CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gynoecium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"71b5e403-92ba-42f0-88e7-eed06ec12df7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gynoecium","wgTitle":"Gynoecium","wgCurRevisionId":1281870912,"wgRevisionId":1281870912,"wgArticleId":2394288,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2025","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Plant reproductive system","Plant morphology","Plant sexuality","Sex organs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gynoecium","wgRelevantArticleId":2394288,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Carpel","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Gynoecium#Carpels","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q588964","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1304"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="869"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg/640px-Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="695"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gynoecium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium#Carpels"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium#Carpels"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gynoecium rootpage-Gynoecium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gynoecium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gynoecium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gynoecium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gynoecium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pistil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pistil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pistil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pistil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carpels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pistil_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pistil_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pistil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pistil_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gynoecium_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gynoecium_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gynoecium position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gynoecium_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Placentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ovule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ovule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The ovule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ovule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_stigma_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_stigma_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Role of the stigma and style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_stigma_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gynoecium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginesium" title="Ginesium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ginesium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="متاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineceu" title="Chineceu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chineceu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="স্ত্রীস্তবক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ত্রীস্তবক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%8Dak" title="Tučak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tučak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gineceu" title="Gineceu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gineceu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyneceum_(botanika)" title="Gyneceum (botanika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gyneceum (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoeceum" title="Gynoeceum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gynoeceum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emakkond" title="Emakkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emakkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gineceo" title="Gineceo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gineceo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpelaro" title="Karpelaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karpelaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginezeo" title="Ginezeo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ginezeo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مادگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xineceo_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Xineceo (botánica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xineceo (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="जायांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जायांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%8Dak" title="Tučak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tučak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putik" title="Putik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Putik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gineceo_(botanica)" title="Gineceo (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gineceo (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_(%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="עלי (צמחים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עלי (צמחים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistili" title="Pistili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pistili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гинецей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гинецей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gynoecium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginecejs" title="Ginecejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ginecejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Толчник (ботаника) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Толчник (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="ജനിപുടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനിപുടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginoesium" title="Ginoesium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ginoesium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC_%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Эм хэсэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эм хэсэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gynoecium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AB%C5%A1tigl_(bb%C3%ABt%C3%A1n%C3%ABca)" title="Pëštigl (bbëtánëca) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pëštigl (bbëtánëca)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urug%CA%BBchibarg" title="Urugʻchibarg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urugʻchibarg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gineceu" title="Gineceu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gineceu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гинецей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гинецей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gynoecium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti%C4%8D" title="Pestič – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pestič" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Тучак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тучак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%8Dak" title="Tučak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tučak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гинетсей – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гинетсей" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%9Fi_organ" title="Dişi organ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dişi organ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Гінецей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гінецей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="وزیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وزیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_nh%E1%BB%A5y" title="Bộ nhụy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ nhụy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E8%95%8A" title="雌蕊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雌蕊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E8%8A%B1%E5%99%A8" title="雌花器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雌花器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q588964#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gynoecium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gynoecium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gynoecium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&oldid=1281870912" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gynoecium&id=1281870912&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGynoecium%23Carpels"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGynoecium%23Carpels"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gynoecium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pistil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q588964" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carpel&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Female organs of a flower</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg/250px-Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg/330px-Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg/500px-Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Flower of <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_%C3%97_wieseneri" title="Magnolia × wieseneri"><i>Magnolia</i> × <i>wieseneri</i></a> showing the many pistils making up the gynoecium in the middle of the flower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippeastrum-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hippeastrum-1.jpg/220px-Hippeastrum-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hippeastrum-1.jpg/330px-Hippeastrum-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hippeastrum-1.jpg/440px-Hippeastrum-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption><i>Hippeastrum</i> flowers showing stamens, style and stigma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaryllis_stigma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Amaryllis_stigma.jpg/250px-Amaryllis_stigma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Amaryllis_stigma.jpg/330px-Amaryllis_stigma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Amaryllis_stigma.jpg/440px-Amaryllis_stigma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hippeastrum" title="Hippeastrum">Hippeastrum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmas</a> and style</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moss_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Moss_flowers.jpg/250px-Moss_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Moss_flowers.jpg/330px-Moss_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Moss_flowers.jpg/500px-Moss_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Moss plants with gynoecia, clusters of archegonia at the apex of each shoot.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gynoecium</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γυνή">γυνή</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>gunḗ</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">woman, female</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B6%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:οἶκος">οἶκος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>oîkos</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>gynoecia</b>) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> that produce <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> and ultimately develop into the <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. The gynoecium is the innermost <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorl</a> of a flower; it consists of (one or more) <i><a href="#Pistil">pistils</a></i> and is typically surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproductive organs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Androecium" class="mw-redirect" title="Androecium">androecium</a>. The gynoecium is often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a>" portion of the flower, although rather than directly producing female <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cells</a>), the gynoecium produces <a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">megaspores</a>, each of which develops into a female <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> which then produces egg cells. </p><p>The term gynoecium is also used by botanists to refer to a cluster of <a href="/wiki/Archegonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archegonia">archegonia</a> and any associated modified leaves or stems present on a gametophyte shoot in <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">hornworts</a>. The corresponding terms for the male parts of those plants are clusters of <a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">antheridia</a> within the androecium. Flowers that bear a gynoecium but no stamens are called <i>pistillate</i> or <i>carpellate</i>. Flowers lacking a gynoecium are called staminate. </p><p>The gynoecium is often referred to as female because it gives rise to female (egg-producing) gametophytes; however, strictly speaking <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a> do not have a sex, only gametophytes do.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd07_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd07-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gynoecium development and arrangement is important in systematic research and identification of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a>, but can be the most challenging of the floral parts to interpret.<sup id="cite_ref-Satt74_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satt74-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike (most) <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a> grow new organs after <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryogenesis</a>, including new roots, leaves, and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the flowering plants, the gynoecium develops in the central region of the flower as a carpel or in groups of fused carpels.<sup id="cite_ref-KangCaffo2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KangCaffo2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fertilization, the gynoecium develops into a fruit that provides protection and nutrition for the developing seeds, and often aids in their dispersal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gynoecium has several specialized tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-LiuFranks2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuFranks2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tissues of the gynoecium develop from genetic and hormonal interactions along three-major axes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tissue arise from <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristems</a> that produce cells that differentiate into the different tissues that produce the parts of the gynoecium including the pistil, carpels, ovary, and ovules; the carpel margin meristem (arising from the carpel <a href="/wiki/Primordium" title="Primordium">primordium</a>) produces the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a>, ovary septum, and the transmitting track, and plays a role in fusing the apical margins of carpels.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmaCorpas2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmaCorpas2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="pistil"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pistils"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pistil">Pistil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pistil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pistil" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mature_flower_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/500px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/525px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/700px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A syncarpous gynoecium in context. The gynoecium (whether composed of a single carpel or multiple "fused" carpels) is typically made up of an <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plant)">ovary</a>, style, and <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> as in the center of the flower.