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id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phytochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_and_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_and_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses and cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_and_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fossils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proteaceae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بروطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteyakimil%C9%99r" title="Proteyakimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proteyakimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пратэйныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратэйныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Протейнови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протейнови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%A0cies" title="Proteàcies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proteàcies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteovit%C3%A9" title="Proteovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proteovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protea-familien" title="Protea-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protea-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silberbaumgew%C3%A4chse" title="Silberbaumgewächse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Silberbaumgewächse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prootealised" title="Prootealised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prootealised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteacoj" title="Proteacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proteacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شکرپارگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکرپارگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%85%8C%EC%95%84%EA%B3%BC" title="프로테아과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로테아과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F" title="प्रोटियेसीए – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटियेसीए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%9Bbrowcowe_rostliny" title="Slěbrowcowe rostliny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Slěbrowcowe rostliny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvoli%C4%8Dnjakovke" title="Dvoličnjakovke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dvoličnjakovke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פרוטאיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטאיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C4%97jiniai_(augalai)" title="Protėjiniai (augalai) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protėjiniai (augalai)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3teaf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Próteafélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Próteafélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="പ്രോട്ടിയേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടിയേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بروطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B7%E7%A7%91" title="ヤマモガシ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤマモガシ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salwerbuumplaanten" title="Salwerbuumplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Salwerbuumplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="روپ متی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روپ متی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Протея котыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Протея котыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrnikowate" title="Srebrnikowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Srebrnikowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Протейные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протейные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteakasvit" title="Proteakasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proteakasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteav%C3%A4xter" title="Proteaväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proteaväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99" title="วงศ์เหมือดคน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์เหมือดคน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Протейні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протейні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Qu%E1%BA%AFn_hoa" title="Họ Quắn hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Quắn hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proteaceae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E9%BE%99%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91" title="山龙眼科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="山龙眼科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157228#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of flowering plants</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Proteaceae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a>–recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.18461538462px; width:31.815384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.18461538462px; width:31.815384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:189.18461538462px; width:29.815384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <sup id="cite_ref-mobot_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobot-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Protea_cynaroides_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Protea_cynaroides_3.jpg/220px-Protea_cynaroides_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Protea_cynaroides_3.jpg/330px-Protea_cynaroides_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Protea_cynaroides_3.jpg/440px-Protea_cynaroides_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1593" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Protea_cynaroides" title="Protea cynaroides">Protea cynaroides</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Proteaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proteaceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Juss.</a><sup id="cite_ref-APGIII2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APGIII2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>About 80, see text </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Proteaceae</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> form a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> predominantly distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. The family comprises 83 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> with about 1,660 known <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> have the greatest concentrations of diversity. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a> (plane trees), <a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a> (the sacred lotus) and in the recent <a href="/wiki/APG_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="APG IV">APG IV</a> system the <a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a>, they make up the order <a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a>. Well-known Proteaceae genera include <i><a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">Banksia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Embothrium" title="Embothrium">Embothrium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grevillea" title="Grevillea">Grevillea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hakea" title="Hakea">Hakea</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a></i>. Species such as the New South Wales waratah (<i><a href="/wiki/Telopea_speciosissima" title="Telopea speciosissima">Telopea speciosissima</a></i>), king protea (<i><a href="/wiki/Protea_cynaroides" title="Protea cynaroides">Protea cynaroides</a></i>), and various species of <i>Banksia</i>, <i>Grevillea</i>, and <i>Leucadendron</i> are popular <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>. The nuts of <i><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Macadamia integrifolia</a></i> are widely grown commercially and consumed, as are those of <i><a href="/wiki/Gevuina_avellana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gevuina avellana">Gevuina avellana</a></i> on a smaller scale. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Proteaceae was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">Robert Brown</a> from the name Proteae coined in 1789 for the family by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Antoine Laurent de Jussieu</a>, based on the genus <i>Protea</i>, which in 1767, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> derived from the name of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a>, a deity who was able to change between many forms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an appropriate image, seeing as the family is known for its astonishing variety and diversity of flowers and leaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhopala_heterophylla_Pohl90.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rhopala_heterophylla_Pohl90.png/220px-Rhopala_heterophylla_Pohl90.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rhopala_heterophylla_Pohl90.png/330px-Rhopala_heterophylla_Pohl90.