to its support for Kosovar independence.<sup id="cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AgirArman149150-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Kosovar Albanians have personal documentation only from the Republic of Kosovo, Turkey is one of a few places they can travel without applying for an entry permit.<sup id="cite_ref-Boskovic113_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boskovic113-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2013, during an official state visit by Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, he affirmed close ties with Kosovo by stating in a speech that "We all belong to a common history, common culture, common civilisation; we are the people who are brethren of that structure. Do not forget, Turkey is Kosovo, Kosovo is Turkey!".<sup id="cite_ref-AlmonitorErdogan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlmonitorErdogan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comments were perceived negatively in Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-Eralpxvxvi_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eralpxvxvi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AlmonitorErdogan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlmonitorErdogan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey, a supporter of the Palestinian cause voiced its disappointment over calls for the establishment of a Kosovar Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> agreed to in the US brokered <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements" title="Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements">Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements</a> (2020), due to concerns it sidelined international law.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish_attempts_to_influence_Kosovar_society">Turkish attempts to influence Kosovar society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Turkish attempts to influence Kosovar society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 2010s, Turkey on occasion asked Kosovo to change or remove content on the Ottoman period in its school textbooks that it viewed as containing offensive material.<sup id="cite_ref-Boskovic107_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boskovic107-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jazexhi14_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jazexhi14-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamidi_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamidi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musliu_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musliu-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debates ensured among Kosovar historians about whether content was based on bias and nationalism from past times or not, while Kosovo eventually changed more emotive language in school textbooks with neutral terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-Musliu_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musliu-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamidi_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamidi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2018, Kosovo Police prohibited an activity called "Freedom to Kurdistan" from taking place. Official reasons by the police given were there was the organizers lacked permits and that "unnamed individuals might try to cause an incident during the event that could result in consequences". Turkish media praised that ban, claiming that the event would spread pro-terrorist propaganda. Kosovo Minister of Public Administration Mahir Yağcılar condemned the planned event, calling it a "provocation" and urged people to avoid activities that would damage Kosovo's image and the country's relations with Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_soap_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish soap opera">Turkish soap operas</a> are very popular in Kosovo, and in 2009 it was reported that a Turkish soap opera, <i>Aci Hajat</i> (<i>Acı Hayat</i> in Turkish), was the top show in Kosovo, with over 50% viewership.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another one is <i><a href="/wiki/Payitaht:_Abd%C3%BClhamid" title="Payitaht: Abdülhamid">Payitaht: Abdülhamid</a></i>, a show known for its <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> as well as its mix of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">antisemitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">conspiratorial</a> themes. This show has become a focus of controversy in Kosovo, due to these problematic themes and messaging.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extradition_of_suspected_Hizmet_Movement_of_Turkish_nationals">Extradition of suspected Hizmet Movement of Turkish nationals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extradition of suspected Hizmet Movement of Turkish nationals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: may ultimately warrant a separate page, but the coverage here must be improved to meet Wikipedia standards. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>must be brought up to Wikipedia stylistic standards, and a holistic coverage of the sequence of events here must be achieved.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Kosovo–Turkey relations">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Six Turkish nationals were arrested in Kosovo on 29 March 2018 at Turkey's request over alleged links to schools financed by the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>, which Ankara blames for a <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">failed 2016 coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this arrest was made in order to conceal even position and Kosovar opposition was strong against these arrests. In next day PM of Kosovo, <a href="/wiki/Ramush_Haradinaj" title="Ramush Haradinaj">Ramush Haradinaj</a> sacked the Kosovo interior minister and secret service chief for failing to inform him about the arrests. </p><p>While on March 31, 2018, speaking at the local congress of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP) in Pendik district of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> stated that “You saw, our <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">National Intelligence Organization</a> (MİT) has packed 6 of these traitors in Kosovo and brought. Kosovo’s Prime Minister dismissed the interior minister and the person in charge of intelligence. Now, I am asking: You, the Prime Minister of Kosovo, with whose instructions did you do such a thing? Since when you are protecting those who attempted to make a coup in Turkey? You will pay the price for this. Politics cannot be done with remote control.”<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 2, after the intervention by Haradinaj, Erdogan accused Kosovo of "harboring terrorists", and said "The Kosovo PM protects <a href="/wiki/Fethullah%C3%A7%C4%B1_Ter%C3%B6r_%C3%96rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü">FETO</a> terrorists on someone else’s order but my Kosovar brothers will punish him" and that "The operation in Kosovo was not the first time and will not be the last".<sup id="cite_ref-BrosWillPunish_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrosWillPunish-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_cultural_relations">Economic and cultural relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic and cultural relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Albanian diaspora in Turkey lobbied the Turkish government for recognition of Kosovo's independence by Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrovic_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrovic-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">ethnic Albanian Kosovars</a> living in Turkey is estimated to be higher than that of those living in Kosovo itself.