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gynoecium may consist of one or more separate pistils. A pistil typically consists of an expanded basal portion called an <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>, an elongated section called a <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> and an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apical" class="extiw" title="wikt:apical">apical</a> structure called a <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> that receives pollen. </p> <ul><li>The ovary (from Latin <i>ovum</i>, meaning egg) is the enlarged basal portion which contains <i>placentas</i>, ridges of tissue bearing one or more <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a> (integumented <a href="/wiki/Megasporangium" class="mw-redirect" title="Megasporangium">megasporangia</a>). The placentas and/or ovule(s) may be born on the gynoecial appendages or less frequently on the floral apex.<sup id="cite_ref-Macd73_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macd73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Satt73_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satt73-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Satt88_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satt88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Satt82_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satt82-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994130_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994130-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chamber in which the ovules develop is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locule</a></i> (or sometimes cell).</li> <li>The style (from Ancient Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%84%E1%BF%A6%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:στῦλος"><i>στῦλος</i></a>, <i>stylos</i>, meaning a pillar) is a pillar-like stalk through which <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tubes</a> grow to reach the ovary. Some flowers, such as those of <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa">Tulipa</a></i>, do not have a distinct style, and the stigma sits directly on the ovary. The style is a hollow tube in some plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Lilium" title="Lilium">lilies</a>, or has transmitting tissue through which the pollen tubes grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Esau_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esau-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The stigma (from Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:στίγμα">στίγμα</a></span></span>, <i>stigma</i>, meaning mark or puncture) is usually found at the tip of the style, the portion of the carpel(s) that receives <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> (male <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>). It is commonly sticky or feathery to capture pollen.</li></ul> <p>The word "pistil" comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>pistillum</i> meaning <a href="/wiki/Pestle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestle">pestle</a>. A sterile pistil in a male flower is referred to as a <i>pistillode</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carpels">Carpels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carpels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilegia_vulgaris8_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aquilegia_vulgaris8_ies.jpg/220px-Aquilegia_vulgaris8_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aquilegia_vulgaris8_ies.jpg/330px-Aquilegia_vulgaris8_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Aquilegia_vulgaris8_ies.jpg/440px-Aquilegia_vulgaris8_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_vulgaris" title="Aquilegia vulgaris">Aquilegia vulgaris</a></i> with five free carpels</figcaption></figure> <p>The pistils of a flower are considered to be composed of one or more <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carpel" class="extiw" title="wikt:carpel">carpels</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpel.name_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpel.name-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower—usually composed of the <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> (sometimes having its individual <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>, and sometimes connecting to a shared basal ovary) —and usually interpreted as modified leaves that bear structures called <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a>, inside which egg cells ultimately form. A pistil may consist of one carpel (with its ovary, style and stigma); or it may comprise several carpels joined together to form a single ovary, the whole unit called a pistil. The gynoecium may present as one or more uni-carpellate pistils or as one multi-carpellate pistil. The number of carpels is denoted by terms such as <i>tricarpellate</i> (three carpels). </p><p>Carpels are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetically">phylogenetically</a> derived from ovule-bearing leaves or leaf homologues (<a href="/wiki/Megasporophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Megasporophyll">megasporophylls</a>), which evolved to form a closed structure containing the ovules. This structure is typically rolled and fused along the margin. </p><p>Although many flowers satisfy the above definition of a carpel, there are also flowers that do not have carpels because in these flowers the ovule(s), although enclosed, are borne directly on the floral apex.<sup id="cite_ref-Satt88_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satt88-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the carpel has been redefined as an appendage that encloses ovule(s) and may or may not bear them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most unobjectionable definition of the carpel is simply that of an appendage that encloses an ovule or ovules.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RanunculusRepens-FoxRoost-Newfoundland_-_stamens_and_pistils_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RanunculusRepens-FoxRoost-Newfoundland_-_stamens_and_pistils_closeup.jpg/250px-RanunculusRepens-FoxRoost-Newfoundland_-_stamens_and_pistils_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RanunculusRepens-FoxRoost-Newfoundland_-_stamens_and_pistils_closeup.jpg/330px-RanunculusRepens-FoxRoost-Newfoundland_-_stamens_and_pistils_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RanunculusRepens-FoxRoost-Newfoundland_-_stamens_and_pistils_closeup.jpg/500px-RanunculusRepens-FoxRoost-Newfoundland_-_stamens_and_pistils_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Centre of a <i><a href="/wiki/Ranunculus_repens" title="Ranunculus repens">Ranunculus repens</a></i> (creeping buttercup) flower showing multiple unfused carpels surrounded by longer stamens</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg/250px-Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg/330px-Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg/500px-Narcis_zaadhokken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section through the ovary of <i><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)" title="Narcissus (plant)">Narcissus</a></i> showing multiple connate carpels (a compound pistil) fused along the placental line where the ovules form in each locule</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A7%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0_20191106164316_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%E7%A7%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0_20191106164316_05.jpg/220px-%E7%A7%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0_20191106164316_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%E7%A7%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0_20191106164316_05.jpg/330px-%E7%A7%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0_20191106164316_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%E7%A7%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0_20191106164316_05.jpg/440px-%E7%A7%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%A0_20191106164316_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Pistil of <i><a href="/wiki/Begonia_grandis" title="Begonia grandis">Begonia grandis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a gynoecium has a single carpel, it is called <i>monocarpous</i>. If a gynoecium has multiple, distinct (free, unfused) carpels, it is <i>apocarpous</i>. If a gynoecium has multiple carpels "fused" into a single structure, it is <i>syncarpous</i>. A syncarpous gynoecium can sometimes appear very much like a monocarpous gynoecium. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of gynoecium terminology using <i>carpel</i> and <i>pistil</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gynoecium composition </th> <th><i>Carpel</i><br />terminology </th> <th><i>Pistil</i> terminology </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Single carpel </td> <td>Monocarpous (unicarpellate) gynoecium </td> <td>A pistil (simple) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">Avocado</a> (<i>Persea</i> sp.), most legumes (<a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiple distinct ("unfused") carpels </td> <td>Apocarpous (choricarpous) gynoecium </td> <td>Pistils (simple) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a> (<i>Fragaria</i> sp.), <a href="/wiki/Buttercup" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttercup">Buttercup</a> (<i>Ranunculus</i> sp.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiple connate ("fused") carpels </td> <td>Syncarpous gynoecium </td> <td>A pistil (compound) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">Tulip</a> (<i>Tulipa</i> sp.), most flowers </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The degree of connation ("fusion") in a syncarpous gynoecium can vary. The carpels may be "fused" only at their bases, but retain separate styles and stigmas. The carpels may be "fused" entirely, except for retaining separate stigmas. Sometimes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a>) carpels are fused by their styles or stigmas but possess distinct ovaries. In a syncarpous gynoecium, the "fused" ovaries of the constituent carpels may be referred to collectively as a single compound ovary. It can be a challenge to determine how many carpels fused to form a syncarpous gynoecium. If the styles and stigmas are distinct, they can usually be counted to determine the number of carpels. Within the compound ovary, the carpels may have distinct locules divided by walls called <i>septa</i>. If a syncarpous gynoecium has a single style and stigma and a single locule in the ovary, it may be necessary to examine how the ovules are attached. Each carpel will usually have a distinct line of placentation where the ovules are attached. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pistil_2">Pistil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pistil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pistils begin as small primordia on a floral apical meristem, forming later than, and closer to the (floral) apex than sepal, petal and stamen primordia. <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> studies of pistil ontogeny reveal that carpels are most likely homologous to leaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A carpel has a similar function to a <a href="/wiki/Megasporophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Megasporophyll">megasporophyll</a>, but typically includes a stigma, and is fused, with ovules enclosed in the enlarged lower portion, the ovary.<sup id="cite_ref-GiffFost89_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiffFost89-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal angiosperm">basal angiosperm</a> lineages, <a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a>, a carpel begins as a shallow cup where the ovules develop with laminar placentation, on the upper surface of the carpel. The carpel eventually forms a folded, leaf-like structure, not fully sealed at its margins. No style exists, but a broad stigmatic crest along the margin allows pollen tubes access along the surface and between hairs at the margins.<sup id="cite_ref-GiffFost89_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiffFost89-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two kinds of fusion have been distinguished: postgenital fusion that can be observed during the development of flowers, and congenital fusion that cannot be observed i.e., fusions that occurred during phylogeny. But it is very difficult to distinguish fusion and non-fusion processes in the evolution of flowering plants. Some processes that have been considered congenital (phylogenetic) fusions appear to be non-fusion processes such as, for example, the de novo formation of intercalary growth in a ring zone at or below the base of primordia.<sup id="cite_ref-Satt78_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satt78-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreyson199467–69,_142–145_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreyson199467–69,_142–145-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leins_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leins-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, "it is now increasingly acknowledged that the term 'fusion,' as applied to phylogeny (as in 'congenital fusion') is ill-advised."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994142_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994142-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gynoecium_position">Gynoecium position</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gynoecium position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basal angiosperm groups tend to have carpels arranged spirally around a conical or dome-shaped <a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a>. In later lineages, carpels tend to be in <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a>. </p><p>The relationship of the other flower parts to the gynoecium can be an important systematic and taxonomic character. In some flowers, the stamens, petals, and sepals are often said to be "fused" into a "floral tube" or <i><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">hypanthium</a></i>. However, as Leins & Erbar (2010) pointed out, "the classical view that the wall of the inferior ovary results from the "congenital" fusion of dorsal carpel flanks and the <a href="/wiki/Floral_axis" title="Floral axis">floral axis</a> does not correspond to the ontogenetic processes that can actually be observed. All that can be seen is an intercalary growth in a broad circular zone that changes the shape of the floral axis (receptacle)."<sup id="cite_ref-Leins_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leins-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And what happened during evolution is not a phylogenetic fusion but the formation of a unitary intercalary meristem. Evolutionary developmental biology investigates such developmental processes that arise or change during evolution. </p><p>If the hypanthium is absent, the flower is <i>hypogynous</i>, and the stamens, petals, and sepals are all attached to the receptacle below the gynoecium. Hypogynous flowers are often referred to as having a <i>superior ovary</i>. This is the typical arrangement in most flowers. </p><p>If the hypanthium is present up to the base of the style(s), the flower is <i>epigynous</i>. In an epigynous flower, the stamens, petals, and sepals are attached to the hypanthium at the top of the ovary or, occasionally, the hypanthium may extend beyond the top of the ovary. Epigynous flowers are often referred to as having an <i>inferior ovary</i>. Plant families with epigynous flowers include <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">orchids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">asters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">evening primroses</a>. </p><p>Between these two extremes are <i>perigynous</i> flowers, in which a hypanthium is present, but is either free from the gynoecium (in which case it may appear to be a cup or tube surrounding the gynoecium) or connected partly to the gynoecium (with the stamens, petals, and sepals attached to the hypanthium part of the way up the ovary). Perigynous flowers are often referred to as having a <i>half-inferior ovary</i> (or, sometimes, <i>partially inferior</i> or <i>half-superior</i>). This arrangement is particularly frequent in the <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">rose family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">saxifrages</a>. </p><p>Occasionally, the gynoecium is born on a stalk, called the <a href="/wiki/Gynophore" title="Gynophore">gynophore</a>, as in <i>Isomeris arborea</i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata, illustrating an inferior ovary."