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rhopala_heterophylla_Pohl90.png/440px-Rhopala_heterophylla_Pohl90.png 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2284" /></a><figcaption><i>Rhopala heterophylla</i></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Proteaceae" title="Special:EditPage/Proteaceae">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The genera of Proteaceae are highly varied, with <i><a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">Banksia</a></i> in particular providing a striking example of <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Mast_2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mast_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This variability makes it impossible to provide a simple, diagnostic identification key for the family, although individual genera may be easily identified. </p> <ul><li>Proteaceae range from prostrate shrubs to tall forest <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, of 40 m in height, and are usually of medium height or low or perennial <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, except for some <i><a href="/wiki/Stirlingia" title="Stirlingia">Stirlingia</a></i> species that are <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>. Some species are facultatively deciduous (<i><a href="/wiki/Embothrium_coccineum" title="Embothrium coccineum">Embothrium coccineum</a></i>), rarely acaulescent, the cauline portion of the collar is often thickened (<a href="/wiki/Lignotuber" title="Lignotuber">lignotuber</a>). <a href="/wiki/Indumentum" title="Indumentum">Indumentum</a> of three-celled hairs, sometimes glandular, rarely absent, the apical cell is usually elongated, acute, sometimes equally or unequally bifid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaves</a> rarely aromatic, usually alternate, and in a spiral, rarely opposed, or verticilate; coriaceous, rarely fleshy or spinescent, simple or compound (imparipinate, imparibipinate or rarely palmate or digitate with pinnatisect segments), entire edge to (3-)pinnatisect (giving a fern-like aspect); rarely divided dichotomously, often remotely toothed, crenate or serrated, seated or stalked; the <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> frequently with a swollen base but rarely sheathed (sometimes in <i><a href="/wiki/Synaphea" title="Synaphea">Synaphea</a></i>), without <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>; pinnate sometimes palmate or parallel <a href="/wiki/Leaf#venation" title="Leaf">venation</a>, brochidodromous or reduced to a single prominent vane, <a href="/wiki/Vernation" title="Vernation">vernation</a> normally conduplicate; <a href="/wiki/Anisophylly" title="Anisophylly">anisophylly</a> often occurs during the different growth periods; leaf blade dorsiventral, isobilateral or centred; <a href="/wiki/Mesophyll_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesophyll tissue">mesophyll tissue</a> usually with sclerenchymatous <a href="/wiki/Idioblast" title="Idioblast">idioblasts</a>, rare secretory cavities. Brachy-paracytic <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomata</a> (laterocytic in <i><a href="/wiki/Bellendena" title="Bellendena">Bellendena</a></i>).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Plant stems</a> with two types of radii, wide and multi-serrated or narrow and uni-serrated, <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> stratified or not, trilacunar nodes with three <a href="/wiki/Leaf_gap" title="Leaf gap">leaf traces</a> (rarely unilacunar with one trace), <a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">sclereids</a> frequent; <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a> frequently horizontally enlarged, <a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">cork cambium</a> present, usually superficial. <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a> lateral and short, often grouped in bundles (<i>proteoid roots</i>) with very dense root hairs, rarely with <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhiza</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> usually hermaphroditic, more rarely monoecious, dioecious or andromonoecious.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescences</a> very variable, simple or compound, axillary or terminal, lateral flowers solitary or in pairs, rarely with a terminal flower, <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">racemiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">paniculate</a> or condensed, usually with <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a>, sometimes converted into leaves or squamiform, forming a type of cone, or with bright colours, forming an involucre or pseudanthium, the peduncles and <a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">pedicels</a> sometimes contracted, compacted with the <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a>, in some cases the congested inflorescences form super inflorescences (some <i><a href="/wiki/Alloxylon" title="Alloxylon">Alloxylon</a></i>); very rarely the flowers are solitary and axillary near the end of branches; in species with lignotubers the flowers sometimes grow from these and pass through the soil (geophytes).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a> are usually perfect, actinomorphic, or zygomorphic, hypogynous, frequently large and showy. Flat or oblique, sometimes forming a gynophore. Hypogynous disk present and extrastaminal or absent. <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> of (3-)4(−8) <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> (sometimes interpreted as a dimerous and dichlamydeous perianth), in 1(−2) valvate whorls, sometimes elongated in a basal sack, free or fused in different ways (all fused or even one free and three basally to completely fused), or even connivent by marginally interdigitate papillae forming a tube or a bilabiate structure, zygomorphic, sometimes opening laterally in a variety of ways. Haplostemonous androecium, usually isostemonous, opposititepalous of (3-)4(−5) <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, all fertile or some converted into <a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">staminodes</a>, usually filamentous, filaments partially or totally fused to the tepals, rarely free, basifixed <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> adnate, ditheous, tetrasporangiate, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">unilocular</a> and bisporagiate, introrse to latrorse (rarely), expanded connective, usually with apiculus, <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscence</a> along longitudinal tears. Hypogynous glands (0-)1–4, squamiform or elongated, fleshy, free or fused forming a lunate or annular <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectary</a> over the receptacle. Superior gynoecium of 1(−2) apocarpous <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>, sessile or stipitate (with a more or less elongated <a href="/wiki/Gynophore" title="Gynophore">gynophore</a>), sometimes not completely closed, <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> usually developed, <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> small or in the shape of a terminal or sub terminal disk or even lateral and oblique, often indented, papilous, moist or dry, <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> 1–100 or more per carpel, anatropous, hemianatropous, amphitropous or orthotropous, mostly hemitropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate, <a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">chalaza</a> with a ring of vascular bundles, the funiculus is occasionally absent and the ovule is fused to the placenta, marginal <a href="/wiki/Placentation" title="Placentation">placentation</a> with various dispositions or apical.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> dehiscent or indehiscent, in <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achene</a> or nucule, <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">follicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a> (with lignified endocarp) or falsely drupal (with lignified internal mesocarp), sometimes similar to a <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a> as it is fused to the wall of the ovary and the testa, often lignified and serotinous; the fruit from the same inflorescence are sometimes fused forming a syncarp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a> 1-many, sometimes winged, flat to rounded, with <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> absent, present in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellendina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellendina (page does not exist)">Bellendina</a></i>, endotesta with an unusual layer containing crystals of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">calcium oxalate</a> that is rarely absent, well differentiated <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, straight, dicotyledonous, but often with 3 or more (up to 9) large cotyledons, often auriculate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a> in monads, triangular in polar view, (2-)3(−8)-aperturate, usually isopolar and triporate, biporate in <i><a href="/wiki/Embothrium" title="Embothrium">Embothrium</a></i> and the tribe Banksieae, colpoidate in <i><a href="/wiki/Beauprea" title="Beauprea">Beauprea</a></i>, spherical in <i><a href="/wiki/Aulax" title="Aulax">Aulax</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Franklandia" title="Franklandia">Franklandia</a></i> or strongly anisopolar in some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Persoonia" title="Persoonia">Persoonia</a></i>; the openings of the former's tetrads follow Garside's Law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosomal number</a>: <i>n</i>=5, 7, 10–14, 26, 28; sizes range from very small (average of 1,0 μm) to very big (average of 14,4 μm) according to species; <i>x</i>=7, 12.