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> Turkish political leadership has acknowledged that there are large numbers of people with Albanian origins within Turkey, more than so in Kosovo and neighbouring Albania combined and are aware of their influence and impact on domestic Turkish politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrovic_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrovic-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kosovo is the home of <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy" title="Mehmet Akif Ersoy">Mehmet Akif Ersoy</a>, writer of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stikl%C3%A2l_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="İstiklâl Marşı">Turkish National Anthem</a>, and many other notable Turks with an Albanian origin. There are 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> living in Kosovo,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> is one of the official <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a> of Kosovo. </p><p>Turkey has become an important trading partner for Kosovo with its trade turnover being 8 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Balcer227_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcer227-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has invested in Kosovo through Turkish construction projects and investments and have been focused toward key areas such as the building of strategic highways and rehabilitation and management of airports while construction contracts in the early 2010s totaled $500 million in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-Balcer227_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcer227-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boskovic113_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boskovic113-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey is one of the top three investors and an important donor country for Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-Balcer227_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balcer227-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bobić100_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobić100-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the two countries agreed to have a cinematographic cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, the bilateral trade volume between Turkey and Kosovo reached $785 million. Turkey’s Trade Minister Ömer Bolat announced that the trade volume is expected to reach $1 billion by the end of 2024, highlighting Turkey’s growing economic engagement with Kosovo. Key Turkish exports to Kosovo include machinery, construction materials, food products, and textiles, while Kosovo exports raw materials and minerals to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish companies have heavily invested in energy, airport operations, banking, telecommunications, and healthcare. Some of the most notable projects include: </p> <ul><li><b>Pristina International Airport – Managed by Limak Holding</b> Limak Holding, a prominent Turkish conglomerate, operates Pristina International Adem Jashari Airport. The company has been involved in significant investments to expand and modernize the airport's facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Electricity Distribution Network – Operated by Limak-Çalık Consortium</b> The Limak-Çalık Consortium, comprising Limak Holding and Çalık Holding, acquired Kosovo's electricity distribution and supply company (KEDS) in 2013. They have committed to substantial investments to enhance the electricity distribution infrastructure in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Construction Projects – Turkish Companies' Involvement</b> Turkish construction firms have successfully completed numerous infrastructure projects in Kosovo, contributing significantly to the country's development.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Consultancy and Technical Services – Turkish Firms' Contributions</b> Turkish technical consultancy firms have undertaken various projects in Kosovo, providing expertise in multiple sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations of Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Albanians in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Turks in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Albania–Turkey relations">Albania–Turkey relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Serbia–Turkey relations">Serbia–Turkey relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Turkey–Yugoslavia relations">Turkey–Yugoslavia relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Emecen190-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emecen190_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emecen190_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmecen2012">Emecen 2012</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers1724-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers1724_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, pp. 17–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGenişMaynard2009">Geniş & Maynard 2009</a>, pp. 553–555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras35-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras35_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras3536-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras3536_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musaj244246-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musaj244246_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musaj244246_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusaj2013">Musaj 2013</a>, pp. 244–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musaj247-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musaj247_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMusaj2013">Musaj 2013</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras161-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras161_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras164-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras164_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras161162-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras161162_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judah4546-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judah4546_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJudah2008">Judah 2008</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras162-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras162_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras162_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras162163-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras162163_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingeras163-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras163_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras163_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gingeras163_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2009">Gingeras 2009</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judah46-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judah46_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJudah2008">Judah 2008</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaskalovski2003">Daskalovski 2003</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmertIngrao201394-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmertIngrao201394_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmertIngrao2013">Emmert & Ingrao 2013</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judah52-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judah52_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJudah2008">Judah 2008</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerisha2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berisha, Mal (November 2000). <i>Diaspora Shqiptare në Turqi</i> (in Albanian). New York: ACCL Publishing. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+Shqiptare+n%C3%AB+Turqi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=ACCL+Publishing&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Berisha&rft.aufirst=Mal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hale265-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hale265_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale2002">Hale 2002</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16">"Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!"</a> (in Turkish). 6 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"This assertion holds particularly true for Kosovo and Macedonia, where most remaining Albanians and Turks are in close contact with family members living in Turkey..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayari176177178-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sayari176177178_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayari2000">Sayari 2000</a>, pp. 176–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deliso38-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deliso38_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deliso38_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeliso2007">Deliso 2007</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayari178-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sayari178_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayari2000">Sayari 2000</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaniSchmidt90-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaniSchmidt90_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaniSchmidt1998">Lani & Schmidt 1998</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dannreuther206208-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dannreuther206208_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannreuther206208_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannreuther206208_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDannreuther2001">Dannreuther 2001</a>, pp. 206–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AgirArman149150-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgirArman149150_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAğirArman2016">Ağir & Arman 2016</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishku98-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bishku98_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishku98_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBishku2013">Bishku 2013</a>, p. 98. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Limak&rft.atitle=Limak+and+Calik+Distribute+Electricity+in+Kosovo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.limak.com.tr%2Fnews-and-press%2Fnews-announcements%2Flimak-and-calik-distributes-electricity-in-kosovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAA2024" class="citation web cs1">AA, Daily Sabah with (3 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/turkiye-targets-1b-in-bilateral-trade-with-kosovo-by-year-end?utm_source=chatgpt.com">"Türkiye targets $1B in bilateral trade with Kosovo by year-end"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+targets+%241B+in+bilateral+trade+with+Kosovo+by+year-end&rft.date=2024-06-03&rft.aulast=AA&rft.aufirst=Daily+Sabah+with&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fturkiye-targets-1b-in-bilateral-trade-with-kosovo-by-year-end%3Futm_source%3Dchatgpt.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAğirArman2016" class="citation book cs1">Ağir, Bülent Sarper; Arman, Murat Necip (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sF-8DAAAQBAJ&q=Albania+close&pg=PA150">"Turkish foreign policy towards the Western Balkans in the Post War Era: Political and Security Dimensions"</a>. In Demir, Sertif (ed.). <i>Turkey's Foreign Policy and Security Perspectives in the 21st Century</i>. Brown Walker Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781627345866" title="Special:BookSources/9781627345866"><bdi>9781627345866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkish+foreign+policy+towards+the+Western+Balkans+in+the+Post+War+Era%3A+Political+and+Security+Dimensions&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Foreign+Policy+and+Security+Perspectives+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Brown+Walker+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781627345866&rft.aulast=A%C4%9Fir&rft.aufirst=B%C3%BClent+Sarper&rft.au=Arman%2C+Murat+Necip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsF-8DAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbania%2Bclose%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcer2012" class="citation book cs1">Balcer, Adam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIm-5y4vPy0C&q=Albania+turkey+trade&pg=PA227">"Turkey as a Stakeholder and Contributor to Regional Security in the Western Balkans"</a>. In Canan-Sokullu, Ebru (ed.). <i>Debating security in Turkey: Challenges and changes in the twenty-first century</i>. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739148716" title="Special:BookSources/9780739148716"><bdi>9780739148716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey+as+a+Stakeholder+and+Contributor+to+Regional+Security+in+the+Western+Balkans&rft.btitle=Debating+security+in+Turkey%3A+Challenges+and+changes+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780739148716&rft.aulast=Balcer&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIm-5y4vPy0C%26q%3DAlbania%2Bturkey%2Btrade%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishku2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bishku, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mq.dukejournals.org/content/24/2/81.abstract">"Albania and the Middle East"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Quarterly</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10474552-2141908">10.1215/10474552-2141908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154341789">154341789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Albania+and+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10474552-2141908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154341789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bishku&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmq.dukejournals.org%2Fcontent%2F24%2F2%2F81.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobić2015" class="citation book cs1">Bobić, Marinko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u9QACAAAQBAJ&q=Turkey+Albania+soap+opera&pg=PA100">"Congruous or Conflicting? Great Power Configurations in the Balkans"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klieman" title="Aaron Klieman">Klieman, Aharon</a> (ed.). <i>Great Powers and Geopolitics: International Affairs in a Rebalancing World</i>. Cham: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319162898" title="Special:BookSources/9783319162898"><bdi>9783319162898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Congruous+or+Conflicting%3F+Great+Power+Configurations+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=Great+Powers+and+Geopolitics%3A+International+Affairs+in+a+Rebalancing+World&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783319162898&rft.aulast=Bobi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marinko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du9QACAAAQBAJ%26q%3DTurkey%2BAlbania%2Bsoap%2Bopera%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoškovićReljićVračić2016" class="citation book cs1">Bošković, Marija Mitrović; Reljić, Dušan; Vračić, Alida (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4SkCgAAQBAJ&q=Turkey+Albania+soap+opera&pg=PT106">"Elsewhere in the neighbourhood: Reaching out to the Western Balkans"</a>. In Cevik, B. Senem; Seib, Philip (eds.). <i>Turkey's Public