><img alt="Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, Spathoglottis plicata, illustrating an inferior ovary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg/171px-Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg/257px-Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg/342px-Spathoglottis_flwrs_reduced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flowers and fruit (capsules) of the ground orchid, <i><a href="/wiki/Spathoglottis" title="Spathoglottis">Spathoglottis</a> plicata</i>, illustrating an inferior ovary.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hegi_ovary.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration showing longitudinal sections through hypogynous (a), perigynous (b), and epigynous (c) flowers"><img alt="Illustration showing longitudinal sections through hypogynous (a), perigynous (b), and epigynous (c) flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hegi_ovary.png/200px-Hegi_ovary.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hegi_ovary.png/300px-Hegi_ovary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hegi_ovary.png/400px-Hegi_ovary.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration showing longitudinal sections through hypogynous (a), perigynous (b), and epigynous (c) flowers</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Placentation">Placentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Placentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></div> <p>Within the ovary, each ovule is born by a placenta or arises as a continuation of the floral apex. The placentas often occur in distinct lines called lines of <a href="/wiki/Placentation#Placentation_in_plants" title="Placentation">placentation</a>. In monocarpous or apocarpous gynoecia, there is typically a single line of placentation in each ovary. In syncarpous gynoecia, the lines of placentation can be regularly spaced along the wall of the ovary (<i>parietal placentation</i>), or near the center of the ovary. In the latter case, separate terms are used depending on whether or not the ovary is divided into separate locules. If the ovary is divided, with the ovules born on a line of placentation at the inner angle of each locule, this is <i>axile placentation</i>. An ovary with <i>free central placentation</i>, on the other hand, consists of a single compartment without septae and the ovules are attached to a central column that arises directly from the floral apex (axis). In some cases a single ovule is attached to the bottom or top of the locule (<i>basal</i> or <i>apical placentation</i>, respectively). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_ovule">The ovule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The ovule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femalesquash3747.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Femalesquash3747.JPG/330px-Femalesquash3747.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Femalesquash3747.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Longitudinal section of carpellate flower of <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a> showing ovary, ovules, stigma, style, and petals</figcaption></figure> <p>In flowering plants, the <i>ovule</i> (from Latin <i>ovulum</i> meaning small egg) is a complex structure born inside ovaries. The ovule initially consists of a stalked, integumented <i>megasporangium</i> (also called the <i>nucellus</i>). Typically, one cell in the megasporangium undergoes <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> resulting in one to four megaspores. These develop into a megagametophyte (often called the embryo sac) within the ovule. The megagametophyte typically develops a small number of cells, including two special cells, an egg cell and a binucleate central cell, which are the <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">double fertilization</a>. The central cell, once fertilized by a sperm cell from the pollen becomes the first cell of the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>, and the egg cell once fertilized become the <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> that develops into the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. The gap in the integuments through which the pollen tube enters to deliver sperm to the egg is called the <a href="/wiki/Micropyle_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropyle (botany)">micropyle</a>. The stalk attaching the ovule to the placenta is called the funiculus. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="StyleBotany"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_the_stigma_and_style">Role of the stigma and style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role of the stigma and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma (botany)</a></div> <p>Stigmas can vary from long and slender to globe-shaped to feathery. The stigma is the receptive tip of the carpel(s), which receives pollen at <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> and on which the pollen grain <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germinates</a>. The stigma is adapted to catch and trap pollen, either by combining pollen of visiting insects or by various hairs, flaps, or sculpturings.<sup id="cite_ref-BlacToot84_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlacToot84-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style and stigma of the flower are involved in most types of <a href="/wiki/Self_incompatibility_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Self incompatibility in plants">self incompatibility</a> reactions. Self-incompatibility, if present, prevents <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a> by pollen from the same plant or from genetically similar plants, and ensures outcrossing. </p><p>The primitive development of carpels, as seen in such groups of plants as <i><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia" title="Tasmannia">Tasmannia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Degeneria" title="Degeneria">Degeneria</a></i>, lack styles and the stigmatic surface is produced along the carpels margins.<sup id="cite_ref-Takhtajan2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takhtajan2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marijuana_Pistil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stigmas and style of Cannabis sativa held in a pair of forceps"><img alt="Stigmas and style of Cannabis sativa held in a pair of forceps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Marijuana_Pistil.jpg/250px-Marijuana_Pistil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Marijuana_Pistil.jpg/330px-Marijuana_Pistil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Marijuana_Pistil.jpg/500px-Marijuana_Pistil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stigmas and style of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> held in a pair of forceps</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocus_macro_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stigma of a Crocus flower."><img alt="Stigma of a Crocus flower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Crocus_macro_crop.jpg/200px-Crocus_macro_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Crocus_macro_crop.jpg/300px-Crocus_macro_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Crocus_macro_crop.jpg/400px-Crocus_macro_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stigma of a <i><a href="/wiki/Crocus" title="Crocus">Crocus</a></i> flower.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">Chalaza</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Carpel.name-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carpel.name_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">carpel (also carpophyl)—Gr. καρπός (karpós, "fruit") + Gr. φύλλον (phúllon, "leaf") [L. folium].