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flowers">Flowers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pincushion_hakea03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pincushion_hakea03.jpg/220px-Pincushion_hakea03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pincushion_hakea03.jpg/330px-Pincushion_hakea03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pincushion_hakea03.jpg/440px-Pincushion_hakea03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> and leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Pin-cushion_hakea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin-cushion hakea">pin-cushion hakea</a> (<i>Hakea laurina</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally speaking, the diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the compound <a href="/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">pseudanthium</a>. In many genera, the most obvious feature is the large and often very showy <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescences</a>, consisting of many small <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> densely packed into a compact head or spike. This character does not occur in all Proteaceae, however; <i><a href="/wiki/Adenanthos" title="Adenanthos">Adenanthos</a></i> species, for example, have solitary flowers. In most Proteaceae species, the pollination mechanism is highly specialised. It usually involves the use of a "pollen-presenter", an area on the <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">style</a>-end that presents the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> to the pollinator.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_1992_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proteaceae flower parts occur in fours. The four <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> are fused into a long, narrow tube with a closed cup at the top, and the filaments of the four <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> are fused to the tepals in such a way that the anthers are enclosed within the cup. The pistil initially passes along the inside of the perianth tube, so the stigma, too, is enclosed within the cup. As the flower develops, the pistil grows rapidly. Since the stigma is trapped, the style must bend to elongate, and eventually it bends so far, the perianth is split along one seam. The style continues to grow until <a href="/wiki/Anthesis" title="Anthesis">anthesis</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Nectaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectaries">nectaries</a> begin to produce <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>. At this time, the perianth splits into its component tepals, the cup splits apart, and the pistil is released to spring more or less upright. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protea_caffra_IMG_2758.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protea_caffra_IMG_2758.JPG/220px-Protea_caffra_IMG_2758.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protea_caffra_IMG_2758.JPG/330px-Protea_caffra_IMG_2758.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protea_caffra_IMG_2758.JPG/440px-Protea_caffra_IMG_2758.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Inflorescence of <i>Protea caffra</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the Proteaceae have specialised <a href="/wiki/Proteoid_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteoid root">proteoid roots</a>, masses of lateral roots and hairs forming a radial absorptive surface, produced in the leaf litter layer during seasonal growth, and usually shrivelling at the end of the growth season. They are an adaptation to growth in poor, phosphorus-deficient soils, greatly increasing the plants' access to scarce water and nutrients by exuding <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylates</a> that mobilise previously unavailable phosphorus. They also increase the root's absorption surface, but this is a minor feature, as it also increases competition for nutrients against its own root clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-Flora_of_Australia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flora_of_Australia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this adaptation leaves them highly vulnerable to dieback caused by the <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi" title="Phytophthora cinnamomi">Phytophthora cinnamomi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Water_mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mould">water mould</a>, and generally intolerant of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilization</a>. Due to these specialized proteoid roots, the Proteaceae are one of few flowering plant families that do not form symbioses with <a href="/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza" title="Arbuscular mycorrhiza">arbuscular mycorrhizal</a> fungi. They exude large amounts of organic acids (<a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic acid</a>) every 2–3 days in order to aid the mobilization and absorption of phosphate. Many species are fire-adapted (<a href="/wiki/Pyrophyte" title="Pyrophyte">pyrophytes</a>), meaning they have strategies for surviving fires that sweep through their habitat. Some are <a href="/wiki/Resprouter" title="Resprouter">resprouters</a>, and have a thick rootstock buried in the ground that shoots up new stems after a fire, and others are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reseeder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reseeder (page does not exist)">reseeders</a>, meaning the adult plants are killed by the fire, but disperse their seeds, which are stimulated by the smoke to take root and grow. The heat was previously thought to have stimulated growth, but the chemicals in the smoke have now been shown to cause it. </p><p>There are four dioecious genera (<i><a href="/wiki/Aulax" title="Aulax">Aulax</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dilobeia" title="Dilobeia">Dilobeia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heliciopsis" title="Heliciopsis">Heliciopsis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leucadendron" title="Leucadendron">Leucadendron</a></i>), 11 andromonoecious genera and some other genera have species that are cryptically andromonoecious: two species are sterile and only reproduce vegetatively (<i>Lomatia tasmanica</i>, <i>Hakea pulvinifera</i>). The species vary between being autocompatible and autoincompatible, with intermediate situations; these situations sometimes occur in the same species. The flowers are usually protandrous. Just before anthesis, the anthers release their <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, depositing it onto the stigma, which in many cases has an enlarged fleshy area specifically for the deposition of its own pollen. Nectar-feeders are unlikely to come into contact with the anthers themselves, but can hardly avoid contacting the stigma; thus, the stigma functions as a <a href="/wiki/Pollen-presenter" title="Pollen-presenter">pollen-presenter</a>, ensuring the nectar-feeders act as pollinators. The downside of this pollination strategy is that the probability of self-fertilisation is greatly increased; many Proteaceae counter this with strategies such as <a href="/wiki/Protandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Protandry">protandry</a>, self-incompatibility, or preferential abortion of selfed seed. The systems for presenting pollen are usually highly diverse, corresponding to the diversification of the pollinators. <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, birds (<a href="/wiki/Honeyeater" title="Honeyeater">honeyeaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarbird" title="Sugarbird">sugarbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>) and mammals (rodents, small <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">elephant shrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">bats</a>). The latter two means were evolutionarily derived from <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">entomophily</a> in different, independent events. The dispersion of some species exhibit <a href="/wiki/Serotiny" title="Serotiny">serotiny</a>, which is associated with their pyrophytic behaviour. These trees accumulate fruits on their branches whose outer layers or protective structures (<a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a>) are highly lignified and resistant to fire. The fruit only release their seeds when they have been burnt and when the ground has been fertilized with ashes from the fire and is free from competitors. Many species have seeds with <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosomes</a> that are dispersed by <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>; the seeds with wings or thistledown exhibit <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal_syndrome#anemochory" title="Seed dispersal syndrome">anemochory</a>, while the drupes and other fleshy fruit exhibit <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal_syndrome#zoochory" title="Seed dispersal syndrome">endozoochory</a> as mammals and birds ingest them. Some African and Australian rodents are known to accumulate fruit and seeds of these plants in their nests in order to feed on them, although some manage to germinate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteaceae are mainly a Southern Hemisphere family, with its main centres of diversity in Australia and South Africa. It also occurs in Central Africa, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, eastern and south eastern <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flora_of_Australia_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flora_of_Australia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two species are known from New Zealand, although fossil pollen evidence suggests there were more previously.