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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic view of the Bible</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Quran states that several prior writings constitute <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">holy books</a> given by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets and messengers</a> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a>, in the same way the Quran was revealed to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. These include the <i><a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a></i>, believed by Muslims to have been given by God to the prophets and messengers amongst the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a></i> (used in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam"><i>Dawud</i></a>); and the <i><a href="/wiki/Injil" class="mw-redirect" title="Injil">Injil</a></i> revealed to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam"><i>Isa</i></a>). </p><p>The Islamic methodology of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Kitab</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تفسير القرآن بالكتاب</span>) refers to "interpreting the Qur'an with/through the Bible".<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach adopts canonical <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Arabic" title="Bible translations into Arabic">Arabic versions of the Bible</a>, including the Torah and Gospel, both to illuminate and to add exegetical depth to the reading of the Qur'an. Notable Muslim commentators (<i>mufassirun</i>) of the Bible and Qur'an who weaved biblical texts together with Qur'anic ones include Abu al-Hakam Abd al-Salam bin al-Isbili of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Umar_al-Biqa%27i" title="Ibrahim ibn Umar al-Biqa'i">Ibrahim bin Umar bin Hasan al-Biqa'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quran">Quran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Bible" is not found in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>; instead the Quran has particular terms to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">توراة</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tawrah</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الزَّبُورُ</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zabur</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إنجيل</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Injil</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-eoq_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoq-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psalms">Psalms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psalms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></div> <p>The Quran mentions the Psalms with the use of the term <i>zubūr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: زبور "writings") in five verses.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two of these mention that it was given to David (4:163; 17:55). The word zabūr is often viewed by scholars in the sense "psalter" as being a conflation of Arabic zabūr, "writing", with the Hebrew word for "psalm", mizmōr (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew:</a> מִזְמוֹר) or its <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> equivalent mazmūrā (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac:</a> ܡܙܡܘܪܐ).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>zubur</i> may have also originally come from <a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a>, where the verb <i>sbr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Ge'ez:</a> ሰብር) means "to write" or "to sign" and the noun <i>zbr (</i><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Ge'ez:</a> ዘብር) means "writing" or "signed document".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Qur'an, The Psalms was revealed to David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-anbya/105">Quran 21:105</a> says that in the Zabur there is a quote "the land is inherited by my righteous servants". This resembles the 29th verse of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_37" title="Psalm 37">Psalm 37</a>, which says "[t]he righteous shall inherit the land, and abide forever in it."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zabur is also mentioned in the Qur'an in metaphorical language describing how "The Mountains and Birds echo David's hymns."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to how David's son <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a> is described as capable of communicating with animals and Jinn.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some companions of Muhammad such as Abu Aliya believed that the <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> mentioned in the Qur'an were followers of the Psalms, similar to how Jews would follow the Torah and the Christians the Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad also described how David had mastered the Psalms, as narrated by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurayra" title="Abu Hurayra">Abu Huraira</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih Al Bukhari</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Huraira</a>: The Prophet said, "The reciting of the Zabur (i.e. Psalms) was made easy for David. He used to order that his riding animals be saddled, and would finish reciting the Zabur before they were saddled. And he would never eat except from the earnings of his manual work."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/055-sbt.php#004.055.628">4:55:628</a></cite></div></blockquote><p>The Book of Psalms currently in the Bible is believed to have had contributions from multiple authors including Solomon, <a href="/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)" title="Asaph (biblical figure)">Asaph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korah" title="Korah">Korah family</a> and more. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel">Gospel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></div> <p>The term customarily translated as "Gospel" in the Quran, <i>injīl</i>, appears to be an Ethiopic loanword. It originates as a form of revelation delivered to Jesus, being referred to as being "taught" to Jesus or "sent down" to him. Like the Torah, with which it is frequently paired, the Gospel is exclusively mentioned in Medinan verses. The Quran argues that Christians must adjudicate by its content, that this content includes a prophecy of Muhammad, and that it includes a promise of paradise. Whereas "Gospel" is the most common translation, some historians have argued that that the term could encapsulate the entire Christian Bible or, perhaps, the content that might have been commonly assumed to be in the Christian Bible if direct access to its content was unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have speculated about the relationship between the singular use of "<i>injīl</i>" (Gospel) and the Bible's inclusion of four Gospels, however, it was common in late antiquity for Christians to speak of "the Gospel" (message) in unison. Likewise, some specific gospel harmonies, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a> (which Tatian himself referred to as "the Gospel"), were produced; as such, unitary representations of the canonical Gospels would not have been unusual in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah">Torah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Torah in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div><p>In the Quran, the <i>Tawrāh</i>, customarily translated as "Torah", refers to the divine scripture revealed to <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a> as guidance for the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a>. It contained laws, commandments, and stories of earlier prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran explains that the Gospel revealed to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> confirmed the Torah which came before it.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torah found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Christian Bible</a> is a compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torah is known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses by Christians. However the Quran explains that the Torah, was a revelation and not a text written by Moses himself. The Quran elaborates by explaining that the Children of Israel did not preserve the Torah in its original form.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadiths on <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">exegesis</a> of the Quran also detail how companions of Muhammad such as <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Mas%27ud" title="Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud">Ibn Mas'ud</a> narrated from Muhammad that the Children of Israel had abandoned the Original Torah and wrote a separate book and followed it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar views were held by many early Islamic scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> and Al Qasim bin Ibrahim.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of verses in the Quran which allude to a historical <a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">textual corruption and misinterpretation</a> of the Torah over time by the Children of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_19th_century">Before the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity">Popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some dispute over the level of familiarity that pre-modern Islamic commentators had with biblical literature. The minimalist position is that Islamic authors had a limited or superficial familiarity until the fifteenth century or later.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this and as part of a maximalist position, Martin Accad published a four-part paper marshalling a non-comprehensive list of 648 Gospel quotations across 23 works,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others have pointed out the more engaged use of the Bible in <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (d. 1050)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and al-Biqāʿī.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, a middle-grounded approach has acknowledged the use of biblical texts in a number of writers, but also views more engaged writers such as al-Biqāʿī to be rare exceptions, while also arguing that Gospel and other biblical quotations were reserved to widely reused canonical quotation lists that do not evince direct engagement with the Bible itself.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view, familiarity with the Bible only becomes widespread in the nineteenth century and later.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address the impasse of opposing views, unlikely to be resolved by specialized analysis of a few titles of the large volume of commentary (<a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a>) literature, the application of computational methods on digitized Arabic texts across a range of genres (encyclopedias, madrasa textbooks, tafsir, etc) has shown that some biblical texts were known in literature belonging to interfaith polemic and apologetics, whereas use of the Bible in commentaries was nearly non-existent (with isolated exceptions) until a sharp rise in their usage in the late 19th century. This survey covered nearly all of the 50 most historically significant commentaries, along with 129 other titles, of which roughly 60% of extant commentaries are a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further analysis of these quotations demonstrate that (1) an author of a commentary with little quotation of the Bible may have a more abundant set of quotations in their interfaith writings; (2) use-cases are largely second-hand, often erroneous, and lacking in direct familiarity with the biblical text. For example, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a> believed that the Gospels assert God has a thousand names, and authors like <a href="/wiki/Al-Baghawi" title="Al-Baghawi">Al-Baghawi</a> (d. 1122), Al-Khazin (d. 1340), and <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a> (d. 1834) believed that the first verse of the Torah was the Islamic phrase known as the <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a> ("In the Name of God, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate").<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrine_of_corruption/taḥrīf"><span id="Doctrine_of_corruption.2Fta.E1.B8.A5r.C4.ABf"></span>Doctrine of corruption/<i>taḥrīf</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Doctrine of corruption/taḥrīf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Views differ about how medieval Islamic authorities understood the doctrine of the corruption (<i>taḥrīf</i>) of biblical texts. According to Martin Accad, doctrines of corruption primarily referred to corruption of the meaning and interpretation of the biblical scriptures among Jews and Christians, as opposed to the text itself.