<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Judd07-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judd07_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuddCampbellKelloggStevens2007" class="citation book cs1">Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F. & Donoghue, M.J. (2007). <i>Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach</i> (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-407-2"><bdi>978-0-87893-407-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Approach&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-407-2&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=W.S.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+C.S.&rft.au=Kellogg%2C+E.A.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+P.F.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satt74-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satt74_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSattler1974" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, R. (1974). "A new approach to gynoecial morphology". <i>Phytomorphology</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">22–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytomorphology&rft.atitle=A+new+approach+to+gynoecial+morphology&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoubayidinØstergaard2017" class="citation journal cs1">Moubayidin, Laila; Østergaard, Lars (2017-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2017.02.005">"Gynoecium formation: an intimate and complicated relationship"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Genetics & Development</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gde.2017.02.005">10.1016/j.gde.2017.02.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-437X">0959-437X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28242478">28242478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Genetics+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Gynoecium+formation%3A+an+intimate+and+complicated+relationship&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.issn=0959-437X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28242478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gde.2017.02.005&rft.aulast=Moubayidin&rft.aufirst=Laila&rft.au=%C3%98stergaard%2C+Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gde.2017.02.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KangCaffo2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KangCaffo2017_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8IjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">Recent Advances and Challenges on Big Data Analysis in Neuroimaging</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175542/https://books.google.com/books?id=J8IjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">Archived</a> 2023-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Frontiers Media SA; 17 May 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88945-128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88945-128-9">978-2-88945-128-9</a>. p. 158–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA629">Encyclopedia of Reproduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175545/https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA629">Archived</a> 2023-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Elsevier Science; 29 June 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815145-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815145-7">978-0-12-815145-7</a>. p. 2–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiuFranks2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiuFranks2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7NFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Molecular basis of fruit development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175547/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7NFCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Archived</a> 2023-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Frontiers Media SA; 26 March 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88919-460-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88919-460-5">978-2-88919-460-5</a>. p. 27–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeréz-MesaOrtíz-RamírezGonzálezFerrándiz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Peréz-Mesa, Pablo; Ortíz-Ramírez, Clara Inés; González, Favio; Ferrándiz, Cristina; Pabón-Mora, Natalia (2020-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7027301">"Expression of gynoecium patterning transcription factors in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) and their contribution to gynostemium development"</a>. <i>EvoDevo</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13227-020-00149-8">10.1186/s13227-020-00149-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-9139">2041-9139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7027301">7027301</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32095226">32095226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EvoDevo&rft.atitle=Expression+of+gynoecium+patterning+transcription+factors+in+Aristolochia+fimbriata+%28Aristolochiaceae%29+and+their+contribution+to+gynostemium+development&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7027301%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-9139&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32095226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13227-020-00149-8&rft.aulast=Per%C3%A9z-Mesa&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft.au=Ort%C3%ADz-Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+Clara+In%C3%A9s&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Favio&rft.au=Ferr%C3%A1ndiz%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Pab%C3%B3n-Mora%2C+Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7027301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimoniniØstergaard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Simonini, Sara; Østergaard, Lars (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30612622/">"Female reproductive organ formation: A multitasking endeavor"</a>. <i>Current Topics in Developmental Biology</i>. <b>131</b>: <span class="nowrap">337–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.ctdb.2018.10.004">10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.10.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128098042" title="Special:BookSources/9780128098042"><bdi>9780128098042</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-8933">1557-8933</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30612622">30612622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58606227">58606227</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175510/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30612622/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Topics+in+Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Female+reproductive+organ+formation%3A+A+multitasking+endeavor&rft.volume=131&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58606227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.ctdb.2018.10.004&rft.issn=1557-8933&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30612622&rft.isbn=9780128098042&rft.aulast=Simonini&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=%C3%98stergaard%2C+Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30612622%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PalmaCorpas2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PalmaCorpas2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6KoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">Fruit Ripening: From Present Knowledge to Future Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175553/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6KoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">Archived</a> 2023-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Frontiers Media SA; 12 August 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88945-919-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88945-919-3">978-2-88945-919-3</a>. p. 155–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macd73-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macd73_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonaldSattler1973" class="citation journal cs1">Macdonald, A.D. & Sattler, R. (1973). "Floral development of <i>Myrica gale</i> and the controversy over floral theories". <i>Canadian Journal of Botany</i>. <b>51</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1965–</span>1975. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb73-251">10.1139/b73-251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Floral+development+of+Myrica+gale+and+the+controversy+over+floral+theories&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1965-%3C%2Fspan%3E1975&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fb73-251&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rft.au=Sattler%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satt73-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satt73_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSattler1973" class="citation book cs1">Sattler, R. (1973). <i>Organogenesis of Flowers : a Photographic Text-Atlas</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-1864-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-1864-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-1864-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organogenesis+of+Flowers+%3A+a+Photographic+Text-Atlas&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-1864-9&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satt88-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Satt88_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Satt88_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSattlerLacroix1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, R. & Lacroix, C. (1988). "Development and evolution of basal cauline placentation: <i>Basella rubra</i>". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>75</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">918–</span>927. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2444012">10.2307/2444012</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2444012">2444012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Development+and+evolution+of+basal+cauline+placentation%3A+Basella+rubra&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E918-%3C%2Fspan%3E927&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2444012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2444012%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Lacroix%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satt82-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satt82_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSattlerPerlin1982" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, R. & Perlin, L. (1982). "Floral development of <i>Bougainvillea spectabilis</i> Willd., <i>Boerhaavia diffusa</i> L. and <i>Mirabilis jalapa</i> L. (Nyctaginaceae)". <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>84</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1982.tb00532.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00532.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Floral+development+of+Bougainvillea+spectabilis+Willd.%2C+Boerhaavia+diffusa+L.+and+Mirabilis+jalapa+L.+%28Nyctaginaceae%29&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1982.tb00532.x&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Perlin%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994130-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994130_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreyson1994">Greyson 1994</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esau-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esau_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsau1965" class="citation book cs1">Esau, K. (1965). <i>Plant Anatomy</i> (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263092258">263092258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Anatomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263092258&rft.aulast=Esau&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0dFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA832">"Carpophyl"</a>. <i>The Century Dictionary: The Century dictionary</i>. Century Company. 1914. p. 832. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175553/https://books.google.com/books?id=d0dFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA832">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carpophyl&rft.btitle=The+Century+Dictionary%3A+The+Century+dictionary&rft.pages=832&rft.pub=Century+Company&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0dFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'Arcy,_W.G.Keating,_R.C.1996" class="citation book cs1">D'Arcy, W.G.; Keating, R.C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuUVYOFCTwYC"><i>The Anther: Form, Function, and Phylogeny</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521480635" title="Special:BookSources/9780521480635"><bdi>9780521480635</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175554/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Anther/SuUVYOFCTwYC?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anther%3A+Form%2C+Function%2C+and+Phylogeny&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521480635&rft.au=D%27Arcy%2C+W.G.&rft.au=Keating%2C+R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuUVYOFCTwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greyson, R. I. 1994. The Development of Flowers. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leins, P. and Erbar, C. 2010. Flower and Fruit. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart Science Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSattler2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, R. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10935004">"Morpho evo-devo of the gynoecium: heterotopy, redefinition of the carpel, and a topographic appraoch"</a>. <i>Plants</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 599. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Plnts..13..599S">2024Plnts..13..599S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants13050599">10.3390/plants13050599</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10935004">10935004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475445">38475445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Morpho+evo-devo+of+the+gynoecium%3A+heterotopy%2C+redefinition+of+the+carpel%2C+and+a+topographic+appraoch&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=599&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10935004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38475445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fplants13050599&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Plnts..13..599S&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10935004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSattler2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, R. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10935004">"Morpho evo-devo of the gynoecium: heterotopy, redefinition of the carpel, and a topographic appraoch"</a>. <i>Plants</i>. <b>13</b> (5): 599. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Plnts..13..599S">2024Plnts..13..599S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants13050599">10.3390/plants13050599</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10935004">10935004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38475445">38475445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Morpho+evo-devo+of+the+gynoecium%3A+heterotopy%2C+redefinition+of+the+carpel%2C+and+a+topographic+appraoch&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=599&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10935004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38475445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fplants13050599&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Plnts..13..599S&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10935004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GiffFost89-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GiffFost89_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiffFost89_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiffordFoster1989" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, E.M. & Foster, A.S. (1989). <i>Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants (3rd ed.)