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a good example of a <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> family, with taxa occurring on virtually every land mass considered a remnant of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> Gondwana, except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The family and subfamilies are thought to have diversified well before the fragmentation of Gondwana, implying all of them are well over 90 million years old. Evidence for this includes an abundance of proteaceous <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits of the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. It is thought to have achieved its present distribution largely by <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> rather than dispersal across ocean gaps.<sup id="cite_ref-Weston_1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weston_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phytochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brabejum_stellatifolium_seed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brabejum_stellatifolium_seed.jpg/220px-Brabejum_stellatifolium_seed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brabejum_stellatifolium_seed.jpg/330px-Brabejum_stellatifolium_seed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brabejum_stellatifolium_seed.jpg/440px-Brabejum_stellatifolium_seed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Fruit of <i><a href="/wiki/Brabejum" title="Brabejum"> Brabejum stellatifolium</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>No conclusive studies have been carried out on the chemical substances present in this broad family. The genera <i><a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Faurea" title="Faurea">Faurea</a></i> are unusual as they use <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a> as the main sugar in their nectar and as they have high concentrations of polygalactol, while <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> is the main sugar present in <i><a href="/wiki/Grevillea" title="Grevillea">Grevillea</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Glycoside#Cyanogenic_glycosides" title="Glycoside">Cyanogenic glycosides</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>, are often present, as are <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">proanthocyanidines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delphinidin" title="Delphinidin">delphinidin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanidin" title="Cyanidin">cyanidin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Flavonol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavonol">flavonols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">myricetin</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arbutin" title="Arbutin">arbutin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">Alkaloids</a> are usually absent. <a href="/wiki/Iridoid" title="Iridoid">Iridoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">ellagic acid</a> are also absent. <a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">Saponins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapogenin" title="Sapogenin">sapogenins</a> can be either present or absent in different species. Many species accumulate <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leucadendron_argenteum_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Leucadendron_argenteum_close.jpg/220px-Leucadendron_argenteum_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Leucadendron_argenteum_close.jpg/330px-Leucadendron_argenteum_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Leucadendron_argenteum_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Leucadendron_argenteum" title="Leucadendron argenteum">Leucadendron argenteum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_cultivation">Uses and cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses and cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacNut2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MacNut2.JPG/220px-MacNut2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MacNut2.JPG/330px-MacNut2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/MacNut2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Edible nuts of <i><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Many traditional cultures have used Proteaceae as sustenance, medicine, for curing animal hides, as a source of dyes, firewood and as wood for construction. Aboriginal Australians eat the fruit of <i><a href="/wiki/Persoonia" title="Persoonia">Persoonia</a></i>, and the seeds of species from other genera, including <i><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Gevuina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a></i>, form part of the diet of the indigenous peoples but are also sold throughout the world. The tender shoots of <i><a href="/wiki/Helicia" title="Helicia">Helicia</a></i> species are used in Java, and the nectar from the inflorescences of a number of species is drunk in Australia. Traditional medicines can be obtained from infusions of the roots, bark, leaves, or flowers of many species that are used as topical applications for skin conditions or internally as tonics, aphrodisiacs, and galactogens to treat headaches, cough, dysentery, diarrhea, indigestion, stomach ulcers, and kidney disease. The wood from the trees of this family is widely used in construction and for internal uses such as decoration; the wood from species of <i><a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leucadendron" title="Leucadendron">Leucadendron</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Grevillea" title="Grevillea">Grevillea</a></i> is especially popular. Many <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are used in gardening, particularly genera of <i><a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">Banksia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Embothrium" title="Embothrium">Embothrium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grevillea" title="Grevillea">Grevillea</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Telopea_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telopea (plant)">Telopea</a></i>. This use has resulted in the introduction of exotic species that have become invasive; examples include the hakea willow (<i><a href="/wiki/Hakea_salicifolia" title="Hakea salicifolia">Hakea salicifolia</a></i>) and the silky hakea (<i><a href="/wiki/Hakea_sericea" title="Hakea sericea">Hakea sericea</a></i>) in Portugal. </p><p>Two species of <i><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a></i> are cultivated commercially for their edible nuts. <i><a href="/wiki/Gevuina_avellana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gevuina avellana">Gevuina avellana</a></i> (Chilean hazel) is also cultivated for its edible nuts, in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and they are also used in the pharmaceutical industry for their humectant properties and as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreens</a>. It is the most cold-resistant of the tree families that produce nuts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also planted in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and on the Pacific coast of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for its tropical appearance and its ability to grow in <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">cooler climates</a>. </p><p>Many Proteaceae species are cultivated by the <a href="/wiki/Nursery_(horticulture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery (horticulture)">nursery</a> industry as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the <a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">cut flower industry</a>, especially some <i><a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">Banksia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a></i> species. </p><p>Sugarbushes (<i><a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a></i>), pincushions (<i><a href="/wiki/Leucospermum" title="Leucospermum">Leucospermum</a></i>) and conebushes (<i><a href="/wiki/Leucadendron" title="Leucadendron">Leucadendron</a></i>), as well as others like pagodas (<i><a href="/wiki/Mimetes" title="Mimetes">Mimetes</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Aulax" title="Aulax">Aulax</a></i> and blushing brides (<i><a href="/wiki/Serruria" title="Serruria">Serruria</a></i>), comprise one of the three main plant groups of <a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">fynbos</a>, which forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Floral_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Floral Kingdom">Cape Floral Kingdom</a>, the smallest but richest plant kingdom for its size and the only kingdom contained within a single country. The other main groups of plants in fynbos are the <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a>. South African proteas are thus widely cultivated due to their many varied forms and unusual flowers. They are popular in South Africa for their beauty and their usefulness in <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">wildlife gardens</a> for attracting birds and useful insects. </p><p>The species most valued as ornamentals are the trees that grow in southern latitudes as they give landscapes in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climates" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate climates">temperate climates</a> a tropical appearance; <i><a href="/wiki/Lomatia_ferruginea" title="Lomatia ferruginea">Lomatia ferruginea</a></i> (Fuinque), <i><a href="/wiki/Lomatia_hirsuta" title="Lomatia hirsuta">Lomatia hirsuta</a></i> (Radal) have been introduced in Western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and