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recently, Reynolds has argued that while corruption of meaning (<i>taḥrīf al-maʿānī</i>) was often invoked by interpreters, this was done for the rhetorical purpose of arguing against Jewish and Christian interpretations of their own scripture, while Islamic authors typically did also believe in the corruption of the text itself (<i>taḥrīf al-naṣṣ</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Muslims may take references to individuals manipulating scripture, such as in Q 2:79, as indications of the textual corruption of texts like the Torah. By contrast, the exegete <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> referred to the Torah in his words as "the Torah that they (the Jews) possess today".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One Islamic interpretation holds that "Gospel" references in the Quran are to the original divine revelation <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, as opposed to the canonical Gospels in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ninth century Islamic commentators who invoked significant sections of the Bible in their writings include <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 889) and his translation of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1–3, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a> (d. 860) who included a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Matthew">Book of Matthew</a> in his <i>Refutation of Christians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muhammad_and_the_Bible">Muhammad and the Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Muhammad and the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad and the Bible</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deuteronomy_18:18">Deuteronomy 18:18</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deuteronomy 18:18"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> said unto me: 'They have well said that which they have spoken. I will raise them up a prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee; and I will put My words in his mouth, and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.'</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Deuteronomy 18:17–18<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Deuteronomy 18:18 has often been considered a prophecy of the coming of Muhammad by Muslim scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Dammen_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dammen-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a>, a medieval Jewish mathematician who converted to Islam, pointed to Deuteronomy 18:18 in his book <i>Confutation of the Jews</i> as a prophecy fulfilled by the appearance of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samawal argued in his book that since the children of Esau are described in Deuteronomy 2:4–6<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Numbers 20:14<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the brethren of the children of Israel, the children of Ishmael can also be described the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim writers, like <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_(writer)" title="Muhammad Ali (writer)">Muhammad Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a>, have interpreted several verses in the Quran as implying that Muhammad was alluded to in Deuteronomy 18:18, including Quran 46:10<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 73:15.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians interpret Deuteronomy 18:18 as referring to a future member of the community of Israel who re-enacts the function of Moses, serving as a mediator for the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">covenant</a> between God and the Israelites. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Walter Brueggemann</a> writes that "The primary requirement for the prophet, like the king in 17:15, is that he or she must be a member of Israel, thoroughly situated in the traditions and claims of God's covenant."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> both present Jesus as being the "prophet like Moses" from Deuteronomy 18<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Acts 3:15–23<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that Jesus is the one Moses was talking about in Deuteronomy 18:18. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraclete">Paraclete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paraclete"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Advocate (παράκλητος), to be with you forever. This is the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, because he abides with you, and he will be in you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John 14:16–17, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Many Muslim scholars have argued that the Greek words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paraklytos</i></span> ('comforter') and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">periklutos</i></span> ('famous'/'illustrious') were used interchangeably, and therefore, these verses constitute Jesus prophesying the coming of Muhammad; but neither of these words are present in this passage (or in the Bible at all), which instead has παράκλητος "Paracletos", that is, Paraclete, Advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-zepp_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zepp-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paraclete, or "Advocate," or "Comforter," is mentioned five times in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once in 1 John 2:1 as referring directly to Jesus Christ. The Advocate, called the "Spirit of truth", is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>; the replacement for Jesus in the world and within believers after His resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> John says that the world cannot receive the Spirit, although the Spirit abides with and in the disciples (14:17). The Spirit will convict the world of sin (16:8–9) and glorify Jesus (16:13–14).