Diplomacy</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137466983" title="Special:BookSources/9781137466983"><bdi>9781137466983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elsewhere+in+the+neighbourhood%3A+Reaching+out+to+the+Western+Balkans&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Public+Diplomacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137466983&rft.aulast=Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marija+Mitrovi%C4%87&rft.au=Relji%C4%87%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rft.au=Vra%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Alida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4SkCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DTurkey%2BAlbania%2Bsoap%2Bopera%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaskalovski2003" class="citation book cs1">Daskalovski, Židas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPPdgAZxU9IC&q=Albanians+Turkey+Yugoslavia&pg=PA20">"Claims to Kosovo: Nationalism and Self-determination"</a>. In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.). <i>Understanding the war in Kosovo</i>. London: Psychology Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714653914" title="Special:BookSources/9780714653914"><bdi>9780714653914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Claims+to+Kosovo%3A+Nationalism+and+Self-determination&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+war+in+Kosovo&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780714653914&rft.aulast=Daskalovski&rft.aufirst=%C5%BDidas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPPdgAZxU9IC%26q%3DAlbanians%2BTurkey%2BYugoslavia%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannreuther2001" class="citation book cs1">Dannreuther, Roland (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qeOEysQTpcoC&q=Kosovo+War+Turkey&pg=PA208">"Perceptions in the Middle East"</a>. In Buckley, Mary; Cummings, Sally (eds.). <i>Kosovo: Perceptions of War and Its Aftermath</i>. London: A&C Black. pp. <span class="nowrap">206–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826456694" title="Special:BookSources/9780826456694"><bdi>9780826456694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perceptions+in+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+Perceptions+of+War+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780826456694&rft.aulast=Dannreuther&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqeOEysQTpcoC%26q%3DKosovo%2BWar%2BTurkey%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeliso2007" class="citation book cs1">Deliso, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7dq8mi0DWkC&pg=PA38"><i>The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West</i></a>. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275995256" title="Special:BookSources/9780275995256"><bdi>9780275995256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+Balkan+Caliphate%3A+The+Threat+of+Radical+Islam+to+Europe+and+the+West&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780275995256&rft.aulast=Deliso&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7dq8mi0DWkC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmecen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Emecen, Feridun M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=237780">"Vështrim historik i marrëdhënieve turko-shqiptare"</a> [Historical overview of Turkish-Albanian relations]. <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrpjekja" title="Përpjekja">Përpjekja</a></i> (<span class="nowrap">28–</span>29): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P%C3%ABrpjekja&rft.atitle=V%C3%ABshtrim+historik+i+marr%C3%ABdh%C3%ABnieve+turko-shqiptare&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Emecen&rft.aufirst=Feridun+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D237780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmertIngrao2013" class="citation book cs1">Emmert, Thomas; Ingrao, Charles (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUqOAQAAQBAJ&q=Albanians+Turkey+Yugoslavia&pg=PA94"><i>Conflict in Southeastern Europe at the End of the Twentieth Century: A "Scholars' Initiative" Assesses Some of the Controversies</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317970163" title="Special:BookSources/9781317970163"><bdi>9781317970163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+Southeastern+Europe+at+the+End+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+%22Scholars%27+Initiative%22+Assesses+Some+of+the+Controversies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317970163&rft.aulast=Emmert&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Ingrao%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUqOAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbanians%2BTurkey%2BYugoslavia%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEralp2016" class="citation book cs1">Eralp, Doga Ulas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbV8CwAAQBAJ&q=Kosovo+Turkey+relations&pg=PR16">"Introduction: A systemic study of Turkish Mediation"</a>. In Eralp, Doga Ulas (ed.). <i>Turkey as a Mediator: Stories of Success and Failure</i>. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">xiii–</span>xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739193648" title="Special:BookSources/9780739193648"><bdi>9780739193648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+A+systemic+study+of+Turkish+Mediation&rft.btitle=Turkey+as+a+Mediator%3A+Stories+of+Success+and+Failure&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exix&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780739193648&rft.aulast=Eralp&rft.aufirst=Doga+Ulas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbV8CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DKosovo%2BTurkey%2Brelations%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenişMaynard2009" class="citation journal cs1">Geniş, Şerife; Maynard, Kelly Lynne (2009). "Formation of a Diasporic Community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey". <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>45</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">553–</span>569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200903009619">10.1080/00263200903009619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143742189">143742189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Formation+of+a+Diasporic+Community%3A+The+history+of+migration+and+resettlement+of+Muslim+Albanians+in+the+Black+Sea+Region+of+Turkey&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E569&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200903009619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143742189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Geni%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eerife&rft.au=Maynard%2C+Kelly+Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2009" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGUVDAAAQBAJ&q=Albanian+nationalism&pg=PA31"><i>Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912–1923</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199561520" title="Special:BookSources/9780199561520"><bdi>9780199561520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sorrowful+Shores%3A+Violence%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1912%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199561520&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGUVDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bnationalism%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2002" class="citation book cs1">Hale, William (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xLgtpBsovwC&q=Turkish+Foreign+Policy%2C+1774-2000+8%2C000+refugees&pg=PA265"><i>Turkish foreign policy, 1774–2000</i></a>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714650715" title="Special:BookSources/9780714650715"><bdi>9780714650715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+foreign+policy%2C+1774%E2%80%932000&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780714650715&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xLgtpBsovwC%26q%3DTurkish%2BForeign%2BPolicy%252C%2B1774-2000%2B8%252C000%2Brefugees%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazexhi2012" class="citation book cs1">Jazexhi, Olsi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwzsW6k6pzAC&q=neo-ottoman+Albania&pg=PA14">"Albania"</a>. 