to the western <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Embothrium_coccineum" title="Embothrium coccineum">Embothrium coccineum</a></i> (Chilean Firetree or <i>Notro</i>) is highly valued in the British Isles for its dark red flowers and can be found as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> at a latitude of 62° north. </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">banksias</a>, many of which grow in temperate and Mediterranean climates, the vast majority are shrubs; only a few are trees that are valued for their height. Among the tallest species are: <a href="/wiki/Banksia_integrifolia" title="Banksia integrifolia"><i>B. integrifolia</i></a> with its subspecies <a href="/wiki/Banksia_integrifolia_subsp._monticola" title="Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola"><i>B. integrifolia</i> subsp. <i>monticola</i></a>, which is noteworthy as the plants that form the subspecies are the tallest trees of the banksias and they are more frost-resistant than other banksias, <a href="/wiki/Banksia_seminuda" title="Banksia seminuda"><i>B. seminuda</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Banksia_littoralis" title="Banksia littoralis"><i>B. littoralis</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Banksia_serrata" title="Banksia serrata"><i>B. serrata</i></a>; among those that can be considered small trees or large shrubs: <a href="/wiki/Banksia_grandis" title="Banksia grandis"><i>B. grandis</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Banksia_prionotes" title="Banksia prionotes"><i>B. prionotes</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Banksia_marginata" title="Banksia marginata"><i>B. marginata</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Banksia_coccinea" title="Banksia coccinea"><i>B. coccinea</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Banksia_speciosa" title="Banksia speciosa"><i>B. speciosa</i></a>; all of these are planted in parks and gardens and even along roadsides because of their size. The rest of the species of this genus, around 170 species, are shrubs, although some of them are valued for their flowers. </p><p>Another species that is cultivated in some parts of the world, although it is smaller, is <i><a href="/wiki/Telopea_speciosissima" title="Telopea speciosissima">Telopea speciosissima</a></i> (Waratah), from the mountains of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p><p>Some temperate climate species are cultivated more locally in Australia for their attractive appearance: <i><a href="/wiki/Persoonia_pinifolia" title="Persoonia pinifolia">Persoonia pinifolia</a></i> (pine-leaved <a href="/wiki/Persoonia" title="Persoonia">geebung</a>) is valued for its vivid yellow flowers and grape-like fruit. <i><a href="/wiki/Adenanthos_sericeus" title="Adenanthos sericeus">Adenanthos sericeus</a></i> (woolly bush) is planted for its attractive soft leaves and its small red or orange flowers. <i><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia</a></i> (beef nut, red bauple nut) is commonly planted for its foliage and edible nuts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parasites">Parasites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakea_purpurea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hakea_purpurea.JPG/220px-Hakea_purpurea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hakea_purpurea.JPG/330px-Hakea_purpurea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hakea_purpurea.JPG/440px-Hakea_purpurea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><i>Hakea purpurea</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Proteaceae are particularly susceptible to certain parasites, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycete</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi" title="Phytophthora cinnamomi">Phytophthora cinnamomi</a></i>, which causes severe root rot in the plants that grow in Mediterranean climates. <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum" title="Fusarium oxysporum">Fusarium oxysporum</a></i> causes a disease called fusariosis in roots that causes a yellowing and wilting, with serious ecological damages to woodland plants and economic losses in plants of commercial interest. Other common infections are caused by species of <i><a href="/wiki/Botryosphaeria" title="Botryosphaeria">Botryosphaeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia" title="Rhizoctonia">Rhizoctonia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Armillaria" title="Armillaria">Armillaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Botryotinia" title="Botryotinia">Botrytis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calonectria" title="Calonectria">Calonectria</a></i> and other fungi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers that 47 Proteaceae species are threatened, of which one species, <i><a href="/wiki/Stenocarpus_dumbeensis" title="Stenocarpus dumbeensis">Stenocarpus dumbeensis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Guillaumin" title="André Guillaumin">Guillaumin</a>, 1935, from New Caledonia, is thought to be extinct. The species of this family are particularly susceptible to the destruction or fragmentation of their <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, fire, parasitic diseases, <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a> from introduced plants, <a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">soil degradation</a> and other damage provoked by humans and their domesticated animals. The species are also affected by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossils">Fossils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fossils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambertia_multiflora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lambertia_multiflora.jpg/220px-Lambertia_multiflora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lambertia_multiflora.jpg/330px-Lambertia_multiflora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lambertia_multiflora.jpg/440px-Lambertia_multiflora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption><i>Lambertia multiflora</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Proteaceae have a rich fossil record, despite the inherent difficulties in identifying remains that do not show diagnostic characteristics. Identification usually comes from using a combination of brachy-paracytic stomata and the unusual <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichome</a> bases or, in other cases, the unusual structure of pollen tetrads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Xylocaryon" title="Xylocaryon">Xylocaryon</a></i> was identified as a member of the Proteaceae from the similarity of its fruit to the extant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Eidothea" title="Eidothea">Eidothea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozefields_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozefields-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils attributable to this family have been found on the majority of areas that formed the <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> supercontinent. A wide variety of pollen belonging to this family dating back to the Upper <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>) from the south east of Australia and pollen from the Middle Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a>) from northern Africa and Peru described as <i>Triorites africaensis</i>. The first macrofossils appear twenty million years later in the <a href="/wiki/Palaeocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeocene">Palaeocene</a> of South America and the north east of Australia. The fossil record of some areas, such as New Zealand and Tasmania, show a greater biodiversity for Proteaceae than currently exists, which supports the fact that the distribution of many taxa has changed drastically with the passage of time and that the family has suffered a general decline, including high levels of extinction during the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woorikee2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Woorikee2000.jpg/220px-Woorikee2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Woorikee2000.jpg/330px-Woorikee2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Woorikee2000.jpg/440px-Woorikee2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><i>Isopogon anemonifolius</i></figcaption></figure> <p>First described by French botanist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Antoine Laurent de Jussieu</a>, the family Proteaceae is a fairly large one, with around 80 genera, but less than 2,000 species. It is recognised by virtually all <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomists</a>. Firmly established under classical <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a>, it is also recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a>-based <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">APG</a> and <a href="/wiki/APG_II_system" title="APG II system">APG II</a> systems. It is placed in the order <a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a>, whose placement has itself varied. </p><p>A classification of the genera within Proteaceae was made by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alexander_Sidney_Johnson" title="Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson">Lawrie Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_G._Briggs" title="Barbara G. Briggs">Barbara Briggs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_1975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_1975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in their influential 1975 monograph "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Proteaceae:_the_evolution_and_classification_of_a_southern_family" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family">On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Weston_2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weston_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was largely superseded by the molecular studies of Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. Proteaceae are now divided into five subfamilies: <a href="/wiki/Bellendenoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellendenoideae">Bellendenoideae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persoonioideae" title="Persoonioideae">Persoonioideae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphionematoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphionematoideae">Symphionematoideae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteoideae" title="Proteoideae">Proteoideae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grevilleoideae" title="Grevilleoideae">Grevilleoideae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weston_2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weston_2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 Mast and colleagues updated <i>Macadamia</i> and related genera in tribe Macadamieae. Furthermore, <i>Orites megacarpus</i> was found not to be within the genus <i>Orites</i>, nor in the tribe Roupaleae, instead in the tribe Macadamieae, hence given the new species name <i>Nothorites megacarpus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mastetal2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mastetal2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full arrangement, according to Weston and Barker (2006) with the updates to genera from Mast et al. (2008), is as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banksia_coccinea_(Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg/220px-Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg/330px-Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg/440px-Banksia_coccinea_%28Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae_plate_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Flowers, leaves and fruit of <i>Banksia coccinea</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bauer" title="Ferdinand Bauer">Ferdinand Bauer</a>'s 1813 flora <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrationes_Florae_Novae_Hollandiae" title="Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae">Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae</a></i></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Family Proteaceae <dl><dd>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bellendenoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellendenoideae">Bellendenoideae</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Bellendena" title="Bellendena">Bellendena</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Persoonioideae" title="Persoonioideae">Persoonioideae</a> <dl><dd>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Placospermeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Placospermeae">Placospermeae</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Placospermum" title="Placospermum">Placospermum</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Persoonieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Persoonieae">Persoonieae</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Persoonia" title="Persoonia">Persoonia</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Symphionematoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphionematoideae">Symphionematoideae</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Agastachys" title="Agastachys">Agastachys</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Symphionema" title="Symphionema">Symphionema</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Proteoideae" title="Proteoideae">Proteoideae</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Eidothea" title="Eidothea">Eidothea</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Beauprea" title="Beauprea">Beauprea</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Beaupreopsis" title="Beaupreopsis">Beaupreopsis</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Dilobeia" title="Dilobeia">Dilobeia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Cenarrhenes" title="Cenarrhenes">Cenarrhenes</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Franklandia" title="Franklandia">Franklandia</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conospermeae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conospermeae (page does not exist)">Conospermeae</a> <dl><dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Stirlingiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirlingiinae">Stirlingiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Stirlingia" title="Stirlingia">Stirlingia</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conosperminae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conosperminae (page does not exist)">Conosperminae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Conospermum" title="Conospermum">Conospermum</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Synaphea" title="Synaphea">Synaphea</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrophileae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrophileae (page does not exist)">Petrophileae</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Petrophile" title="Petrophile">Petrophile</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Aulax" title="Aulax">Aulax</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteeae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteeae (page does not exist)">Proteeae</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Faurea" title="Faurea">Faurea</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucadendreae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucadendreae (page does not exist)">Leucadendreae</a> <dl><dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Isopogoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopogoninae">Isopogoninae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Isopogon" title="Isopogon">Isopogon</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Adenanthinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenanthinae">Adenanthinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Adenanthos" title="Adenanthos">Adenanthos</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucadendrinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucadendrinae (page does not exist)">Leucadendrinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Leucadendron" title="Leucadendron">Leucadendron</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Serruria" title="Serruria">Serruria</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Paranomus" title="Paranomus">Paranomus</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Vexatorella" title="Vexatorella">Vexatorella</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Sorocephalus" title="Sorocephalus">Sorocephalus</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Spatalla" title="Spatalla">Spatalla</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Leucospermum" title="Leucospermum">Leucospermum</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Mimetes" title="Mimetes">Mimetes</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Diastella" title="Diastella">Diastella</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Orothamnus" title="Orothamnus">Orothamnus</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Grevilleoideae" title="Grevilleoideae">Grevilleoideae</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Sphalmium" title="Sphalmium">Sphalmium</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Carnarvonia_araliifolia" title="Carnarvonia araliifolia">Carnarvonia</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Roupaleae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roupaleae">Roupaleae</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Megahertzia" title="Megahertzia">Megahertzia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Knightia_(plant)" title="Knightia (plant)">Knightia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Eucarpha" title="Eucarpha">Eucarpha</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Triunia" title="Triunia">Triunia</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Roupalinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roupalinae">Roupalinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Roupala" title="Roupala">Roupala</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Neorites" title="Neorites">Neorites</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Orites" title="Orites">Orites</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Lambertiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambertiinae">Lambertiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lambertia" title="Lambertia">Lambertia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Xylomelum" title="Xylomelum">Xylomelum</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Heliciinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliciinae">Heliciinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Helicia" title="Helicia">Helicia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Hollandaea" title="Hollandaea">Hollandaea</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Floydiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Floydiinae">Floydiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Darlingia" title="Darlingia">Darlingia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Floydia" title="Floydia">Floydia</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Banksieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Banksieae">Banksieae</a> <dl><dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Musgraveinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Musgraveinae">Musgraveinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Musgravea" title="Musgravea">Musgravea</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Austromuellera" title="Austromuellera">Austromuellera</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Banksiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Banksiinae">Banksiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">Banksia</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Embothrieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Embothrieae">Embothrieae</a> <dl><dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Lomatiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomatiinae">Lomatiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Lomatia" title="Lomatia">Lomatia</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Embothriinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Embothriinae">Embothriinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Embothrium" title="Embothrium">Embothrium</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Oreocallis" title="Oreocallis">Oreocallis</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Alloxylon" title="Alloxylon">Alloxylon</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Telopea_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telopea (plant)">Telopea</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Stenocarpinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenocarpinae">Stenocarpinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Stenocarpus" title="Stenocarpus">Stenocarpus</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Strangea" title="Strangea">Strangea</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakeinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakeinae (page does not exist)">Hakeinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthiolepis" title="Opisthiolepis">Opisthiolepis</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamia" title="Buckinghamia">Buckinghamia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Hakea" title="Hakea">Hakea</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Grevillea" title="Grevillea">Grevillea</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Finschia" title="Finschia">Finschia</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Macadamieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Macadamieae">Macadamieae</a> <dl><dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Macadamiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Macadamiinae">Macadamiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Lasjia" title="Lasjia">Lasjia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Nothorites" title="Nothorites">Nothorites</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Panopsis" title="Panopsis">Panopsis</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Brabejum" title="Brabejum">Brabejum</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malagasiinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malagasiinae (page does not exist)">Malagasiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Malagasia" title="Malagasia">Malagasia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Catalepidia" title="Catalepidia">Catalepidia</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virotiinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virotiinae (page does not exist)">Virotiinae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Virotia" title="Virotia">Virotia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Athertonia" title="Athertonia">Athertonia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Heliciopsis" title="Heliciopsis">Heliciopsis</a></i></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Gevuininae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gevuininae">Gevuininae</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cardwellia" title="Cardwellia">Cardwellia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Euplassa" title="Euplassa">Euplassa</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Gevuina</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Bleasdalea" title="Bleasdalea">Bleasdalea</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia" title="Hicksbeachia">Hicksbeachia</a></i> — <i><a href="/wiki/Kermadecia" title="Kermadecia">Kermadecia</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mobot-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mobot_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telopea&rft.atitle=A+new+suprageneric+classification+of+the+Proteaceae%2C+with+an+annotated+checklist+of+genera&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-44&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7751%2Ftelopea20065733&rft.au=Weston%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Barker%2C+Nigel+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0009%2F80856%2FTel11Wes314.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastetal2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mastetal2008_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastWillisJonesDowns2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mast, Austin R.; Willis, Crystal L.; Jones, Eric H.; Downs, Katherine M.; Weston, Peter H. (July 2008). "A smaller <i>Macadamia</i> from a more vagile tribe: inference of phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and diaspore evolution in <i>Macadamia</i> and relatives (tribe Macadamieae; Proteaceae)". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>95</b> (7): 843–870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0700006">10.3732/ajb.0700006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-2197">1537-2197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21632410">21632410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=A+smaller+Macadamia+from+a+more+vagile+tribe%3A+inference+of+phylogenetic+relationships%2C+divergence+times%2C+and+diaspore+evolution+in+Macadamia+and+relatives+%28tribe+Macadamieae%3B+Proteaceae%29&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=843-870&rft.date=2008-07&rft.issn=1537-2197&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21632410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.0700006&rft.aulast=Mast&rft.aufirst=Austin+R.&rft.au=Willis%2C+Crystal+L.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eric+H.&rft.au=Downs%2C+Katherine+M.&rft.au=Weston%2C+Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston,_P.H.2007" class="citation book cs1">Weston, P.H. (2007). "Proteaceae". <i>Kubitzki, K. (Editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. IX. Flowering Plants – Eudicots</i>. Springer-Verlag: Berlín. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32214-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32214-6"><bdi>978-3-540-32214-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proteaceae&rft.btitle=Kubitzki%2C+K.+%28Editor%29.+The+Families+and+Genera+of+Vascular+Plants.+IX.+Flowering+Plants+%E2%80%93+Eudicots.&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag%3A+Berl%C3%ADn&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-32214-6&rft.au=Weston%2C+P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoot,_S.B.Douglas,_A.W.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hoot, S.B. & Douglas, A.W. (1998). "Phylogeny of the Proteaceae based on <i>atp</i>B and <i>atp</i>B-<i>rbc</i>L intergenic spacer region sequences". <i>Australian Systematic Botany</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 301–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fsb98027">10.1071/sb98027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Systematic+Botany&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+Proteaceae+based+on+atpB+and+atpB-rbcL+intergenic+spacer+region+sequences&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=301-320&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2Fsb98027&rft.au=Hoot%2C+S.B.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+A.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey,_H.P..1963" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsey, H.P.. (1963). "Chromosome numbers in the proteaceae". <i>Australian Journal of Botany</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT9630001">10.1071/BT9630001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Chromosome+numbers+in+the+proteaceae&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FBT9630001&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+H.P..&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_L.Dallwitz,_M.J.1992" class="citation web cs1">Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com">"The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29th July 2006"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+descriptions%2C+illustrations%2C+identification%2C+and+information+retrieval.+Version%3A+29th+July+2006.&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Watson%2C+L.&rft.au=Dallwitz%2C+M.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdelta-intkey.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, R. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London/Volume_10/On_the_Proteaceae_of_Jussieu">On the Proteaceae of Jussieu</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London">Proceedings of the Linnean Society</a></i> 10:15-216.