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_figures_in_Islam">Biblical figures in Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biblical figures in Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_in_both_the_Bible_and_the_Quran" title="List of people in both the Bible and the Quran">List of people in both the Bible and the Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_people_in_Islam" title="Biblical people in Islam">Biblical people in Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and messengers in Islam</a></div> <p>Some of the people revered or mentioned in both the Quran and the Bible include: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Aaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">the disciples of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah in Islam">Elias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (son of Jacob)">Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_views_of_Lot" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Christian views of Lot">Lot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zachariah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isra%27iliyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra'iliyat">Isra'iliyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Messiah_(Iranian_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Messiah (Iranian film)">The Messiah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">Tahrif</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKgFz3hEl3cC&dq=zabur+psalms+traditionally&pg=PA155">"The Bible - Google Books"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible+-+Google+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKgFz3hEl3cC%26dq%3Dzabur%2Bpsalms%2Btraditionally%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCoy2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2021" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, R. Michael (2021-09-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004466821/front-8.xml"><i>Interpreting the Qurʾān with the Bible (Tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi-l-Kitāb)</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46682-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46682-1"><bdi>978-90-04-46682-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+with+the+Bible+%28Tafs%C4%ABr+al-Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+bi-l-Kit%C4%81b%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46682-1&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=R.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004466821%2Ffront-8.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eoq-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eoq_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Dammen_McAuliffe" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jane Dammen McAuliffe. "Bible". <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</i>. Vol. 1. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bible&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=228&rft.au=Jane+Dammen+McAuliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/ali-imran/184">Qur'an 3:184</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/an-nisa/163">Qur'an 4:163</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-isra/55">Qur'an 17:55</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-anbya/105">Qur'an 21:105</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/fatir/25">Qur'an 35:25</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Horovitz" title="Josef Horovitz">Horovitz, Josef</a> (1999). "mazmour". In Bearman, P. J. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Vol. XI (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 372–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinai2023" class="citation book cs1">Sinai, Nicolai (2023). <i>Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary</i>. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton university press. pp. 364–367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24131-9"><bdi>978-0-691-24131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+terms+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+a+critical+dictionary&rft.place=Princeton+%28N.J.%29&rft.pages=364-367&rft.pub=Princeton+university+press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24131-9&rft.aulast=Sinai&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.37.29?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Psalms 37:29"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Psalm". <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>. <q>Arabic zabur. In the Quran the Psalms of David are said to be revelation sent to David, who is considered a prophet (4:163; 17:55; 21:105). In Urdu Christians even sing these Zabur's in their worship to God. God is considered the author of the psalms. Surah 21:105 is a direct counterpart of the biblical Psalm 37:29.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/saba/10">"Surah Saba - 10"</a>. <i>Quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Saba+-+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fsaba%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/an-naml/17">"Surah An-Naml - 17"</a>. <i>Quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+An-Naml+-+17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fan-naml%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:344">"Sahih al-Bukhari 344 - Rubbing hands and feet with dust (Tayammum) - كتاب التيمم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+al-Bukhari+344+-+Rubbing+hands+and+feet+with+dust+%28Tayammum%29+-+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%85+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%3A344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinai2023" class="citation book cs1">Sinai, Nicolai (2023). <i>Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary</i>. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton university press. pp. 103–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24131-9"><bdi>978-0-691-24131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+terms+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+a+critical+dictionary&rft.place=Princeton+%28N.J.%29&rft.pages=103-107&rft.pub=Princeton+university+press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24131-9&rft.aulast=Sinai&rft.aufirst=Nicolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstedt2023" class="citation book cs1">Lindstedt, Ilkka (2023). <i>Muhammad and his followers in context: the religious map of late antique Arabia</i>. Islamic history and civilization. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68712-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68712-7"><bdi>978-90-04-68712-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+his+followers+in+context%3A+the+religious+map+of+late+antique+Arabia&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.series=Islamic+history+and+civilization&rft.pages=246-247&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-90-04-68712-7&rft.aulast=Lindstedt&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah,_Mustafa2020" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Mustafa, Abdel Haleem, Muhammad (2020). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies</i>. Oxford University press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191081415" title="Special:BookSources/9780191081415"><bdi>9780191081415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780191081415&rft.aulast=Shah%2C+Mustafa&rft.aufirst=Abdel+Haleem%2C+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torah">"Torah | Definition, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Torah+%7C+Definition%2C+Meaning%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVSzBgAAQBAJ">The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</a>. United States, HarperCollins, 2015: Pg. 674-675 ISBN 9780062227621</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"إن بني إسرائيل كتبوا كتابا فاتبعوه و تركوا التوراة" "When the time of the Children of Israel was long and hard, they invented and invented a book of their own. "Muhammad Nasir al-Din Al Albani. سلسلة احاديثا صحيحة (Series of Authentic Narrations). جامع الكتب الإسلامية <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ketabonline.com/ar/books/40585/read?page=2834&part=6#p-40585-2834-1">(Jamaat of Islamic Books Library) Volume 6 Pg 193</a>. He quotes from Abū al-Qāsim Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad, aṭ-Ṭabarānī's book: Muj'am Al Kabir</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn Ibrāhīm al-Juʿfī al-Bukhārī. Sahih Al Bukhari Hadith: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2685">2685</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7523">7523</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:7363">7363</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaffer, Ryan. The Bible through a Qur'ānic Filter: Scripture Falsification (Tahrif) in 8th- and 9th-Century Muslim Disputational Literature. United States, Ohio State University, 2016: Pg.247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVSzBgAAQBAJ">The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</a>. United States, HarperCollins, 2015: Pg.113 ISBN 9780062227621</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-baqarah/75">Qur'an 2:75</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-baqarah/79">Qur'an 2:79</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-baqarah/59">Qur'an 2:59</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/ali-imran/78">Qur'an 3:78</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/an-nisa/46">Qur'an 4:46</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5/13">Qur'an 5:13</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5/41">41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatsarus-Yafeh2014" class="citation book cs1">Latsarus-Yafeh, Ḥaṿah (2014). <i>Intertwined worlds: medieval Islam and Bible criticism</i>. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 113–114, 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07398-9"><bdi>978-0-691-07398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intertwined+worlds%3A+medieval+Islam+and+Bible+criticism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=113-114%2C+129&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07398-9&rft.aulast=Latsarus-Yafeh&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B9%BFah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdang1996" class="citation book cs1">Adang, Camilla (1996). <i>Muslim writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm</i>. Islamic philosophy, theology, and science. Leiden: Brill. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10034-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+writers+on+Judaism+and+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+from+Ibn+Rabban+to+Ibn+Hazm&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Islamic+philosophy%2C+theology%2C+and+science&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10034-3&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccad2003" class="citation journal cs1">Accad, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09596410305261">"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part I)"</a>. <i>Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 67–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410305261">10.1080/09596410305261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6410">0959-6410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Gospels+in+the+Muslim+Discourse+of+the+Ninth+to+the+Fourteenth+Centuries%3A+An+exegetical+inventorial+table+%28part+I%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-91&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410305261&rft.issn=0959-6410&rft.aulast=Accad&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09596410305261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccad2003" class="citation journal cs1">Accad, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0959641032000085585">"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part II)"</a>. <i>Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 205–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0959641032000085585">10.1080/0959641032000085585</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6410">0959-6410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Gospels+in+the+Muslim+Discourse+of+the+Ninth+to+the+Fourteenth+Centuries%3A+An+exegetical+inventorial+table+%28part+II%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-220&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0959641032000085585&rft.issn=0959-6410&rft.aulast=Accad&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F0959641032000085585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccad2003" class="citation journal cs1">Accad, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09596410305270">"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part III)"</a>. <i>Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 