</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1946-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1946-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-1946-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphology+and+Evolution+of+Vascular+Plants+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+%26+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1946-5&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft.au=Foster%2C+A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satt78-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satt78_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSattler1978" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, R. (1978). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Fusion' and 'continuity' in floral morphology". <i>Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">397–</span>405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+from+the+Royal+Botanic+Garden+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=%27Fusion%27+and+%27continuity%27+in+floral+morphology&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sattler&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreyson199467–69,_142–145-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreyson199467–69,_142–145_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreyson1994">Greyson 1994</a>, p. 67–69, 142–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leins-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leins_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leins_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeinsErbar2010" class="citation book cs1">Leins, P. & Erbar, C. (2010). <i>Flower and Fruit</i>. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-510-65261-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-510-65261-7"><bdi>978-3-510-65261-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flower+and+Fruit&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Schweizerbart+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-510-65261-7&rft.aulast=Leins&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Erbar%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994142-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreyson1994142_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreyson1994">Greyson 1994</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlacToot84-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlacToot84_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackmoreToothill1984" class="citation book cs1">Blackmore, Stephen & Toothill, Elizabeth (1984). <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Botany</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051126-0"><bdi>978-0-14-051126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Botany&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051126-0&rft.aulast=Blackmore&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Toothill%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takhtajan2009-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Takhtajan2009_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Takhtajan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&pg=PR22">Flowering Plants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175554/https://books.google.com/books?id=oumyfO-NHuUC&pg=PR22">Archived</a> 2023-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Springer Science & Business Media; 6 July 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9609-9">978-1-4020-9609-9</a>. p. 22–.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRendle1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flower"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flower">"Flower" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">553–</span>573.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flower&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E573&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rendle&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreyson1994" class="citation book cs1">Greyson, R. I. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofflo0000grey"><i>The Development of Flowers</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506688-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506688-3"><bdi>978-0-19-506688-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Flowers&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506688-3&rft.aulast=Greyson&rft.aufirst=R.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentofflo0000grey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGynoecium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&oldid=1281870912#Carpels">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&oldid=1281870912#Carpels</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_reproductive_system" title="Category:Plant reproductive system">Plant reproductive system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_morphology" title="Category:Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_sexuality" title="Category:Plant sexuality">Plant sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_organs" title="Category:Sex organs">Sex organs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2025">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 March 2025, at 00:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gynoecium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Carpels" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gynoecium</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>43 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-pzmdd","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.592","walltime":"0.781","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3956,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":86567,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4180,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":113458,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 674.180 1 -total"," 29.11% 196.247 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.24% 129.734 1 Template:Etymology"," 13.70% 92.376 9 Template:Cite_book"," 13.61% 91.756 2 Template:Wikt-lang"," 12.55% 84.629 1 Template:Botany"," 8.52% 57.421 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.84% 46.140 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.33% 35.947 3 Template:Sfn"," 5.15% 34.739 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.369","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19047496,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBlackmoreToothill1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Arcy,_W.G.Keating,_R.C.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsau1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiffordFoster1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreyson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuddCampbellKelloggStevens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeinsErbar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonaldSattler1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoubayidinØstergaard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeréz-MesaOrtíz-RamírezGonzálezFerrándiz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendle1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSattler1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSattler1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSattler1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSattler2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSattlerLacroix1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSattlerPerlin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimoniniØstergaard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"Pistils\"] = 1,\n [\"StyleBotany\"] = 1,\n [\"pistil\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Botany\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Grc-transl\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plural form\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-r97g6","timestamp":"20250331174557","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gynoecium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gynoecium#Carpels","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q588964","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q588964","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-06T21:02:12Z","dateModified":"2025-03-23T00:03:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/55\/Magnolia_wieseneri_-_labelled_gynoecium.jpg","headline":"female organs of a flower"}</script> </body> </html>