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteaceae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/images/photo_cd/proteaceae/">Images of Proteaceae from the Australian National Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/proteaceaemap.gif">Map</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proteaceae_genera" title="Template:Proteaceae genera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proteaceae_genera" title="Template talk:Proteaceae genera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proteaceae_genera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proteaceae genera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_Proteaceae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proteaceae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acidonia" title="Acidonia">Acidonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adenanthos" title="Adenanthos">Adenanthos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agastachys" title="Agastachys">Agastachys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alloxylon" title="Alloxylon">Alloxylon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athertonia" title="Athertonia">Athertonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aulax" title="Aulax">Aulax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austromuellera" title="Austromuellera">Austromuellera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banksia" title="Banksia">Banksia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauprea" title="Beauprea">Beauprea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beaupreopsis" title="Beaupreopsis">Beaupreopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellendena" title="Bellendena">Bellendena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bleasdalea" title="Bleasdalea">Bleasdalea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brabejum" title="Brabejum">Brabejum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamia" title="Buckinghamia">Buckinghamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardwellia" title="Cardwellia">Cardwellia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnarvonia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnarvonia (plant)"><i>Carnarvonia</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalepidia" title="Catalepidia">Catalepidia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cenarrhenes" title="Cenarrhenes">Cenarrhenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conospermum" title="Conospermum">Conospermum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darlingia" title="Darlingia">Darlingia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diastella" title="Diastella">Diastella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilobeia" title="Dilobeia">Dilobeia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eidothea" title="Eidothea">Eidothea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Embothrium" title="Embothrium">Embothrium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucarpha" title="Eucarpha">Eucarpha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euplassa" title="Euplassa">Euplassa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faurea" title="Faurea">Faurea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finschia" title="Finschia">Finschia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Floydia" title="Floydia">Floydia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Franklandia" title="Franklandia">Franklandia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garnieria" title="Garnieria">Garnieria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Gevuina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grevillea" title="Grevillea">Grevillea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakea" title="Hakea">Hakea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicia" title="Helicia">Helicia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heliciopsis" title="Heliciopsis">Heliciopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia" title="Hicksbeachia">Hicksbeachia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hollandaea" title="Hollandaea">Hollandaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isopogon" title="Isopogon">Isopogon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kermadecia" title="Kermadecia">Kermadecia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knightia_(plant)" title="Knightia (plant)">Knightia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lambertia" title="Lambertia">Lambertia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lasjia" title="Lasjia">Lasjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leucadendron" title="Leucadendron">Leucadendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leucospermum" title="Leucospermum">Leucospermum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomatia" title="Lomatia">Lomatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malagasia" title="Malagasia">Malagasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megahertzia" title="Megahertzia">Megahertzia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimetes" title="Mimetes">Mimetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musgravea" title="Musgravea">Musgravea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neorites" title="Neorites">Neorites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothorites" title="Nothorites">Nothorites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthiolepis" title="Opisthiolepis">Opisthiolepis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oreocallis" title="Oreocallis">Oreocallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orites" title="Orites">Orites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orothamnus" title="Orothamnus">Orothamnus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panopsis" title="Panopsis">Panopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paranomus" title="Paranomus">Paranomus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persoonia" title="Persoonia">Persoonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrophile" title="Petrophile">Petrophile</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placospermum" title="Placospermum">Placospermum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">Protea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roupala" title="Roupala">Roupala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serruria" title="Serruria">Serruria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleumerodendron" title="Sleumerodendron">Sleumerodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorocephalus" title="Sorocephalus">Sorocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spatalla" title="Spatalla">Spatalla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphalmium" title="Sphalmium">Sphalmium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenocarpus" title="Stenocarpus">Stenocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stirlingia" title="Stirlingia">Stirlingia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strangea" title="Strangea">Strangea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symphionema" title="Symphionema">Symphionema</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synaphea" title="Synaphea">Synaphea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waratah" title="Waratah">Telopea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toronia" title="Toronia">Toronia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triunia" title="Triunia">Triunia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turrillia" title="Turrillia">Turrillia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vexatorella" title="Vexatorella">Vexatorella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virotia" title="Virotia">Virotia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xylomelum" title="Xylomelum">Xylomelum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_families" title="Template talk:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Families of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Proteaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157228" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q157228">Q157228</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54427">54427</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Proteaceae.htm">Proteaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=148506">148506</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/F4J">F4J</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4370">4370</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PROF">1PROF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22793">22793</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10730">10730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10730">10730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2414">2414</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=922">922</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/64517">64517</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30004394-2">30004394-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114453">114453</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=27781">27781</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4328">4328</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/11f0fb59-1293-42fe-8c8f-87ad5b72d3cc">11f0fb59-1293-42fe-8c8f-87ad5b72d3cc</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=209175">209175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55681">55681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30004394-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30004394-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000186">42000186</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/f48162c2-e198-4065-a64c-3d1081392043">f48162c2-e198-4065-a64c-3d1081392043</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/proteace.htm">proteace</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000499">wfo-7000000499</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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