337–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410305270">10.1080/09596410305270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6410">0959-6410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Gospels+in+the+Muslim+Discourse+of+the+Ninth+to+the+Fourteenth+Centuries%3A+An+exegetical+inventorial+table+%28part+III%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-352&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410305270&rft.issn=0959-6410&rft.aulast=Accad&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09596410305270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccad2003" class="citation journal cs1">Accad, Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0959641032000127605">"The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An exegetical inventorial table (part IV)"</a>. <i>Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 459–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0959641032000127605">10.1080/0959641032000127605</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6410">0959-6410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Gospels+in+the+Muslim+Discourse+of+the+Ninth+to+the+Fourteenth+Centuries%3A+An+exegetical+inventorial+table+%28part+IV%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-479&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0959641032000127605&rft.issn=0959-6410&rft.aulast=Accad&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F0959641032000127605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatsarus-Yafeh2014" class="citation book cs1">Latsarus-Yafeh, Ḥaṿah (2014). <i>Intertwined worlds: medieval Islam and Bible criticism</i>. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07398-9"><bdi>978-0-691-07398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intertwined+worlds%3A+medieval+Islam+and+Bible+criticism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07398-9&rft.aulast=Latsarus-Yafeh&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B9%BFah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2024" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Samuel (2024). <i>Qur'an Commentary and the Biblical Turn: A History of Muslim Exegetical Engagement with the Biblical Text</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 13–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27an+Commentary+and+the+Biblical+Turn%3A+A+History+of+Muslim+Exegetical+Engagement+with+the+Biblical+Text&rft.pages=13-16&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2013" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Sidney Harrison (2013). <i>The Bible in Arabic: the Scriptures of the "People of the Book" in the language of Islam</i>. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the ancient to the modern world. 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"Corruption and/or misinterpretation of the Bible: the story of the Islâmic usage of "taḥrîf"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Near East School of Theology Theological Review</i>. <b>24</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Near+East+School+of+Theology+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Corruption+and%2For+misinterpretation+of+the+Bible%3A+the+story+of+the+Isl%C3%A2mic+usage+of+%22ta%E1%B8%A5r%C3%AEf%22&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Accad&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2010" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23044514">"On the Qurʾanic Accusation of Scriptural Falsification (taḥrīf) and Christian Anti-Jewish Polemic"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>130</b> (2): 189–202. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23044514">23044514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Qur%CA%BEanic+Accusation+of+Scriptural+Falsification+%28ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABf%29+and+Christian+Anti-Jewish+Polemic&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-202&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23044514%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23044514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdang1996" class="citation book cs1">Adang, Camilla (1996). <i>Muslim writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: from Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm</i>. Islamic philosophy, theology, and science. Leiden: Brill. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10034-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+writers+on+Judaism+and+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+from+Ibn+Rabban+to+Ibn+Hazm&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Islamic+philosophy%2C+theology%2C+and+science&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10034-3&rft.aulast=Adang&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman <i>The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</i> Taylor & Francis 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1">978-0-415-32639-1</a> page 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski2017" class="citation book cs1">Ziolkowski, Eric Jozef (2017). <i>The Bible in folklore worldwide: a handbook of biblical reception in Jewish, European Christian, and Islamic folklores</i>. Handbooks of the Bible and Its reception. Berlin Boston (Mass.): De Gruyter. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028671-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028671-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028671-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+folklore+worldwide%3A+a+handbook+of+biblical+reception+in+Jewish%2C+European+Christian%2C+and+Islamic+folklores&rft.place=Berlin+Boston+%28Mass.%29&rft.series=Handbooks+of+the+Bible+and+Its+reception&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028671-7&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Eric+Jozef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0518.htm#17">Deuteronomy 18:17–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dammen-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dammen_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. "Connecting Moses and Muhammad" in <i>Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World: Studies Presented to Claude Gilliot on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday</i> (Brill 2014): 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Maghribi, Al-Samawal; <i>Confutation of the Jews</i> (in Arabic). Syria: Dar Al Qalam, 1989, 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%202:4–6&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 2:4–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2020:14&version=nrsv">Numbers 20:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Maghribi, Al-Samawal; <i>Confutation of the Jews</i> (in Arabic). Syria: Dar Al Qalam, 1989, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D46%3Averse%3D10">46:10</a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D73%3Averse%3D15">73:15</a>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Ali and Zahid Aziz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EnglishTranslationOfTheHolyQuran">English Translation of the Holy Quran: With Explanatory Notes</a>, Revised 2010 edition, 627, 732</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gülen, Fethullah. The messenger of God Muhammad: An analysis of the Prophet's life. Tughra Books, 2000, 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30583495/The-Messenger-of-God-Muhammad-An-Analysis-of-the-Prophets-Life.