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"Between emigration, de-Islamization and the nation-state: Muslim communities in the Balkans today". <i>Southeast European and Black Sea Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683857.2011.587249">10.1080/14683857.2011.587249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153655241">153655241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Between+emigration%2C+de-Islamization+and+the+nation-state%3A+Muslim+communities+in+the+Balkans+today&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683857.2011.587249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153655241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C3%96ktem&rft.aufirst=Kerem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrovićReljić2011" class="citation journal cs1">Petrović, Žarko; Reljić, Dušan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isac-fund.org/download/Insight_Turkey.pdf">"Turkish interests and involvement in the Western Balkans: A score-card"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Insight_Turkey" title="Insight Turkey">Insight Turkey</a></i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+Turkey&rft.atitle=Turkish+interests+and+involvement+in+the+Western+Balkans%3A+A+score-card&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C5%BDarko&rft.au=Relji%C4%87%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isac-fund.org%2Fdownload%2FInsight_Turkey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2011" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Robert A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vM5hZEsdz94C&pg=PA98"><i>Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity</i></a>. Lanham: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739141946" title="Special:BookSources/9780739141946"><bdi>9780739141946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnopolitics+in+Cyberspace%3A+The+Internet%2C+Minority+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Web+of+Identity&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780739141946&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvM5hZEsdz94C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayari2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sayari, Sabri (2000). "Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-Regionalism". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_International_Affairs" title="Journal of International Affairs">Journal of International Affairs</a></i>. <b>54</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357694">24357694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Turkish+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Post-Cold+War+Era%3A+The+Challenges+of+Multi-Regionalism&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24357694%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sayari&rft.aufirst=Sabri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoler_i_Lecha2013" class="citation book cs1">Soler i Lecha, Eduard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMqy5_74sFsC&q=Albania+turkey+ties&pg=PA41">"Turkey's potential (and controversial) contribution to the Global 'Actorness' of the EU"</a>. In Güney, Nurşin Ateşoğlu (ed.). <i>Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey</i>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409498070" title="Special:BookSources/9781409498070"><bdi>9781409498070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+potential+%28and+controversial%29+contribution+to+the+Global+%27Actorness%27+of+the+EU&rft.btitle=Contentious+issues+of+security+and+the+future+of+Turkey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781409498070&rft.aulast=Soler+i+Lecha&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMqy5_74sFsC%26q%3DAlbania%2Bturkey%2Bties%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2011" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtQABAAAQBAJ&q=The+Albanians%3A+A+Modern+History+hapless&pg=PA83"><i>The Albanians: A modern history</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sablon.sdu.edu.tr/dergi/sosbilder/dosyalar/27/OS_16.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=GCC+Model%3A+Conflict+Management+for+the+%27Greater+Albania%27&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yenigun&rft.aufirst=Cuneyt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsablon.sdu.edu.tr%2Fdergi%2Fsosbilder%2Fdosyalar%2F27%2FOS_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkiye-and-kosovo_.en.mfa">Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Kosovo</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Template:Foreign relations of Kosovo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Kosovo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Kosovo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations of Kosovo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Algeria–Kosovo relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Cameroon–Kosovo relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Kosovo relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Kosovo_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Kosovo relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrea–Kosovo relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Ethiopia–Kosovo relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Kenya–Kosovo relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Kosovo–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Kosovo–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Kosovo–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Kosovo–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Kosovo–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Kosovo–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Kosovo–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Argentina–Kosovo relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivia–Kosovo relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Brazil–Kosovo relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile–Kosovo relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombia–Kosovo relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Cuba–Kosovo relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Ecuador–Kosovo relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Guatemala–Kosovo relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Kosovo–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Kosovo–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Kosovo relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Bangladesh–Kosovo relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor–Kosovo relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="India–Kosovo relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iran–Kosovo relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iraq–Kosovo relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Israel–Kosovo relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Japan–Kosovo relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Jordan–Kosovo relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Kosovo–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Kosovo–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Kosovo–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Kosovo–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Kosovo–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Kosovo–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Kosovo–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Kosovo–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Kosovo–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Kosovo–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Kosovo–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Kosovo–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Albania–Kosovo relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Austria–Kosovo relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Belgium–Kosovo relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Kosovo relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Bulgaria–Kosovo relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Croatia–Kosovo relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Cyprus–Kosovo relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Czech Republic–Kosovo relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Denmark–Kosovo relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Estonia–Kosovo relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Finland–Kosovo relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="France–Kosovo relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Georgia–Kosovo relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Germany–Kosovo relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Hungary–Kosovo relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Ireland–Kosovo relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Italy–Kosovo relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="Kosovo–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Kosovo–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Kosovo–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Kosovo–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Kosovo–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Kosovo–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kosovo–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Kosovo–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Kosovo–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Kosovo–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Kosovo–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Kosovo–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Kosovo–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Australia–Kosovo relations">Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">2013 Brussels Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Serbia_economic_normalization_agreements" title="Kosovo and Serbia economic normalization agreements">2020 Washington Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_path_to_normalisation_between_Kosovo_and_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement on the path to normalisation between Kosovo and Serbia">2023 Ohrid Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">European Union</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">European Union Rule of Law Mission</a> (EULEX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Organization for Security and Co-operation</a> (OSCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo and the United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">International recognition of Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Kosovo" title="List of diplomatic missions of Kosovo">Diplomatic missions of Kosovo</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Kosovo" title="List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">Membership in international organizations</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kosovo)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kosovo)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Angola–Turkey relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cameroon–Turkey relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Central African Republic–Turkey relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chad–Turkey relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Gabon–Turkey relations">Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burundi–Turkey relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Djibouti–Turkey relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Eritrea–Turkey relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ethiopia–Turkey relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kenya–Turkey relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Madagascar–Turkey relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malawi–Turkey relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritius–Turkey relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mozambique–Turkey relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Rwanda–Turkey relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Seychelles–Turkey relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Somalia–Turkey relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Sudan–Turkey relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sudan–Turkey relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tanzania–Turkey relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Turkey–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Turkey–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Turkey–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Algeria–Turkey relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Egypt–Turkey relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Libya–Turkey relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Morocco–Turkey relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tunisia–Turkey relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Namibia–Turkey relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Africa–Turkey relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Benin–Turkey relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Turkey relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cape Verde–Turkey relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Turkey relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Turkey relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ghana–Turkey relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea–Turkey relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Liberia–Turkey relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mali–Turkey relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritania–Turkey relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Niger–Turkey relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nigeria–Turkey relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Senegal–Turkey relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sierra Leone–Turkey relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Togo–Turkey relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="The Bahamas–Turkey relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cuba–Turkey relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Turkey relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Haiti–Turkey relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Costa Rica–Turkey relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guatemala–Turkey relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nicaragua–Turkey relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Panama–Turkey relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Canada–Turkey relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mexico–Turkey relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Argentina–Turkey relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bolivia–Turkey relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brazil–Turkey relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chile–Turkey relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Colombia–Turkey relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ecuador–Turkey relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Paraguay–Turkey relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Peru–Turkey relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Suriname–Turkey relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Turkey–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Turkey–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Afghanistan–Turkey relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Turkey relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tajikistan–Turkey relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Turkey–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Turkey–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Japan–Turkey relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mongolia–Turkey relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Korea–Turkey relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Korea–Turkey relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Taiwan–Turkey relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bangladesh–Turkey relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Maldives–Turkey relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nepal–Turkey relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Pakistan–Turkey relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sri Lanka–Turkey relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brunei–Turkey relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cambodia–Turkey relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor–Turkey relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Indonesia–Turkey relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Laos–Turkey relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Myanmar–Turkey relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malaysia–Turkey relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Philippines–Turkey relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Singapore–Turkey relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Thailand–Turkey relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Turkey–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bahrain–Turkey relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Georgia–Turkey relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Abkhazia–Turkey relations">Abkhazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Jordan–Turkey relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kuwait–Turkey relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lebanon–Turkey relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Oman–Turkey relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Palestine–Turkey relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Qatar–Turkey relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Syria–Turkey relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Turkey–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Czech Republic–Turkey relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Hungary–Turkey relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Poland–Turkey relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovakia–Turkey relations">Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belarus–Turkey relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bulgaria–Turkey relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Moldova–Turkey relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Romania–Turkey relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Turkey–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Denmark–Turkey relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Estonia–Turkey relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Finland–Turkey relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iceland–Turkey relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ireland–Turkey relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Latvia–Turkey relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lithuania–Turkey relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Norway–Turkey relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sweden–Turkey relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Turkey–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Albania–Turkey relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Croatia–Turkey relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Greece–Turkey relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Italy–Turkey relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malta–Turkey relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Montenegro–Turkey relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Macedonia–Turkey relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Portugal–Turkey relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="San Marino–Turkey relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Serbia–Turkey relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovenia–Turkey relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Spain–Turkey relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Holy See–Turkey relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Austria–Turkey relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belgium–Turkey relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="France–Turkey relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Luxembourg–Turkey relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Netherlands–Turkey relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Switzerland–Turkey relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Australia–Turkey relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="New Zealand–Turkey relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Solomon Islands–Turkey relations">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Samoa–Turkey relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tonga–Turkey relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Turkey–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_membership_of_international_organizations" title="Turkey's membership of international organizations">International organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab League–Turkey relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_NATO" title="Turkey in NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">Central Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">First Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Second Balkan Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace Agreements and Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1926)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1926)">Treaty of Ankara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">Border with Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Bulgaria–Turkey border">Border with Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Greece–Turkey border">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Armenia–Turkey border">Border with Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey border">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Georgia–Turkey border">Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Border with Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">Border with Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_Water_Supply_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project">Northern Cyprus pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream" title="Blue Stream">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz%E2%80%93Ankara_pipeline" title="Tabriz–Ankara pipeline">Tabriz–Ankara pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline" title="Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline">Trans-Anatolian pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkStream" title="TurkStream">TurkStream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Express" title="Friendship Express">Greece–Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway">Azerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions of Turkey">Diplomatic missions of Turkey</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions in Turkey">in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats" title="List of Turkish diplomats">Diplomatic corps</a></li></ul> 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