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1542003237&Signature=7FnvB4YWltdtwNZTRpfEnxLiPCg%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DMessenger_of_God_An_Analyses_of_the_life.pdf">Link</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brueggemann, Walter. <i>Deuteronomy</i>. Abingdon Press, 2001, 192–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton, John, and John Muddiman, eds. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2007, 866, 963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:15–23&version=nrsv">Acts 3:15–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2014:16–17&version=nrsv">John 14:16–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zepp-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zepp_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zepp, Ira G. A Muslim Primer: Beginner's Guide to Islam. Vol. 1. University of Arkansas Press, 2000, 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2014:16–17&version=nrsv">John 14:16–17</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2014:26&version=nrsv">John 14:26</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2015:26–27&version=nrsv">John 15:26–27</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2016:7–11&version=nrsv">John 16:7–11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2016:13–17&version=nrsv">John 16:13–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation web cs1">Barnes, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/barnes/joh014.htm">"Notes on the Bible by Albert Barnes: John: John Chapter 14"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Bible+by+Albert+Barnes%3A+John%3A+John+Chapter+14&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Fcmt%2Fbarnes%2Fjoh014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton, John, and John Muddiman, eds. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2007, 987–990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns2020" class="citation book cs1">Johns, Anthony (2020). "Prophets and Personalities of the Qur'an". In Shah, Mustafa Akram Ali; Haleem, Muhammad Abdel (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies</i>. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford: Oxford university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969864-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969864-6"><bdi>978-0-19-969864-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prophets+and+Personalities+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Qur%27anic+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.pub=Oxford+university+press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969864-6&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Brannon M.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <i>Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and muslim exegesis</i>. Comparative Islamic studies (1. publ ed.). London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4956-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4956-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-4956-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Quran%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Quran+and+muslim+exegesis&rft.place=London&rft.series=Comparative+Islamic+studies&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4956-6&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Brannon+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottoliRobertsonTottoli2002" class="citation book cs1">Tottoli, Roberto; Robertson, Michael; Tottoli, Roberto (2002). <i>Biblical prophets in the Qurʾān and Muslim literature</i>. Curzon studies in the Qurʾān (1. publ ed.). Richmond: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1394-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1394-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+prophets+in+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+and+Muslim+literature&rft.place=Richmond&rft.series=Curzon+studies+in+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1394-3&rft.aulast=Tottoli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Michael&rft.au=Tottoli%2C+Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+view+of+the+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&oldid=1255174100">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_view_of_the_Bible&oldid=1255174100</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible-related_controversies" title="Category:Bible-related controversies">Bible-related controversies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_and_Islam" title="Category:Christianity and Islam">Christianity and Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_Judaism" title="Category:Islam and Judaism">Islam and Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_belief_and_doctrine" title="Category:Islamic belief and doctrine">Islamic belief and doctrine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam-related_controversies" title="Category:Islam-related controversies">Islam-related controversies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2019">Articles with dead external links from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_viewpoints_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles needing more viewpoints from February 2018">Articles needing more viewpoints from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2007" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2007">Articles needing additional references from July 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 15:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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